A 
~1ANUAL OF GEORGIA 
FOR 'l'HE USE OF 
lMMIQR.AN'Ts AND CAPITALISTS. 
PREP ARED UNDE R TliE DIRECTION OF 
THOMAS P. JANES, A. M .' M. D. 
CoMMISSIONER oF AGRICULTURE. 
AT:BAN~Ar G;EORGIA, .:fi1~} 
 
 EnteTed according to Act .of Congress, 187'1::!, By 'riiOMAS P. ,JANES, 
In the office of the Librarian of COngn~ss, "'\Va8hington. 
JAs. P. HAnmsox & Co .. Printers, 
 
 ERRATA. 
On page 7, the 2nd paragraph, commencing with the words, "In nothing regarding us," etc., is the beginning of <l chapter on CLIMATE. This title was omitted by the printer, and not observed hy the proof-reader, till it was too late to correct it. 
On page 3tl, at the end of the 4th paragraph, the number of students in the Atlanta University is left bla.nlc. This should have been filled with 244-the number attending the late session . 
On the same page, at the end of the 4th line, u nder the title " Female Ool1eges," the words " in Georgia " should be 1:n the world. 
To the list of newspapers in Georgia, (see page 52, 53 and 54) should be added- 
Cartersville-Free PTess, weekly. Hinesvi11e, (Liberty county)-Ga.zette, weekly. D u pont, (Clinch county)-Okeejinok1;an, weekly. There are some typographical eiTors, bnt being of minor in1portance, they are not specially notieed. 
 
 ~1ANUAI~ OF GEOI\Gl}\. 
INTRODUCTION. 
Georgia, although h S tate of the American Union since the year 1716, wh en she united ,yith her sister colonies in their memo rable struggle for independence of tile Briti sh Crown, is, perhaps. less known in foreign lands, and to tlleir inhabitants who have sought ll om es in the \Vestern \Vorld, than any other Slate wh ich engaged with h er in the r evolu tion. 'rhe cause is readily expl ai ned: 8he li es geograph icall y re m ote from th e old thoroughfares of in ternational commerce; no lines of steam ships baYe co uu ected h er directly witll the ports of Europe and, as a con sequenee, but fe w i m migran ts from the Old vVorld hav e landed on h er sho res. She has had no public la nds to be distributed among r a ilro ~td corporations and speculators, whose interest was to be ad vanced by their s peedy settlement with a new a nu indus trious pop ul ation. She has h acl no lt'lun ig ra tion Aid Societies, so abundant in the N ortller n F3 tates of the U nion, and no Immi grati on Agents, wbo swarm ove r Europe from th e sa me section, to publish Ler unrivaled advantages to the world. Peaceful and prosperous until the late civil W <tr consum ad h er wealth and drenched the land with the blood of he r people; with labor abundant, its n atural increase unexampled , and its r e wa rds satisfactory, Georgia h ad no motive to seek immigration from foreign ]a ll(l s. Her prosp erity needed no building up. She asked for no foreign capital for she had an abundance of her own. 
Still another r eason is to be found in the pecula r labor system of t he Southern States, including Geo rgia, i n form e r y ears. During tile existenee of African "lavery the people cultivated large farms or plantations-in many instances thousands of acres under one propri etorship-and as the number of slaves increased annually, with pwsperous farm ers, they prefe rred rather to add to, than to part \Vitb any portion of their landed posssesions. Under the free labor system, requiring a closer persona.! supe rviso n from proprietors, the latter h ave fonnd it to their interest to cultiva te small farms in preference to large ones ; hence, land is in less dem and, !urger quan tities are on the market at g reatly redu ced prices, and an increase of population has beco me desirable. 
Such are some of the reasons why Georgia has been content heretofore to putstw the even tenor of her way, :-tnd to work out h er own destiny within ll er3elf. Unaided, she had C()me to acquire the proud title of "Empire State of the South, " which, of itself, is 
 
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an eloquent testimonial to her material wealth, her political r"nd moral standing, her intelligence and her energy, as eompared with her sister States of the southern divi~ion of the Union. 
But the results of late, long and disastrous war, have sadly cLanged this happy aspect of afrt\irs. Her territory was desolated, her bretter class of population reduced in numbers, her accumn lated wealth swept away, her social institutions .revolutionized, and for a time rev2rsed, and her labor system broken up. Her natural resources, her energy and her love of liberty, alone, remained unimpairerl. Her government has been restored to a healthful condition, and law and justice obtain throughout her borders. But her labor system is not well organized, aad her capital seriou~ly reduced in amount; as a necessary consequence, '1 large portion of her fertile fields is uncultivated, her exhaustless mines of tlle useful and precious rnetals are but partially worked, and her noble forests of timber are but partially uti!iJ~erl. Never was a field for both capital and labor more inviting. The resources of Georgia have only to be known to attract to her the idle capital of other countries as well as our own, and an indu.'ltrious population to utilizf" it in almost every known branch of human industry. 
Animated by these considerations, although it may not be expressly laid down in the catalogue of my official duties contained in the law creating the Department of Agriculture of the State of Georgia, as Commissioner and executive head of that Department, I feel it to be due to my State that this desideratum, the absence of which is operating. so injuriously to her best interest and progress, should be sup,plied, and perhaps, by no one more appropriately than myself. The representations of parties personally interested are always regarded with more or less distrust; while an offieial statement of faets, obtttined from sources known to be trustworthy, by a sworn, responsibible oftieer of the government, is entitled to, rr n d will generally.command, the attention and confidence of the public. 
In the preparation of this Manual- the object of vvhich is to show the superior advantages which Georgia offers to the capitalist and the immigrant, I have sought to avoid all exaggeration, and to exclude everything that was even doubtfuL I have, therefore, confined its statements tojcwts, sueh as every intelligent and well-informed citi zen of the State will be willing to vouch for. If the picture is not more glowing, it is simply because I am.determined that no one shall be misled by its statements. 
With this introduction, which is nec:essary to a eorrect understanding of the object in view in the preparation of the work, I proceed to eonsider the State of Georgia in the various aspeet~. in which it is likely to interest the public, and especially the several classes to whic:ll reference has been made. And, that the exposition may not be tiresome, the utmost brevity is pl'omised. 
 
 PART I. 
'GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION OF GEORGIA. 
The State of Georgia lies in the southeastern portion of the United States, and, with Florida, constitutes the extreme portion of the American Union in that direction. In the original settlement, its cllartered limits extended from the Atlantic ocean to the lVIississippi river, with the 35th parallel of north latitutude as its northern boundary, and the 31st parallel and Florida as its boundary on the South. Early in the present century, a very large portion of this territory westward-nearly two-thirds-was ceded 
to tile United States, and out of it, in great part, have since been 
formed the two new States of Alabama and ~Hssissippi. From the above, it will be seen tilat the entire State lies within 
the southern portion of the Temperate zone, and, as a consequence, is exempt, alike, from the rigors and other discomforts and disadvantages of a cold climate and the debility and diseases incident to tropical regions. It may be said, with perfect truth, that there is no part of the known world where a greater degree of physical comfort can be secured the year round, or where a greater amount of labor can be performed in the usual vocations within the same period of time, than in Georgia. But these points will be more fully treated under their appropriate heads. 
The geegraphical situation of Georgia is worthy of note in another, the commercial view, of the question. The 32d parallel of north latitude passes nearly through the centre of the State; the great southern trans-continental line of railway, to connect the Atlantic and Pacific DCeans by a communication uninterrupted by snows in winter, and open the year round, has been located on and near that parallel. Savannah, Gemgia's principal seaport, is but 15' north of that line, and is destined to become the eastern terminus of this great highway of trade. It is 943 miles nearer to Ban Diego, on the California coast, than New York-the eastern terminus of the northern lines-is to San Francisco; the distance between the two latter cities being 3,4.56 miles, while the distance between the two former is only 2,512 miles. 'rhis road will be completed in a very few years, and its beneficial effects upon the trade and general prosperity of Georgia are too obvious to require comment. 'l'he facts stfvted show that this southern line is destined to become tho favorite highway of the Pacific trade, including that 
 
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of China and Japan, wi th the ports of Georgia as its chief entrepot8 in the East. 
Georgia, from h er geographical rela tions, is also the natural highway to the teeming productsof the great agrieultural h eart of the country-the 'Mississippi Valley. A straight line from St. Louis,. or tb e mouth of the Oh io, shows th at the Atlantic coast of Geor gia is much nearer and m ore accessible to the commerce of the \V e.~t t had tha t of any oth er State in t he U nion . Several line;; of rail way betwe0n these two s0ctions are al read y in successful operation; while a proj ec ted canal from the 'l'Pnnessee river to the head of nav iga tion on the Altamaha tributaries in Georgia, will afford ample water transportation to the commer ce of the vVeH t seeking E uropean markets, and, in poin t of time, speed'ier than that hiLb crt o employed-t h e circuitous route via t he Mississippi river a ud the Gu lf )f Mex.ico. This canal rou te has been surv eyed by direction of Congtess, its practicability a nd cheap ness fully determined, and its construction made a simple question of time. 
 
TERRITORIAL EXTENT AND CAPACITY FOR POPULATION. 
 
Georgia is ample in her domain. The &tate h as an average length (north and south) of about 300 miles , and an ave1'age breadth (east and west) of about 200 mil es, and is, with th e exception of Florida, the largest of t he Am.eri can ctates east of the ~Iississippi Hiver. 'rhe superficial area is 58,000 square rni les, or, by lan d, m e:tsurement, 37,120, 000 acres. Nearly tho whole of thi ~ vas t su rfaee is susceptible of profitable t.illage ;. those portions that a re too m ountainous, and tbe irreclaimable swamps, including tbe salt m arshe~' along the coas t, being estimated at only about one p er ee nt. There is no sterile land in Georgia, and it may be safely s>tid that no portion of the globe of equal exten t is capable of pro  dueing more to satisfy the wa nts of man. 
\Ve have seen that the Sta te has a n a rea of 58,000 sq uare mil ea. H er population, according to the las t census, taken in 1870, was, in roun d numbers, 1,1 84,000, or a fraction over 20 to the sq uare mile. Allowing her produci ng capacity to be on ly equal to that of other nations, we may form some idea of the w1diLional population she is capable of sustaining, by a co :npal'ison of the above figures with those of other countries. As we on ly wish to illustrate, we shall name but a few th at are well known to the ei vilized world : 
England , with an area of 50,300 squar e miles, or le:;s than tha.t of Georg ia by nearly 8, 000, supporb a population of 21 ,290,000, or over nineteen times greater than tltat of Georgia. 
Ireland, with an area of 32,530 sq1a re miles; being a little over 
 
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'lWANUAL OF GEORGIA . 
 
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half the size of Georgia, sustains a population of 5,412,000, or nearly Jive times greater than that of Georgia. 
Norway and Sweden, with an area of 294,000 Equare miles, or about five times that of Georgia, lmve about the sam<e population to the square mile, with, perhaps, not one tenth the same productive capacity. 
.France1 with an area of 204,080 sqnare miles, ,,~r less than four times as great as that of Georgia, supports a population of 36,103,{iOO, or over thirty times as great as that of Georgia. 
Holland, with an area of 12,700 square miles, or a little more than one-fifth that of Georgia,supports a population of 3,810,000, or over three times that of Georgia. 
Belgium, with an av2a of 11,370 square miles, or less than onellfth that of Georgia, supports a population of 5,337,060, or nearly .llve times that of Georgia. 
Switzerland, with an area of l.'i,990 square miles, rnostly mountainous, or about three and a half times less than that of Georgla, has a population of 2,fl50,000, or over double that of Georgia. 
Prussia, with an area of 136,100 square mil.,s, or about two and a third times greater than that of Georgia, sL<stains a population .of 2.),773,000, or about twenty-five times that of Georgia. 
These eomparison'i~in some instances with countries whose climates and topographical eonditious are unfavorable to production, as for instance, Switzerland, and 'Norway and Sweden--will serve to show the vast reserved capabilities of Georgia, and what immense additions might be marie to her present popt<lation v..-ithout crowding to an extent where subsistence wou1d be insufficient, or even difncult. 
FACE OF THE CGU NTRY. 
 
The nomina[ divisions ofthe State are three-fold, to-wit : Lower, ~!:idrlle, and Upper Georgia. These correspond, in the order stated, with the three l,rt"eat natural divisions, viz: the low country, the Hill country and the mountain region. 
Lower Georgia lieB below the line crossing the heads of naviga.tion ofthe rivers, a p -rtion of which flow into the Atlantic Ocean, and a portion into the Gulf of Mexico. It is the largest of the -three divisions, comprising about 35,000 square miles. lt lies, for the most part, below the level of ilOO feet above the sea, the aver.age elevation being about 25') feet. 
Middle Georgia lies between the heads of navigation and the elevation of 1,000 or 1,100 feet, the average being 750 feet. It has .an area of 15,000 ~quare miles. 
Upper Georgia constitutes the northern portion of the State, and embraces all the mountains of any note, and much hill country. i!t has an area of about 10,000 sguare miles. 'l'he eastern half has 
 
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DEPARTMENT GF AGRICULTURE-GEORGIA. 
 
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a n ave rage elevation of about 1,500 feet , whils t there are m ountain ch a i ns that rise to the h eigh t of 3,000 feet, and' peaks to 4,800 ff)e t. ~Phe western half is mu ch lower, the general ele vation bei ng only 75{) feet, with mounta ins up to 2;000feet. 
The a verage elevation of the s urface of the State is 650 feet above the sea. 
Th ese three divisions of the State differ in soil and climate , and, tosome extent, in production s, as we shall have occasion to n ote mor e p a r ticularly herea fter, when we co me to-- treat of those several topics. 
The mountains of Georgia constitute the southern terminus of t h e g reat Appalachian cha in, which, commencing at the m outh of t he S t. La wrence, in the n orth, traverses that portion of A'meri ca ly ing east of the Mississippi river, conforming in general direction to the line of coast, u ntil it finally loses itself in Georg ia and  Ala bama, in the south. Its highest points are at either extremity, some of the peaks in Georgia, as already stated, rising to an eie va tion uf near 5,000 fe et a bove tll e le vel of the seac Ctmn ected w ith this ehain are the great ridges, or water-sheds, which divide t h e w a ters of the Atlantic f rom ,th ose of the Gulf of M exico. 'l'he chief of t hese water-sheds, in this section of thfl country, is th eCh a tta hoochee ridge, whi ch e nters Georg ia in the northeast Irom N orth Carolina, a nd, after pass ing t hrough the State, neaTly dividin g it equally , extends to th e capes of F lorid-a. On the east of this great rid ge lies the Atla ntic- slope of Georgia, compris i ng about 30,003 sq uare miles; on th e w est, th e Gulf slope, with a u a rea of' abo ut 28,000 square miles. 
Thou:;h mountainous, this Northern or Upper Georgia division is intersp ersed with rich v a lleys and hill country, susceptible of tml ti vation. 
Middle Georgia is undulating throughout, without mountains, or level pla ins to any great extent, a nd is a very product ive port iow of t he S tate. with the exception of a nm-r<.>w belt on the coas t, it h as been t he longest settl ed. Nearly eve ry lWre of it issu;;eep tible of c ulti vat iun, the only excep tion. being..the s wamps that border so m e of t h e water-courses, nearly a ll of which, how.e v:er, can b& r eelaimed a nd made productive. 
Th e re maining divis ion, or !,ower Georgia, is, for thf! m ost pa rt, a .le vel country, the soil gen erally lig ht and sandy, and t he na tural g ro wth, especially of t:Je upla nds, is pine. It is said to be the fi.n es t timber country on th e continent. 'l'he yellow, or longleaf pine still abounds, as it is the lenst cleared portion of the State ;. a n d th e rivers and rail wads f urnish convenient and cheflJS:modes of tran sportating it to market. The lands remote from the watercourses, thoug h generally n ot very fertile, are still valua bl e for : agrieultural purposes,and susceptible, perhaps, of a greater variety: 
 
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MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 
 
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of productions than any other division of the State. Much of this pine land is hilly, and the residents in such localities--which almost invariably borcle1 th8 fiat lands-have good water aacl enjoy good health throughout the year. 
Georgia has a sea-front of about 200 miJ,.s, indented with some of the finest harbors on the Atlantic coast. SavanJJab, Darien, Brunswick and St. Ninry's are her principal sea-ports, Rll of which can communicate by inland navigation through channels nmning inside of a chain of islands wl!iclt line the coast throughout its enire length. 
In nothing regarding us, is a greater misbke rnade abroad, and indeed, in some parts of our own conn try, than in the eli mate, or atmospheric conditions, of Georgia. 'rhe State being in the southern portion of the Union, lying between parallels of latitude 301 3D', 27''/ (average) and 35, the stranger naturally eDrwludes that our elirnate is m.ild and delightful in winter; and in this he is correct. \Ve have but little snow-in more than half the Stat<' none at all for years together-\ve import or manufacture all our ice, and field work may be kept up at all periods of the year. 'l'he difficulty with strangers is in determining the character of our elirnate during the summer months. '['he winters being plem;ant and genial, they eonelLHle, without further investigation, that the summers must necessarily be hot and sultry. 'l'llis is a serious mistake, as all will testify who have auy practieal knowledge of the subject. No finer summer climate is to be found on the continent, east of the Mississippi river, than that of many parts of Georgia, and, as a whole, it will compare favorably in this respect with that of the States of the north and northwest. Carefully conducted observations, year after year, show that the mean annual temperature of the city of Atlanta, om State Capital, i.s the sam.e with that of \Vnsllington City, J_,ouisville, Kentucky, and St. Louis, in the State of Missouri, which are frorn 800 to 880 miles further north. Tile mean annual temperature south of a line drawn aeross the State from Augusta to Columbus, is between 64 and 68; between the sarne line and another parallel to it, and running twenty miles south of Atlanta, we ha'>e a mean annual temperature bet\H:en 60 and fl4; in another strip of territory including Atlanta, we have a mean temperature the year round of between 56 and GOo. In what we have deseribecl as Upper Georgia, it is between 52o and 5Go, while in the Jl!cmntains it. is below 52<>. The mean of Gainesville, in Hall county, and of Clarksville nnd .lVIount Airy, in Habersham county, corresponds with that of Central Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Upper Missouri and Lower Nebraslnt. \Ve refer to the m:1p of the State for a better understanding of the several localities above referred to, as well as the significance of the figures given in this connection. \Ve have th.e winter climate of Horne, and the summer climate of Jerusalem. 
 
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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA. 
 
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In ex planation of the~e facts, certain features in the geogrnpllicul situati on and pbysical conformation of the State must be taken into con ;;;ide mtion. In Lower Georgia we find tb e greate>t de gree ofh eat in snmmer, the m ercury some times ri.>in g; as high a s 96, rarely a bove lbat figure. It lies, however, between the Atlantic Ocean >:nd the Gulf of Merico, iu close proximity io botll, a nd the te mperature is greatly modified by the strong currents of sea air whic h continua lly pass from one of these great bodi es of water to the other. The mean temperature of Savannah, in th e ;,;outbeastem portion of the State, during t he months of .June, July and .Angust. is 7\F to 80; and in no part of Southern Georgi>1 does tbe men;ury ufte n r ise above 90, whilst in winter it seldom de scends to the freezing point. Sun-s trokes, so e"mmo n in the Northern and Nort hwestern States, are almost wholly unknown in Georgia . 
.Elevation a ffects temperture, on an average, 1 Fahrenhei t for every 300 fee; t . TL1is , alone, would make a differenc :' in Georgia of 16 by r eason of relative elevation be tween the shore level and the high est summi t. U is also afieeted by latitude, and th ere being a difference of about 4;o betwee n th e north em n.nd the soatbern limi U; of the St<1tc, the the rmomete r Bhould show a, differe nce of about 9Q in the temperature. 
But lati tm1e, witlwut the aiel of elevation, may notal ways materia lly affeet t:J mperature. There are other uatuml causes that may antagon ize its influen ce The d ifference in the length of tLw days may increase the summer range in more northern latitudes. At New York, for insttmee, in mid smntner the cbtys are nearly an hour longer than they are at Savan nah, <1-t:td at Q1ebec, in Canada , nearly one hou r and }t halflonger, ami th e nights corresp;mdingly shorter; tb e consr~quence is, at Ne >Y Yor k t11ere is one hour longer for the heat to ncc urnnh1te from the dired rays of the sun, a nd one u om l e:>s ti me in tbe ni g l1t for the heat thus accumul:tted to be carried off by radi ntion . Tbis is said to be the cause wby northern latitude s are hotter in surnmer than southe rn latitudes. 
F inally, we have no hesitation in saying that, take it the yeilr round, the climate of Georgia is equal to a ny to be found on the globe, wh d ber we regnrd personal eomfort in in-door anti in ou tdoor work, or the producti on of crop:o for the support of rn an and beast, both in the summer and the wintet rnontb s. \Ve may mention a faet in t bis (~O nnect i o n: 'l'be c ity of Atlanta is s itu ated within a few miles of tbe southern line of what is :ailed Northern or Uppcr Geor.,_b , which contains the rnouut:J.inous region, and yet we know many far m ers in the immc:d ia te vic in{ty who tmve pa~  tured thei r stock throughout tho past w in te r, and k ep t them in excellent eoudition on the growing crops of whea,t, rye and barley. 
 
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MANU AL OF GEOR GIA. 
 
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RAI NFALL. 
Th e amount of annual r ai nfa ll in Georgia varies in d ifferent sections of the State, and a]s) accord i ng to locality in th e >:e veral sections. It is greatest on th e sea-coast, and, as a general rule, diminishes as you advanre toward the northern border. Tlw average quantity at Savann a h is a bout 57 inches, and the gen era l a ve rage in the State is from 46 to 50 inc hes, or about 5, GOO t o ns we igh t to th e acre. 'l'he dist r ibuti o n of this amount of wate r--- a m ost important consideration-is suel1 as to sec ure a fair genentl ave rage of crops. There are 'no pe ri odical wet a nd dry seas;m s. Irrigat ion on a large scale is wlwll y unknown in G eo rg ia, ~:x ce pt on th e ri ce plantations, wh e re occasionnl flo ws of wate1 facil ita te s uccessful cultivation . Crops are so m etimes cut short in sorne locali ties from the want of a proper mn ount of m o isture; but we !r ave n ever lmown n total failure of the crops from drought, or from a ny othet cause, in Georgia. 
 
SOILS AND PRODUCTIONS. 
The soils of Georgia nre among th e very best c,f the older State8 ; in virg in fertili ty s he s m passed th e m all, as is e vid c nced by b er rapid settlem ent fr om otl>er S ta tes upon the extinguis h men t of t he Ind ian titl e to th e la nds. I nj ud ic ious cultivation , in t he h as te to ge t rich . h as dono mu ch , in past y ears, to im p air and waste their s trength; but wiser vi e\1s are now o bta ining-, and wi t h syste ms of culture grea tly impro vell, prod uction is steallily increasin g w1th out m aterial addition to t he populntion 
The soils of Gcorgiit a re as v arious as the elements of r ock s and v egetable and llnimal rem ains that compose them. 
In Upper Georgia, or th e n orth ern -most division of th e 3tate, the soil is a mixture of clay and san d. In the westem half of tb is section,2there is n large ad m ixt ure of lime. a.nd the clay .is ge n erally red, with here and t h ere n, y ellowish brmvn or dra b. In th e eastern h al f, the elay is altogeth er reddish , a nd th e so il n ot calcareous. The valley a n d coves of both arc very rich and productive, while the hill-sid es y ield ge uerously to judi cim1' culti Yat ion. Th ere are many tin e far ms on th e v ery summi t of th e Bl ue R idge and Lookout ran g;e of moun tains. 
The chief agri eul tur al prod uc ti ons of Upper Georgia are Indi a n corn or maize, wheat, ba rley, ry e, oats, potatoes, sorgh u m , an d all th e grasses, ineludin g el over. Its wheat, with th:1t of Middle G eorg ia, is considered th o heav ies t and best grown in th e Union, and always commands a premium in the Northern m arkets. All th e grains mentioned grow to g reat perfee.tion, and the yield of b ay, where proper attention is g ive n that crop, is v ery la rge. The soil and climate are.also ad mirably adapted to tobacco, though it 
 
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[72] 
 
has no!, up to this time, received tha t attention as a crop that it deserves. .Many good judges consider Upper (icorgia, in this respect, superior to either V irginia or North Carolina, as the soil is not only su,table, but the season for planting is much earlier, and of growth longer, enabling the farmer to gatller a second crop from the same plants. Until a very recent <lite, this section of the State was regarded as unsuited to the successful cultivation of cotton, but the introduJtion of commercial fertilizers, the effect of w!Jich is to hasten growth and maturity and in crease production, has brought about quite a revolution as regards tbe great staple. It is now being successfully grown, in considerable q uautities, as far north as the Tennessee line. As evidence of the rapid increase in the production of cotton in this section, we may mention the fact that the city of Atlanta, whose trade in that commodity ten y ears ago was so ineonsiderable as scarcely to have a place in the local market reports, bad received, up to the first of April of the present y ear (1878), or in seven out of the twelve cotton months, !JS,OOO bales, grown almost exclusively in Upper Georgia. Hemp, iiax: and jute may also be grown with profit. During a good part of the year, the mountaius afiorcl the finest range for cattle, sheep and goats, whilst hogs k eep fat in the fall and early winter months on the mas ts of nuts and acorns. All the varieties of veg,e tables tl.ourisll in this part of the S t ate. The fruits that thrive best are the apple, the pear, the cherry, the plum and tbe grape; also the raspberry and strawberry. 'l 'he l ast mentioned may be said to grow equally well in every part of the State. The spring and well water of this section is unsurpassed in any part of the world. 
The surface of Middle Georgia is rolling, and the soil generally red, with here and there a liberal admixture of gray, and very ~trong and productive. All things considered, this is regarded as the most desirable portion of the State, if not of the South. It is the grel1t cotton sectim~, or the section where the soil will yield a greater amount of fruit than a like area ot equal fertility, in any otber part of the State. Indian corn, wheat, barley, rye-indeed, all tile cereal crops-are cultivated, <tnd yield in their greatest abundance. Even the oldest lands of this section recuperate rapidly under good treatment, and are soon restored to their original fertility. lrnproved systems of culture are obtaining very generally th roughout this po,rt of the State, whicb is the most populous of the three great divisions, and, as a consequense, production is progressive. Of fruits, the apple, pear, peach, fig, grape, melons, and indeed every variety, other than tropical, are grown with the greatest suceess. The finest peaehes in the world grow in this section and in the northern portion of Lower Georgia, and large quantities are shipped annually to the nor th ern cities. Melons, also, are grown to great perfection, and con~titute quite in important item of the commerce of t!Jis section. '!'he forests 
 
 [73] 
 
MANUAL OF (>EORGIA. 
 
11 
 
a n<lt1b:tndoned fi elds abound in nuts and berries i n large variet-y, fu r nished by nature without ca re or cultivation. Dried fruits are becoming an important item in th e exports from th is section . 
It may be said with truth th at no country in. the world offers greater natural advantages than this middle section of Georgia. Embracing a territory about two hundred miles in length from east to west, and one hundred broad ftom nort h to south, interr:;ected by numerous rivers a nd smaller water courses, t h e amo unt of water power available for manufacturing p urposes is incalcula ble. It constitutes the h eart of the cotton region, and t he materi a l is consequently at hand to be worked into th e various fa brics. T en ra ilroads cross it in various directions, so th at trn.nsportation is all that could be desired . Its drinking water is excellent, a nd its health untcrrupted t hroug h out th e year. 
Southen, or Lower Georgia, consist s chiefly of sandy, pine land , with oeeasional belts of oak and hickory, and where these ocenr th e soil has a considerabl e m ix t ure of reddish or ligh t-brown clay, and is very prodLlctive. 'l'he lands generally are light and easy of culti vation, and while some portions, es:pecially th ose on the water courses of the southwest and tlJe red l ands above r eferred to, are very rich , nearly the whole is tillable, and wit h occasional light m anurin g, con tinue to produce good crops from year to year. It is, as a general ru le, s parsely settled, and the lands a re the ch eapest in theSta.te. 'I 'heleadingfield products are cotton, sugar cane, corn, rice, oats, potatoes and ft eld peas. The conn try being open, and the pasturage good th roughout the year, large nu mbers of beef cattle and sheep are raised an n ually for market, at R cost purely n ominal, as they require neither to be fed nor sheltered. \Vool forms quite an itern in t he list of its expor ts ; near 73,000 pounds were cleared at the customhouse at B runs wick alone during the past year. 
Cotton is produced generally throughout the section, the seaisland or long staple variety in the counHes bordering on F lorida and a long the coast. This class of cotton is used in the manufacture of th e finet fabri cs, and in combina tion witl:l si lk, but is less cultivated than in former years, the demand for it having been .lessened by the i mprovement in tile staple and quali ty of the common cotton, and in th e machinery for .its manufact m e. 
'l'he cotton crop of G eo rgia averages a little over 500,000 bales, or about 22.5,000,000 pounds, worth, at ten cents per pound, $22,500,000. 
'l'he rice lands lie chiefly on tide water, and are among the most valuable and productive on the southern coast. Considerable rice is also grown, ehiefly for home consumption, on inland swamps aud low lands in Middle as well as in Lower Georgia, though the r ice that enters into commerce comes chiefly from the country along the coast. 
 
 12 
 
DEPAl{TMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEO!~GIA . 
 
[741 
 
Sugar cane is also an important crop of Southern Georgia, and could be made among the most profitable. It grows Jn:xnriantly, and yields profitable returns in sugar and syrup. Y et, but iittle sugar is made for market, the pbnters usually confinin g themselves to a sufficiency for home demand, and relying ehiefly upon the syrup as a marketable crop. To show the capadty of the soil under high cultme, Wf) mention on e instance among the many of equal produ etion tlu<t arc well vouched for. In ISH, 1\Ir. .John J. Parker, of Thomas county, produced, on one acre, 694} gallons of cane s yrup, worth se venty-five cents per gallon, or $520.87. 'l'be total cost of production was S77.50, leaving a net profit of $443.37. 
This seeti011 of the State also produees an excellent qm:lity of light tobacco, such as is manufactured into cigar8, though the plant will eventually run into the heavy leaf unless the seed are renewed annually from the \Vest Indies. 
Notwithst:t.nding the variety of soils and climates, vegetables of every deseription do well in all parts of tbe Atate; but it isehiefiyin the seetion along the coast that tbey are raised for distant markets. l'viost of the "a.ricties maturing here in early spring, before the seeds are planted in the Northern States of ,the Unicm, they command a good price in consequence, and th9 producers realize handsomely from their business. In the spring of 187i, tlle;e were shipped t o the :;'\"orthern markets, from the port of ~avannah alone, 23,284 packages of fruit, 20,c105 packages ol vegetables and 26,:)4,'} melons. 
Of the fruits of this section, melons, strawberries, grapes and some oranges are t ho~e chiefly culti vat<.ed for mar k et. The fig ancl grape grov,- to great perfection, and the orange, lemon , li m e, banana, pomegranate, of the tropical fruits, succeed well when; rcttention has been given t o their eulti vation. Some varieties of the pear also thriv e \Yell in this section of the State. I'hp Scuppcrnong grape grows in its grcatPst perfection; the crops are Yery heavy and th8 fruit sweeter than that grown in more northern latitudes. 
Lower Geonria is said to resemble, in soil and climate, those portions of Prussia that lie in the v icinity of tho capital. 'l'be soil is, however, in its natural state, far more prod uctive, and consequently requires less labor and expense to be kept in good planting condition. Although generally sandy, it has a good clay foundation, or subsoil, from six to twelve inches below the surface, which enables it t o reta in fer tilizers and hold them as plan t food. 
 
CAPACITY OF GEORGIA SOIL UNDER HIGH CULTURE. 
The various agricultural products common to Georgia having been given w ith some minuteness in the chapter on Soils a n d Productions, we proceed to give the results of a number of experimentP. 
 
 [75] 
 
MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 
 
13 
 
in the c ultivation of those products, in each of those disvisions, conducted wi th proper )1repa ration and fertilization-s uch as are given in the more uensely settled portions of the world. AR but li ttle is aceomplished by inadequate means in a::y department of human industry, the aetual producing capacity of a eountry can only be tested by the results of judicirxu& eulture. 'l'be crops, to which we shall refer, werP. reported to the various State and county fai rs within the past few years, and both the culture an d its results were verified by the affidavits of disintere;;ted parties. 
In 1873, Mr. R. H. Hardaway proct uced, on upland, in 'rhomas coun ty, (Lo wer Georgia ) 119 bushels of Indian corn, or ma i ~e, on one ac re, which yielded a net profit of $77 17. 
Tn the same conuty , the same year, i\'[r. E. T. Davis p roduced IJG~ bushels of rust- proof oats per a cre. After the oats were barvested, he planted the same la nd i n cotton, and. in the fall gathered 800 p ou nds of seed cottun. 
Mr. John J. Parke r, of the same county, produced, i n 1874, on one acre, G9J} gallons of cane syrup, at a co.,; t of $77.00. 'r he syrup, at 75 cent<> per gallon, the market price, brought ;;520.87-net profit from on e acre, $443 37. 
In 1874, Mr. "\Viley\V. Groover, of Brooks comJty, (Lower Georgia ) produc:cd, w ith two h orses, on a farm of 126 acres, without the aid of C<'mmercial fertilizers, cotton, corn, oats, peas, sugar cane und potatoes, to th e value of $3,258.25. 'l'he total cost o t production was $1,045.00, leaving n e t proceeds of crop, $2,213. 25. 'l'he 8tock raised on the farm was not counted. 
Joseph Hodge;;, of the s ame couuty, produced, on one acre, 2,700 pounds of seed cotton; \Vm. B orden, 600 gallons of syrup; J. Bower, 500 bushels of sweet potatoes; J. 0. !\lorton, 1"5 bwshels oats. Mr. 'f'. W. Jones made 12 barrels, or 480 gallons, of syrup on one acre, and saved enough cane for seed.  In Bulloch eoun ty , (Lower Geo rgia ) 3,500 pounds seed cotton were produced by Samuel Groover, and in the same county 21 barrels surgar at one tim e, and 700 gallons syrup at another, per 
HCr.e. 
In Ulay county, Mr. --Hodge pruduced from one acre, a few yp'xrs ago, 4,500 pounds of seed cotton. 
Mr. J. R. Hespass, of Schley county, gathered the present year (1878) a little upwards of 500 bushels of oats from five a cres. 
.Mr. J. n. R e:;pass, of Sehley county, (Lower Georgia) in1877, by the use of fertiliz ers, grew on ti ve acr.;:; of natumlly p0or la.nd, 1.5,000 pounds of seed cotton, which n ette d him when sold $66.02 per acre. 
.Mr. H. T. Peeples, of Berrien county, reports to this Department a crop of 800 busl1els of sweet potatoes grown on one acre of pine land. 
 
 14 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA. 
 
[76] 
 
In 1876, :Mr. G. J. Drake, of Spaldi\1g county, (Middle Georgi.a) 
 
produced 74, bushels ot' corn on one acre of land. 
 
Mr. Jobn Bonner, of Carroll county, m ade three bales of cotton 
 
(500 pounds each) on one acre. Mr. R. H. Springer, of tb e same 
 
county, prod uced nine bales.from five acres, without manmes, and 
 
ninety-four b:1les from 100 acres, by tbe use of fertiliz ers. 
 
In 1873, l\f r. S. 'vV. Leak, of the same coun ty, produced on one 
 
acre 40;\- bushels of wheat, worth $80.50; cost $14.50- net profit 
 
$66. 
 
In \Vill;:es county 123 bushels corn was produced on one acre of 
 
bottom land; al so 42 bushels Irish potatoes on one tenth acre, the 
 
second crop same year on same land; the first crop very fiue, but 
 
not so good. 
 
Mr. J. F. Madden, of the same county, produced, in 1876, on 
 
one acre, 137 bushels of oats. 
 
Mr. T. C. warthen, of \Vashin gton county, (on th e line of Mid- 
 
d le and L ower Georgia) prolluced, in 1873, on 1.11:25 acres, 6,917 
 
pounds of seed cotton, eq uivalent to five bales of 461 pound.3 each , 
 
worth, at l7!r cents per pound-t he average price of tha t year- 
 
$403.37. 'fbe cost of culture was $148. 58; net profit, $254.79, for a 
 
very small fraction over one acre. 
 
Dr. \Vrn. Jones, of Burke county, produced 480 g allons syrnp on 
 
one acre. \Vesley Jones, of the same county, produced three 
 
bales of cotton, 500 pounds each, per acre. Jas. J. Davis, in same 
 
county, made, in 18771 with two mu les, thirty-four bales of cotton, 500 pounds each, 600 bushels corn, and 300 bushels oats. \Vrn. C. 
 
Palmer, of samfJ county, made, in 187i, with one mule, twenty - 
 
five bales of cotton, 500 poun ds each, and a fair crop of corn. 
 
Henry Miller, of same county, produced, in 1877, sixty-five bnsheh; 
 
corn per acre, first year, on reclaimed swamp, without manures. 
 
Mr. R. M. Brooks, of Pike county, (Middle Georgi a) produced, 
 
in 1873, on five acres of bottom lan d, 500 bu::;hels of rice. 'fh e total 
 
cost was $75-net profit, $300. 
 
Mr. R. B. Baxter, of Hancock county, (Middle Georgia) in 1872, 
 
harvested at the first cutting, first year's crop, 4,862 pounds uf dry 
 
clover hay per acre. 
 
Mr. A. J. Preston, of Crawford county, gathered, from one acre 
 
of Flint river bottom, 4,000 pounds seed cotton, and from another, 
 
on same place, 115 bushels corn. 
Dr. r. P. Janes, of Greene county, (Middle Geargi a) produced, 
 
in 1871, five tons of clover hay per acre, in one season, at two cut- 
 
tings. 
 
Mr. Patrick L ong, of Bibb county, (on the line of .i\fiddle and 
 
Lower Georgia) llarvested from one acre of land, from which he 
 
b ad gathered a. crop of cabbages in June of the same year, 8,G4G 
 
pounds of native erab-grass hay. 
 
. 
 
Mr. S. W. Leak, in Spalding county, (Middle Georgia) gathered, 
 
 L77J 
 
MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 
 
15 
 
in the fall of 1873, from one acre, from wh ich h e bad h arvested forty bushels of wheat in June, 10,726 pounds of pea-vin e bay. Net profi t fro m whea t, $66; from pea-vine hay, $233.08, ma ki Lg, in one year from a single acre, a net p rofit of $2()().08. 
Mr. \-Villi a nt Smith, of Coweta coun ty , (:Yiillclle Georgia1 produced 2,200 pounds seed cotton per acre on ten acres. 
Mr. Edwa rd Camp, of the same coun ty, produced 1,000 bushels oats from te n a cres. 
Mr. J. T. :l\Ianley, of Spalding county, (:\Ii t!dle Georgia ) produced ll.'i bushels of on ts from on e acre. 
Mr. S. \V. Blood worth, of the same county, g athered , in 1Si 'l, 137 bushels of corn from one acre. 
Mr. L. B. willis . in Greene county , (:\Iiddle Georgia) in June, 1873, from one acre a nd a third, harvested twenty bushels of wheat, an d the follo win g Oc tober, 27,1 30 pounds of corn forage. Prom the forage al one l!e reccived a profit of $159.22 per a cre. 
Dr. \V. Moody, of tlle s::.me county, h arves ted, at one cutting , from one acre of river bottom, in 18i4, 13 ,953 pou n ds of Ber m uda grass h ay ; cost, $12.87, value of h ay, $209 2H, net profit, 
$ 1H6.42. Mr. J. R Winters, of Cobb county, (Upuer Georgia) produced , in 
1873, from 1.15 acre~ , 6,575 pounds of d ry clover bay at th e first cutting of the second yea r' s crop. 
Mr. T. H . Moore, of same county, produced on one a cre 105 bushels of corn, while Mr. J ere miah Daniel produ ced 125 bush els. 
Mr. R P ete rs, Jr. , of Gordon county , (U ppe r Geo rgia) hr~nested, in 1874, fro m three acres of lucerne, four y ears old , fourtceu ton;.; a nd 200 pounds of b ay, or 9, 400 pounds per acre. 
Capt. C. vV. Howard produced, on Lookout Monntain, in \Valker county (Upper Georgia), in 1874, on one acre of unmanured land, which cost. him twenty-five cents per acre, with one hoeing a nd plowing, 108} bushels of I rish potatoes, which h e sold in Atlanta at a net profit of $9i.25. On land i:nanured and better prepared and work ed , dou ble that quantity could be produ ced. 
Mr. Thomas Smith, of Che rokee county, produced 104 bushels of corn from one ac re. 
Mr. Joh n Dyer, of Bibb county, produced. i n 1873, from one acre, a t a cost of $8.00, 39S.7 bush els of sweet potatoes, wh ich he sold at a net profit of $:200.9:2. 
Mr. H addon P. Hedding, of F ulton cou nty, in 1877, produced fro m one acre 4UO l.mshels of St. Domingo ya:n potatoes, which he readily sold in Atla nta at an av erage price of $1.00 per bushel. 
'l'hese instances of proclw:tion are excep tional, and far beyond the usual rewlts of fa rming in our State; out t hey serve to show t b e capacity of ou r soil when properly fertilized, a nd cultivated with intelligt>nce un der th e g uidance of science. It will not be uemeu, J..wwever, that what the par ties named have accomplished 
 
 16 
 
DEPART MENT OF AG R IC ULT URE- GEORG IA. 
 
l78] 
 
on a limited sc:.tle, ,nay be done by others o n still la rger a reas, an d wi t h corres ponin g res ults. 
 
'l'IMBER. 
'l' be v ari ed natural forest gro w th of Georgi a is capable of furnishing w ood s a m ple for a ll pur poses. O ur G eological cabinet con ta i ns ~rreci m c u s of 130 varieties, a nd th ere a te 100 others not em braced i ll t ile collec tion . In th e North ern di vision of th e S tate, we llave ced ar, po plar, hickory, bee"ll, ma plt , chestnut, white, red, black an d post oaks; whi te, spruce, anct short-leaf pin e; th e latter ttm ple for all demands of bui lde rs. In t h e l\1iddle div ision we h ave nearly a ll of the ab ove- rnenti oned, with th e addition of wal nu t, ellerry, china, elm, and ash, a ll of wh ich are valuable for m ech an ical 'JSes. ln th e So u t h ,~ rn division, bes ides some of th ose alre:Hly enu merated, t he long-leaf or yPllow pin e, t he great tree of com me rce, aboun ds. For bu ilding a nd s h ip tember, this wuod sta uds without a ri val in th e marl;:ets of t h e world, and th e su pply would seem to be in exhaus ti ble. rrhe section und er considera ti on e m braces aboJt 30,000 sq ua re m iles, 24,000 of which om Sta te G eolo;,\'ist, w h o has special ch a rge of that in teres t, estimates is un c:leared, and will produce, on an average, 30,000 feet of firs t- class ll ~a rt ti mber per acre. Nor does its uses stop lw re. Fro m th e pine is cx trac: ted th e t urpentine, r osin , ta r a nd pit,h of com m erce , a.n rl ntst fi elds of it are de voted t o that purpose. 'l'he curled pin e of th e coast country, in bea uty and susceptibility of polish , is withnut a ri val am ong tbe woo tl s of a n y p <t l' t of t he world . F ol' pa nel-wo rk, and furniture of a ll kind; , it is ad mi rably a dapted. Specime'> S oF this cabine t v a riety of the p ine have bee n sent to th e p ,uis Ex position of 18 78, a nd v isitors cu rious in such matters are invit ed to im,peot it. The live-oak, remarkable for its weigh t and to u,~h n es:;, and so la rgely used in t he eon;;truction of those parts of sh ips th a t a re subject to t he g reatest stra in, is found in large qu an tit ies a lvng th e whole li ne of the Georg ia coas t, and on the sea-isla nds. I n the sa me localities, w e have the bay and tile ced a r, a lso useful for manufacturi ng p urp oses. I n the river hottoms and swam ps ot' the entil'e lo we r half of the State, th e cypress growes to an immense size,:and without limit as to quan tity. This is also a m ost du rable w ood, th ough soft in texture, a nd easil y 
w ork ed. For shing les, weather- boardin g, wood -ware, ship sides 1en ce posts, indeed for m ost purpose;; where exposu re to th e weather is n ecessary , the re a re fe w woods t lmt will answer a bett er purpose or last longer. Our r iver bottoms all over t he Sta te are well supplied with white-oak , which, for carriage an d wago n tim ber, an d for ba rrel sta ves, is considered s uperio r to all other woods . A s h, also used la rgely in carriage fac tories, aboun ds in th e same localities. 
 
 [79] 
 
MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 
 
17 
 
These are b ut a fe w of the m a ny woods of the State which m ight be m e ntioneu as both usefnlor ornamental. Of the s upply, it need only be said that full 60 per cent., at least, of the origi nal for es t g row th, or 22,200,000 out or the 37,000,000 acres, is still standing , whicb, with the immense beds of coal for fu el, will be found ample for all the Wu nts of tile State for hun dreds of year:> to come. T imber and sawed lumber, including staves and shingles, constitute a very important item of Georgia' s foreign and coastwise t r ade. Complete statistics of this trade for the year 1877- one of great depression in this as well as other interests-have not. yet come to hand. It aggrega tes many millions of dollars, a nd with t he exception stated , h as been steadi ly increasing from year to year. \V e annex a statement of the ship ments for lust year from the four leading ports of the S tate. 'l'here are oth er points of sh ipment, a nd mu ch of the lum ber of tbe southwestern portion of the State finds an outlet through the ports of F lorida : 
 
TD1BER AND LU)fBIJ:R E XPORTS, 1877. 
 
bwannah, superfici>l feet .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . .. ... 51 ,281,972 
 
D <trieD, 
 
74,106,152 
 
n'.. Mary's 
 
18,1 1G ,OOO 
 
Brunswick 
 
19,092,410 
 
Total . . . ......................................... 162,596,534 
 
METALS AND MINERALS OF GEORGIA. 
It is conceded by all who have any adequate information on the sul~j eet, th a t t he m ineral resourees of Georgia, in ex tent a nd value, are unsurpassed, if equalled , by th Jse of any &ther American State. The variety a nd richness of her ores, and other natural products of a kindred nat ure, are fac ts wh ich, in their full fo rce, have lai n buried b{~neath the earth's s urface until recent scientific explorations, under the direction of the State Government, brought them to the light. It being impossible without too great elaboration, to go through the long catalogue of specimens that lie exposed to view on the shel ves of our Geological Museum, we shall confine our obser vations to tt fe w leading prouucts, which will fully establish the position th at, to the miner, no country on the globe presents advantages s uperior to those of Georg ia. 
UOLD.-lt is impossible to estimate the true value of this interetit, and all calculation s must be based upon tbe actual production of the mines in the past, anu indications of the presence of that precious metal as t hey appear to the scientific eyfl. These are the only reliable data, and we shall limit our remarks to what th ey will fully justify. 
Dr. George Li ttle, State Geolog ist, a fter a thorough exploration of the auriferou s region, declares a s his conviction , that, all things 
 
 18 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA. 
 
[80] 
 
considered, Georgia, as a gold-mining region, offeri'l inducements equ~l to those of California. \Ve quote his remarks on this point, as they are both full and interesting. He sa.ys: 
''But you must remember that this is not the best point that is offered by our North Georgia mines. You see it is not the quantity of gold that makes a Rection valuable to miners. It is the facility with which the ore is mined; it is the ease with which it can be sent to market; it is the cheapness of labor; it is the nearness of timber and water courses; it is the heal thfulness of the climate and the facility with wllich provisions may be procured. In all tilese points Georgia excels. A ton of ore in tbe Black Hills, of twice the richness, is not worth as much as a ton of ore in Georgia. A mine of enormous richness is of little value if it is in the heart of an impenetrable or dangerous or malarious region. Lumps of gold migl.lt exist at the north pole without being of any practical value. There are scientists who believe that great masses of this precious m.etal are to be found at the centre of tile earth. Of what aceount is it, however, to us? 
"Now, the gold of N orth Georgia is in a perfectly accessible region. It is penetrated by first class railwrtys, and by short and reliable hack lines. Every part of it is civilized, and convenient to cities. And, better than all, the gold lies near to the surface, and is easily reached by the miner. 'fl.l e timber needed to run the furna ces is right at hand, and procurable cheap. The eli mate is the best in the world, and is a famous resort for invalids. The watercourses that pour down the hills givf' the best possible power. It is necesnry to transport only a short distance, while in California it is frequently carried fifty and one hundred miles. Labor is cheap and easily procurable. In fact, all the elements of cheap working for gold appear to be united in this section. 
"The greatest advantage, however, is in the fact that most of the ore in North Georgia is partially decomposed, and is worked with great facility. \Vhere you would have to blast the quartz in Califomia, you can work it with a pick, or even a shovel. Consequen tly, ore that is much poorer than tbe California ore can be mined here at a profit, while there it would involve a loss. It does look as if nature had conspired to put the enormous amount of gold in North Georgia in the hands of the minf'r. 
"Besides the above advantages, it is very rich-as rich as any ore to be found anywhere." 
Such i,; tile testimony of an intelligent and disinterested officer of the government, who owns not a foot of our gold territory, nor a share in our mines. 
The gold belt of Georgia is about one hundred miles in breadth, with barren intervals here and there. It lies northeast and southwest across tile entire northern and part of the eastern section of 
 
 1\IAN'UA'L O'F GEORGIA. 
 
Hl 
 
'the State, and loses itself in the eastern portion of Alabama. It extends through a large number of counties. It has been found as 1ow as Columbia county, ill the eastern portion of Middle Georgia, and as far north and west as Fannin cemnty, which borders on the State of Tennessee. But few mines havB been developed in Columbia and Lincoln counties, but they are claimed to be among the Tichest in the State. A vein near Goshen, in the latter county, is 
'said to be yielditlg at the present time, $1 ,eoo per month at a cost 
of but $115. That portion ot intermediate t erritory which is barren of gold, is COI'lllparative.ly small, being much less than -one-half qf the whole. While many very rich and profitable mines have been opened in the lower portion of the belt, the ,greater proporticm of the m.ining has been done in the northern or mountainous section1 especially in the cotmties of Lumpkin, White, Union, Dawson and Cherol;:ee. 
The gold occurs under three distinct conditions: First, as sand (dust ), or pebbles (nuggets), forming integral ;portions of the deiiJOSits of sand and gravel along the ~treams, which sometimes extend as high as 10@ feet or more, abGve the stream levels. Second: as grains, strings, or masses, forming integral portions of exten:si ve beds of schists., which are sometimes accompanied by layers of quartz -of greater or less thickness., and are sometimes destitute of the least parti-ele of quartz. 'J.'hird .; as a part or the whole, of the mineral contBnts of quartz veins. 
Much the greater portion <lf the gold heretofore mined in Georgia has been obtained from the stream deposits, and by rude methods, such as washing in sluices, rockers, and toms, from which a very la1ge proportion of the smaller particles escape. In <.t his rough way, from $LOO to $ 2.tl0 per day is usually obtained to the hand, though many deposits have been worked which yielded :as much as $3.00 and $5.00 per hand. 'l'he quartz veins vary in thickness from a few inches to ten feet, or more, and have seldom been workBd below the water level, from want of capital to pur-chase the neeessary machinery. 'l'he ore, when obtained from the veins., is pounded in mills run by water-power, and the yield generally varies from $5,00 to $50.00 per ton, the cost of handling being about i>O cents per ton. There are, however, many instances where the yield has been as high as $60.00, and even as high as $100 00 per ton. The business is making steady progress in all the mining districts, and we have returns to date of 34 mills with 337 .stamps now in operation, though there are doubtless others not yet brought to our knowledge. 'l'he stamps are of hardened iron, and in weight range from 350 to 750 pounds. They reduce, each, from one to two tons per da.y of twelve hours, the quantity depending upon the weight of the stamp and the hardness of the ore. These mills are located chiefly iu Lumpkin and 'White counties. 
 
 20 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE~GEORGIA. 
 
During the last few years there has been quite a revival in the business of gold- m inin g. L arge amounts of northern capital have been attracted to Georgia , and there has been g1eat progress both. in the quantity and quality of the machi nery used for tll at purpose. 'l'he chief agency in giving this new impulse to the gold interer;t, is wha t is known as the Hand ()anal, in Lumpkin. cOtmty, the hear t of the gold region. Its p urpose i's to utilize the splendid water power of t hat section in. the business of mining,. and vast sums have been expended on the work already. This can al has opened up a n ew,era in:gold-diggin g. W h er.ever available, it di spenses, in a g reat m easare, with expensiv transportation, with steam machinery in the mines and for elevating the ore, a nd reduces the amount oflabor necessary for the attainment of given r es ults fu lly on e-ha lf,. if n ot more.. 1n addition to this, it ren ders mining operations exhaustive; uuder the action of so searching an agent, the emth is comvelled to yield up all it s treas ures, no m atter h ow carefull y they may have been h idden away from human sight. A brief description of this canal is necessary for a proper understanding of the opera tions for gold in th at immedi-ate section of the Stat8. 
I n Itself, t he ~Hand Canal is worthy of note as a great work . It origiwt ted in an enlightened perception of the real wants of a declining indus try, required engineerir.g skill of a high order, and a vast expen diture of labor a nd capital for a single company . It is great, too, in the practical results it is n ow accomplishing. The canal, as com pleted up to this time (April, 18781) is about 26 miles in length. 'l'he water is taken from Ya hoola Creek, at. th e foot of the Blue Ri dge Mountains. It is six. fe et in w id th at ibe. water line, a nd fo ur fee t in depth; has a fall of five inches to the 100 fee t, and velocity o 80cubi.1; feet to the secowl a t low water. At Dahlonega it has an elevation of 250 fe et above t<he Yaboola at the same point, and at Findley's Mine, a few miles below, it is 300 feet above the level of the Yahool.a , whieh at th is point has so enl arged as to be digni fied with the title of ri ver. The reader will form some idea of the power when b e contemplates this large body of water foaming along the mountain sides, and ready t.o be tapped and sent, in a resistless torrent, into the vast depths below. Owing to the rugged nature of.. the country over which the canal passes, it frequently becomes necessary to conduct this v.olume of wateJ; across immense chasms in order to IJ:eep it in its course. 'I'his is done by m eans of large pipes, which are laid down one mounta.in side, a cross the valley, and up the opposite elevation until it reaches th e desh,ed height, and is dischargbd into a new section of the canaL There is a.pipe near Dahlonega 2,000 feet in length and three feet in diameter. It is m ade of boiler iron, strong enough to bear the immense pressure. 'rbere are a.ls(~ on t he line of the can al 7,500 feet of wood en tubing, of !J, li ke di- 
 
 \,[83] 
 
'MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 
 
21 
 
,a,meter, and secured by strong wrought.iron ba nds. Between Da.hlonega and the Pigeon Roost mines-the pl:eseut terminus of the canal-there is another iron tube 2,400 feet in 'length, and 22 inches in diameter. 
The m odes of utHizing this water in the operatilims forgoln are various. It is the- mo tive power of th e mills where the stamping .and washiBg are done. It serves to carry the ores and gold-bea-rling earth from the mines to the rDi!!s, thus saving the greater part Of the cost of transportation. It is also largely used in an opera.:tion called "sltiie"lng;" where it is turned loose upon the hill-sides, :and of its own gravity bear;; away seve1a:l feet of th e surface eartl1. For the same purpose a hose and nine-inch pipe is sometimes used, anrl its power in uprootingtrees, bearing down mountains and fill'lng up valleys, is truly wonderfuL Often the full force of th e canal 'is turned into a vein containing a da.)r's work of the ore and its rich surroundings, and the w hole mass sent roar'ing down the mountain side into the mill some thousands of feet below. Im:.mense boulders of quartz are sent whirling like so many chips or 'leaves. 'l'his operation not only tears :tway the earth to the depth edf sever al feet, but at the same time exposes every vein of ore and prepares it for t he pick. Every mill is prepared with a receptacle for these washings, from which the water having been dntin ed off, the ores, gravel and sand areshoveled into the trunghs and pounded into powde r by the immense iron stamps. 'rhe potmded contents ca re then carried by a stream -of water over a-copper ourfa ce upon which there is a coating of quicksilver, with which the fine particles of gold for m a mec hani cal union, and from which they are subsequently 'iiberated by the application of beat, the amalgam having been first scraped fro m the copper sheets and deposited in a crncibile. This is the usual process; there are oth ers, but, as they differ only in details, it is unnecessary to mention them. 
The Hand Canal is not only used by the mining company who constru cted it, tmt by all the miners on the line, at a moderate r ental paid to the proprietors. It is said that in this and oth er improvements, the Hand Company has invested upwardlil of a quarter million dotlars. 
The project of a m irrt at Atlanta., the seat of government of the State, and on the southern border of the gold belt, is now under -discussion in the-United States Congress, and should it be established 
it is estimated that Georgia alone, will furn ish a million of gold bullion annually, to aid in keeping it employed. 
We might give instances ofirnmense yields of this metal, where fparties made fortu nes in a day, as it were; but they are exceptional, and calculated to mislead. \Ve prefer to say that the interest is a prosperous one in Georgia when controlled by men of dntelligence and a .fai.r share of information in the art of m ining. 
 
 2'2 
 
DEFAR1'M'ENT OF AGRmlii:.TURE--GEORGTA. 
 
[84'] 
 
SILVER bas been found on the western slope of the Cohutta mountains, and in Lincoln and some other counties, but not in such quantities as to justify mining. 
CoPPER-This m etal exists in large quantitiesin the counties of Fannin, 'l'owns, Cherokee, Pltulding, Haralson, Carron, Greene and Flllton. 1t is found in comhination with iron and sulphur,. and in many places. constitutes 33;percent. of the ore; which is often valuable for all three of its component elemen.ts. From 5 to 33per cent. of copper- ma:y- be considered' the extremes. The Fannin county- mines. >He an extension. of the celebrated Duck '!'own v eins in. the State of Tennessee, and are considered equally rich in that metal. 
IRON..,-Iron ores, either hematite, limonite,. or fossiliferous, are abundant throughout the northen~ part ofthe State, and found1 to a consit.lerable extent in. the counties of Hat"I'is anJ Talbot, in Middlf' Georgia, and in Burke 0f the Soutbem division. In the counties of Dade, W'alker, and Chattooga. it lies side by side with mrge d eposits of coal, tJ;tus affording am:p~e facilities for smelting;. In Bartow county we find the best brown hematite,. which, in, combin ation,with manganese,.also.abundann in that section, forms:. that beautiful, .mirror-like iPon; called by the German-s .Spegelcisen. 'rhe brown b erruttite is also a bundant in Polk county. At the date of the last report, there were in, the State 20 iron foundries, with a producing ca!)acity of 30{) tons per day; or 100,000 tons of p ig-iron per aunu.m, worth, at the market price of $20 per ton, $2 ,000,000 ~ 
COAL.-The discoveri es of this m~neral have been confined to the three counties oi'tbeextren;:;e northwest,.to-wit:. Dade, \Valker, and Cbattooga. The supply, though, is so abundant and accessible that it bids fair to be permanent, both for fuel and fot' m.ecban- ical uses. An ex.ce!lent qpaHty of bitum.inoLeS coal underlies. almost the sntire surface of Dade, while- in \Val'kerand Cbattooga, the deposit, though not so abu.ndant, is ample. It is found in, 1argest quantities in Sand lYiountain, and in tbe Lookout range, where t wo companies, a lone, h[tYe invested a million' ot dollars. in the business,. which.is found to be very profitable. One of these mines, belonging to a company of. which Ex-G:ov.. JQseph E .. Brown,. of Georgia, is President,. is. worked exclusively by convict labor , at a cost of about 75 cen ts per day per band, and yields 300, tons per day.. R3ilroads, with connections-leading to all points ;. have been.constructed to the mouths of tbesa mines. 'A superior artide of coke is also prepared~ on the spot, and shipped to the smelting furnaces of this State and 'l'enuessee. Large quantities. of coal from ;one of these min.es have been shipped, within the last. two.years,. to. the United.States. coaling station a t I'or.t.Royal,.in. 
 
 [85] 
 
MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 
 
23 
 
Bouth Caroli na, where it is purchased by the Government fo r the use of the Navy. 
SULPHUR, and Sulphuric Acid, can be obtained in any q uantity desired, f1om the copper a nd iron ores tha t contain the former in combination . 
GEMS AND PRECIOUS STONES.-Of these, the diamond is fou nd in Hall, \Vhite, Lumpkin and Da wson counties; the opal-whi te, yellow and g ray-in \Vasll ington county; tb e bery l in Meri wether ; the garnet in Paulding and Cherokee ; corundum in 'rowns, Habun and Carroll, together with m any others of more or less value. 
GRAPHI'rE, of which lead pencils are made, is found in Pickens , Carroll and Elbert counties. 
CRROliiE IRoN, for the m auufacture of paints, in Habersham and Troup counties. 
MISPICl~LB, from which arsenic is obtained, in Floyd county. RUTILE, fo r cPloring artificial teeth, in Lincoln a nd H a bersham counties. B URR m ck, fro m which the best mill-stones are cut, exists, in large quantities, in B urke coun ty; also in Stewart, D ecatur, and oth er parts of the Tertiary formation . ASBESTUS abounds in most of the northern counties, and is bein g mined in the v icin ity of Atlanta, F ult<,n county. Large q uantities are r egula rly s hipped to t h e ~ort hern States, a nd there worked up in the manufacture of iron safes, fire-proof paints and roofin g, lamp wi cks, and, to some exten t, into cloth. Oue of the largest d eposits of this mineral, and of the fi nest qua lity, is found in Rabun, the extrem e northeastern co unty of the State. It is being mined with much success, the sh ipments readily commanding $50.00 per ton. MAnBI.E.-'rhis mineral exists in exhaustless quantities and of m any vari eties. It varies in quality from the fine statuary to the coarse-grained used for building. The black m a rble is found a t Tunnel Hill, on the \Vestern & Atlantic Railroad; the red at Dalton ; the pink at Varnell's Sta tion, on th e East 'l'ennessee & Georgia Railroad, and in wh itfield coun ty. The wh ite, of best quality and in im mense supply, n ear J asper, Pickens county, on the li,ne of the Marietta & North Georgia Htdlro ad, now in course of cons truction ; also at Buchanan, in Haralson county, and at Van W ert, Polk nounty. SERPEN'INE, of fine quality a nd very beautiful, has been re cently fou nd in Rabun county . GRAN!'l'E and G NEiss, of the best qu ality for building, abound in theNorthern and Middle divisions of the State, and are convenient to transportation. SLA'l'E, admirably adapted to roofing, exists in large quantiti es, and at points accessible. At Rockmart, Polk county, immense shipments a re made annually to the various cities and towns of 
 
 24 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE-GEORGIA. 
 
[86] 
 
Georg;a and the adjoining States. A railroad connecting witb main trunks runs directly to the quarries. On Pine Log :M:ouutain, in Bartow county, about 11ine miles from the \Vestern & Atlantic Railroad, are other and large deposits, variegated in color, and easily mined. Slate, of good quality, is also found in Gordon county, at points convenient for shipment. 
LIMESTONE :-Immense beds exist throughout all the northwestern counties, aud th ere is a fair distribution of it in nearly every section of tile State. Large quantities of it are annually buruPd into lime for building and agricultural purposes, and much of it is equal to the best to be found in the market. At Kingston, .Bartow eo unty, Mr. G. H. \Varring is largely engaged, in connection with IJis lime works, in the manufacture of H oward's Hydraulic Cement, an article that bas come into extensive use, and has won a deserved popularity. 
CALCAREOUS MARJ,s, or marls composed of shells and other secretions of rnarine animals, and which receive their valu e for agricultural purposes from th e lime, magnesia, and phosphoric aci d, with a certain proportion of ;;oluble silica and organic matter which they contain, are found, in immense beds, in many sections of the State, and in localities \vbere they can be readily utilized for fertilizing purposes. All these deposits exist in the southern half of the State, or below an elevation of 300 feet above the ocean. They are found in 'Vasbington, Crawford and Houston, near tbe centre; in Burke, Scriven a nd Effingham, in the east; in Charlton, in the southeast; in Clay, Dougberty, Macon an(! Quitman, in t he south west, and in .Muscogee, Chattahoochee and Stewart, in the west. Applied, in combination with a due amount of vegetable matter, these marls are more permanent in their effect upon the lands than any other fertilizer know to the public. 'l'he marls of Houston, Stewart, and some other counties in the south west, contain from six to eight per cent of that valuable fertilizer known ns "Green Sand," or the silicate of potash in combination with pllosphoric acid. It exists in greatest quantities in the Chattahoochee river deposits. 
CLAY.-Kaoline, of the finest quality for the manufacture of porcela in ware, and in the preparation of wall paper, and for other purpo~es, exists in larg~ and convenient strata in .Baldwin and Washington counties, near the centre of the State, and in Cherokee, Piekens and Union, in the north. Another variety of white clay, suitable for the manufneture of fire-brick, furnace-linin g and water-pipes, is also found in vVashington and Baldwin counties, and a large deposit of the same in Hiehmoncl. 'rbe gray clay used in making pottery, etc., al.Jotmds in 'Vashington, .Burke, and in many counties in the south-east:rn portion of the ~tate. Heel and yellow elays, suitable for building-brick, are found in nearly every county in the State, and in most of them without limit as to quantity. 
 
 L87J 
 
MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 
 
25 
 
MEDICINAL WATERS. 
In this respect, Nature seems to h a ve provided for the inhabitants of Georgia a mitigation, if not a remedy, for n early every ill to which human 1iesh is heir. Our mineral springs a re innumerable, and, in variety, correspond with the multifarious ore:-; of the States. In many instances they possess remarkable curative virtues, and are so distributed over the State as to be accessible to all the people. In Butts county (Middle Georgia), convenient to those who dwell in that section of the State which is most exposed to malarial influen ce (Sonthern Gf'orgia), we have the Indian Spring, the waters of which are used with great benefit by t hose who suffer from rheumatic, liver a nd cutaneous affeetions; while in the western portion of the same section, in l\[eriwether county, tbere is one of th e fin est warm springs on the continent. It is situ ated on a spur of Pine Mountain, has a temperature of 90 Fahrenheit, and the supply of water is imm ense, estimated a t 1,400 gallons per minute. There are six splendid baths, ten fe et square each, and the waters, which are classed as Carbonated Chalybeate, are highly beneficial in cases of rheumatism, neuralgia , gou t, dyspepsia, and diseases of the urinary organs. There are, also, in the same county, a white suphur and a chalybeate '>pring, both of which are much resorted to. 
The entire northern section of the State abounds in mineral waters, a few sulphur, but, for the most part, iron, magn esia, and, in the northwest, lim estone. Very many of t11ese springs have been fitted up with elaborate improvements for the a ccommodation of the public, and thousands resort to tll em annually in pursuit of h ealth a nd a musement. Among th e most note may be mentioned l\Iadison Springs, chalybeate, in Madison county; Ponce de Leon Spring, in Fulton county, said to afford gteat relief in dyspepsia and kidney diseases ; New Holland, White Sulphur awl Gower Springs, in Hall county; Cohutta Springs, in Murray county; Porter Springs, in Lumpkin county; Catoosa Springs, in Catoosa county-our best improved watering place, with twenty four different varieties of mineral water; Gordou Springs, in Whitfield county, and Rowlm:id Springs, in Bartow county. Nearly all of these watering places are either on, or within a short distance of, some one of our railroads, and C;itl be reached with but little fatigue of travel. 
A freestone spring, about a half-mile southeast of Dahlonega, Lumpkin county, registers a temperature of 5ii Fahrenheit, which is, probably, the lowest to be found in the State. 
WATER POWERS. 
In view of what has already been said of the face of the country -the difference in elevation between the mouths and the sources 
 
 26 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE-GEORGIA. 
 
[88] 
 
of our rivers ranging from 1,000 to 3,000 feet-it is reason able to 
 
conclude, from such data alone, that the water-powers of Georgia, 
 
if equaled, are not excelled by those of any other American State 
 
And such is the fact, as will fully appear from the official measure 
 
m ents of the State Geologist: 
 
" The principal water powers of Georgia are found north of a 
 
line passing through Columbus, Macon and Augusta. 'rh e waters 
 
of the branches, creeks and small rivers of this elevated region are 
 
accumula.ted several hundred feet above the ocean level, and pre- 
 
cipitated from the tough m etamorphic rocks upon the lower Ter- 
 
tiary country below, thus forming some of our most gigantic water 
 
powers, at an elevation entirely free from malaria, and imme- 
 
diately smrounded by the cotton-growing regions of Carolina, 
 
Georgia and Alabama. 
 
"The estimates given below are for the theoretical h orse power 
 
of the stream, without the accumulation of its waters in a reser- 
 
voir. 'l'he horse-power is equivalent to 33,000 foot-pounds. 
 
Chattahoochee river, Columbus .. . ........... 35,5.52 horse -power. 
 
Chattahooc bee river, Fulton co unty .......... 2,4JB " " 
 
Ocmulgee river, Lloyd's shoals . .............. 3,!li0 " " 
 
Ocmulgee river, Seven I slands ... . ........... 2.040 '' " 
 
Ocmul gee river , Capp's Shoals. .. . . . .... ... ... 508 " ' ' 
 
Oc mulgee river, Glover's mill. 0      1,368 " 
 
" 
 
Etowa h river, Bartow county .. ....... 0.... 2,210 " " 
 
Etowah ri ver, Franklin mines .... 0    0  1,029 " 
 
" 
 
Etowah river, Lumpkin co unty 0 . . .. . . 0.. 00. 272 " " 
 
H olt's S hoals, B ibb cou nty ... .... . .......... . . 1,051} '' " 
 
South River, Butts county . . 0...... 0. .. 0........ 350 " " 
 
South Hiver, Clarke's Factory................. 247 " " 
 
Snake creek, Carroll county. ... ... ............ 405 " "  
 
Pataula creek, Clay county. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601 " " 
Armuchee creek, Floyd county 0............... 151 " " 
 
Coosawattee, Carter's mill. ... 0... 0... . ....... 0 3,08.'5 " " 
 
Oconee river, Long Shoals :!factory .. . .. . . . . . 1,024 " " 
 
Oconee river, Riley's shoals ...... . . .... . ..... 2,054 " " 
 
Oconee ri ver, oconee coun ty ..... . . . ... ... . . . o 5,642 ' " 
 
Oconee river,Jacksoncounty o. oo oo  o   oo 271 " " 
 
T allulah river, Habersham county . . . ....... 0020,508 " '' 
 
.Mulberry creek, H a rris county ... 0      1,020 " 
 
" 
 
Towal iga, High Falls ........................... 1,530 " " 
 
Y ellow River, Cedar Shoals .. .. . . . . . ... ...... 1,302 " " 
 
Yellow River, Cedar and H enley shoals .... ... 2,000 " " 
 
Little Hiver, Eatonton Factory... .... . . . .. . . . 155 " " 
 
Nacoochee Gold Mining Co., White c:ounty.... 575 " " 
 
Savannah river, Augusta canal.. ... , .......... 014,000 " " 
 
These are only a few of the many which might be mentioned. 
 
 [89] 
 
MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 
 
27 
 
T he immense water-power of Anthony's Siloals, Broad river, in Wilkes and Elbert coun t ies, h as not been accurately estimated. 
 
MANUFACTURES 
A purely agricultural countJy, with slave labor as its m ain dependence-as Georgia was until a very recent date -is unfavorable to progress in manufactures and tile m echa nic arts. 'rl-1e cultiva tion of the soil yields such hand some r eturn s, that the surplus capital of t he planter has no motive for seeking other investm ents. It is, th erefore, converted into new lands, which are a bun dant and cheap, an d m ore negroes to work them; aud und er the system n o people ever attained to independen()e and w ealth more rapidly . Habit, t oo, is a hard master, and wLen combined with interest, a n absolute one. 
Such \Vas our condition as a people previous to the l ate civil war. 'l'hat resulted in th f> freedom of the n egro race, and in an entire change in our system of labor, as well as th e destruction of our wealth a nd the desola tion of our homes. With the great body of our people, from a v ariety of causes not necessary to be enumerated in this place, agriculture h as not proved profitable under the new system of free black labor. Capital and industry a re, therefore, looking to other channels of em pl oyment, especially since tbe production of cotton bas attained to , if it h as not exceeded, the full measure of the world's dema.nd. Northern capital, too, which accumulated immensely during the war while ours suffered and disappeared, has, of late years, sought new fi elds; and n one have presented greater promise than the utilization of the grand water-powers of Georgia, in the business of manufacturing, esp ecially of our g reat staple, cotton, a nd at the very place of its production. This idea obtained some foothold in Georgia m any y ears agl}, and gave rise to our earliest es says in the man ufacture of cotton. The first factory was built on t he Oconee river, four mile3 below Athens, in the year 1827. This proved s ucces~fu1, a nd was soon follow ed by others in the sam e eouuty (Clark ) aud in Greene, Richmond, and other counties. From small beginn ings these enterprises have developed into considerable magn itude of late y ears, and with a pecuniary success that points tu them as tile agents of a new and most prosperous era in the h istory of oLn State. The splen did water-powers of the Savannah, at A ugusta, and the Chattah oochee, at Columbus, especially , could not long fail to attract the attention of a people a live to their own in terests, a n d to the general w elfare. 
Georgia has great advantages, in this respect, over the New Eng~ land States, which h ave heretofore manufactured most of the American cotton and wool fabrics. We have the cotton at hand, a nd can buy all we need at the mill, without the cost of transporta- 
 
 28 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE-GEORGIA. 
 
[90] 
 
tion and the profits of middle-men. Wages are lower here than in New England. 'l'he cost of either water or steam power is le~s, and also the cost of building materials of every kind. Tire expense of livmg is less. The climate is more favorable for the business, and our macLinery is never obstructed by ice. In addition to these important advantages, the consumers of our manufactured products are at our very door~. For these reasons, the manufacture of cotton, wool, iron and wood are obliged to constitute important interests in our State, at no distant day. 
We have already made greater progress in rnanufacturing than any ot~ter Southern State, as will be seen from the following statistics collected from relhble sources : 
'l'here are already organized and in operation in the State, 37 cotton factories; 14 wool factories; 7 paper faetories (not including an extensive one in South Carolina owned almost exclusively in Georgia); 28 foundries and manufactories of iron; 1,400 flour-mills , with (;ver 2,000 run of stones; 734 saw-mills; 34 gold quartz-mills, with 337 stamps. In addition to these, we have railroad, loP-omotive and car factories and work-shops; plough and eottongin factories; earriage and wagon faetories; boot and shoe, and sttsh and blind faetories, in large numbers. 'rhere are also tanneries, potteries, liquor and turpentine distilleries in great number. In Bartow conn ty there is an extensive factory for the manufwture of hydraulic cement; it is doing a large business, and turning out an article of superior quality. There are also extensive establishments for the manufacture of fertilizers at Savannah, Rome, Bartow eounty and Augusta. 
'rhese are the leading manufacturing interests of Georgia. Although all industries are Ltboring under depression, to a greater or less extent, at the present time, in any of those named a skilful workman will seldom fail to procure employment, with remunerative wages. 
TRANSPORTATION. 
There are few things of greater interest to the eitizen than the facilities for traveling, and getting the products of his industry to market. No man is willlng to live in a eountry where he can leave home only at a great inconvenienee and expense, or where he is compelled to consume a great part of the value of his produce in finding a purchaser. 
In this partieular, Georgia is peculiarly favored. Her natural and her artificial channels of commerce are rarely surpassed in any country. 
RIVER NAVIGATION. 
There is a good and safe inland navigation along the Georgia eoast, from Savannah to Florida, eonneeting w.ith the river St. John's, of the latter State, a diF>tance of about 200 miles, 
 
 [91] 
 
MANUAL OF GEORGIA, 
 
29 
 
The river S:lvannah is navigable by steam ers the year round from its mouth to Augusta, a distance of about 250 miles, and th ence, by fiat or "keel " boats, to its confluen ce with the Broad, about 100 miles furthe1 by water. 
The Altamaha and its tributary, the Ocmulgee, are navigable by steamers to H:w;kinsville, in Pulaski county, a distance of 340 miles, and will soo n be open t o Macon, some 60 miles higher up. The Oconee, an oth er tributary of the Altamaha, is open to steamers to the Centra l Railroad bridge, in Washington county, a di&t a nce of 340 miles from Darien. 
The Chattahoochee, including the Apalachicola, is navigable from the Gulf of Mexico to Columbus, a distance of 400 miles. 
Th .Fli nt is navigable 150 miles, to Albany, in Dougherty county, and can be readily opened to a m uch higher point. 
The Coosa runs 40 miles in Georgia, and is open to Greensport, Alabama. Its tributary, the Oostanaula, is navigable 105 miles above Rome, and work is now progressing to open it 30 miles further. 
In addition to these, may be mentioned the Satilla, St. Mary 's, Ocholochnee, Ohoopee and Ogeechee rivers, aggregating about l.'iO miles, making a total of about 2,000 miles of river navigati on within the S tate. 
RAILROADS. 
'rhe t:3tate of Georgia is litera lly covered over with a n et-worh; of railroads. There are but a few p ortions of it where a loaded wagon cannot reach the cars, discharge, and return home the same d ay, while to a very large proportion of our people the conve nience of a railroad is carried to their very doors. 
Georgia has 2,396 miles of railroad com pleted and in operation, or about one mile of road to every 488 inhabitants. 'rhey p enetrate every section of the State, except certain mountainous counties in the northern di vision, through which, however, a line has been surveyed, and is nearly graded its entire length, from Marietta, on the western and Atlan tic Railroad, to t he town of Murphey, in the State of North Carolina. If the roads in operation were unifor mly distributed, there would be 18 miles to the county; the average distance of every farm ft om a railroad would be six miles, and the greatest distance twelve miles. 
 
RAILROADS IN GEORGIA. 
'Vestern & Atlantic, from Atlanta to Chattanooga, Tenn ..... 138 miles. R(Jtne .Branch, from Kin gston to Rome .................... 20 Cherokee R. H.., from Ca rtersville lo Rekm art. . ......... . 23 A . & R. Air-Line, frcnn Atlanta to Charlotte-in Ga ......... 100 ' ' North-Eastern, fr om Athens to Lula City .................. 40 E)t)erton Air-Line, from E lberton to Toccoa City . ... ...... 51 '' 
 
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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA. 
 
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Georgia, from Augusta to Atlanta . ....................... 171 miles. Washington Branch, from Barnett to Washington . . . . . . . . . . 18 " Athens Branch, from Union Point to AI hens ............ . ... 39 " Savannah & Augusta, from Augusta to Millen .............. 53 " Georgia Central. from Savannah to Atlanta ............... . .. 295 " Sandersville Branch, frotn Tennille to Sandersville........ . .. 3 '' Eatonton Branch, from Gordon to Eatonton ................. 39 " Thomaston Brauch, from Barnesville to Thomaston . ... ... ... 16 " Savannah, Griffin and N. Ala., from Griffin to Carrollton ..... 60 " Savannah & Skidaw ~y , from t:\avannah to Isle of Hope........ 9 Montgomery Brauch, from Isle of :Hope to Montgomery.... 4 Atlantic & Gulf, trom Savannfth to B a inbridge............ 237 Live Oak Branch, from Lawton to Live Oak, Fla.. ....... .. . 48 '' Albany Branch, frotn Thomasville to Albany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 " Macon {.~ Augusta, from ~iacon to Camak, Ga. R. R .. ....... 74 " Macon & Brunswick, from Macon to Brunswick............... 186 Hawkinsville Branch, from Cochran to Hawkinsville ........ 10 Brunswick & Albany, from Brunswick to Albany ............ 172 South~,Vebtern, from Macon to Eufau1a,Ala.. .. ............ . 140 '' }'[usrogee llrancb, fro1n Fort V u.lley to Columbus ... , .... . ... 71 " Perry Branch, from Fort Valley to Perry ... ................. 11 " Albany Branch, from Smithville to Albany ...... . . . .. .. ... . 23iArliugton Branch, from Albany to Arlington ............. 35~ " Fort Gaines Branch , fn,m Cuthbert to Fort Gaines .......... 22 North & South. from Columbus to Kingston ............... 20 Selma, Rome & Dalton, from Dalton to Selma, A.la.-in Ga., 67 Atlanta & vvest Point, from Atlanta to West Point . ..... . ,. _ 86i " East Tennessee, from Dalton to Bristol, Va.-m Ga.......... 18 Chattanooga & Alabama, from Chattanooga to Selma, Ala.- 
in Georgia............... . . . .. . . . . . . . . .......... 25 '' Dodge's R R., from Eastman, Dodge Co., to Ocmulgee R. 
(completed).................... . ................... 10 
Besides these railroads, in actual operation, there are upwards of 200 miles now under construction, all of which will be finished at an early day, when Georgia's system of railroad transportation will be complete. It will be seen that through these agencies the State is already in direct steam communication with every section of the Union. 
CANALS. 
Until recent years, Georgia bas geven very little attention to this mode of transportation. Many y ears ago, a short canal of sixteen miles was constructed from the Savannah river, at Savannah, to the Ogeechee river, and it is still in use, chiefly for the transportion of timber and fire-wood, which are floated through in the form of rafts, or on flat-boats. 
 
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About the same time, or at an earlier date, a canal was dug from the Altamaha to Brunswick, but the soil was found too porous to hold water, and after the expenditure of much money the project was abandoned as a failure. 
The Augusta canal, completed in 1875, is a grea t work. It was constructed wholly at the expense of the corporation of Augusta, for the purpose of utilizing the waters of the Savannah, on the banks of which that city is built, for m anufactures of the various descriptions, and esp ecially of cotton. It is supplied with water from the Savannah ri\'er, is nine miles in length, 150 feet wide at at the top, and 106 wide at the bottom, with 11 feet depth of water, the ~upply of which is inexhaustible. It bas :1 minimum of 14,000 horse power, and has an available fall of ftom 13 to 40 feet at various localities along the line. The city leases the water-powers to such works as may be erected on or near its banks, and extensive cotton and flour mills, machine works, and fertilizer manufactories have already been establishtd. 'fhis power will, in time, make Augusta one of the leading manufacturing cities of the Union. Through this canal the river boats from above are also admitted to the city, thus avoiding the difficult navigation through the shoals that obstruct the river just above the city. 
'fhe project of connecting the waters of the Mississippi with those of the Atlantic ocean, thus nvoiding the long and costly land transportation across the Northern States, on the one hand, and the perilous navigation of the Mexican Gulf and West India route, on the or.lier, -Ius long occupied the attention of Southern and vVestern statesmen and politic:tl economists. Georgia approaches nearer to tile great western rivers than any other State on the Atlantic coast, and the idea of floating the immense trade of the Mississippi and its tributaries across her territory and through her seaporta, is certainly worthy of sel'iou~ attention. 
Of late years, this idea has crystalized into something practical, and there is a good prospect that we shall reali ze its cons ummation at no distant day. The interest of the Federal Government is enlisted in the enterprise, and, some two years ago, Congress madfl an appropriation for the survey of a route for an "Atlantic and Great Western Canal." This survey b as been completed by the government engineers, and they have made their report, in which they declare a canal connecting the navigable waters of the Tennessee river (a tributary of the Mississippi) with the bead of navigation on the Ocmulgee river (a tributary of the Altamaha which empties into the Atlantic) " eminently practicable,'' and at a "reasonable cost." Between the Tennessee and the Coosa rivers, the distance is 51 miles, but 17 of which will be actual canal, the rest slack-water. B etween the Etowah (a bra n ch of the Coosa) 
 
 32 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA. 
 
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and the Yellow river (a tributary of the Ocmulgee which empties into the Altamaha) there is a distance of 100 miles, only 20 miles of which wi 11 be cana l, the remaining 80 slack-water. 'l'he government engin eers are now engaged in removing obstructions from, and deepening, th e channelsof these several riverB, preparatory to a commencement of work on the canal. 'rhis can al, when finished, will be the shortest and cheapest lin e of water communication between the Atlantic and the )Iississippi valley; it will be open to mtvigation throughout the year, when Northern canals are closed by ice, and Northern trains are obstructed by snows. Through this canal, the exhaustless mines of copper, iron, manganese and coal, of Georgia and Alabama, will be able to compete with the rest of the world, whilst tile planters of th e \Vest will no longer have reason to complain that the profits of their grain are consumed in the cost of transportation. It is estimated that a bushel of wlleat can be profitably canied through this canal, when finished, from the Mississippi to an Atlantic port, for 6~ cents, while it now requires 15 cents to land a bushel in New York. The same difference will obtain in other frei ghts, and the reader may calculate for himself the effect of such a work upon the general prosperity of the South and iVest. 
POPULATION. 
The population of Georgia, as stated in the census of 1870-the last taken -numbers 1,184,109. Of tllese 638,926 are white, and 595,192 biack and mulatto. The white population of the coast country are the descendants of original settlers from England, Scotland and the German speaking nations of Europe, with a considerable admixture of families from the N ortbern States of the American Union. Middle Georgia was settled chiefly by immigrants from .Maryland, Virginia and the Carolinas, while in Upper Georgia, whose settlement is of a very recent date, the inbauitants came chiefly from 'l'ennessee and North and South Carolina. 
Of the character of the people, it may be said that they are intelligent, indu::>trious, energetic, hom e-loving, and hospitable. Strangers never fail to receive a hearty welcome in Georgia, nor to make friends, where their conduct issucb as to commend them to others. No part of our population appears to feel more at home, and to pursue their various callings with a stronger confidence of succes.>, than the natives of foreign lands who have crossed the great water and cast their lots in this favored laud. 'l'heir examples of industry, econf)my, cheerfulness, and respect for law, .have made them useful members of society, a nd large contributors to the energy and wealth of the State. Georgia always receives such accessions to her population with open arms, and readily adopts 
 
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them as parts of her great repubican famly. In answer ot one of a ;;eries of q uestions reecmtly sent from this Department to intelligent citizen s in ever y county in the State, the almost unanimous response was, that the people desire immigru,tion, and are prepared to ex ten d a h earty welcome to all honest a nd industrious settlers from other countries. 
Georgians are, emphatically, a reading and thinking people, esp eciallY. in matte rs invol ving their own political government. ln no State in the Union do the people take a more lively interest in public affairs. F ew States h a ve contributed more great men to the n ational councils, and from the date of Indpendence till now, h er soldiers have always ranked among the first on the field of battle. Our people are always equal to the occasion when it calls for brave or virtuous deeds, for acts of duty, or of kindness, or for personal sacriJice for the public good. No people ever turned their back s upon the desolations of war, and began the battle of life anew with stronger arms and stouter h earts tha n they; and in no othe r Southern S tate has sueh prog ress been made in the work of recuperation. 
The n egro population is receiving, equally with the whites, the benefit~ of the public school fund, are rapidly improving in intelligence, and becoming more efficient as field laborers under wise and just m a nage ment and close SUjJervision by employers. 
HEALTH. 
The idea obtains, among those who h ave uot taken the trouble to inform themselves on the subject, that Georgia, because she is a South ern S tate, h as an unwholesome atmosphere, making h ealth lnsecure within ber borders. This objection we h a ve somewhat anticipated in our r e marks on clima te. 'rhere eould be no grea ter error, as a eomparison of vital statist.ies will abunda ntly show . The health of Georgia will average quite as well as that ot any State in the Union. Our citizens of Northern na tivi ty will sustain us in tl.tis d ecla ration. The great div ersity of climate, resulting from t1 g radual elevation from the seacoast to the Piedmont eountry, amounting to from 1,600 to 1,800 feet, precludes the idea of a. m alarious country. In the low eoul\ try, immediate.ly a.lo:lg the lines of rivers and swamps, it is conceded that the atmosphere is impure, and that such distric ts a re suqjeet to remittent and inte rmitten t fevers during the snmmer and fall months; these, however, are generally of a mild type, and readily y ield to proper medical treatment. But, owing to the favorable face of the country in this section of the S tate, being plent ifully supplied with hills and highlands, ev en those who c ultivate the swa m ps and river bottoms, can fi x their resicl enee.9 in th e vicinity where t hey will 
"J 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA. 
 
[96] 
 
not be exposed to th eir malarial influences. And these influences are being rapidly annihilated, year after year, by draining and reducing to dry culture the swamps, which, when thus reclaimed, become both harmless and among the m ost productive lands in the State. There m.e large distriets that were eonsidered next to Uninhabitable thirty years ag;o from this cause, but wl.lich are now tilled with a. thriving pop ulation, who find no difficulty in residing in them the year round. 
'fhese latter rernarks apply exelnsivel,y t o the Southern eli vision of the State ; in T\Iiddle and Upper Georg ia, the atmosphere is as pure and wholeson'le, and tile health of the inhabitants as perfect allCl uni nte'ITupted, as on any portion of the continent. Indeed, these sections, especially the lattc:, are favo rite resorts of invalids and pleasure-seekers during the summ er and early fall months, from all parts of the South; while the pine lands of Southern Georgia are ftunlw.lly visited in winter by large nu mbers from the Northern States suffering from pulmonary affections, rheumatism, ete. Consumption is a disease almost unknown in Georgia, except when imported fr om otber Sb<tes. Tn :Middle and North ern Georgia a re to be found all our medicinal spri ngs and watering plaees, and thousands a nnually throng to them in search of health or recreation. tinder a tlleory that has obtained much favor among medieal m en of late years, that weak or diseased lungs reqnire light and pure, ra ther than warm, air, the direetion of pulmonary invalids bas been cousiderably changed from the semit;r:opical to the Piedrnont region, d uring the winter mon ths. 'he town of M a rietta, in Cobb eoun ty , 1,182 feet above the sea, has for years been resorted to by that elass of invaiids, while the hotel at Mt. A iry, in Habersham county, 1,588 feet above the se<1, was well patronised duri ng the pat't w i ntel' by loonsumptives, and with happy results. 
For the infor mation of thoc;e who objeet to Georgia on the >scor e of latitude twd it~ sn ppo:;ed unhealthiness, we would institute a sing'le , but most striking , comparison: 'rue State of :Michigan, in the extreme northern portion of tlle Onion, and bordering on Canada, with an atmosphere purified by perpetual bretzes from 
the s urrounding bkes, i'' f;st.eemed to be one of the healthiest 
tlt>ttes in the Union. Her p opulation and th~1t of Georgia, accordin g to th<~ .last ccno;us, approximate so n early that there is a ditfereuee of but j ust .fifty souls, and the vital sta.tistics of the two States, respeetively, s how that their tlent h rates are about t.he same. U is ditfieult to answer sueh facts and fig ures as these, and iguorunce and prej11diee must give way to truth found ed on ac tual 
t:'Xf.e r ien ~."!e , 
 
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EDUCATION. 
Every man who has a proper r egard for the welfare of his posterity, in selecting a home for himself a nd fa m ily, w ill be influenced, in a large n1easure, by the facilities which it offers fo r the education of his children. I n this respect, also, Georgi>L presents pecular advantages, such as are enjoyed to a. very Umited extent in newly-settled countries, and superior, in all respects, to t hose of the other Southern States of the U nion. ro elaborate her system would require a volume, and we shall only gl>~.rwe at its various features. 
'l'HE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA, located at Athen!:!, in Clark county, was incorporated and endo wed by a donation of public lands, 40,000 acres, in the y ear 178-1, or soon after t h e province was organized as a State. It has a permanent endowmen t of $370, .'552.17. It h as five Educational Departments, thirteen pl'ofessors, and over two hundred students. The curriculum of studies is thorough. It admits "fifty meritorious young men of limited means," and ''young men who design to enter the ministry, of a ny religious den omination, '' free of charge for tuition. 'l'he college libraries cont'lin about 20,000 volumes. 
Connected with the U niversity is t h e State Coilege of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts, with its Experimental F a rm and Workshops. It has three Departments, viz.: Agricultme, E ngineering, and Applied Chemistry, each with a regular eourse. The tuition in this school is made free to as many young m en of the State as there are Representatives (175) and Senators (44) in the Legislature, and the students of both the University prop er and the Agricultural and Mechanic:ll Schools have, each , free admission to the instruction given in the other, 
'l'here are, also, a Law School, at Athens, and a Medical School, at Augusta, {!Onnected with the State University. 
'rhe North Georgia Agricultural College, at Dahlonega, L umpkin county, at which near three hundred students are n ow being educated free of charge, is also atthched to the State University and governed by the same board of trustees. It is proposed to establish a similar school at a point more eon venient than either Ath ens or Dahlonega to pupils residlng in the southem half of the State, and it will no doubt be carried into effect at some future da.y. Military tactics are taught both at Athens nne! Dahlonega as a part of the regular course, and competent [Jrofessors ar e provided i n that department. 
MERCER UNIVERSI'rY is located at Macon, Bibb coun ty, was established by the Baptist church, and is wholly under the control of that denomination of Christians. It has nine p1ofcssors, and the course of instruction is thorough, Attached to it are a Law 
 
 :36 
 
DEPARTMENT OF' AGRICULTURE-GEORGIA. 
 
(98] 
 
and a Theological Department, at Macon, and Preparatory schools at Penfield, in Greene county, and at Dalton, in 'Vhitfield county. Its libraries, contain about 12,000 volumes; the buildings and grounds cost $150,000; endowment, $160,000. The institution enjoys a large patronage, a considerable portion of which is received from other denominations. 
EMORY CoLLEGE, at Oxford, Newton county, belongs to th\) Methodist Episcopal Church, South, and is the joint property of rhe North Georgia, South Georgia, and Florida Conferences. Like the other colleges of the State, it is well supplied with apparatus, l1as a good library, and is well patronized. 
PIO N ONO CoLLEGE, at Macon, as its name imports, is a Bom>w Catholic institution, but recently established. It is well supported by our citizens of that rl:'ligious faith, and bids fair to rank well among Georgia's institutions of learning. 
To the above may be added the Atlanta University, established by northern donations for the education of the blacks, male and female, and supported, in part, by appropriations from the State Treasury. Its course of instruction, classical and mathematical, is very thorough. It has 4 professors, 9 teachers, a good library, and the classes of 1877-78 numbered, in the aggregate- 
FEJUALE CoLLEGES.-For the education of females in the higher branches, we have a number of colleges, well distributed over the State. vVe mention the Wesleyan Female ;college, at Macon, the first female colllege ever ever established iu Georgia ; Cherokee Baptist Female College, at Home ;'Southern ::Vfasonk Female College, at Covington; Borne Female College, at Rome; Dalton .Female College, at Dalton; Houston Female Colleges, at Perry; Conyers Female College ; Young Female College, at 'l'honusville; Andrew Female College, at Cuthbert; Monroe Female College, at Forsyth; Gordon Im>titute, at Barnesville ; Gainesville College, at Gainesville; Le Vert Female College, at Talbotton; La Grange Female College and Southern Female College, at La Grange; Furlow Masonic Female College, at Americus, and \Vest Point Female College. Nearly all these institutions are Jiourisbing, and turning out annually, in the aggregate, large numben; of well-edueated and well-mannered young women to adorn >Jnd elevate soeiety. 
.Besides t!Jese, there are large numbers of high schools, both male :cmd female, very many of them ranking among the best institutions of learning in the South. 
Nor is Georgia unmindful of her unfortunate children whom nature has stinted in the bestowment of her gifts; nor has she been niggardly in providing for their wants in this respect, and in making them useful to themselves and to others. Large and eostly edifices have been erected by the State for the care and 
 
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MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 
 
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education of the blind, and of the deaf and du rob-for the form er at Macon, and for the latter at Cave Spring, in Floyd eounty. Both these unfortunate classes are taught not only in the leaming of the schools, but also those u seful occupati.ons which render th em rneasurably independent. 
There are, also, a goodly number of orphans' home;; and schools in the State, maintained by private or denominational benevolence. 
PUBLIC SCHOOL SYS'l'EM.- 'i'he Common Schools of Georgia form, by far the mo;;t interesting feature of h er educational systeru. Rcognizing the great moral and political truth that intelli.gence and virtue form the basis of all good government, the people of Georgia have inserted in their Constitution, or fund amental law, a provision declaring that ' 'there shall be a thorough system of comrnon sebools for the education of children," which " shall be free to all the children of the State," tbeexpen~:~esof which " s hall be provided for by taxation, or otherwise." In accordance with this constitutional provision, the necessary laws have been passed, and the system referred to is now in successful and benefic ent operation, the whites and the blacks being educated in separate 1-1chools. 'I'he State a.ppwpriates annually, for the support of these free schools, about $300,000, and this sum is supplemented each year by local city and county appropriations to the amount of between $140,000 and $150,000. 'fhe number of pupils in actual attendan ce on these schools last year (1877), was in round numbers, 191,000, of whom 127,000 were whites and 64,000 blacks. The progressive interest in , and usefulness of, the system are illustrated by the sta tistics of attendance from year to year. In 1871, but seven years ago, when it was put in operation, the number of children taught was but 49,578--42,914 whites and 6,664 blacks. In 1874 th e nu mber h ad increased to 145,541, in 1876, to 179,405; >wd in 1877, to upwards of 191,000. 
The Common School organization extends to every county in the State, and includes every district or subdivision of the counties where the population is sufficiently numerou8 to admit of a school; so that there is scarcely a child in Georgia who is not within reach of a school where a good education can be obtained free of expense.. 
In fine, it m ay be said with truth that, as respects educational facilities and their adaptation to the public wants, the State of Georgia is in advance ot all her sister Southern States; while, in this respect, she is progressing year after year, and will soon stand side by side with the older and more favored commonwealths of the North. 
 
 38 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICU LTURE- GEORGIA. (100] 
 
RELIGION. 
The laws of Georgia guarantee to the citizen perfect freedom of rel igious opinion and worship, an d therl'l is no political or civil. disqualification on account of religio;1s belief. Every den omination is not only tolerated, but pl'oteded, in the free enjoyrnent of faith and worship, As a necessrtry consequence, there is a complete separation of Chmch and State, both by law and practically . Each moves in its appronriate sphere, and neither is allowed to encroach on the other. 
The principal rdigious denominations in the State, with their respective num beTs, etc., are as follows : 
BAPTIST CHUlWH.-Tbis is the most numerous religious denomination in the State. It bas 114 Assoeiations, 762 ordained ministers, and279licen th1tqs, 2,532 chmches, 209,790 members-of whom 97,463 are blacks-1 university, 3 high schools, 368 Sunday-schools with 3,695 teacher:S ""nd 18,6i4 scholars. (Six Associations not reported.) 
METHODIST EPI!3COP AL CHURCH, SOUTH.-'l'his church has two Conferences-North Georgia tmcl South Georgia-which, in the aggregate, bavrj 314 traveling preachers, 636 local preaehers, 88,148 m embees , 907 Sunday-schools, 5,631 officers and t encbers, 43,106 Sunday-school scholars, 1, 033 churches with 2i 9,853 s ittings, and church p roperty valued $941,570. It h as 1 m ale college, 5 female colleges, severa t high schools for both sexes, and two orphan free schools. 
'rhe negro mernbers of this denomination, since emancipation, have been formed into an independent organization, under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal Church South, known as the COLORED l'viETHODIS'.r EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF AJ\!ERICA, a nd number about 14,000. 
METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH (North).--This Church has been organized in Georgia sinc:e th e war. It has 193 church buildings, worth $119,000, 395 prcmchers , 200 Sunday-schools with 716 officers and teac hers and 8,800scholars. The m e mbers number about 15,000, 12,000 of whom are colored. It bas one university and five or six schools for colored, nnd one hi g h school for white pupils. 
PROTES"l'ANT METHODIST CHu RCH, has a membership of 2,500 persons. 
AFRICAN ME'HOD1S'r EPISCOPAL CHURCH, has 41,000 Inem ben; and about 100 colored ministers. 
PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH.-Tl'b is Church has 5 presbyteries, 157 church organizations, 140 cburch edifices with 56,000 sittings, 15 ministers, 5 licentiates, 8,258 members, 88 Sabbath-schools with 4,669 schohtrs, and clmreh property to the amount of $653,500; annual contributions, $78,64:3. 
 
 LlOlJ 
 
MANU AL OF GEORG !!.. 
 
THE As;;oci ATJ REF'ortmm PnESBY'l'ERIAN s, have 6 eb urches wi t h 2,000 sitti ngs , 5fl0 m em ber,;, 5 ministers, and fi Su w lay- schools wit h 300 scholars. 
The color ed people of the State h ave organ ir.ed a ;;eparate pre~:; bytery, s tyled th e K nox Presbytet y , which h as 6 ehurebes, 6 ministers, and a bout 1,000 members. 
THE PRO'l'EST ANT EP! SCOP AI, CHnncrr, w h ose ti r st bi s hop was e leeted i n 1840, has 81 ch mches and statio n8, 88 elerg_yme n, 4,30.5 communicants, 2-5 Su nday -sehools with M D teaeh ero; and 2,51 0 sch olar s; a nnual con tribut ions, :))70,'!:;5.3-L 
'fHE CHRISTIAN CHURC H h ac.; 50 h ouses of \\'O >:~hip, 40 m ini;;ter s and 5, 000 m em bers. 
THE Rol\fAN c1~'l'HQJ,JC CHURCH.-'fh e Diocese of Georgia was organi zed a nd the flrst Bithop appointed in 1850. The rapid pro gress of the Church is evid ew eel by its statistics : It has now t wo "> plendid cathed rals - in S;wa.u nah and Atlanta--2" chu rch es, 3fi chapels, 24 priest~ a n d 27,500 members. H owns 1 eollege, 3 male a nd 7 female sch ools, 1 orpha n a~ylmn , an d church p roperty to t he a mount of $fi00,000. 
T liE LUTH ERAN CHURCH b as ll church org~tnizations , 10 ehn rch edifices, and ch urch proi.lerty valued a t :j;57,10ll, \Ve h ave belm un:tble to ascer tain the nu mber of members. 
'l'HE CoNGEEGATIONAJ,ISTS have 10 churcrws with ~,800 sitting8, a nd church property of the v alue of S1G,,'\.SO, 
'l'nE UNIVERs.u,rsTs h i'.ve 5 church organizations, 3 ehurch ed ifices w it h 900 sittings; church proper ty valued at $900. 
'fHE UNI'l'A RIAKS are fe w in n um ber , a n d t'vo ch ureh es a re a ll of which we have been able to obt;tin inforrnation. One is located a t Aug usta , has a ti ne chlll'eh edifiee fo l pu blie worsh ip, a n d a large a nd w ealthy congregation ; the other is in Douglas eou n ty , but w e have n o in for m ation of its membershi p or condition. 
T HE ISRAELI'l'ES.--From the beHt inform ation ohtt-ti nable, the Jews in Georgia n umber a.bout '1, 500. They h ave 6 sy nagogues-2 in Savannah, and 1 each , in Augusta, Atllmta, M acon an d Col umbus, so m e of th em fine and eostly edifi ces. T here are also congregations without ~yna,gogaes or m inis ters in a nu mb er of the smaller towns, who 'tre ~-;uppli ed, from t ime to time, by minist ers from t h e five e lt ies nnmed above. Eaeb c,ongregation h~ts i ts own benevolent society for the a id of the n eedy a nd d istressed. 'l' hey h a ve Sabba th -sclwols of their ow n , but for seeular ed ncn,tion , for th e most part, patronize the p ublie and private schools of th e State. 
 
ST ATE CH ARITABLE I NST ITUTIONS. 
'l'HE GEORGIA ACA DE~IY FOH THE BLIND is loeated at, Macon, B ibb coun ty , and is supported almost en tirely by the State. P upils 
 
 40 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE-GEORGIA. [102] 
 
of both sexes, between the ages of 7 and 25 years, are admi t ted, though males over ll5 are received for instruction in the v arious trades. 'l'be pupils are taught all the elementary bra nch es of an English education, together with the Holy Scriptures, history and music. T iley are also instructed in such mechanical trades as can be imparted to the sightless. The blind are thus redeem ed from ign oran ce through this public ch a rity, and taught to be useful, and even self-supportin g . The number of pupils ran ges from GO to 75; number in 1877- 62. 'rhe i>Cbool iB conducted by a Principal, 2 Professors, 3., assistants, and a :Master of \Vorkshops. 
D EA:F AND DUliiB lNSTITU'J$.---Tbis school is located at Qave Spring, in Floyd county, one of the most ro m antic and delightful sections of tha State. It is also supported by th e State, and annually turns out quite a number of this truly un fortunate class, educated sufficiently to enable them to enjoy free intercou rse with other:;, and with occupation s by which , with proper industry , they have no difficulty in earnin g a support. T he num ber of p upils n ow in attendance is 70. 'l'be m ost approved system of i nstr uction is adopted in this institut iou , as well as in the Ac<tdemy for the Blind. Besides the Principal, th ere are fou r rn ale teach ers , one fem ale teach er rmd a m atron. 
LUNA'r!U ASYI,lJM. -The S tate of Gemgia , man y years ago, erected, at a h eavy eost, n ear Milledgeville, the n the seat of government, an Asylum for the care of lunaties, and by m eans of liberal appropriations, bas enlarged the charity from y ear to year until the inmates ha>e corn e to nurnber 845 , of w h om there are whites 710-376 male, an d 334 female. 'fbe blacks are separately provided for, an d number 135 , of who m 69 a re males, and 66 females. The Asylum is both a ho m e an d a hospital. Under skillful physicians and nurses, the patients receive the best of attention, and large n umbers are annually restored to h ealth of mind and body_ A bout ten years ago, the Legislature passed an act setting aside the Okefin okee Swamp, contai ni ng about. 500,000 acres of land-decided to be reclaimable ~ t a small cost compared wi th its value for t im ber and agricultural purposes-as a pen nan ent endowmen t for a State Orphans' Home ; owing hovvever, to the fall in t he price of lands and general depression of the ag ricultural inter est, the h umane i ntention of the Legislat ure hcts never been carried into effe ct. 
 
BENEVOLENT SOCI ETIES. 
 
Associations for mutual aid in t imes of sickness and distress are numerous in Georgia, and to be found i n nearly all the eou uties of the State. 'l'he principal organizations are secret, and as fol lows: 
 
 Ll03J 
 
MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 
 
41 
 
The FREE AND ACCEPTED MASONS, the most ancient of order s 
 
and by far the most numerous in the State, has over 280 lodges 
 
and a bout 15,500 members. 'rhere are also eight chartered Com- 
 
manderies, with 320 members. 
 
THE INDEPENDENT ORDER OF ODD FELLOWS bas 48 lodges, and. 
 
about 2,000 members. 
 
THE KNIGHT~ oF PY'l'HIAS, KNIGH'rs OF Hmwu And SoNs oF MALTA 
 
have each lodges in all of the cities and some of the smaller to,vn R 
 
of the State, but we have failed to obtain definite information re- 
 
garding them. 
 
THE !NDEPENDEN'l' ORDER OF GOOD 'l'E~{PLArts, a benevolent order, 
 
with a pledge of total abstinence from intoxicating drin};.8, Juts 300 
 
working lodges and a m embership numbering 10,000. 
 
Besides these, nearly all the ch urches have relief societie:;, ltnd 
 
benevolent associations exist in all the cities of the State. A mer- 
 
itorious claim to charity, or temporary aid, is seldom disregarded 
 
in Georgia. 
 
 
 
GOVERNMENT OF GEORGIA. 
 
The government of Georgia, in common with th at of a ll th e S tates of the American Union, is a Hepresentative D emocracy. All officers are chosen directly by the people, or by persons to whom the people, from motives of public poliey or convenienee, have delegated the power of election. 
QUALIFICA'TION OP VOTERS.--The Constitution of Georgia provides that every male citizen of the United States 1except idiots, lunntics, and persons con vieted, in a ny court of competen t ju risdiction, of treason against tlle State, embezzlement of public funds, malfeasance in office, bribery, larceny, or of any c rime punishable by imprisonment in the Penitentiary), who is twenty-one years of age, who shall have resided in this State one year next preceding the election, and six mon ths in the county in which he offers to vote, and who shall have paid all taxes that have been legally required of him, and which he has had a n opportunity of paying, except for the year of the election, shall be deemed an elector, or person qualified t o vote at all general elections. 
THE LEGISLATURE.-'l'he L egislative, or law-making power of the State, is vested in a General Assembly, consisting of two houses, a Senate and a House of Representatives, the members of each being chosen once in every two years, on the first \Vednesday in October, by the qualified voters of the State. Its sessions are held biennially, commencing on the first Wednesday in November, and cannot be extended beyond the period of forty days. except by a vote of two-thirds of both h ouses. 
The Senators are 44 in number, and chosen from d istricts composed of contiguous counties for that purpose. 
 
 42 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRlCULTURK -- GEORGIA, [104] 
 
The Hepresentatives are 175 in number, and apportioned amonll: the countieR as follows': The six counties having the largest popnlatimJ are entitled to three members caeh; the twenty-Rix counties having the next largl'st population, to two m.embers each; and the remaining one hundred and five eounties to one Hepn"sentative each, 
Neither the Seaators nor I1epreseiLta,tivc~ eaxt Lv~ i nereased in number. t:!enators mtt~t be twenty-fiv(" y12ars of age, and four years eitizens of this Stat<~. nepresentatives must be t:vcnty.one ,years of age a.nd t\VO years residents of this Htate. 
'I'HE ExECUTIVE.--The ehief Exeeutive power of the State ic; vested in a Governor, who is electml for t wo years by trw qualifier! voters of the State, and i~ ineligible after tlw expiration of a seeond term, for the period of four years. He tnust have been a citi:>:en of the United States fifteen years, of the State six years, and attained the age of t h il:ty ymu~. He has the revision of all hills and resolutions pnssed by the General A,i.3Ulll bly bd'ore they beeome laws, and a two~thirrls vote of each house is necessary to ovm-ride hill negative. He ha,; power to ';nmt pardon~ and reprieves, to commute penalties, remit any part of a suntene1c-, awl to remove disabilities imp. sed by law; in "'very e:tSl' hi" B<.~tioll, and the reasons therefor, to he reported to the Genentl At;sembly. The appointing power of the Goveruor is eonfinecl to hir,; own Seeretaries a nd Clerks, the Commissioner J':;Junation. Commis:-doner of Agriculture, State Geologist, State Libmri ,m, Prindpal Keeper of the Penitentiary, .Tudw' and Solicitor afthe City Court of Atlhnta, Jadg\!S and Solicitors of the Ccunty CourtiJ, Commissioners for Mcintosh county tmd city of Darien, .1\Iayor and Aldermen of St. ~Iary's, Trustees of the I.unatic Asylum, Trustee~ of the Acaderny for the Dea.f and Dumb, a:"l V icitors to tl~e State University, Atlanta Univerpj ty, and to the .Ac-ademies for the Blind and for the Deaf and Dumb. He has also power to fiJI all vacancies that may occur in other offices during tlw rec<"ss of the Legislature, or until a new election can be held. 
The Secretary of State, Cmnptrolier (}eneral, Treasurer and Altorney General a re elected by the people, DJ th.e ~-:n. rne tirne, in the same manner, and foT tbe :sa.n1e ter;n, \Vith th ~~~ (}cyvern or. 
JuDICIARY.--'l'he judicial power of the Stab is vest"d in a Supreme Court for the correction of c:rrors in the conrts below, in Superior Courts, Courts of Ordinary, .Justiees' Court>J a n d in Notaries Public, \Yho are ex-otneio .1 ustiet-s.of tile Peace; in some counties in County Courts, and in some citic~,, in City Court,, , 
'fhe Supreme Court consists of Chief Justice m>d two Associate Justices, who are eh oscn by the Genenl.l Assembly and hold their offices for six years. There are two se,sions of this eourt each year, held at the CapitaL 
 
 [105] 
 
MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 
 
43 
 
There are twenty S uperior Court Circuits, in each of which there are a Judge and a State Solicitor, elected by the General Assembly every four y ears. The Superior Court meets in each county, not> less than twice i n each and every year. It has exclnsive jurisdiction in cases of divorce, in criminal cases where the offender is subject to death or imprisonment in the penitentiary, in cases involving the title to lands, and in equity cases. It tries appeals from inferior cour ts, and has concurrent jurisdiction with them in cases of deb t, etc. It may issue 'll'rits of habeas corpus, mandamus, injunction, sci1e facias, and all other writs necessary for carrying its powers into full efi'ect. 
An Ordinary is elected by the people of each county, and holds his office for four year s. His jurisdiction embraces the probate of wills and the management of estates by executors, administrators a nd guardians. He h as power over roads, bridges, ferri es, public buildings, paupers, county fund s, county taxes, etc ., etc. 
'l'he County Cour t Judges and Solicitors are appointed by the Governor, a)ld the jurisdiction of the fo rm er, in civil cases, ext<ends to contracts where the amount claimed as principal does not exceed li/)200, and to torts where the damage alleged does not exceed $100 ; t<l the eviction of intruders and t enants holding over, partition of personalty, the issuing of possessory and distress wa rrants, attach ments of personalty, garnishments, the foreclosure of mortgages on personalty, etc. His criminal jur;sdiction e m.braces that of Jus-tices of the Peace, and, in addition, the trial of offenses below the grade of felony. 'rbere are, at present, but two city courts in the State, viz: of Savannah and of Atlanta. The Judge and Solicitor of the City Court of Savann ah are elected eYery three years by the Mayor and Aldermen of the city. The Judge and Solicitor of the City Court of Atlanta are appointed by the Governor, and hold their offices for four years. The jurisdiction of these courts is variously limited by the several acts creating them. 'rhe civil jurisdiction in Savannah is limited to cases where the amou nt involved i.s $1,000 or under, a nd is confined to the city; whilst the cri minal jurisdiction embraces the county of Chatham, and extends to all crimes not punishable by imprisonment in the P enitentiary. In Atl a nta both the civil and the criminal jurisdiction of the court is concurrent with that of the Superior Court, except in cases where the Constitution vests exclusive powers in the latter; and embraces the county of Fulton . 
Justices of the P eace are elected by the people, one for each militia district in the State, and hold their offices for four years. Their courts sit monthly, and have jurisdiction iu all cases arising under contracts, and in cases of injury to personal property, where the principal sum does not exceed one hundred dollars. They have 
 
 44 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE-GEORGIA. [106] 
 
power to administer oaths, take affidavits, and issu e attachments. In criminal matters they are the conservators of t he peace in th eir respective districts and counties, may issue warnmt~ for the arrest of persons charged with crime, examine such persons when brought before them, and commit, bind over, or discharge, according to the law and the evid ence. 
Notaries Public, one for each militia district, are appointed by the Judges of the Superior Courts upon the ;:eeom mendation of the grand juries of th e respActive counties. They h old office for four years, and their jurisdiction and powers are the same with those of Justices of the Peace. 
All county officers are eleded by the people, u nd (exee pt the Ordinary) hold their offices fot two years. A connt.r officer must be a qualified voter, and must have been a resident of the county for two years next preceding his election. 
 
HOMESTEAD EXEMPTION. 
The Constitution of Georgia exempts frorn levy and sale, by virtue of any legal process whatever, (except in the cases named below,) of the property of evety b ead of a. family , or guardian, or trustee of a family of minor chilclren, or every aged or infirm person, or person having the care a nd support of dependent females of any age, real or personal estate, or both, to the value, in the aggregate, of sixteen lmndred dollars. Said property, however, is liable to levy and sale for taxes, for th e purchase money of the same, for labor done thereon, fo r materi al furnislled therefor, or for the removal of incumbrances thereon. The exemption includes not only th e property itsel f, bu t all improvements made thereon after .it is set aside. A mortga ge of property by the father during his lifetime, cannot, after his death, deprive his minor childred of a homestead, or exemption right in the mmtgaged premises. 
 
LEGAL PROVISIONS OF GENERAL INTEREST. 
No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property, except by due process oflaw. 
Every person)1as the right to prosecute, or defend, his own causP in any of the courts, in person, by attorney, or both. 
Every person charged with an offense against the laws of tbis State, shall have the privilege and benfit of counsel; shall be fur.. nished, on damand, with a copy of the acr.usation, and a list of the witnesses on whose testimony the charge is found ed ; shall have compulsory process to obtain the testimony of his own witnesses ; shall be confronted by the witnesses testifying against him, and shall have a public a,nd speedy trial by an impartial jury. 
 
 [107] 
 
MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 
 
45 
 
Perfect freedom to worship God according to the dictates of his own conscience, is guaranteed to every citizen. 
No inhabitant of this State shall be molested in person, or property, or prohibited from lwleling any public office or trust, on account of his religious belief: 
No law sha ll ever be passed to curtail, or restrain, the liberty or 
t;peech or of the press. The rig h t of the people to be $Ccure in their persons, houses, pa- 
pers and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated; and no warrant shall issue except upon proba ble <)ause, supported by oath, or affirmation, particularly describing the place, or places, to be searched, and the person or things to b& seized. 
The social sta tus of the citizen shall never be the subject of legislation. 
There shall be no imprisonment for debt. 'rhe right of the people peaceably to assemble, and, by petitiou, or remonstrance, apply to the government for a redress of their grievances, shall not be denied. All citizens of the U nited.States resident in this State are to be considered citi zen s of this S tate, and the L egislature shall make all necessary laws for their protection as such. No conviction shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture of es t a t e. Private property shall not be taken, nor damaged, for public purposes without just and adequate compensation to the owner. No ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of eontra.ds, shall be passed. No total divorce shall be granted, except on the concurrent verdicts of two juries, at different terms of the court. Cases respecting titles to land shall be tried in the county where the laud lies. All other civil cases shall be tried in the county where tl!e defendant resides, and all criminal cases in the cotinty where the crime was committed, except eases in the Superior court, where the Judge is satisfied that au impartial jury cannot be obtained in the county. Grand jurors are dra wn from the body of the people, and must be experienced, intelligent and upright m en. 'l'raverse jurors are drawn i.n the same w ay, and must be intelligent and upright men. Taxes can be imposed for the following purpoess only: For the ,.,upport of the State government and public institutions; for edueational purposes; to pay the interest and the principal of the public debt; to suppress insurrection, repel invasion, defend the State in time of war, und to supply soldiers who lost a limb or limbs in the military service of the Confederate States with substantial artificial limbs during life; Taxes must be uniform on the same 
 
 46 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE-GEORGIA. [108] 
 
class of subjects, and ad valorem Oil all property taxed. A p oll tax shall be levi ed for educational purposes only, and shall never exceed one dolla1 p er annum. 
'l'he rate of taxation in Georgia, for State purposes, varies from y ear to year, according to the w ants of the government, from 70 cents to 100 cents on earh $100 worth of property. The several counties are authorized , in addition , to le vy a tax for county purposes, not to exceed fifty per cent. on t.he amount of State tax levied for the same year. 
The State shall contract no debt, except to supply casual deficiences (not to exceed $200,000), to repel invasion, suppress insurrection, and defend the State in tim e of war, or to pay the existing public debt. 
rrhe credit of th e State shall not be loaned, or pledged, to any indiv idual, company, corporation, or association; nor shall the State become a joint owner, or stockholder , in any compan y, association, or corporation. 
No county, municipal corporation, or political division, shall incur a debt to exceed seven per cent. of the assessed value of the taxable property therein ; an d loans by. the same t o supply easual deficien eies, shall not exceed fi ve per centum. 
Any county, municipal corporation, or political division, which shall incur any bonded indebtedness uncler the Constitution, shall, at or before the time of so doing, provide for the assessment and collection of an annual t ax, sufficient in amount to pay the prin cipal and interest of said debt within thirty years from the date of the incurring of said indebtedness. 
The General Assembly sh all not, by vote, resolution, or order, grant any donation or gratuity in favor of any person, corporation, or association. 
A wife, notwithstanding marriage, continues to be the legal owner of the property she possessed at the time of marriage, and of any th at may accrue to her by gift, beq uest, or her own acqui sition, a fter m a rriage. 
The law creates a lien upon property for taxes, for judgments or decrees of courts, and in favor of lah<>rers, landlords, mortgagees, mechanics, contractors, inn-keepers, merchants and factors for furnishing supplies, and in some other cases. 
Titles to land ean be passed only by w ill _or deed in writing duly executed. rrhe entailment of estates is prohibited by law. Gifts or grants in tail convey an absolute title. 
In making his will, a testator m ay do what he chooses with his property, except that he cannot prejudice his creditors; and the law considers his wife so far a creditor that be cann ot deprive her of dower, except with her consent. 
Where a party dies intestate, the law requires his estate to be 
 
 [109] 
 
MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 
 
47 
 
distributed as follows : After pay ment of exp(mses of administration, of a year's support to th e fam ily, an d the debts of t he intestate, the re maini ng- property goes : 1. T o th e h usband or h usband 's ch ildren, if any, of a deceased wife; 2, to the wife or w ife's children of n deceased h usband , if nuy , the wi fe having on e-fifth part of the estate if there he more than four children; 3, to the children ; 4, t o th e father, rn otller, broth ers and sisters of th e deceased . Chil dren or grand-ehildreu represent a deceased distributee, the rule not exte ndi ng, h ow e ver, beyund th e gran d-children of a brother or sister. 
Upon the death of an intestate, his widow m ay elect to take a dower, or one-third interes t for life , in the lands of h er deceased husband, and share and share alike with the children in the personal property; or, she may relinquish her right of dower, a nd take a child's part, share a nd share al ike, in all the property, to be her own absolutely. 
Fem ales a re not odlowed the elective franc h ise, nor can t hey hold any civil office, or perform a ny civil f unction , unless specially a uthorized by law ; JJo r can a ny military, jury, poliee, pat rol or road duty be required of them. 
The legaJ period of fnll age is 21 years. Persons between 21 and 45 yea rs of age are liable to military duty; a nd between J(j and 50 years, to road duty ; th ough the law m akes certain exemptions frmn both services. 
L AWS OF FO RCE IN GEORGIA. 
The laws of for ce in G eorgia are th us grad ua ted w it il reference to th eir obligation : 
l. 'l'he Con stitution of the United State;;, t he laws of the United S tates m ade in pursnan ee t h ereof, a nd ali treaties made under the authorities <lf th e United States, comprise the supreme .law of the State. 
2. 'rhe Constit ution of this Sta te. 3. Acts and rei;olntions of the Genera.l Assembly of the S tate, including the Code, and t he decisions of the Comm on Law and and E q uity Com ts of England prior to M:ay 14th, 1776, when con clusive as to the Co mmon Law, ex eept when eha nged or modified by stat ute of the Sta.tP. 
 
RIGHTS AN D B:XEM PTIONS OF ALIENS UNDER TH E 
LAWS OF GEORGIA. 
\11/hile nlhms are denied the right to vote, and hold office, !Jy the laws of Georgia, all otlv~r provision;; with r egard to them are most liberal. So loug a H their governments are at peace with the United States , and with this S tate, they are en titled t.o all the 
 
 48 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA. 
 
[110] 
 
rights of citizens of other States resident in this State. With certain conditions, they can purchase, hold, and convey real estate; th<:>y are protected in all their rights of person and of property ; they can suo and give evidenre in our courts so long as the same eomity is extended to our citizens by their governments. They may receive and enforce leins, by mortgage or otherwise, on real estate. 'l'hey are exempt from military duty, except in the "uppression ot insurrections and repelling local invasion, and also from service in the courts as grand or traverse jurors. 
'l'he conditions on which an alien or unnaturalized person ma,y hold land in this State are thus set forth in our statute: 
"An alien may be may be permitted to acquire title to, and hold, lands within this State, upon taking an oath in writing, to be filed ill the Clerk's office of the Superior Court of the county in which the land lies, that it is his intention bona fide to improve the same; and if said alien shall fail, or neglect, within one year after the purchase aforesaid, to begin such improvement, said land shall become subject to an annual tax of fifty cents per acre for each and every acre so held by him; and, on failure to pay the same, it shall be the duty of the tax collector of said county to set up and expose to sale so much of said land as may be necessary to pay such tax, having first given sixty days notice of the time and place of sale, in one or more of the public gazettes of this State ; the overplus, if any there be, after the payment of the tax aforesaid, and the costs accruing thereon , to be deposited with the Ordinary of said county, to be applied to educational purposes, if not called for by the owner thereof within two years after such sale: Provided, that no alien shall hold or purchase more than one hundred and sixty acres of land nntil he bad declared on oath his intention to become a citizen.'' 
NATURALIZATION. 
'fhe acts of Congress provide that an alien may become a citi;r.en of the United States on the following conditions : 
L He shall declare on oath, before a Circuit or District Court of the United States, or a District or Supreme Court of the Territories, or a court of record in any of the States having common law jurisdiction and a seal and clerk, two years, at least, prior to his admission, that it is bona fide his intention to become a citizen of the United States, and to renounce forever all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince, potentate, state, or sovereignty, and, particularly, by name, to the prince, potentate, state or sovereignty of which the alien may be at the time a citizen or subject. 
2. At the tin1e of making tl.lis application, he must take an oath before the same court to support the Constitution of the United 
 
 [1:1] 
 
MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 
 
49 
 
States, and that he entirely renounces and abjures all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prin ce, potentate, etc. 
3. At the time of admis'lion, be must prove, to the satisfaction of the court, by testimony other than his own, that he has resided in the United States fi ve years at least; that during that time h e has maintained a good moral character, and that he is attached to the principles of the Constitution of the United States, and well disposed to the good order and preservation of the same. H e must also renounce any hereditary title, or order of nobility, that be may have borne, if any, previous to his admission to citizenshi;l. 
4. If the alien be under twenty-one years of age, and bas resided in the United States three years previous to his arrival at that age, if h e subsequently al'ply for admission, the three years of his minority will be counted in estimating his five y ears of residence, and he will be allowed to make the for egoing declarations and oath at the time of his admission. 
5. 'fhe minor children, or tbose under twenty-one years of age, of persons who h ave been duly naturalized, if dwelling in the United States, are held and considered as citizens thereof. 
6. By special act of Congress, p assed July 17, 1862, any alien of the age of twenty-one years, and upwards, who has enlisted, or may enlist, in the armies of the United States, either the regular or tbe volunteer forces, and has been, or may be hereafter, honorably discharged, shall be admitted to citizenship upon his petition, without any previous declaration of his intention, and upon proof of only one year's residence in the United States previous to his applieation to become a citizen, of his good moral character, and that such person has been honorably discharged from the service of the United States. 
7. Seamen wbo have served three years on any merchant v essel of the United States, after making a declaration of their intention, sllall be entitled to become citizens upon application , and tb e production of a certificate of discllarge a nd good conduct during th<1.t time, together with. a certificate of their declaration of intention to become citizens. 
STATE AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATIONS. 
There are two State Agricultural Organizations, viz: the State Agticultmal Society a nd the State Grange. 
'flle former was organized iu 1846, and with the exception of seven years during and after the late war, h as continued its active and efficient work to the present time. It is now a representative body, composed of delegates elected annually by local organizations which exist in nearly every county in the State. 
It ho4lds semi-annual conventions, one in February.. at some 
 
 50 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA. [112] 
 
point in the lower half of the State, and one in August, in the upper half. 
It has accomplished great good to the agricultural interests of the State by these semi-annual conventions, and by its Annual Fairs. The transactions of this society, all of which have been published since 18i2, constitute a valuable contribution to Souther n agrieulturalliterature. 
THE STATE GRANGE. 
'fbis is a secret Agricultural Organization, known as the Patrons of Husbandry, comvosed of representatives, ladiesandgentlemen, from local granges. 
Its general objects are the same as those of the State Society, but attendance upon its meetings is confined to members of the order of Patrons of Husbandry, while those of the Society are 
open to the public. This organization, toor has rendered valuable 
service to the agriculturists by securing concert of action and more general co-operation among the farmers of the State. It is, bowever, less active at tllis time than it was a few years after its organization. 
NORTH GEORGIA STOCK AND FAIR ASSOCCIATION. 
Thi" ts ajoint:;tock Association recently organized with $40,000 stock. 'fhis is, financially, a very strong organization, the leading object of which is the improvement of the live stock of the State. 
 
DISTRICT .AND COUNTY ORGANIZATIONS. 
 
Besides the county Societies, neighborhood clubs and Granges, some of which are to be found in neacly every county in the State, there are, especially in Middle and Southwestern Georgia, many district and county I<'air Assoeiations, which are doing much to stimulate progressive agricuiture and horticulture. 
 
THE GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
 
This society was chartered and organized as a joint stock association in 1876. 
It is devoted to the encouragement of profitable vegetable and fruit production in the State, and, though now only about to complete the second year of its existence, it has, by the concerted labors of the most advanced and intelligent horticulturists of the State, materially stimulated systematic fruit culture, which had previously been so sadly neglected. Partly as the result of the work of this society, the planting of fruit trEes during the last winter and spring far exceeded that of any previous season in the history of the state. 
 
 [113] 
 
MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 
 
51 
 
DEPARTMENT OF .AGRICULTURE. 
As the result of the persistent recommendations of the State Agricultural Society and the State Grange, the Governor of the State recommended in his annual message and the Legislature established by law, a Department of Agriculture in 18i4, the first of its kind established in any State in the Union. It is presided over by a Commissioner whose duties are elaborately defined by law. 
This Department now about to complete its fourth year bas, by its work, in promoting advanced agriculture, become firmly fixed in the hearts of the people, who, somewhat indifferent towards it when first established, now regard it as one of the most important and useful branches of the State government. 
The Commi~sioner bas the general supervision of the inspection and analysis of fertilizers and has, by systematic and vigilant execution of the laws relating to the same, not only afforded ample protection to the farmers against the sale of spurious or fraudulent eommercial fertilizers, but has caused to be paid into the treasury of the State more than $22,000 after deducting the expenses of inspection and ana.lysis and the annual appropriation of $13 ,200 to the Department, the total income from that source during the season just ended being about $45,000. 
The publications issued from the Department and distributed among the farmers of the State have been of an instructive character, and have been highly appreciated not only by the people of Georgia, but have been eagerly sought by those of other States. The" Manual of Sheep Husbandry in Georgia" has given an impetm; to that industry never before known in the State, and is attracting capital from other States for in vestment in the cheap lands and perennial pastures so well adapted to this important industry. '!'he ":;}fanual on tile Hog " , and other pamphlets issued by the Commissioner, have attracted much attention, both in Georgia and elsewhere. Those containing the analyses of fertilizers, formul::e for composts and the results of th e soil tests of fertilizers, have been especially sought by the farmers :>f Georgia and other Southern States. 
A'' Hand Book of Georgia" wa~ issued by the Commissioner in 1876, in which is given a full account of the varied resources of the dtate, its condition and institutions. This book supplies a want long felt by the people of Georgia, and furnishes reliable information to those in search of the most propitious field of immigration. The demand for this worl>: has been so great that tl1e first and second ed.i tlons were speedily exhausted, and yet the demand continues. 
These various publicatione have attracted the attention of r.he 
 
 52 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE-GEORGIA, 
 
[114] 
 
reading puhlic in the Northern States of the Union aud many, who were looking to the West as the most inviting field for emi, grants, are now making inquiry in regard to Georgia preparatory to seeking homes among us. 
 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
The office of t:State Geologist was created in 1874, a Geologist appointed, aml the active work of making a "careful and complete geological, mineralogical and physical survey of the State" begun. 
Some of the results of this survey have already been given in this work in the chapter on mineral resources, water powers, woods, etc. 
Its investigations have developed wealth before neither known nor appreciated by the people of the ::3tate, and, though but little more than half completed, it is impossible to estimate the benefits that have accrued to the State and its people. 
The effects of the labors of the State Geologist during the last Jour years will be felt by future generations. Capital, in largli amounts, has already sought investment in our rich mining lands, and our water vowers will attract still more. 
The survey has developed the fact that Georgia is not only rich in agricultural resources, but unsurpassed in mineral wealth and manufacturing facilities. 
 
NEWSPAPERS-1878. 
The following list comprises all the newspapers printed in Georgia at the present time, with their places of publication al!)habeticaily arranged. It will be seen that there are 9 dailies, 2 tri-weeklies, and 114 weeklies-total, 125. ~lost of the dailies publish tri-weeklies, and both dailies and tri-weeklies have weekly editions : 
Alapaha (Berrien county)-News, weekly. Albany-News, weekly ; Advertiser, weekly. Americus-Sumter Republican, tri-weekly and weekly. Athens-Southern Banner, weekly ; Chmnicle, weekly ; Wrttchman, 
weekly. Atlanta-Constitution, daily ; Independent, weekly ; Republican, week- 
ly ; Sunny South, weekly ; Christian Index, weekly : Methodist Advocate, weekly; Planter and Gn~nge, weekly; SoutheTn En, terprise, monthly ; Homeward Star, monthly. Augusta-CMonicle and Constitutionalist, daily ; Evening News, daily. Bainbridge-Democrat, weekly. Barnesville-Gazette, weekly. Blakely-Early County News, weekly. 
 
 [115] 
 
MANUAL OF . GEORGIA. 
 
53 
 
Brunswick-Appea.l, weekly. 
 
Buena Vista-A1gu8, w eekly. 
 
Butler-Herald, weekly. 
 
Calhoun-Times, w eekly . 
 
Canton-Cherokee Georgian, weekly. 
 
Carnesville-Franklin County N ews, weekly. 
 
Carrollton-Times, weekly. 
 
Cartersville-E':vpre.!s, w eekly ; Free Press, weekly. 
 
Cave Spring-Enterprise, weekly. 
 
Cedar Town-Recard, weekl y ; Expn ss, weekly. 
 
Columbus-E'nquirer-Sun, daily ; Tinw.9, daily. 
 
C0uyers--Exami ner, weekly; Weekly, weekly. 
 
Covington-Star, w eekly ; Enterprise, weekly. 
 
Crawfordvillc-Demoemt, weekly. 
 
Cumming-Georgut J[etho(Ust, weekly. 
 
Cuthbert-Appeal, weekly; True SoutMon, weekly. 
 
Dahlonega-Signal, weekly. 
 
Dalton-Enterp1ise, weekly ; North Georgio. Citizen, weekly. 
 
Darien-Timber Gazette, weekly. 
 
Dawson-Journal, weekly. 
 
Douglasville- Medium, weekly. 
 
Dublin-Post, weekly; Gazette, weekly. 
 
Eastman-Time.~. w eekly. 
 
Eatonton-Broad-A xe and Iternize1, weekly. 
 
Elberton-Gazette, weekly. 
 
E!ij ay-Cou1ier, weekly. 
 
Fairburn-Stctr, weekly. 
 
Forsyth-Advertiser, weekly. 
 
Fort Valley-Mh1m, weekly. 
 
Franklin-Register, weekly. 
 
Gainesville -.E'1xgle, weekly ; North Georgian, weekly ; So1thmm 
 
weekly. 
 
Greensboro-Home Journc;l, weekly; H erald, weekly, 
 
Greenville- Vindicato1, weekly. 
 
Gritlin-Daily N ezos, daily; Sun, weekly. 
 
Hamilton-Journal, weekly. 
 
Hampton- Weekly, weekly. 
 
Harmony Grove-P;og-ress, w eekly. 
 
Hartweli-Snn, weekly. 
 
Hawkinsville-Di8patch, weekly. 
 
Indian Spring-Argus, weekly. 
 
Irwinton-Southerner nnd A ppeal, weeklv . 
 
.Jefferson-Forest iYews, weekly. 
 
 
 
.Jesup-&ntinel, weekly. 
 
.Jonesboro-News, weekly. 
 
T.-aGrange-Ilepor te?, weekly. 
 
 54 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUL'fURE--GEORGIA. (1161 
 
Lawrence ville-Herald, weekly. Lexington-Oglethorpe E cho, weekly. Louisville-News and Frt rmer, weekly. Lumpkin-Independent, weekly. Macon- 1Hegraph and 1f!lt!8senger, daily; Wesleya.n Okristian Advocate. 
w eek ly ; Central G e01ginn, weekly. }IcV ille (Telfair county)-Soutluwn GeoTgicm, weekly. Madison-Home Journnl, weekly. }farietta- Journal, weekly ; }l'ield and Fi1eside, weekly. }filledgevilte- Union and R,ecorder, weekly ; Old Capital, weekly. Montezuma- Weekly, weekly. Perry-Home Journal, w eekly. N ewnan-H erald, weekly. Quitman-Reporter, weekly ; Free Press, weekly. Ringgold-- Catoosa Cmwier, weekly. Rome-Bulletin, daily ; Tribww, tri-weekly ; Courier, w eekly. Sandersville-HI;mld a.nd Georgirw, weekly ; Courier, weekly. Savannah-Jfornin,q Netas, d aily; Recorder, weekly; Telegram, weekly: 
Times, weekly; Abend Zeitung, w eekly. Social Circle- Vidette, weekly. Sparta- Times and Planter, weekly. Stone Moun tain-DeKa/b Uounty New8, weekly; Spider, weeekly. Summerville- Gazette, w eekly. Swainsboro-Herald, weekly. Talbotton- Standard, w eekly; .Regi.9ter, weekly. Thomaston-Enterprise, weekly . Thomasvill e-Enterpn:W, week ly ; Times, w eekly. Thomson- M cDuffie .Jou1nal, weekly. Tocco a-Herald, weekly. Valdosta- Times, weekly. Warrenton- C~ip1Jer, weekly . Washington-Gazette, weekly . Wayn esboro-Expositor, weekly. West P oint - Stnte Line PreiJS, weekly. 
 
 PART II. 
Sectional Divisions and County Statistics. 
SHOWING THE DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF THE VARIOUS PoRTIONS OF THE STATB, .ARRANGED IN DiviSIONS WITH A VIEW TO MoRE INTELLIGIBLE PRESENTATION, TOGETHER WITH STATISTICAL FACTS OF PUBLIC INTEREST IN RELATION TO THE SEVERAL CouNTIEs WHICH CoMPosE THEM, RESPECTIVELY. 
The very full information respecting the various sections and counties of the State, contained in the following pages, is condensed frvm answere made by a number of intelligent and responsible citizens in each county to a series of questions propounded by this Department, and designed to embrace every general and local characteristic that is of sufficient importance to interest the public, Where correspondents in the same county differ, the average of their answers is given. In order to observe greater particularity of description in this part of the Manual, the State has been divided into six Divisions, or Sections, instead of three, as used in Part I. It may be proper, also, to remark that the word ''irreclaimable" as applied to the sw<tmp lands of the State, is not to be received in its exact sense, but only as indicating that such lands cannot be reclaimed except at a cost which our people are at present unable to pay. The proportion of" cleared" lands, includes all that portion where the original forest has been removed, much of which, after e)<haustion and abandonment, has again grown up with old field pines and other vegetation. 
It is regretted that the statistics of a few of the towns are incomplete; the Commissioner has made earnest and persistent efforts with the local authorities, and others, to obtain them, but in vain. 
NORTH-EAST GEORGIA. 
This division embraces nineteen counties, stretching from the Savannah and Tugalo riv<Jrs in the east. to the Cohutta range of mountains in the west. It is that part of the State which possesses the greatest elevat.ion, the average being 1,500 feet above the level of the sea, while there are peaks which rise to au elevation of near 5,000 feet. The region is metamorphic, or composed of rocks chan~ed from their original condition by heat and pressure. The geological formations are granite, gneiss, mica, and horn~ blende schists; soils red and gray, resting on a basis of firm clay, usually red but sometimes yeliow, white, and blue mixed with gravel, the latter chiefly on lowlands. The clay, or subsoil, is usually found from four to six inches below the surface on uplands, from one to two feet in the valleys, 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA. [118] 
and from two to six feet in river bottoms. Th e origin al forest growth is, chiefly, red, black, post, and white oaks; chestnut, black-jack, hickory, short-leaf and spruce pine. cedar, dogwood, black-gum, walnut, with poplar, ash, elm, sycam ore, birch , sweet-gum and white-oak on the lowlands. This is the great auriferous region of the State, the net yield of gold being equal to that of any section of the Union, Californ ia not excepted. Copper, lead, magnetic iron ore, mi ca, asbe~tus, marble, ruby, serpen tine, corundum, a re also found in considerable quantities, a nd may be mined with profit. 
The lands are generally rich and productive, the yield depending wholly on the skill used in their cul tivation. The staple field products are Indian corn, wh eat, oats, rye, barley, clover, the various grasses, and sorghum can e, while in the southern pordon of th e divi"i on cotton is grown to a considerable extent. The average yield per acre. under fair cultivation, is: corn, 20 bush els; wheat 15 bushels; oats, 25 bushels; rye, 8 bushels; barley, 25 bushels, hay, from 2 to 3 tons; sorghum syrup, 75 gallons; cotton, 400 pounds in the seed. Under high culture, two, three, and sometimes four ti mes this production is realized. Tobacco, buckwheat, and German millet can Dlso be grown wi ~h great success. Th e planting and harvest times of the division are as follows: corn, planted_15th March to 15th May, gathered in fall months; wheat and other small g rain sowed in October, harvested in June and July ; cotton planted 15th April to 15th May, gath ered in fall months; sorghum planted in ApriL cut in August. A very large proportion of the laborers, both farm and mine, are white; wages of former. $8 to $10 per month; of latter 75 cents to $1 per day; ordinary mechanics, $1 to $2 per day, according to skill. 
The frnits best adapted to th e section are, the apple, cherry, pear, grape, plum, in all its varietiEs, pea ch, gooseberry, raspberry, -strawberry-the last named producing equa lly well in all parts of the State with like cultivation. Almost every variety of vegetables attains to great perfection. 
The climate is unsurpassed on th e continent for comfort and salubrity, during nin e months of the year. The m 1>an temperature in summer is 70, Fahrenheit, in winter 3.'>0 ; high est temperature 90, lowest 8-periods of greater h eat and cold being exceptional. Snow falls usually from two to three times dur ing the win ter season, especially in the northernmost co unties, to a dep-h varying from two inches to six in ches. In the southern tier of counties, there are occasional winters without a fall of snow. 
Springs and running streams abound in all parts of the district; water powers unsurpassed; sprin g and well water freesto ne, and not excelled in any country. Mineral springs-sulphur or chalybeate-abound in nearly all the counties of the district. That portion of it-the eastern-to which railroad transportation has been open ed, is annually visited by thousands, many of whom spend the entire summer and part of autumn at its wateri::~g places and pleasant villages. It may be said. of this, and indeed of all other sections of the State, that the people are anxious fo r new settlers. and are ready to give a cordial welcome to h onest and industrious immigrants from all countries, in cluding our own. Lands can be bought at low prices a nd on favorable terms, as regards the payments-in the mountains from $ L to $5 per acre, and in the valleys and lower portions of the district from $5 to $10 per acre. The average price of farm stock varies but little in the 
 
 [119] 
 
MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 
 
57 
 
State, tlnd may be stated as follows: milch cows, $15 to $20; sheep $1.50 to $2; brood sows. $5 to $8; horses and mules $75 to $100. 
 
COUNTIES. 
BANK',- Population, in 1'l70, the date of the last census, 4,973-4,052 white, 921 black. Two per cenc. of county too mountainous for cultivation, thirty three per cent. of tillable land cleared, seventy-five per cent. field labor performed by whites, twenty-nine public free schools for whites and four for blacks, Baptist churches t~n. Methodist eight, Presbyterian three. 
Homer. the capital town, is .10 miles from Air-Line Railroad, has a population of 110-100 whites 10 blacks-20 private clwellings, 1 hotel, 3 churches, 1 ~chool with 30 scholars, 2 dry goods stores, 1 grocerv store, 1 physician, 2 lawyers. 
DAWSON-Population in 1870, 4,369-4,032 white, 337 black. Ten per cent. of co unty too mountainous for culture, of tillabh~ land 30 per cent. cl eared, geld mined to considerable extent with good success, pounding mill in county, copper and silver als.>discovered. 90 per cent. field labor don e by whites, public free schools 24 for whites , 2 for black~, several private schools, Ba ptist churche.s 17, Methodist 14, Universalist 1. 
Dawsonville, the capital town, is 23 miles from Air-Line Railroad, has a population of 225-200 white, 25 black, 50 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 3 churches, 1 school with 40 scholars, 3 dry goods stores, 1 grocery store, 2 physicians, 1 lawyer. 
FANNIN-Population, in 18i0, 5,429-5,2R5 white, 144 black; 20 per cent. of area too mo<wtainous for cultivation. 11 per cent. irreclaimable swamp, iO per cent. of tillable land cleared. 991 per cent. of farm laborers white; the minerals a re gold, copper, iron, mica, marble, lim eston e; copper mines in western part of county very rich, marble in great abundance and of m a ny varieties ; 34 public free schools forwhites. 1 for blacks; 16 Methodist churcbes, 15 Baptist; 1 iron furnace, 12 operatives; 1 wool-carding machine, flour and lumber mills. 
Morganton, the capital town, on line of survey Marietta & North Georgia Railroad, has 107 iuhabitants-103 white, 4 black, 22 private clwellings, 1 lwtel, 1 church, 1 school with 50 pupils, 3 dry goods stores, 1 grocery store, 5 physicians, 3 lawyers. 
l!'oRSYTn-Population, in 1870, 7,983- 6,862 whitP., 1,121 black ; 5 per cent. too mountainous for tillage; 50 per cent. tillable land cleared; 90 per cent. field labor performet.l by whites ; minerals- gold, copper, iron ore, but limited in exten t; public free schools 51 for whites, 9 for blacks; Baptist chu:-ches 15, Methodist 10. 
Gumming, t he capital town, is 12 miles from Air-Lin e Railroad, 40 miles from Atlanta, has populadon 400-385 white, 15 bl 'ck, sixty private dwellings, 2 hotel s, 2 cho.rches. 1 school, 60 scholars, 1 weekly newspar-er, 8 mixed stores, 1 drug stor'l, 3 physicians, 6 lawyers. 
FRANKLIN-Population, in 1870, 7,893-6,034 white, 1,859 black ; 5 per cent. of county too mountainous for tillage; 40 rcer cet. till able land cleared; 75 per cent. field labor performed by whites; public free schools 
 
 58 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE-GEORGIA. [120] 
 
36 for whites, 4 for blacks, besides private schools; Baptist churches 20, Methodist 15, Presbyterian 4; 5 wool-carding machines, 1 cotton faetory. 
Oarnel'ville, the capital town, is 18 miles from Air-Line Railroad, same distance from market town, has population 730-700 white, 30 black, 16f> private dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 churches, 1 school with 76 pupils, 4 mixed stores, 2 drug stores, 1 weekly newspaper, 5 physicians, 3 lawyers. 
GILMER-Population, in 1870, 6,644-6,.527 white, 117 black; 33 per cent. of county too mountainous for cultivation; 33 per cent. of tillable land cleared; minerals-gol.:l. copper, iron. marble, slate; mining limited in extent; large stratum of limestone running along sirlP of iron belt; 35 public free schools for whites, 1 for blacks, besides private schools; 23 Baptist churches, 20 Methodist. 
Ellijay, the capital town, is 40 miles from Western & Atlantic Railroad, has a population 203-200 whites. 3 blacks, 35 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 3 churches, 1 high school with 75 scholars, 1 weekly newspaper, 3 mixe<l stores, 3 physicians. 2 lawyers. 
GwrNNETT-Population, in 1870, 12,431-10,272 white, 2,159 black; 5 per cent. of county too mountainous for tillage; of tillable land 58 per cent. cleared; some gold, but not mined of late years; 75 per cent. field labor performed by whites; public free schools, 52 for whites, 13 for blacks, besides private schools; 20 B~ptist churches, 15 Methodist, 5 EpiscopaL several Presbyterian. 
LmJJrenceville, the capital town, is 8 miles from Air-Line Railroad 30 miles from Atlanta, has a population of 600-400 white, 200 black, 175 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 4 churches, 2 schools with 80 scholars, 1 weekly newsoaper, 3 dry goods stores, 6 grocery stores, 3 physicians. 6 lawyers. 
HABERSHAM-Population, in 1870, 6,322-5,373 white, 949 black; 10 per cent. of county too mountainous for cultivation; 30 per cent. tillable land cleared; minerals-gold, iron, asbestus; 90 per cent. field laborers white; 30 public schools for whites, 3 for blacks; Baptist churches 24, ~fethodL~t 8, Presbyterian 2, Episcopal 1 
Olarke.~ville, the capital town, is H miles from Air-Line Railroad, 87 from ~Ulanta. has a populatLm of 290-218 white, 72 black, 71 private dwellings, 2 hotels, 3 churches, 2 schools with 40 scholars, 8 dry goods stores, 4 grocery atores, 2 physicians, 4 lawyers. 
Toccoa Gtty, on Air-Line Railroad, 92 miles from Atlanta, has a population of900-600 white, 300 black, 125 private dwellings, 2hotels, 5 churches, 3 schools with 100 scholars, 1 weekly newspaper, 24 mixed stores, 3 physicians, 3 lawyers. 
Mount Airy, on same road, 9 mil~s from Clarkesville, 80 miles from At lanta, bids fair to become a place of note; is m0st elevated town and railroad po\nt in the South, being 1,610 feet above the sea, and 560 feet above Atlanta ; has now 86 inhabitants-50 white, 26 black, 14 private dwellings, llarge and splendid hotel, 2 churches. 1 school with 20 scholars, 4 mixed stores, 1 physician. 
HALL-Population, in 1870. 9,607-8,317 white, 1,290 black; 10 per cent. of county too mountamous for tillage ; 30 per cent. tillable land cleared; 
 
 l121] 
 
MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 
 
59 
 
minerals-gold, (;arge amounts invPSted in WOrking) copper, 2ilver, iron, lead,. manganese, mica, asbestns, most of precious stones; in clu ding diamands; 90 per cent. miners and field laborers white; public free ~chools. 57 for whites, 5 for blacks; 6 Baptist churches. 7 Methodist, 2 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal. 
Gainesville, the capital town, is on Air-Line Railroad, 54 miles from Atlanta, h as a population o'f 2,500-2,000 white, 500 black, 500 private dwellings, 4 large hotels, 1 ta 1k. 4 churches, 5 schools with 400 ~cholars, 3 weekly newspaperR, 15 dry goods stores, 6 grocery stores, 6 physicians. 15 lawyers, :l dentists. 
HART-Popu lation , in 1870, 6,783-4,841 white, 1,942 black; 30 pl'r cent. of tillable land cleared ; minerals-gold, copper, black lead ; several mines gold worked with great saccess before the war, no operations now ; 70 per cent. field laborers wb1te; public free schools, ~9 for whites, 6 for blacks; Baptist churches 11, Method ist 9, Presbyterian 2, Secedi ng Baptist '2,; 1 factory for cotton yarns, 30 hands. 
Hartwell, the capital town, is 30 miles from Air-Line Railroad at 'foccoa City, 40 mil es from Ath ens, has a population of 350-300 white, 50 black, 50 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 churcbes, l school with 75 scholars, 1 weekly newspaper, 7 dry goods stores, 3 grocery stores, 4 physicians, 7 Lnvyers, l dentist. 
JACKSON-Population, in 1870, 11,181-7,471 white, 3,7111 black; whole area tillabl e; 44 per cent. cleared; gold, silver, .mica, copper found, but not sufficient for min in >:; 66 per cent. farm laborers white; public free school~, 49 for whites, 8 for blacks; Baptist churches 17, Methodist 15, Presbyterian 5, several Christian and Universalist; furniture, wagons, buggies, manufactured to some extent. 
JPjf~son, the capital town, ,s 18 mile.~ from Athens, the market town , 9 miles from North Western Railroad. (Further details not reported.) 
LuMPKIN-Population, in 1870, 5,161-4,699 white, 462 black; :t.5 per cent. of area too mountainous for tillage; 60 per cent. of tillable land cleared; 90 per cent. of f1rm laborers white; is leading gold mining county of State; has 20 pounding mills with 220 stamps-annual yield very large; copper, iron and mica also exist, but not mined; larger part of l>opnlation en- 
gaged in mining; has :::o public free schools for whites. 4 for blacks; pre- 
vailing religious denominations Methodist, Baptist. Presbyterian ; fiour aml lumber mills abundant. 
Dahlonega, the capital town, is 24 miles from Gainesville and Atlanta & Charlotte Air-Line Railroad, has 600 inhabitants-500 white, 100 black. 4 churches, is site of North Georgia Agricultural College, with 250 pupils, has li(dry goods stores; 6 grocery stores, 100 private dwellings, 3 hotels, Z physicians, 4lawyers. 
MADISON-Population, in 1870, 5,227-3,646 white, 1,581 black; 5 per cent. of county too broken for tillage: 1 per cent. too swampy; 31 per cent. of tillable land cleared; gold in deposit and iron ore exist, but not worked in many years; 65 per cent. of farm laborers white; Baptist churches 10 Methodist 6, Presbyterian 3, Primitive Baptist 4. 
 
 60 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA. [122] 
 
Danielsville. the capital town, is 15 miles distant from Athens, the markei town. (Further details not reported.) 
Mn,TON-Population, in 1870,4,584-3,118 white, 466 black; 10 per cent. of county too broken, or too swampy, for successful tillage; 40 per cent. or tillable land cleared ; 75 per cent. of field labor performed by whites; 20 free public schools for whites, 4 for blacks; relig:ous denominations almost wholly Baptists and Meth dists. 
Alpharetta, tloe capital town, is 14 miles from Air-Line Railroad and 30 miles from Atlanta, has a population of 285-275 white, 12 black; 30 private dwellin gs, 1 hotel, 1 church, 1 school .,,,.ith 45 scholar'., 2 dr , goo l s stores, 1 grocery store, 2 drug stores, 3 physicians, 4 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
P rcKENs-Po:mlation, in 1870, 5,317-5,188 white, 129 hlack; 19 per cent. of county too m ..untaino .;~ for cultivath ... ; 33 per cent. of i.illable land c ear d; go' d, copper, iron, nickel, !1'1/,:.rble, exist i . considerable '{Ua ndties, but 1:ot rnin rd at presen ; 90 per cent. of field laborers whit<'; 25 public frez schools for whites, 1 for blacks; Bap ist .:hur.ohes 18, Meth odist 3, l'r:csbyterian 1, some Bible Christians; 1 cotton mill with 40 operatives. 
Jasper. the capi' al. town, is 50 miles fro :n AirLine Railroad immedi diately on lin e of survey Marietta & North Georgia Railroad. and. 60 mile!! from A..lanta, the market town. (l!'urther 'etails not reported) 
RABUN-Population, b 1870, 3.256-3,137 whit,, 119 black; 81 per cent. or c mn:.y to m .. u:-tainous fo r cultivation: 70 per cent. of tillable land cleared; mines of gold a ' d asbest:s being worked with success; copper and iron ore discovered; 92 per cent. farm labor perform;,d by whit: s; 22 public free schools, a ll for whites; Baptist elm. cbrs 12, Methodist 7; 1 woolCMding machine in operation. 
Clayton, the capital town, is 27 miles from Air Lbe Railroad and T .. ccoa the mar ;:e:. town, h as a population of 137-120 white, 17 black; 30 private dwellin gs, 1 hotel, 2 churches, 1 school with 36 scholars, 4 m ixed stores, no lawyers, physicians, dentists, or bar-rooms. 
TowNs-Populatio , in 1870, 2, 780-2,623 white, 155 black; 50 per cent. of county too mountainous for culture; 75 per cent. of tillable land cleared; goid and copper exist, but no great amount of mining; m any of t;he p ecious stones in more or less qnantities; 98 per cent. of farm laborers white ; public free schools, for w .ites 13, for blacks 1; Baptist churches 10, Methodist 4. 
HiauJaSRee, the capital town. is 40 miles fro m a r.tilroad, 54 from Gainesville, 1(' 8 tro,m Atlanta; has a population of 60, all wh ite; 9 private dwellin gs, 1 hotel, no ch . ;rch, 1 school, 2 mixed stores,1 physic' an, 2 lawyers. 
UNION-Population, in 187" , 5.267-5,153 whit-, 114 bL1ck; 25 per cent. of c :mn t~r too mountainous fllr tillage; 25 per cent. of tillable land cleared; gold, copper, iron, red and brown hematite, co undurn exist in considerable quantities, also mica; only gold being min ed successfully; 95 per cent. of miners Pnd farm hands white; public free schools, 25 forw hites, 1 for blacks; Baptist churches 12, Methodist 12, Presbyterian 2. 
Blairsville, the capital town, is 52 miles from Gainesville, th e market town, 106 Lom Atla~>~ta, has a population of 131-120 white, 11 black, 1 hotel, 26 
 
 [123] 
 
MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 
 
61 
 
private dwellings, 2 churches, 1 school, 3 mixed stores, 2 physicians, 2lawyers. 
WHITE-Population, in 1870, 4,606-4,042 white, 564 black; tO per cent. too mountainou s for cultivation; 30 per cent. of tillable land cl ~ared, gold and iron exist to a la rge extent, the former mined with much success and to considerable extent; 99 per cent. of laborers white; 21 free public schooh for whites, :J for blacks ; 8 Baptist churches, 10 Metho;ist. 1 Episcopal, 1 Christian: gold mill s _and liquor distilleries the only manufactories. 
Cleveland, the capital town, is 18 miles from the Air-Line Railroad, 25 from Gainesville, the market town of the county, h as a population of 175150 white, 25 black, 1 hotel, 36 private dwallings, 3 churches, 1 school with 100 scholars, 3 dry goods stores, 4 grocery stores, 2 physicians, 5 lawyers, ;~ dentists. 
NORTH-WEST GEORGIA. 
This division embraces fourteen counties, and extends from the Cohutta Mountains and Chattahoochee Ridge to the eastern boundary of Alabama. It differs, in several important respects, from the North-eastern division. It is less mountainous, and, consequently, a greater portion of its area is susceptible of cultivation. Its average elevation above the sea is only 750 feet, or about 50 per cent. less than that of Northeast Georgia. lt3 geological ages are Silurian, Devonian (so called from their identity with those of Wales and Devonshire), and, in tJ1e extreme northwest, Carboniferous. The characteristic minerals are limestone, slate, iron ores, coal, manganese, sandstone, baryta, some gold, aU of which. except the last, are found in great quantities. Several valuable veins and grav elly deposits of gold have been developed and worked, with handsome returns. 
The immense coal beds described in the chapter on minerals lie in the northwestern counLies of this division, to-wit : Dade, Walker and Chattooga, The supply seems to be inexhaustible ; the mines are reached by railroads which connect with main trun!::s , and in the immediate vicinity are immense deposits of best -iron ore. 
The soils are calcareous and argillaceous; clay, red and yellow. In all other respects our description of the natural conditions and capabilities of North-east Georgia will apply to this divlsion, with th e single exception of temperatme, the difference in elevation beiug accompanied by the usual variations of heat and cold. The productions are, in all respects, the same. 
In one or two respects, this division enjoys peculiar advantages over it!s eMtern neighbor, It bas not only a larger area of tillable land, but :' much greater proportion of valley and river bottom. Its facilities for transportation are also greater, the \'{estern and Atlantic Railroad traversing its centre from the northern to the southern boundary. while tributary roads supply a good portion of the conntry to tbe right and left of the main line. 
The whole of North Georgia is admirably adapted to stock-raising. Th11 mountains afford abundant pasturage for cattle, sheep, hogs, goats, etc., which are required to be fed only a few months in the year, while tbe grain~ and grasses are produced in the greatest abundance for that purpose. 
 
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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE-GEORGIA. [124] 
 
COUNTIES. 
BARTow-Population in 1870, 16,566-it,840 whites, 4.719 blacks; 25 per cent. of county too mountainous for cultivation, 1Z per cent. irreclaimable swamp, 50 per cent. of tillable land cleared ; minerals-gold, iron, manganese, baryta, slate in abundance and of best quality; gold mining confined to surface washing and very profitable; iron mined on a large scale, and much ore shipped to Chattanooga and other points; one furnace now turn ing out 70 tons pig per day; 75 per cent. tield labor performed by whites ; 67 public free schools for whites, \!3 for blacks, besides two large private schools; religions denominations chiefly Baptist, Methodist, and Episcopal; manufactories-iron foundries, lime and cement works, carriage and wagon factories, flour, corn and saw mills. 
Cartersville, the capital tOwn. is at junction of two railroads, 12 miles from a navigable stream, and 47 miles trnm Atlanta; has a population of i ,000-2,500 whites, 1,500 blacks, 350 private dwellings, 2 hotels, 6 churches, il schools, 1 weekly newspaper, 15 dry goods stores, 20 grocery stor es, 13 physicians, 20 lawyers, 3 dentists. 
Adair.~ville, on Western and Atbmtic Railroad, 20 miles irom Cartersville, tli miles from Atlanta, has a popula ion of 325-WO white, 25 black, 75 priva te lwellings, 1 hotel, 1 church, 1 school with 50 scholars, 6 dry goods stores, 4 grocery stores. 2 physicians. 
KingRton is on the Western and Atlantic Railroad, at the terminus of the Rome Railroad, 60 miles from Atlanta, 18 miles from Rome, has about 600 inhabitants--400 white, 200 black; 4 mixed stores, 1 drug store; assessed value of real estate, $75,000. 
CATOOSA-Population in 1870, 4,409-3,793 white, 616 black, 10 per cent. of county too mountainous for cultivation, ot tillable land 43 per cent. cleared ; iron ores of best. quality abound, but not mined; 85 per cent. of field laborers white; 21 public free schools lor whites, 2 for blacks; RI)Jti st churches 7, .Methodist 7, Presbyterian 1 ; manufactories of lime, fertilizers, 3 large merchant flour mills, corn and saw mills. 
Ringgold, the capital town, is on the W estern and Atlantic Railroad, 114 mil es from Atlanta, 24 from Chattanooga, (details not reported). 
CuArrooGA-Population in 1870, 6,902-5,309 white, 1,503 black; 21 per cent. of area too mountainous for tillage, of tillable land 55 per cent. cleared ; coal and iron ore abound in county and are of best quality; 80 per cent. field laborers white; 29 free public schools; Bap~ist churches 11, Methodist 8. Presbyterian 6, besides colored churches; 1 cotton mill 10,000 spindles and 300 operatives, 12 tan yards, flour, corn and saw mills. 
Summerville, the capital tOwn, 25 miles from Wes:ern and At.lantic Railroad, and Da lton the market town, h as a population of 400-300 white, 100 black, 97 private dwellings, l!Jotel, 3 churches, 2 schools with 50 scholars, t weekly newspaper, 4 dry goods stores, 1 grocery store, 3 physicians, 4 lawyers. 
CHEROKEE-Population in 1870, 10,399-9,117 white, 1,281 black; 15 per cet1t. of county too mountainous for cultivation, 45 per cent of tillable land cleared; gold, copper, iron principal metals-3large gold mines now worked 
 
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MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 
 
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with good success, and a number of rich veins recently opened ; Canton copper mines worked with profit; silver and lead exist in small quantities ; 78 per cent. field laborer< white ; 56 public free schools for whites, 7 for blacks, also private schools; Methodist churches 25, Baptist 25, Presbyterian 2, Uni versalist 2 ; 2 cotton factories, 1 thre~hmg machine factory, tanyards, wagon factories, saw and grist mills. 
Canton, the capital town, on located line of Marietta and North Georgia Railroad, unfimsh ed, is 22 miles from Marietta, on the Western and Atlantic Railroad, th e market town, 40 miles from Atlanta, has a population of 330300 white, 30 black, 55 priva~e dwellings; 2 churches, 1 school with 40 pupils, 1 weekly newspaper, 4 mixed stores, 2 physicians, 9 lawyer5. 
CoBB.-Population in 1S70, 13,814-10,593 white, 3,217 black; entire county consi..iered tillable, 65 per cent. cleared; prin cipal minerals, gold, copper, iron -ores of superior quality and abundant, Enlphurets, asbestus ; but little mining at present ; 60 percent. of farm labor done by whites, 59 public free schools for whites, 39 fm blacks, besides higli schools ; Baptist churches 23, Methodist 15, Presbyterian 6, Episcopal1, Christian 1. Manufactori es-Ros well Cotton Mills, 250 operatives; Willeo Cotton Mills, 75 ; Concord woolen Mills, 31 ; Laurel Woolen Mills, 35; Marietta Paper Mills, 20; chair factory, 25; Withers' Iron Foundry, 5; also, 2 large Merchant flouring mills, with numerous corn, flour and saw mills. 
Marietta, the capital town, on Western and Atlantic Railroad, zO miles from Atianta, has a population of 2,512-1,395 white, 1,117 black, 300private dwellings, 1 first-class hotel, 1 bank, 6 churches, 8scbools with 250 scholars, 2 weekly mwspapers, 10 dry goods stores, 20 grocery stores, 4 physicians, 14 lawyers, 3 dentists. 
DADE-Population in 1870. 3,033-----2,788 white, 245 black ; 20 per cent. of county too mountainous for tillage, 25 per cent. of tillable land cleared; of minerals, iron and coal exist in exhaustless deposits and are extensively worked-on e company, the Dade Coal Company, getting out 15,000 bushels per day; also, coke and iron furnaces, one of the latte1, at Rising Fawn , turning out 40 tons pig iron per day; 80 per cent. of field laborers white; 14 public free schools for whites, 1 for blacks; 3 Baptist churches, 14 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Christian, 1 Second Advent. 
Trenton, the capital town, is on Alabama and Chattanooga Railroad, 18 miles from Chattanooga, 15 miles from Tennessee River, h:ts 125 inhabitants -115 while, 10 black, 30 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 cb urches, 1 school with 80 scholars, 2 dry goods stores, 1 grocery store, 1 physician, 3 lawyers. 
GlmJer IJale has 50 whiles, 10 bla!'ks, 1 church, l school with 4.0 pupils, 1 dry goods store. 
FLOYD-Population in 1870, 17,230-11,473 white, 5,753 black;. 33 per cent; of county too mounthinous for tillage; of tillable land 65 per cent. cleared; iron ore, marble, slate, principal min erals ; 53. per cent. of field laborers white ; 72 free public schools for 'Vhites, 25 fvr blacks ; 20 Baptist 
churches, 30 Methodist, 4 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Roman Catholic r 
manuLclories of iron, nails, ca~ wheels, ploughs, staves, hoLlow ware, comnr rcial fertilizers, numerous flour, corn and saw milllit. 
 
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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE-GEORGIA. [126] 
 
Rome, the capital town, is on two railrdads and navigable stream, is a market town of county, and 78>!- miles from Atlanta by rail; 4 banks; (details n ot reported) . 
Gave Spring is a village of 800 inhabitants-650 white, 150 bl ack, bas 115 private dw ellings, 1 hotel, 7 churches, 5 schools with 245 scholars, 1 weekly newspaper, 4 dry goods stores, 4 grocery stores, 5 physicians, n o lawyeri nor dentists; is seat of State Deaf and Dumb Institute. 
GoRDON-Population in 1870, 9,268-7,726 whiLe, 1,536 black; 20 per cent. of county too mountainous for tillage, 3 per .cent. irreclaimable swamp, of tillable land 75 per cent. is cleared; iron ore, slate, tripoli the principal min erals, but not work ed to great extent; 70 per cent. of field laborers white; 43 free public schools for whites, 8 for blacks; Baptist and Methodist principal religious denominations. 
Galhouu, the capital town , on W estern and Atlan tic Railroad, 2 miles from navigable stream, 80 miles from Atlanta, has a population of 1,000 -800 white, 200 black, 200 private dwelllings, 1 hotel, 2 church es, 2 schools with 100 sch olars, 1 weekly newspaper, 5 dry goods stores, 8 grocery stores, 4 phy sicians, 12lawyers, 1 dentist. 
R esaca, on Western and Atlantic Railroad, 85 miles from Atlanta, on Oostanaula River, village of 210 inhabitants-200 white, 10 black, 25 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 churches, 1 school with 35 :.cholars, 5 dry goods stores, 1 grocery store, 2 physicians. 
HARALSON-Population in 1870,4,004-3,685 white, 319black; H per cent. of county 'too mountainous for cultivation, 3 per cent. irreclaim able swamp, of tillable land 27 per cent. cleared; principal minerals, copper and gold ; 6 shafts of copper uow worked with success, gold washings to a limited extent; 92-1- per cent.. of farm laborers white; 21 free public schools for whites, 1 for blacks; 10 Baptist churches, 8 Methodist, 6 Primitive Baptist, 1 Christian; 1 wool factory. 
Buchanan. th e capital town, is 20 mil es from Cartersville and Van Wert Railroad, 40 miles from Rome, 55 miles from Atlanta, (details not re!>Orted). 
MuRRAY- Population in 1870, 6,500-5,743 white, 757 black; 10 per cent. of county too mountainous for tillage; 50 per cent of tillable lan d cleared; gold, silver, lead exist in small qua ntities but none worked; also, slate and soapstone, the latter being mined for lubricating purposes; 80 per cent. of farm laborers white; 30 free public schools for whites, 3 for blacks; 14 Baptist churc':Jes, 12 Methodist, 2 Presbyterian; flour, corn and saw mills only manufacturing establishments. 
Sping Place-the capital town, is 11 mil<!s from Dalton, the market town, on Western and Atiantic Railroad, 15 miles from a navigable stream, has a population of 259-250 white, 9 black, 42 private dw ellings, 1 hotel, 3 churches, 1 school with 30 scholars, 3 dry goods stores, 2 groc ery stores, 1 drug store, 3 physicians, 3 lawyers. 
PaULDING-Population in 1870, 7,639-7,083 white, 556 black; 8 per cent. of county too mountai nous or rocky for cultivation, of tillable land, 53 per cent.. cleared; ruineuls, gold, iron, copper, asbestus; little mining owing to want of capital; 90 per cent. of farm laborers white; 38 free public schools, 
 
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all for whites; Baptist churches 25, Methodist 24; 1 wool-carding machine, 1 shingle machine, only manufactories. 
Dallas, the capital town, 16 miles from Acworth, on Western & Atlantic Railroa1 market town; 30 miles from Rome and navigable stream, hal! a 
populati~n of 177-165 white, 12 black, 3o private dwellings, 1 hotel, 3 
churches, 1 school with 30 scholars, 2 dry goods stores, 3 grocery stores, 2 physicians, 6 lawyers. 
PoLK-Population, in 1870, 7,822-5.244 wh ite, 2,578 black; 14 per cent. of county too mountainous for successful tillage; 44 per cent. of tillable land cleared; pine timber abundant, and of fine quality; principal minerals-slate, iron, limestone, marble, ochre, mang~nese ; Rockmart slate quarries yield 10 squares per day; .<Etna iron furnace 18 tons pig iron per day, Cherokee furnace 25 tons; 5i,z per cent. of field laborers white; 30 public free schools for whites, 6 for blacks; Baptisr, churches 12, Methodist 11, Presbyterian 2, Ch ristian 1; manufactories of sla:e 60 han ds, iron 300 hands, lumber 50, shoes 10, leather 6. 
Cedar Town, the capital town and market, is 7 mil es from 8elma, Rome & Dalton Railroad, 20 miles from Coosa river at Rome, 10 mile~ fro m Cherokee Railroad, while 2 projeded roads cross at the town ; population 900-600 white, 300 black, 130 private dwellings, 2 hotels, 5 churches, 4 schools with 237 scholars, 2 weekly newspapers, 8 drv goods stores, 7 grocery stores, 2 drug stures, 8 physicians, lllawyers. 
WALKER-Population, in 1870, 9,925-8,396 white, 1,529 black; 36! per cent. of county too mountainous for cultivation ; 64 per cent. of tillable land cleared; principal minerals-coal and iron in great abundance in western part of county, but not mined to any great extent for want of transportation; marble and limestone also exist in large quantities; 87 per cent. of farm laborers white; 42 public free schools for whites, 4 for black~; Baptist churches 23, Methodist 20, Presbyterian 2, Bible Christian 1, Second Advent 1, Universalist 1; no manufactories worthy of note. 
LaFayette, the capital town, is 20 miles from a railroad, 25 from Chattanooga (the market town) and Tennessee river, 12 miles from Tryon Factory, usual market for cotton; has a population of 200 whites and 60 blacks, 50 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 3 churche~, 3 schools with 30 pupils, 1 week ly newspaper, 5 dry goods stores. 2 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 2 physicians, 3 lawyers, and 1 dentist. 
WHITEFIELD-Population, in 1870, 10,117-8,606 white, 1,511 black; 10 per cent. of the cou nty too mountainous for tillage; 35 per cent of tillable land cleared; iron ore of various kinds abundaut, also limestone; tripoli, a bituminous shale, exists in this and in Floyd, and some oth er countie~, which is combustible and yi elds oil, consequently someti mes mistaken for coal; 45 free public schools for whites, 7 for blacks; 15 Baptistchmches, 17 Methodist, 4 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Roman Catholic, 1 Ch ristian ; manufactories-of furniture l!i hands, iron foundry 5 hands, shoe factory 6, tannery 8; 1 flouring mill 2-run stones, several lumber mills; 8:.:'~ per cent. of .:deld laborers white. 
Dalton, the capital town, on.,We.,tem & Atlantic Railroad, and terminu1 5 
 
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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE-GEORGIA. [128] 
 
of EMt Tennessee & Georgia Railroad and Selma, Rome & Dalton Railroad, 100 miles from Atlanta, 38 from Chattanooga and Tennessee river, has a population of 4,000-3,500 white, 500 black, 700 private dwellings, 2 hotels, 1 bank, 11 churches, 11 school.s with 400 scholars, 2 weekly newspapers, 10 dry goods stores, 15 grocery stores. 2 drug stores, 9 physicians, 16 lawyers, 2 dentists. 
Tunnel Hill, on Western & Atlantic Railroad, 7 miles from Dalton, has 275 inhabitants-250 white, 25 black, 50 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 3 churches, 1 school with 75 scholars, 3 mixed stores, 2 drug stores, S physl eians, 2lawyers, 1 dentist. 
MIDDLE GEORGIA. 
This division embraces thirty-nine conn ties, and has an area Gfabout 15,000 square miles. It extends across the State from the Savannah rive~ in the east, to the Chattahoochee river in the west. Its southern border may be described with tolerable accuracy by a line from Augusta through Macon to Columpus. It is marked by the head of navigation of the principal rivers. The northern border may be described by a line running through Athens and Atlanta. It is about one hundred miles in width. Its average elevation is 750 feet. The entire region is metamorphic; its rocks, granite, gneiss. mica, quartzites, hydro-mica schist, with some limestone and soapstone. These rocks all extend from the northeast to the southwest, and are crossed frequently at right angles by trap dykes. Its chief minerals are gold, copper, lead, asbestus, graphite, chromic iron, serpentine and soapstone. Gold is found in districts wide apart, and has been worked with satisfactory profit in a few localities, more especially in McDuffie, Lincoln , Wi lkes and Carroll. Asbest.us is also mined to some extent. The original forest growth consists of red, post, Spanish and white oaks, and black-jack, hickory, short-leaf pine, with some long-leaf on its southern bord er; poplar, dogwood, elm, chestnut, maple, beech, birch, ash, black locust, sweet and black gums, walnut and some cedar. This division has three varieties of soil-red or clay, gray and gravelly, and light and sandy. the last named being limited in extent and confined to the long-leaf pine localities on the southern border. The two former possess great productiveness and durability. After the coast country, they were the first settled, and Middle Georgia has continued to be the most populous division of the StaLe, While the lowlands are of the best quality, the uplands are unsurpassed in fertility and luxuriance of forest growth by those of any country. A very large proportion of the lands has suffered temporary ex baustion by injl!ldicious culture which claimed everything from the soil and returned nothing. This ruinous practice is fast giving way to a more enlightened and Conomical system. It has been ascertained that no soils 0n the continent are more susceptible of recuperation and respond so bountifully to generous treatment The abandoned fields, grown up in stunted pines, and for twenty or forty years considered meful only as pasturage, have been restored to cultivatwn, and are now among the most prodnctive lands of the State. The staple field products are cotton, corn, oats and wheat., while all the grains and grasses, and even tobacco, may be grown successfully. The average yields with ordinar~ culture, are: Cott.on,:550 pounds. in 
 
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eeed, per acre; corn, 12 bushels; wheat, 8 bushels; oats, 25 bnshelB: barley, ao:bushels : rye, 8 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 bushels; field pe~s with corn, 5busbels. Ground pPas, chufas, pumpkins, and, indeed, almost every fteld product. arfl successfully cultivated. Very nany farm er;; double the above averages year after year, whilst under high culture th e product is multiplied four or five times, as will be seen in the chapter on that subject. About 75 per cent. of the farm laborers of this oivision are negroes, and the average wages are$8.00 per month and rations. Wages of ordin ary mechanics vary from $1.50 to $3.00 per day, according to skill. The planting and harvest periods of lead ing products are : Cotton, April, September to December; corn, March, October ;fl wheat, October and November, May and early June; other fall grains harvested same time; those sowed in February and March harvested in June. The fruits to which the section is best adapted are the peach, fig, apple, pear, strawberry, raspberry, melons of all kinds. The ptach attains here, and in Southwest Georgia, its greatest perfection , and immense quantities are raised for export, both in their natural and dried state ; the same may be said of the apple and blackberry, though the latter is a spontaneous growth and yields abundantly in a wild state. Almost every other variety of fruit known in the Southern States thrives well in this division. Th e table vegetables are all !'TOWn successfully, the hardier varieties the year round. The climate is a happy m edium between those of Southern and Northern Georgia, an d, in healthfulness, equal to that of any part of the world. There is much uniformity of temperature, sudden rises and falls occurring but rarely. The mean an nual temperature is 60 to 64. Sne~w falls about once in three years, the depth varying from H to 4 inchef! Every portion of the division abounds in running stream~, while the spring and well waters are excellent. The difference in elevation between the Northern and the Southern portions of the division being from 650 to 700 feet, the water-powers are probably unequalled by those of an y similar area on the continent. It would be difficult to fix a limit to its man ufacturing facilities in this res nect. The society is good, and th e people edu cated and refined. Immigrati on is desired and good lan ds can be bought on liberal terms at from $4.00 to $10.00 per acre. The mineral springs are few, but for curative powers are unsurpassed in the Union. The Indian Spring, in Butts county, and the Warm and Sulphur Springs, in Meriwether, are famous resort.~ of invalids, and enjoy a deserved popularity. 
COUNTIES. 
BALDWIN-Population in 1870, 10,618-3,844 white, 6, 744 black; 62 per cent. o( tillable land cleared, 90 per cent. of field laborers black; 18 free public school~ for whites. 16 for blacks; Baptist churches 4 . Methodist 5, Presbyterian 1, Episcopal!, Roman Catholic 1-all for whites; blacks have a.bout same number; one large cotton factory in county. 
MiiledgevWe, the capital town. is on south bank of O~onee river, is market town for the county, at crossing; of two railroads; bas a population of 4.000-1828 white, 2,172 black; 500 ])rivate dwellings, 1 h otel, 1 bank,{) churcbes, 7 schools with 145 scholars, 2 weekly newspapers, 9 dry goods stores, 22 grocery stores, 2 drug stores, 4 physicians, 7 lawyers and 2 dentists. 
BUTTs-Population in 1870, 6,941-3,496 white, 3,445 black; 1 per ceut. of 
 
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county too broken for cultivation, 2 per cent. irreclaimable swamp, 45 per cent. of tillable land cleared; 50 per cent. of field laborers white; 17 free public schools for whites, 8 for blacks; Baptist churches 9, Methodist 6, Presbyterian, 1; flour and saw mills abundant, and only manufactories of the county. The famous Indian Spring is in this county. 
.Jackson, the county site, is 20 miles from a railroad and market town, 45 from head of navigation on Ocmulgee river, has 400 inhabitants-:250 white, 150 black; 40 private dwellings. 1 hotel , 2 churches, 1 school with 40 scholars, 1 weekly newspaper, 3 dry goods stores, 1 grocery store, 1 drug store, 4 physicians, 3lawyers, 1 dentist. 
CAMPBELL-Popniation in 1870, 9,175-6,589 white, 2.587 black; 63 per cent. of tillable land cleared ; 24 free public schools for whites, 8 for blacks ; Baptist churches 18, Methodist 8, Lutheran 1, Protestant Methodist 2. Blacks have 6 Baptist and 8 Methodist churches; wagon and buggy factories, flour and cor:1 mills, the only manufacturing interests. 
Fairburn, the capital town, is on the Atlanta and West Poin t railroad. 19 miles from Atlanta, the market town ; has 550 inhabitants-400 white, 150 black ; 100 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 6 churches, 1 school with 80 scholars, 7 dry goods stores, 8 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 3 physicians, 8 lawyers, 1 dent!st. 
Campbellton. the old capital has a population of 66-39 white, 27 blac"i; ; 15 private dwellings, 1 h otel. 4 churches, 1 school with 21 scholars, one dry goods store, 2 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 3 physicians. 
CARROLL-Population in 1870, 11,782-10,473 white, 1,309 black; only 15 per cent. of tillable land cleared; entire under strata of county mineral, several gold mines have been extensively and successfully worked, copper and mangan ese also exist in quantities to justify mining ; 80 per cent. of field labor p erformed by whites; 63 free public schools 'for whites, 10 for blacks, besides private schools; Bapti3t churches 31, Methodist 35, Presbyterian 3, Christian 'i; 1 cotton factory, 1 paper mill, numerous flour, corn and lumber mills. 
Carrollton, the capital town, on Savannah, Griffin and North Alabama Railroad, is market town for the county; has 1,325 inhabitants-950 white, 375 black ; 200 private dwellings, 2 hotels, 5 churches, 4 schools with 124 pupils, 1 weekly newspaper, 12 dry goods stores, 4 grocery stores, 2 drug stores, 6 physicians, 12 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
CLARKE-Population, in 1870, 12,941-6,488 white, 6,453 black; 78 per cent. of original forest felled ; 33 per cent of it in cultivation; 70 per cent. of farm laborers black; State Universitv located in the county; 2 female high schools; 19 public fre., schools f~r whites, 17 for blacks; 9 Baptist churche~, 6 Methodist, 2 Episcopal, 2 Presbyterian, 1 Roman Catholic, 1 Jewish syrip agogue; the county bas 3 cotton factories and 1 paper mill, eruployin~ together 200 hands; 1 iron foundry and machine shop, 20 hands; 1 bobbin mill, 4 hands; 1 door, sash and blind factory, 20 hands; 1 p~aning mill, besides flour, corn and saw mills in good nua1ber and well distributed. 
.Athens, t.he capital bwn, situated on Oconee river, is the terminus of two r;dlroads connecting it with all parts of the State, is market town for the eouni.y, hM a population of 5,979-2,884 white, 3,095 black, 1,200 ptivate 
 
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dwellings, 2 hotels, 2 banks, 11 churches, 14 schools-including State University-with 700 scholars, 14 dry goods stores, 21 grocery stores, 2 drug stores, 2 weekly newspapers, 9 physicians, 15 lawyer s, 4 dentists. 
CLAYTON-Population, in 1870, 5,477-3,734 white, 1, 743 black; about 1 per cent. of county too b illy, an d a like per cent. too swampy, for cultivation; 75 per cent. of field laborers white; Hl public free schools for whites, 6 for blacks; Baptists have 12 churches, Methodists 10, Presbyterians 1, Lutherans 1 ; 10 flour and corn mills, 1 plough fac!.ory, 1 furniture factory, 1 carriage factory. 
Jonesboro', the capital town, is on Central Railro ad, 20 miles from Atlanta, the market town. (Details not reported.) 
CoLUMDIA-Popuhtion, in 1870, 13,529---4,080 white, 9,449 black; 1 per cent. of county too broken for tillage; 2~ per cent. irreclaimable swamp ; 70 per cent. of tillable land cleared; 80 per cent. of field laborers bl ack; 22 public free schools for whites, 1 for blacks ; Baptist churches 10, Methodist 11; Georgia Railroad runs through southern portion of county, and Savannah river forms its northeastern boundary. 
Appling, the capital town, is 10 miles from Savannah river, 9 miles from Georgia Rail road , 22 miles from Augusta, the market town ; h as a population of 114-38 whites, 76 blacks, 7 private dwellings, 1 h otel, 2 churches, 1 school with 25 scholars, 1 dry goods store, 1 grocery store, 1 physician, 1 lawyer. 
CoWETA-Population, in 1870,15,875-7,856 white, 8,019 black; 1 percent. of land too broken for tillage; 48 per cent. of tillable land cleared ; 69 per cent. of field laborers black: some gold discovered, but not mined to any considerable extent; 40 public free schools for whites, 26 for blacks; Baptist churches 12, Methodist 15; Presbs terian 4, Luth eran 1, Christian 2 ; 1 cotton factory, with 50 operatives; 1 shoe factory; 1 furniture factory, with 5 operatives; 1 foundry, with 20 operatives . 
Newnan, the capital town, is located at the crossing of the Atlanta & West Point and Savannah, Griffin & North Alabama Railroads, 40 miles from Atlanta, has a population of 2,000-1,200 white, 800 ];)lack, 350 private dwellings, 2 hotels, 2 banks, 6 churches, 7 schools with 310 scholars, 2 weekly newspapers, 15 dry goods and mixed stores, 13 grocery stores, 2 drug stores, 9 phy~icians, 11 lawyers, 2 dentists. 
DEKALB--Population, in 1870; 10,014-7,352 white, 2,662 black. Except Stone Mountain and its rocky extensions-about 2,000 acres-the whole county is tillable, and 25 per cent. cleared; gold exists to a limited extent, but is not mined; 75 per cent. of farm laborers white; 39 public free schools for whites, 14 for blacks; Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, th e prevailing religious denominations; 2 cotton factories propelled by water, with 120 operatives; several wagon factories, and ample supply of lumber, flour and corn mills. 
Decatur, the capital town, eligibly situated on Georgia Railroad, 7 miles from Atlanta, and once a favorite resort in summer months, has 700 inh abitants-400 white, 300 black; 80 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 5 churches, 2 
 
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schools with 100 pupils, 6 dry goods stores, 4 grocery stores, 4 physicians, 4 lawyers. 
Stone Jlfountain, situated at the base of the wonderful natural curiosity ot that name, and immediately on the Georgia Railroad, 16 milP-s from Atlanta, has a population of 1,150-900 white, 250 black, 140 private dwellings, l hotel, 4 churches, 1 weekly new~paper, 3 schools with 180 scholars, 14 stores of mixed merchandize, 6 physidans, 1 lawyer. 
DouGLAs-Organ lzecl since last decennial census, (October 1870) out of parts of Campbell and Carroll; population not yet ascertained, but large proportion white; 10 ner cent. of county too broken for tillage; 38 per cent. of tillable land cleared; GO per ceet. of field laborers white; no minerals now mined-gold formerly paid well; magnetic iron ore, copper, and asbestus exist, but not worked for want of capital; 14 public free schools for white 
i. 3 for blacks; 9 Baptist churches, 9 Methodist, 1 Christian, 1 Unitarian, 
Lutheran. lJogglasville, the capital town, is 18 miles from an operating railroad, but 
on one in process of construction, 25 miles from the market town, has 850 mhabitunts-800 white, 50 black, 160 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 churches, 2 schools with 60 scholars, 6 dry goods stores, 7 grocery stores, 2 physicians, 5 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
ELBERT-Population, m 1870, 9,249-4,386 white, 4,863 black; nearly entire county tillable; 65 per cent. cleared, gold, black lead, iron ore have been discovered, but neither mined; 64 per cent. of farm laborers black; about 6:;> pubiic free schools, very near equally divided between whites and blacks; 12 Baptist churches, 11 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian; flour, corn and lumber mills and tanyards the only m:1nufacturing establishments. 
Elberta,., th<c capital town, is 13 miles from Savannah river, 40 miles from Athens, 75 from Augusta, 100 from Atlanta, 50 from Toccoa, with which latter place a railrcmtl connection will be formed during the present year1878; it has GOO inlmbitant8-375 white>, 225 black; 74 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 4 churches, 4 schools with 120 pupils 1 weekly newspaper, 7 dry goods stores, 8 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 3 physicians, lllawyers, 1 dentist. 
FAYETTE-Population, in 1870, 8,221-5,683 white, 2,538 black; all the lands of the conn ty believed to be t1ilable, and 50 per cent of them cleared; 60 per cer, t. of larm laborers white; 21 public free schools for whites, 11 for blacks; Ihptists bave 10 churches, Methodi:>ts 10, Christians 1. 
Ji'ayettevltle, the capicai town, is 9 miles froi:n Jonesboro' on Central Railroad, 29 miles from Atlanta, the market town, has 130 inhabitants-100 white, 30 black, 25 private dwellings, 1 hotel. 2 churches, 1 school with 30 scbolari3: 2 tni.xed stor{"S, 2 physicians, 4 lawyers. 
FuLTON--I'opnlation, in 1870, 33,446-18,164 white, 15,282 lack, about 2~ per cent. of land \o broken for tillage; 65 per cent. of tillable land clearecl; 55 per ;..;~;ut. r.d fa:rLn laborertJ white; gold. serpentine, asbestus, iron l'Yrite, with some copper, gnebs and scapstone, are the principal minerals; c\tcre m" :22 p:1blic free sch>ols for whites, 8 for biacks, besides many private hiv,h sdwols; 12 Baptist churches, 14 Methodist, 5 Presbyterian, 4 1pi.<~v1Jal 1 1 C.mgrcgatioual1 l Christian, 1 Catholic, 1 Lutheran, 1 Hebrew; 
 
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1 cotton factory, 4 planing mills, 3)railroad car shops, 1 rolling mill, 6 iron foundries, 2 door and sash factories, 6 merchant flour mills, 2 soap factorie, 1 large brewery, 2 paper mills, 2 ice factories, 1 boot and shoe factory, I candy factories, 2 paper box and bag factories, 2 cracker factories, 2 cottongin factories, 1 manufactory of agricultural implements . 
Atlanta, the capital town, and seat of government of the State, may be said to be the railroad center of the South. It has an altitude of 1,087 teet above the sea, and is located on the waser shed which divides Lhe waters of the Atlantic from th ose of the Gulf of Mexico, in latitude 3345'19.8", longitude 84:23' 29.7". Population, in 1877, 35,956, (now considerably in creased) about one-third black; bas 8 h otels, 44 churches, 1 medical college with 100 students, 9 public free schools with 4,100 enroll~d scholars-2,500 white, 1,600 black-56 teachers; private schools 5, pupils 350 ; AtLnta U niversity, (colored) 125 students; Theological Seminary, (colored) 50 students; 1 daily paper, 8 weekly, 2 monthly, 2 periodicals, (monthly ) 16 printing offices, 3 binderies, 9 banks, 50 dry goods stores, 9 shoe stores, 400 grocery stores, 36 drug stores, 27 fruit stores, 60 licensed physicians, 71 licensed lawyers, 8 dentists, 40 places of miscellaneous business. 
GREENE-Population, in 1870, 12,454-4,298 white, 8,156 bl rock ; the entire county believed to be susceptible of tillage; 58 per cent. o f" lt cleared; 00 per cent of field laborers black; 30 free public schools for whites, 20 for blacks; Baptists have 12 churches, Methodists 9, Presbyterians 4, Roman Catholics 1; about same number of Baptist and Methodist churches for blacks; several cotton factories, all now suspended ; wagon and carriage factories, flour, corn and lumber mills abundant-also tanyards. 
Greensboro', the capital town , is situated on Georgia Railroad, 8i miles from Augusta, the market town, bas 1,200 inhabitants-600 white. 600 black, 70 private dwellings, 3 h otels, 4 churches, 2 schools with 50 pupils, 2 weekly newspapers, 6 dry goods stores, 2 grocery stores, 2 drug stores,  physicians, lllawyers, 1 dentist. 
Union Point is a thriving village situated at the junction of the Geo rgia Railroad and th e Athens branch of the same road ; it is 39 miles by rail from Athens, 78 miles from Augusta an d 93 from Atlanta; population 525 -whites 275, blacks 250 ; 4 church es, 2 schools, 6 stores, 3 lawyers, 3 physicians, 1 hotel. 
HANCOCK-Population, in 1870, 11,3l7-3,64E white, 7,672 black ; 56 per cent. of tillable land cleared; 80 per cent. of farm laborer>\ black ; 34 free public schools for whites, 15 for blacks ; Baptist churches 9, Methodist 13, Presbyterian 2, Episcopal 1, Roman Catholic 1; 1 cotton mill, but now suspended; 1 sash and blind factory; several cotton-gin and carriage factories. 
Sparta, the capital town, is situated o., the Macon & Augusta Railroad 50 miles from Macon and 70 from Augusta, the market tow n , th ough much cotton sold at the place; white population 570, black 250, private dwellings 70, hotels 2, banks 1, churches 4, schools 2, pupils 80, 1 weekly liewspaper, 13 dry goods stores, 5 grocery stores, 2 drug stores, 7 physicians, 10 iawyers, 2 dentists. 
 
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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE-GEORGIA. (134] 
 
HARRis-Population, in 1870, 13,284-5.791 white, 7,493 black; 7 per cent. of county too mountainous for successful tillage; 75 per cent. of tillable land cleared; 66 per cent. of farm laborers black; 47 public free schools for whiteti, 23 for blacks; Baptists have 11 churches, Primitive Baptists 3, Methodists 13, Presbyterians 1; 2 cotton factories in the county, one employing about 250 hands, the other not in operation; flour, corn and saw mills abundant, and all necessary workshops. 
Hamilton, the capital town is romantically situated in a valley between Pine and Oak mountains-peaks of a detached chain running through UpilOn, Talbot and Harris, to the Chatt,lhoochee river. It is within two mile!! of the present terminus of the North & South Railroad, 22 miles from Columbus, the market town, 20 from West Point, 22~ from LaGrange; has 1,000 inhabitants-700 white, 300 black, 75 private dwellings, 2 hotels, 4 churches, 1 female college with 4 professors and 76 students, 2private achools, 1 weekly newspape:, 4 mixed stores, 2 grocery and liquor stores, 1 drug store, 3 physicians, 7 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
HEARD-Population, in 1870, 7,86tl-5,218 white, 2,648 black; about2 per cent. of county too broken for tillage; same amount of irreclaimable swan1p; 50 per cent. of tillable land cleared; 62 per cent. of farm laborers white; gold, copper, iron and mica exist, but in small quantities; 32 public free schools for whites, 8 for blacks; Baptists churches 23, Methodist 17; 
Franklin, the capital town, is 15 miles from a railroad, 20 miles from LaGrange, the market town of the county; has 300 inhabitants-250 white. 50 black, 30 private dwellings, 3 churches, 1 hotel, 1 school with 40 pupils, 11 mixed stores, 3 physicians, 4 lawyers, 2 dentists. 
HENRY-Population, in 1870, 10,102-6,259 white, 3,833 black; about 1' per cent. of county too broken for tillage; 3 per cent. too swampy; of tillable land 68 per cent. cleared; 50 per cent. of farm laborers white; some golct and iron, not snfficient for mining; public free schools for whites 35, for blacks 26; Baptist churches 15, Methodist 10, Presbyterian 1, B1ble Christian 1; several wool-carding machines in county; 11lso, wagon, carriage and furniture faetories. 
McDonough, the capital town, is ten miles from the Central Railroad and market town, 50 miles from Macon ; has 400 inhabitants-275 white, 125 black; 46 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 3 churches, 1 school with 18 pupils, 4 dry-goods stores, 3 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 3 physicians, 3 lawyers. 
JASPER.-Population in 1870, 10,439-3,884 white, 6,555 black; about 3! per cent. of county too broken for profitable tillage, and lit per cent. too swampy; of tillable land 40 per cent. is cleared, 67 per cent. of farm laborers black; 23 public free schools for whites, 14 for blacks; Baptist churches 12, Methodist 10; Presbyterian 1; abundant water powers but no manufactures except flour, corn and lumber mills, 
Monticello, the capital town, is 20 miles from the Georgia RaUroad, and Madison the market town, (details not reported.) 
JoNEs.-Population in 1870, 9,436-2,H91 white, 6,445 black; about two per cent. of county too hilly for tillage, 1 per cent. irreclaimable swamp, 62 per cent. of tillable land cleared, 84 per cent. of farm laborers black; 18 
 
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pub\ic fr~.scnools for whites, 19 for blacks; Baptist churches 8, Methodist 9; flour, corn and lumber mills abundant. 
.Olinton, the capital town, is 6 miles from Macon and Augusta Railroad, 12.roi.les from Macon, the market town; ha&a population of 250-100 white, 15,0 black, 32 private dwellings, 1 hotel; 2 churches, 2 schools with 70 scholan~, 2 dry-goods stores, 2 grocery stores, 4 physicians, 4lawyers. 
LrNCOLN.-Population in 1870, 5,413-1.797 white, il,616 black; about 2! per cent. of county too broken for tillage, 37 per cent. of tillable land cleared, 64 per centof farm laborers black; gold, silver, copper, lead, rutile, manganese and several precious stones exist; gold mined extensively- by several companies with handsome profits, the mines paying as well as any in State; with capital, gold is destined to become an immense interest; Norman mine, near Goshen, bas yielded very handsomely in last 4 months . County has 11 public free schools for whites, 8 for blacks; Baptist churches 6, Methodist 8, Presbyteria\1 1; flour, corn and lumber mills, small wood and iron shops the only manufacturing interests. 
Lincolnton, the capital town, is 7 mile~ from Savannah river, 18 miles frO!ll Washington, 20 miles from Thomson, on Georgia Railroad, and 45 mi)es from Augusta, the principal market town; has 146 inhabitauts-106 w!lite, 40 black; 16 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 churches, 1 school with 30 scholars, 2 dry-goods stores, 2 grocery stores, 2 physicians, 2 lawyers. 
McDuFFIE.-Having been formed in 1871 out of parts of Warren and Columbia, and since the date of the last census, population not ascertained; 50 per cent. of tillable land cleared; 68 per cent. of farm laborers black; gold found in large deposits and veins in northern part of county and worked successfully tor many years, mines still in operation and paying handsomely; copper exists in same section, but is not ruined; there are 19 public free schools for whites, 8 for blacks; only religious denominations Baptist and Methodist, former has 5 churches, latter 6, besides churches for blacks; wagons, buggies, flour, lumber, leather, only articles manufactured in county. 
Thom,son, the capital town is on Georgia Railroad. 30 miles from Augusta, same distance from Savannah river; (details not reported.) 
MEBIWETHEB.-Population in 1870, 13,756-6,387 white, 7,369 black; 6 per cent. of lands too mountainous or broken for successful tillage, 78~ per cent. of tillable land cleared, 80 per cent of farm laborers black ; gold mines in northwestern portion of county been worked on considerable scale and with good success for many years, there are 44 public free schools for whites, 15 for blacks; religious denominations, Methodist and Baptist chiefly and about equal in number; some Presbyterians; county noted for its mineral spring. 
Greenville, the capital town, is 15 miles from the Atlanta and West Point Railroad, 20 miles from LaGrange, 45 miles from Columbus, both being mar k:et towns; (details not reported). 
MoNROE.-Popnlaticn in 1870, 17,213-6,409 whiie, 10,804 black; entire county considered susceptible of cultivation, 85 per cent. of original forest cleared; 80 per cent. of farm laoorers black; copper believed to exist, but no mining; 31 public fr~ schools for whites, 23 for blacks; has 10 Baptist 
 
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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGI~ 
 
(136] 
 
churches, 15 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, f> or 6 large merchant mills, with many smaller mills. 
Forsyth, the capital town, is situated on the Central Railroad, 26 miles uortb of Macon, 77 from At)anta, 12 from Ocmulgee river; has 2,300 inhabitants-1,200 white, 1,100 black, 225 privaoe dwellings, two hotels, 1 bank, 5 church es, 5 schools including a female college with an aggregate of 250 scholttrs, l weekly newspaper, 12 dry-goods stores, 9 grocery stores, 3 drug stores, 3 physicians, 11 lawyers, 4 dentists. 
MORGAN.-Population in 1870, 10,696-3,637 white, 7,058 black; about 6 per cent. of -county too broken or hilly for profitable cultivation, 2 per cent. irreclaimable swamp, 62~ per cent. of original forest cleared, 76 per cent. of farm laborers black , gold mined to 11 small extent twenty-five years ago; a bed of mica recently discovered ; county has 34 public free schools for whites, 17 for blacks; religious denominations, Baptist 9 churches, Methodist 10, Presbyterian 1, Episcopal 1, Primitive Baptist 2; 1 cotton factory with 300 operatives, carriage and wagon factories, flour, corn and lumber mills ample for public wants. 
Madison, the capital town, is on the Georgia Railroad 68 miles from At lanta, 103 from Augusta, and is the market town for the inhabitants generally, has a popltlation of 2,700-1,400 white, 1,300 black, 171 private dwellings. 2 banks, 6 churches, 2 hotels, 5 schools with 95 scholars.1 weekly newspaper, 15 dry-goods stores, 17 grocery stores, 2 drug stores, 1 hardware store, 5 physicians, 11 Lawyers, 2 dentists. 
NEWTON.-Population in 1870, 14,615-8,601 white, 6,014 black; 63 per cent. of tillable land cleared, 55 per cent. of farm laborers black; gold found but n ever mined successfully; 1 male college, 1 female college. 33 public free schools for whites, L6 for blacks ; Baptists have 12 churches, Methodists 12, Presbyterian~ 3; 2 cotton mills now confined to yarns, 1 woolen mill, flour, corn and lumber mills abundant. 
Covington, the capital town and market for county, is on Georgia Railroad 41 miles from Atlanta, 130 from Augusta, has 1,250 inhabitants-GOO white, 650 black, 250 dwellings, 2 hotels, 1 bank, 5 churches, 1 female college, and 2 schools for whites. aggregating 200 scholars, 2 schools for blacks, 2 weekly newspapers, 14 dry-goods stores, 7 grocery stores, 1 furniture store, 1 book store, 1 drug store, 5 physicians, 2 lawyers, 3 dentists. 
Oxford, seat of Emory College, on Georgia Railroad, 1 mile from Covington, has 1,050 inhabitants-800 white, 250 black, 75 I=riv..te dwellings, 3 churches, 4 schools with 250 scholars, 2 grocery stores, 2 physicians, 2lawyers. 
OcoNEE.-County organized February, 1875, from a portion of Clarke, and ~ensus not ascertained; of tillable land 58 per cent. cleared, 57 per cent. of f!irm hands black; has 19 public free schools for whites, 7 for blacks, 8 Baptist Churches, 7 Methodist, 4 Christian ; 3 cotton factories on the county line, manufiwtories of carriages, wagons, leather, shoes. 
'Walkinsville, the capital town, is 7 miles from Athens, the market town, same distance from a railroad, has 344 inhabitants-194 white, 150 black, 34 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 1 church, 2 schools with 85 scholars, 3 dry-goods 11iores, 1 grocery store, 2 phy10icians, 3lawyers, 1 dentist. 
OGLETIIOnPn:.-Population in 1870, 11,782-4,641 white, 7,141 black; 8 per 
 
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cent. of county too broken for successful cultivation, 50 per cent. of tillable land cleared, 70 per cent. of farm laborers black ; gold and copper exist, a belt of former running through county northeast and southwest, very rich at points and with capital to work it would pay well; has 29 public free schools for whites, 9 for blacks; 2 Baptist churches; 15 Methodist, 2 Presbyterian ; no manufactories except the usual mills and shops. 
Lexington, the capital town , is 3 miles from Athens branch Georgia Railroad, 16 miles from ALhens, the market town of the county, has a populntion of 600-225 whites, 375 blacks, 65 private residences, 3 churches, 8 echools with 90 scholars, 1 weekly newspaper, 3 dry-goods stores, 3 grocery stores, 3 physicians, 5 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
PIKE.-P opulation in 1870, 10,905-5,999 white, 4,906 black; about 2 per cent. of county too broken and same amount too swampy for successful tillage; of tillable land 70 per cent. cleared, 52 per cent of farm laborers white; 81 public free schools for whites, 15 for blacks:; 24 Baptist churches, 22 Methodist; 1 Presbyterian; carriages, buggies, farniture only ~anufactures of county. 
Zebulon, the capital town, is 9 miles from Central Railroad, 8 and 12 miles from the two market towns, 40 miles from Ocmulgee river; has 250 inhabitants-150 white, 100 black, 28 private dwellings. 1 h otel, 2 churches, 1 school with 50 pupils, 2 dry-goods stores, 2 grocery stores, 3 physicians, 3 lawyers. 
BarneS'IJille, on Central Railroad, 61 miles from .Atlanta, 42 from Macon, has 2,100 inhalntants-1,500 white, 1,100 black, 400 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 1 bank, 4 churches, 4 schools including 1 institute, 350 pupils, 1 weekly newspaper, 10 dry-goods stores, 12 grocery stores, 3 drug stores, 4 physicians, 7 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
Milner, on Central Railroad, 54 miles from Atlanta, 49 miles from Macon, bas 550 inhabitants-350 white, 200 black; 75 pnvate dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 churches, 1 school with 65 scholars, 9 dry-goods stores, 3 grocery stores, 2 lawyers, 3 ph yBicians. 
PuTNAM.-Population in 1870, 10,461-3,016 white, 7,445 black; i of 1 per cent. of lands too broken for successful tillage, 2! per cent. too swampy, 50 per cent of tillable land cleared, 82 per cent of farm laborers black; iron pyrite, only mineral of value known to exist; about 40 public free schools with private high school at county site; 12 Baptist churches, 18 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian; leather, shoes, flour and lumber principal manufactures; two cotton factories destroyed during the war never rebuilt, sites among the best in the State. 
Eatonton, the capital town and market of the county, is terminus of Eatonton branch Central Railroad, 40 miles from Gordon, 50 miles from Macon via railroad: 1,601 inhabitants-600 white, 1,001 black-100 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 4 churches, 5 schools including high school with 175 pupils, 1 weekly newsp11per, 10 dry-goods stores ; 6 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 4 physician, 7 lawyers, 2 dentists. 
RocKDALE.-Laid off October, 1870, out of parts of Newton and Henry and census not ascertained; 4! per cent of lands too rocky for cultivation, 68 per cent. of tillable land cleared, 63 per cent. of farm laborers white; 21 public free ichoola for whites, 11 for black&; Baptist churches 10, Methodist 
 
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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICU~TURE--GEORGI~ [138] 
 
10; Pre$byterian :.! ; llarge paper mill 30 operatives, 1 cotton factory, buggy andchu.ir:factories, flour and lumber mills. 
Gonyer., the capital town and market for the county; is on Georgi6 Railroad 31 miles from Atlanta and 140 from Augusta, (details not reported). 
E!P.A.LDINo.-Population in 1870, 10,205-5,327 white, 4,878 black; 2! per cent. of lands too broken for successful tillage, 3 per cent, too swampy, 63 per cent. of tillable land cleared, 57 per cent. of farm laborers .Jack ; no minerals ; 22 public free schools for whites, 14 for blacks, besides private schools; 16 Baptist churches, 15 Methodist, 2 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 3 Chti&tian, 1 Lutheran; carriages, wagons, furniture, leather. flour and lumber comprise the manufactures of county. 
Yritnr , the capital town, is on tbe Central Railroad, 41 miles from Atlanta, 62miles from Macon, is market town of county; has 2 banks, (details not reported.) 
TALDOT.-Population in 1870, 11,913-'l,761 white, 7,152 black; 6 per cent. of lands too mountainous for tillage, 2i per cent. irreclaimable swamp, 71! per cent. of tillabl~ land cleared; iron ore exists; public free schools ample for all purposes; Baptist churches 11, Methodist 14, Presbyterian 2, Episcopal 1; 1 gin factory, carriage factories. tanneries, flour and lumber mills, and 1 rice mill. 
Tqlbotton, the capital town, is 7 miles from the Southwestern Railroad, 30 miles from Columbus, the market town, and from a navigable stream; has 1,000 inhabitants---&>o white, 400 black, 150 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 5 churches, 4 schools with 150 scholars, 2 weekly newspapers, 1 steam flour and corn mill, 4 dry-goods stores, 7 grocery stores, 1 hardware store, 2 drug stores, 3 physicians, 10 lawyers, 2 dentists. 
Ge'IIBOa, on the Southwestern Railroad, 30 miles from Columbus, has 250 inhabitants-175 white, 75 black; 25 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 churches, 2 schools with 60 pupils, 6 dry-goods stores, 5 grocery stores, 1 physician, 2lawyers. 
TALIAFEBBo.-Populatioil in 1870, 4,796-1,809 white, 2,987 black; entire area of county considered tillable, 50 per cent. of land cleared; 70 per cent. of farm laborers white; 21 freepublicschools for whites, 9 for blacks; 8 Bapti!!t churches, 2 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Roman Catholic; furniture, carriages, wagons, flour, lumber only manufactures. 
Or. wfordville, the capital town, is on the Georgia :Railrond, 64 miles from Augusta, 107 from Atlanta, has a population of 500-300 white, 200 black; tiO private dwellings, 1 hotel, 3 churches, 1 weekly newspaper, 10 mixed stores, 1 drug store, 5 physicians, 8 lawyers, l dentist. 
TBOUP.-Population in 1870, 17,632-6,408 white, 11,224 black; 3! per 
cent. of land too broken for tillage, 5 per cent. irreclaimable swamp, 77 per 
cent. of tillable land cleared; mica and asbestus exist in large beds; 41 public free schools for whites, 32 for blacks; Baptist churches 13, Methodist 13, Presbyterian 4; Troup cotton tactory has 100 hands, Chattahoochee cotton factory on State line 100 hands. 
LaG-range, the capital town, situated on Atlanta and West-Point Railroad, 70 miles from Atlanta, 14 miles from Columbus. is market town of the cow:aty, bas 2,250 inhabitants-875 white, 1,375 black; 475 private dwelling, 
 
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2 hotels, 5 churches, 6 schools with 702 pupils, 1 weekly newspaper, 0 drygoods stores, 20 grocery stores and confectionaries, 2 drug stores, 5 physicians, 18 lawyers, 3 dentists. 
West Point is situated on the Chattahoochee River, is the terminus of th e Atlanta and \Vest Point Railroad, 87 miles from Atlan ta, 17 miles from LaGrange, has 2,310 inhabitants-1,370 white, 040 black; 207 private dwellings, 3 hotels, 2 banks, 5 churches, 2 schools with 300 pupils, 2 weekly newspapers, 10 dry-goods stores, 2 shoe stores, 18 grocery stores, 3 drug stores, 1 hardware store, 3 warehouses, 7 physicians, 5 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
UPSON.-Population in 1870, 9,430-4.865 white, 4,565 black; 2 per cent. of county too broken for cultivation, of tillable land 50 per cent. c;eared; minerals-gold, iron, the best of granite and sand 5tone for building; waterpowers unsurpassed; 57 per cent. of farm laborers white; 27 public free schools for whites, 7 for blacks; Baptist churches 12, Methodist 14, Presbyterian 1, besides negro churches; 3 cotton factories, 1 wood machine works, flour and lumber mills abundant. 
Thomaston, the capital town, is the terminus of Thomaston branch of Central Railroad, 17 miles from Barnesville, 78 miles from Atlanta, 60 from Macon ; is the market town of county, has 900 inhabitants-650 white, 250 black; 125 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 4 churches, 2 schools with 150 pupils, 1 weekly newspaper, 9 dry goods stores, 7 grocery stores, 5 physicians, 7 Iawyers, 1 dentist. 
W ALTON.-Population in 1870, 11,038-6,876 white, 4,W2 black; 1t per cent. of county too broken for tillage, 13 irreclaimable swa_mp; of tillable land 63 per cent. cleared; 53 per cent, of farm laborers black; 30 public free ~chools for whites. 10 for blacks; Baptists have 14 church es, Methodists 9, Presbyterians 1; negro churches 8-all Baptist and Methodist; 1 cotton factory , 1 woollen mill, numerous fl our and lumber mills. 
Monroe, the capital town, is 10 miles from Social Circle, 22 miles from Madison, 24 from Athens; bas 1,000 inbabitants-700 white, 300 black; 1~5 private dwellings, 2 hotels, 4 churches, three schools. with 150 pupils, Gdry goods stores, Ggrocery stores, 1 drug store, ~physicians, 6lawyers. 
Social Gircl~, on Georgia Railroad, the market town of the county, 52 miles from Atlanta, 119 from Augusta, bas a population of whites 550, blackR 320-totsl, 870; 18 private dwellings, 2 hotels 2. church es. 1 school with 65 scholars, 1 weekly newspaper, 7 dry goods stores, 2 drug stores, 5 physicians. 2 lawyers and 2 dentists. 
WARREN.-Population in 1870, 10,545-4,285 white, 6,260 black; whole area considered tillable, 25 per cent. cleared and in cultivation . 66 per cent. of farm laborers black; gold formerly mined with profit, but no mining at present; 26 public free schools for whites. 10 for blacks; Baptist churches 18, Methodist 20; Rock Mills Cotten Faclory employs 175 h ands, flour and lumber mills ample. 
Wmrenton, the capital town, is on Macon and Augusta Railroad, 50 miles from Augusta, the market town, by rail, 75 miles from Macon. (details not reported) .. 
WILKES. -Population in 1870, 11,706-3,969 white, 7,827 black; ~of one per cent. too broken for successful tillage, 1 per cent. irreclaimable swamp, 
 
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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--{;EORGIA. l140] 
 
63~ per cent. in cultivation, 16~ per cent. in original forest, l!O per cent. pine old fields , 78 per cent. of farm laborers white; gold, lead, copper, and iron ores exist, but none mined except gold, to a limited extent: one mine in so11theastern portion of county being worked with handsome profit. There are 22 public free schools for whites, 10 for blacks, besides private schools ; 14 Baptist churches, 8 Methodist, 1 Episcopal, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Roman Catholic; carriages, waf!:ons, leather, flour, lumber. and usual wood and iron work, the only manufactures of county. 
Washtngton, the capital town. is the northern terminus of Washington branch Georgia Railroad, 18 miles from the main line, 75 from Augusta by rail, 52 by wagon road, 20 miles from pole-boat navigation on Savannah river; it has 1,800 inhabitants-600 white, 1, 200 black, 100 residences for whites, 2 hotels, 1 bank. 3 schools with 130 pupils, 1 weekly newspaper, 11 dry goods stores, 6 grocery stores, 2 drug stores, 4 phy~icians, 10 lawyers, 1 dentist. This is the first place in the United States named in honor of the Father of his country. 
EAST GEORGIA. 
 
This division of the State embraces the country lying between the heads of tide water in the east, and the Ocmulgee River in the west, arid sout.h to the corner of Liberty, Tattnall, and Appling, while th e counties of Twigge, Wilkinson, Washingion, Glascock, Jefferson and Richmond. indicateitsllim its in the North. It differs from Middle Georgia in several important respects: its geological formations are tertiary instead of metamorphic; its average elevation is only about 250 feet above the sea; its surface is m ore level ; its soils, for the most part, loamy or !Iandy; subsoil clay, red and yel low, 4 to 6 inches below the surface in clay lands, 8 to 12 inches in sandy lands; its forest growth is principally pine; it contains calcareous marls in considable deposits. It is a lso the commencement o f the section in which the sugar cane can be profitably cultivated, while its rocks, wbich are few , are of a sedimentary character , with iron ore and Buhr stone in several l ocali ties. Deposits of kaolin and pipe clay are found along its entire length from east to west. Its water powers are less than those of Middle Georgia, and its drinking water, while good, is less cool and pure. While pine is the leading forest growth, and the chief tirnber for building and export; t,here are also large bodies of oak and hickory. The soils in such localities are either clayey or gray, mostly the latter, and admirably adapted to the production of cotton a nd corn; cypress nbounds in the swamps and lowlands. The county of Bnrke was, for many years, and until t'Ie \ate revolution in our system oflabor, the leading cotton producing county of the State The comparatively fresh lands of Decatur have, of late years. enabled her to claim and hold the championship in this particular p roduct. Cotton. with corn, wheat, (the adaptation to which lessens as we proceed southward into the pine lands,) oats, rye, barley, sugar cane, potatoes, constit,ute the staple products o ( the section . The average yields per acre with fair culture: are cotton, 650 lbs.; corn, 14 bushels: wh eat, 12 bushels; oats, 25 bushels; cane syrup, 300 gallons; potatoes, 150 bushels ; barley 30 bushels. There is much high culture in the district, and these results are often quadrupled. The seasons for planting and harvesting are nearly the snmt'l 
 
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MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 
 
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as those of Middle Georgia, perhaps from 10 to 14 days earlier. The diBtrict is famous for it.~ excellent fruit, especially peaches. strawberries a"d melon~. large quantities of which are exported annually to northern markets Richmond, Bllrke and Washington being the principal counties engaged in the trade. The fig. grape-especially scuppernong-pear, plum. are all grown successfully. All the vegetables thrive well. 
The district is well watered, and water powers al"e ample for all purposes. The climate is perceptibly milde . in wint"r than that of Middle Georgia, and the average temperature in summer higher; snows light., and only fall once in everv tour or five years. The average p~ice of wood-land in the oak and hickory section is $7 to $10 per acre, and im proved lands $4 to $6; in the pine country uncleared lands can be b ought from $1 to $2 per acre; improved farms from $3 to $4. Both can be had on a liberal credit. In the upper half of the district. the average wages of good fi eld h a nd is $9 per month, with rations ; in the pine lands, $7 ; ordinary mechanics, $1 to $2. per day. 
The people are among the best in the State, and desire to fill up their surplus lands with industrious and thrifty immigrants. 
The Bermuda and sedge grasses of the old fields in the upper tier of counties, and th e wire grass and cane of the southern tier, afford the fiuest ra nges for catt.le and sheep the greater portion of the year. The southern counties abound in fish , deer, and nearly every species of wild game. 
COUNTIES. 
BuLLOCH.-Population, in 1870, 5,610-3,866 white, 1,744 black; county bas 6 per cent. irreclaimablt> swamp, 21 per ce~t of tillable land cleared , prevailing forest growth pine and cypress, with some oak, hickory, magno lia, elm: h as 47 public free ~ch ools for whites, 5 for blacks: 15 Baptist churches, 5 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Ro man Catholic: 64 per cent. of farm laborers white. 
Statesboro, the C'apital town, is iO miles from Central Railroad, 40 mile~~ 
from Savannah River, 55 miles from Savannah, the market town: (details oot reported ). 
BURKE-Population in 1870, 17,679-3,866 white, 13,436 black; 5 per cent. of county irr~claim able swamp, 6\! ner cent. of tillable land cleared; 76 per cent. of farm laborers black; iron ore in abundan ce and worked with profit during the late war; Buhr stone of excellent quality, quarried to a limited extent, marl in large and valuable deposits; 20 public free schools for whites, 13 for blacks; Baptist churchC!! 13, Methodist 12. Presbyterian 2, all for whites; negroes have about same number; no manu facturing except flour and lumber; county regarded as one of the richest and most prosperous in the State 
Waynesboro, the capital town, is on the Wayn esboro branch of the Cen t,ral Railroad, 30 miles from Augusta, the market town, 100 miles from Savannah, 20 miles from Savannah river; has 800 inhabitants-400 white, 400 !)Jack, 51 pri vate residences, 1 hotel , 4 churches, 3 schools with 175 pupils, 1 weekl,v newspaper, 11 stores of mixed merchandise, 2 drug st0res, 2 physi- cians, 11 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
 
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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA. [142] 
 
DonoE.-Having been laid off from parts of Telfair, Pulaski, and Montgomery, in 1870, population not given in census of that year; 5 per cent. of county to<' swampy for cultivation, 15 per cent. of tillable land cleared; 95 per cent. afforest growth yellow pine, same per cent. of soil sandy or sandy loam; 50 per cent. of farm laborers white; has 15 public free schools for whites, 3 for blacks, besides private schools ; 12 Baptist churches, 10 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian; naval stores and lumber leading manufactures, sawmills and turpentine distilleries numerous, 3 shingle factories. 
Eastman, the capital town, on Macon and Brunswick Railroad, 56 miles from, Macon, 130 miles from Brunswick, 12 miles from Ocmulgee river ; bas a population of 500-300 white, 200 black; 1 splendid hotel-a favorite winter resort for northern invalids, 30 private residences, some very elegant; no churches, 1 high school with 40 scholars, l weekly newspaper, 5 drygoods stores, 4 grocery stores, 3 physicians, 6 Iawyers. 
EMANUEL.-Population in 1870, 6,134--4,431 white, 1,703 black; has 4 per cent. irreclaimable swamp, 11 per cent. of tillable land cleared, 82 per cent. of farm laborers white; 33 public free schools for whites. 6 for blacks; 22 Baptist churches, 8 Methodist; 3 steam and 2 water lumber mills, 3 distilleries of turpentine, 2 carriage factories. 
Swainsboro, the capital town, is 17 miles from CentralRailroad, is the terminus of a projected branch road; is 4 miles from Oboopee river, 80 mile~ from Savannah, the market town of county; has 420 mhabitants~400 white, 20 black; 25 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 churches, 1 school with 40 scholars, 1 weekly newspaper, 3 dry-goods stores, 3 grocery stores, 3 physicians. 4 lawyers. 
GLAscocK.-Population in 1870, 2,736-1,917 white, 819 black; about 1 per cent. of county irreclaimable swamp, 20 per cent. of tillable land cleared; about 20 per cent. of soil clay . rest sandy; 66 per cent. of farm laborers white;. 12 public free schools for whites, 4 for blacks; 6 Baptist and 7 Methodist churches. 
Gibson, the capital town, is 14 miles from .Augusta and Macon Railroad, 15 miles from Central Railroad, 40 miles from Augusta, the market t@wn, (details not reported). 
JEFFERSON.-Population, in 1870, 12,190-4,247 white, 7,943 black; 6 per cent. of the county too swampy for cultivation, 70 per cent. of lands sandy, same proportion originally pine forest; of tillable land, 59 per cent. cleared; 74 per cent. of farm laborers black; a a quarry of superior Buhr stone in south.eastern corner has been worked with profit, no other minerals reported; there are 32 public free schools for whites, 8 for blacks; Baptist churches 10, Methodist 11., Presbyterian 3, Roman Catholic, 1; flour and lumber mills the only manufactures of county. 
Louisville, the capital town, and for many years the capital of the State, i~ 10 miles from the Central Railroad, 45 miles from Augusta. 110 miles from Savannah, the market town of the county; has 550 inhabJtants-300 white, 200 black; 75 private dwellings, 2 hotels, 4 churches, 4 schools with 70 pupile, 1 weekly newepaper. 6 dry goods stores, 4 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 5 physiciane, 6 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
 
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MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 
 
81 
 
JoHNSON.-Population, in 1870, 2,964-2,049 white, 915 black; forest growth chiefly pine, 16 per cent. clay lands, with oak and hickory growth, 5 per cent. irreclaimable swamp; about 20 per cent, of tillable land cleared ; 80 per cent. of farm laborers white; several deposits of marl, but not utilized ; 14 p ublic free schools, all for whites; Baptist churches 6, Methodist 11; no manufacturing. 
Wrigh.tsmlle, the capital town , is 15 miles from Central railroad, 120 from Savannah, principal market town, 80 miles from Augusta, 70 miles from Macon, (details n ot reported). 
LAURENs.-Population, in 1870, 7,831-4,180 white, 3,654 black; 21 per cent. of county irreclai mable swamp, 25 per cent. of tillable land cleared,20 per cent. clay. lands, 80 per cent. sandy and sandy loam; 58 per cent. of farm laborers black; prevailing forest growth yellow pin e of best quality for lumber; 31 public free schools for whites, 8 for blacks ; Baptist cb nrche11 18, Methodist. 8; fl our, lumber, wagons a nd leath er the only manufactures of county. 
])uf:Jlin, the capital t own, is on the Oconee River, 25 miles from Central Railroad, 30 miles from Macon an d Brunswick Railroad, 55 miles from Macon, 160 from Savannah; population 532-white 233, black 299; p rivate dwellings-of whites 46, blacks 34; h otels 2, churches-for whites 1, for black~ 1; schools-for whites 1 with 46 pupils, for blacks 1 with 40 pupils; weekly n ewspapers 2, dry goods stores 7, grocery stores 3, drug stores 1, physicians 2, lawyers 5, steam g-rist mills 2, steam saw mills 1, steam gins 2. 
MoNTGOMERY.-Popnlation in 1870, 3,576-2,488 white, 1,108 black ; 2 per cent. of lands too broken for successful till age, 4 per cent. irreclaimable swamps, 7 per cent. of tillable la nd cleared, forest growth chiefly long-leaf pine of best quality; with hickory, cypress, maple, poplar, in low lan d; sotl)e small deposits of marl, large on es of. peat, neither utilized in farming ; 72 per cent. of farm laborers white; 20 public free schools, all for whites; Baptist churches 10, Methodist 18, Presbyterian 2; wool-carding, flour, and. lumber mills in good supply; lumber an d turpentin e staple prod ucts. 
Mt. Vemon, the capital town, is situated on Oco nee .River , (navigable) 17 miles from Macon and Brunswick R. R., 100 miles from Savannah, the market town , though much produce sold at railroad station s; has 157 inbabitants-97 white, 60 black, 24 private dwellings, 2 hotels, 1 church building with two congregations, 1 school with 35 pupils, 3 dry-good.~ stores, 2 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 1 ph ysican, 5 lawyers. 
P uLAsKr.-Population in 1870, 11,940-5,955 white, 5,984 black; 4 per cent. of county irreclaimable swamp, 4 5 per cent. of tillable lands cleared, 73 per cent. of farm laborers black, some calcareous marls, but not u tilized; 29 public free schools for whites, 15 for blacks ; Baptist churches 20, MethodiHt 15, Episcopal 1, Presbyteria n 1; 1 cotton fac tory, 3,000 spindles, 1 woollcarding machine, 5 carriage shops, flour and lumber mills, ordin ary work shops in good number;~ of forest timber pine and of superior quality. 
HawkinsiJille, the capital town, is on the west bank of Ocmugee River and ~be terminus of a branch of Macon and Brunswick R. R., 53 miles from Macon by rail; is principal m arket town of county; has 1 bank, (detai!B not reported.) 
6 
 
 82 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA. [144] 
 
RrcHMONn .-Population in 1871, 25,724_:13,157 white, 12,567 black ; 5 per cent. of county irreclaimable swamp, 70 per cent. of tillable land already cleared; 75 per cent. of forest growth long-leaf pine, rest oak, hickory, poplar, gum, walnut; 65 per cent. of field laborers white; kaolin in large quantities is shipped to no1-them cities; public free schools, (country) have 45 teachers, average number of pupils 1,102; Baptist church es 18, Methodist 18, Episcopal3, Presbyterian 4, Roman Catholic 2, Lutheran 1, Unitarian 1, Christian 1, Hebrew 1: 4large cotton factories, 3 large merchant fiour mills, 2 fertilizer manufactories. 
Augusta, the capital town, is situated on the west bank of Savannah River, 250 miles by water from its mouth, and is the terminus of 5 railroads; population, in 1877, 23,768-15,136 white, 8,632 black; has 500 private dwellin gs, 4 hotels, 17 churches for whites, 12 for blacks; 4 high schools with 7 teachers,165 average number ofpupils; city common schools. with 30 teachers, average number of pupils 1,353; private schools with 14 teachers and 300 pupils; 6 banks, 2 daily newspapers, 1 weekly newspaper, l medical college, 34 dry goods stores, 188 grocery stores, 17 drug stores, 52 lawyers, 42 physicians, 9 dentists. Manufactories: Augusta Factory, manufactures sheeting, shirting and drilling; has 24,000 spindles, 800 looms, annual production, 314,873 pieces, 14,777,337 yards, 4,646,108 pounds, capital $600,000; Enterprise Manufacturing Company, sheeting and drilling ; has 7,300 spindles (to be increased to 12,800), capital $150,000; Richmond Factory, osnabnrgs, stripes, thread and woolen goods, 3,500 spindles, capital $60,000; Globe Cotton i\iills, bats, yarn and warp, 1,500 spindles ; Augusta Canal Manufacturing Company, carpet yarn, twin e, etc., 1,020 spindles. Three large merchant flour mills-Paragon, Excelsior,I<'orest-stonesand capacity not ascertained; Barry's Chemicall'ertilizer Mannfacturing Company, and Georgia Chemical Works, capital, etc., not ascertained. 
ScREVEN-,-Population, in 1870, 9,175~,:287 white, 4,888 black; 3! per cent. oflands irreclaimable swamp, 12 per cent. of tillable land cleared; 56 per cent. of farm laborers black; 6ti per cent. of soil sandy, same per cent. of forest growth pine; of minerals-limestone abnndant in north-west part of county and burned to considerable extent; Bohr stone also quarried to some extent, calcareous marls exist m goo<l supply and are accessible; th ere are 29 public free schools for whites, 15 for blacks; Baptists have 30 churches, Methodists 3, Christians 1; 2 turpentine distilleries with 100 operatives in each, several wagon, carriage and plough factories, fiour and lumber mills; cattle and wool are large interests. 
Sylvania, the capital town, is 12 miles from Central Railroad, 12 miles from Savannah River, 60 miles by rail to Savannah, the market town; has 300 inhabitants-200 white, 100 black ; 25 private dw ellings, 1 hotel, 2 churches, 1 school with 35 pupils, 3 mixed stores, 1 physician, 6lawyers. 
TATNALL.-Population in 1870, 4,860-3,580 white, 1,280 black; the entire area reported susceptible of cultivation, 4 per cent. of tillable land cleared, 8H- per cent. sandy pine land, 68 per cent, of farm laborers white, some calcareous marls; large quanties of peat available for agricultural purposes; 29 public free schools for whites, 7 for blacks; Baptists have 11 chur ches, Methodists 14; timber and lumber chief manufactures, large trade in both ; sheep and stock range excellent and perennial. 
 
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MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 
 
83 
 
Reidsville, th e capital town, is 40 m il es from Atlantic anu Gulf Railroad, 32 from Macon an d Brunswick Railroad. 12 miles from Alta maha River, 2 miles from Great Ohoopee, both navigable; has 85 whi te inh abitants, 12 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 1 bank, 1 sch ool with 30 pupils, 2 dry goods stores, 2 grocery stores. 1 physician, 3 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
T ELF AIR.-Population in 1870, 3, 245 ; 2,1.00 whi te, 1,145 bl ack; has 8 per cent. of irreclaimable s wamp , 17 per cent. of till abl e land cleared, 50 per cen t. stiff pebbly so il, rest sanuy; 50 per cent. of farm laborers white; lon g leaf pin e exclus'ive growth of u plan ds, timber of superior quality; 17 public free sch ools for white , 3 for blacks; Baptists have 6 churches, Metho dists 10; 1 steam shingle anu grist mill, 2 steam saw 1ni!ls, 6 turpen tin e di s- 
t i l l e r ies. M cR ae, the capital town, on Macon and Bt;unswick Railroad, 80 miles 
from La, on , 130 from Savannah , the market town, 1H miles from Ocmulgee river, h as 350 inhabitants-200 wh ite, 1.50 black; 2.5 private dwellings. 1 church. 1 school with 30 pupils, 3 dry goods stores, 4 grocery stores, 1 lawyer, no physician . 
TWIGGs.-P opul ation in 1870, 8,545-2,913 white, 5,632 black ; 5 per cen t. of area irreclaimable swa mp, 80 per cent. of tillabl e land cleared, a bout 60 per cent. sandy pine land, 70 per cent. of farm laborers black ; 11' public free schools fo r whites, 10 fol' blacks; Baptists have 6 churches, Meth odist3 9 ; flour and lumber only manufactures. 
Jeffersonville, th e capital town, is 12 miles from Central R ailroad, 12 mil es from Ocmu lgee river, 23 miles from Macon, the mar ket town; (details n ot repo1'Led.) 
WASHINGTON.-Pup nlation in 1870, 1.5,842- 7,530 white, 8,312 black; 31 per cen t . of area irreclaimable s wamp, 52} per cen t. of tillable la nd cleared, .50 per cent. clay soil with oak an d h ickory growth, rem ainder sa ndy with pin e fo rest; 81 per cent. of fiel d laborers black; of mine,als- op al (white, gray, yellow,) extensiv e beds of calcareo us m arl, kaolin, potte r's clay , etc., etc. ; 46 public free schools for whites, 8 for blacks; Baptists a nd Methodists have, each , abo ut 20 churches, Roman Catholics 1, Bible Ch ristians 4; 1 pottery, ium ber and fl our mills the o nly manufacturing interests. 
Sandersville, the capital to wn, is the terlllinus of a short railroad <!On n ecting with Central R ailroad at Tennille, GO miles from Augmta, 65 miles from Macon, 135 mi les from Savannah, the market town , 14 miles from Oconee River; h as 1,050 i nha bit.ants-700 white, 350 black, 125 private d,wellings, 1 hotel, 6 churches, 3 schools with 200 pupils, 2 weekly n ewspapers, 14 dry goods stores, 7 grocery stores, 4 physicians, 13 la wyers, 1 dentist. 
Tennille, on Central Railroad. 55 miles from Macon, 136 from Savannah; (details n ot reported) . 
WrLKINSON.-Population in 1870, 9,383-4,684 white, 4,699 black ; 1i per cent. of ama too broken fur profitable tillage, 2~ per cent. irreclaimable swamp, 60 per cent. of tillable land cleared, 50 per cent. sanuy pine la nd-rest clay witu oak and hickory growth; 571 per cent. of laborers black; 42 public free schools for whites, 7 for blacks ; B aptists h ave 20 churches, Methoubts 12, Episcopalians 1, Homan Cath olics 1; flour and lumber milb are the only manufactures. 
 
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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE-GEORGIA. [1461 
 
Irwinton, the capital town, is 3~ miles from the Central Railroad, 30 mile11 from Macon, the market town of the county; has 275 inhabitants-225 white, 50 black; 35 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 1 union church; 1 school with 50 pupils, 1 weekly newspaper, 3 dry goods stores, 6 grocery stcres, 4 physicians, 8 lawyers, 2 dentists. 
 
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA. 
 
This division embraces 15 counties, and comprises the coast and tide-water section of the State. The entire region is tertiary and mostly without rocks. It is the last formed and first settled portion of Georgia, aK<d its area of dry land is being gradually added to year after year through the action of the tides. It is low and level, the average elevation being less than 100 feet. 
It has three distinct soils: 1, light, sandy and poor; 2, dark sandy loam containing a large amount uf vegetable matter; 3, reddish and clayey. The first is naturally unproductive and covered with stunted pines and saw palmetto; but swamp muck being abunrlant, with a proper distribution of it over the land, it may be cultivated with reasonable success. The second variety is covered with a natural growth of yellow pine, magnolia, red bay, live-oak, cedar, and cabbage palmetto, and in productiveness is t>xcelled by no land in the State; it has a yellow clay subsoil, varying from 10 inches to 3 feet; Sea-island cotton, corn, and sugar cane grow in the greatest luxuriance. The third variety is alw very productive, pine, oak, hickory and gum being the prevailing forest growth; subsoil clay, red and yellow; average depth below the ;mrface 8 to 12 inches. It is the great rice-producing section of the State-the lYroad bottoms of the Savannah, the two Ogeechces. the Altamaha, and Saltill a, being devoted almost exclusively to that cereal, It is also grown-to a Jess extent on the St. Mary's, aud considerable quantities on inland swamps, the irrigation in the latter being effected by means of "backwater," collected from rains and secured by dams. Sea-island, or long staple cotton, was the only variety formerly grown, but of late years the short staple has been introduced and cultivated with fair success. Corn, oats, pumpkins, potatoes, ground-peas all do well. The Sea-islands are devoted almost exclusively to cotton, corn, cane, fruits and vegetables. Cypress and palmetto abouud in the swamps and river bottoms. 
Average yield, per acre, of staple crops, with fair cultivation: Sea-island cotton, 600 lbs. in seed; corn, 15 bushels; oats, 25 bushels; rice, 40 bushels; cane syrup, 300 gallons; potatoes, 200 bushels. On best lands-1,500 lbs. seed cotton, 60 bushels rice, 600 gallons syrup, 50 bushels corn, 40 bushels oats, 400 bu:;hels potatoes-are often produced on one acre. Corn planted middle of February till 1st of June, gathered in August and September; cotton planted March and April, gathered in autumn months; rice planted March to June, harvested last of August till 1st October; cane planted February and March, cut in October and early in November; potatoes planted March to June, gathered July to November; oats sowed in October, har- 
vested in May. A vemge wages of good farm hands, per month, with rations, $9; of ordi- 
nary mechanics, $1.50 to $2.50 per day. 
 
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MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 
 
85 
 
Th e fruits best adapt.e.d to the soil and climate, are the figs. melons of all kinds, scuppernong grapes, pomegranates , sand or LeConte pears, some va rieties of apples, strawberries ; the orange, lem on, lime and banana, are also grown successfully. 
This section exports, annually, large quantities of fruits, chiefly melonsalso vegetables ; nearly every variety of the latter attains to great perfection . 
The climate is delightful in winter, the mean temperature being abont 48 ; nor is th e h eat oppressive in summer, 79 being the m ean temperature. The mercury seldom rises above 90 or falls below 32. The bracing influen ces of the sea-breezes is felt throughout this section . Snow is rarely seen, and never sufficient to lie on the ground half a day. Along the coast and Qff the fresh water rivers, the section is among the healthiest in the State. 
The district is well watered by runnin g streams, and all parts of it convenient to market. D rinking water, though not cold, is good and wholesome. Railre>ads penetrate every county, except two, and th ey are well supplied with navigable streams, conn ecti ng with inla nd steamboat n avigation from Savannah to Florida. Th e pine lands of this section are well timbered, and u nder good culture, produce fine crops. It may be bought at from 50 cents to $2.00 per acre, a nd on a liberal credit; impro.ved lands of the second quality mentioned, are worth from $5 to $10 per acre; good ri ;er rice lands, from $25 to $30 per acre. 
In Effingham, Camden, Wayne and Ch arlton , there are large deposits of calcareous marl, where it can be utilized to the greatest advan tage in agriculture. Our State Geologist, in commenting on this division of the State, uses the followin g language: 
''I have seen no section of Georgia in which the people seem to secure a comfortable supply of food with less effort, and can see n o reason why the whole co untry may not be made equal, i f not superior, to that section of Prussia where Frederick the Great fo unded the city of Berlin. from wh ich capital, wi th in t his decade, terms h a ve been dictate.:! to the continent ot Europe. There is the greatest similarity in the soil and topography of the two sections, and, sho uld th e tide of German emigration be turned hi ther, there would soon he realized to thern th e comforts and pleasnres of the Fatherland." 
COUNTIES. 
APPLING.- Population, in 1870, 5,086-4,110 white, 976 black; ten per cent. of tillable land cleared, 6 per cent irreclai mable swam p, 75 p er cent of fi eld laborers white; public free schools for whites, 27 ; for blacks, 3; Baptists b a ve 5 churches; M:ethodist. 10; 300 persons engaged in the manufacture of turpen-tine, rosin, etc., 100 in lum ber, 200 in timber; 1 bedstead factory, 1 chair factory . 
Baxley, the capital town, is on the Macon & Burnswick Railroad, 90 miles from Savannah, 70 miles from Brunswick, 10 miles from .A.ltamaha River ; h as 275 in habitants-200 whi te, 75 black; 25 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 1 school with 25 p upils, 6 dry goods stores, 4 grocery stores, 2 physicians, 4 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
 
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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE-GEORGIA. (148] 
 
BRYAN,-Popnlation, in 1870, 5,252-1,647 white, 3,605 black ; has 15 per cent. irreclaimable swamp, 30 per cent of tillable land cleared; 55 per cent. of farm laborers white; marls abundant ; public free schools for whites 12, for black 2; Baptist chnrche~ 5, Methodist G. The rice lands of Bryan are among the most productive and valuable in the State. 
Eden, the capital town, is a very small village, without bn,iness, and conta inin g little else than a court house; is about 8 miles from the Atlan tic & Gulf Railroad, and same distance from Central Railroad, 20 miles from Savannah, the market town, and 3 miles from the Cannouchee River, a navigable stream. 
CA ~fD gN.- Population in 1870, 4.615-1,458 white, 3,157 black 1 a small proportion of county irreclaimable swamp, 25 per cent. of tillable lund cleared, i.be rice lands not excelled anywhe1e in the South , and are quite extensive, the average product 60 bu shels per acre; marl beds of best quality exist on Satilla river; has 11 public free schools lor whites, 8 for blacks; 10 Baptist churches, 10 Methodist, 1 I~piscopal, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Roman Catholic; lumber the only manufacture of county, exp01ted in large quantities. 
St. 1lfary's, the capital town, is situated on St. Mary's River, in sight or 
the ocean, 45 miles from a railroad, is the market town for the county; has 1,200 inbabitants-550 white. 650 black, 6-1 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 6 churches, 5 schools with 130 pupils, 9 mixed stores, 2 physicians, 3 lawyers, several large sream lumber miEs. 
0HART,TON.-Population in 1870, 1,897-1,496 white,401 bhtek; 33 per cent. of cou nty, included in Okefinokee swamp. 5 per cent. of tillabl e land cleared 90 per cc1t. of farm laborers wbite; marls of best quality abound in the county; public llee schools 10 : Methodist ch urches 6, Baptist 2; cotton gin factories. shingle and stave works, and lumber mills the only manufacttll"ing establishments. 
'l'raders Hill, the capital town, is on the St. Mary's River, a navigable stream, 45 miles from its month; has 65 inhabitants-25 white, 40 black 
12 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 1 church, school with 25 puuils, 3 dry-good~ 
stores, 1 grocery store, 1lawyer, no phy~ician. 
CnATI!AM.-Popnlation in 1870 41,279--16,760 white, 24,518 black ; has about 10 per cent. irreclaimable swamp, 12 per cent. of tillable land cleared, 90 per cent. of farm laborers black; ch ief products rice, vegetables, frui ts ; abou t 100 public and private schools; Methodist churches 12, Baptist 14. Presbyterian 6, Episcopal 4, Roman Catholi c 3, Congregational 2, Lutheran 1, Jewish Synagogues 3; manufaetori es- rice mills for threshing 15, capi tal invested $200.000, hands employed 450; rice mills for cleaning 5, capital invested $500,000, hands employed 40; agricultural implements 1, capital in vested $:>,000, bauds employed 12; barrel and cask factories 2, capital $5,000, hands employed 50; flour and corn mills 5, capital$75,000, hands employed 40; wagon, carriage and dray factories 9, capital $75,000, hands employed 40; 1 paper mill, capital $80.000, hands employed 40; engine and car factories 2. capital $150,000, hands employed 567; 1 cotton r!tetory, 1 fertilir.er factory, 4 iron and brass foundri es; 4 lumber mills, capital $50,000, hands 
 
 [149] 
 
MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 
 
87 
 
employed 80; 4 manufactories of lumber, capital $60,000, bands employed 120. 
Savannah, the capital town and tirst capital of lhe State, is situated on the bank of the river of that n am e, eighteen miles from its m outh, in latitu de 32 04' 52", lon gitude 81 05' 26" . It is the terminus of three trunk lin es of railroad . and its ship tonnage, foreign an d coa~twise, amounted in 1877 t.o 1,li6,562; m en 31,504. It is the second cotton port i n rank in the Southern States ; bas a population of about 28,000-15,000 wh ite, 13,000 black; 5,600 private dwellin gs, 8 hotels, 34 churches, 6 ban ks, 1 daily newspaper, 5 weekly newspapers, 27 dry-goods stores, 217 grocery stores, 21 drug stores, 40 physicin s, 64lawyers, 10 dentists. 
CLINCH.-Popula tion , in 1870, 3,945-3,437 white, 507 black; has 18 per cent. of irreclaimable swamp, 15 per cent of till ab le land cleared; soil sandy through out ; 75 per cen t of farm laborers white; h as 21 public free schools for whites, 1 for blacks; Baptist churches, 10 ; Methodi st, 7; Second Adven tists, 1 ; lumb er business em ploys 150 hands, and naval stores 1.~0, both in terests prosperous, 
Homerville, the capital town, is on Atlan tic & Gulf Railroad, 122 miles from Savan nah, the market town, 50 miles fro m JJavigation oJJ Satilla River; h as 400 inhabitaJJts-250 white, 150 black; 50 private dwellings, 2 churches, 1 hotel, 2 sch ools with 50 pupils, 4 dry goods stores, 2 grocery stores, 2 physicians, 2 lawyers. 
CoFFEE.- Population in 1870, 3,192- 2,514 white, 678 black; 25 percent. of area irreclaimable swamp, 25 per cent. of tillable land cleared, 75 per cent. of field labor perform ed by whites; there are 20 publi c fre e schools for wh ites, 1 for blacks; the Baptists h a-re 10 churches, Methodists 15, R oman Catholics 1; lmuber and grist rnills the only manufacturing establishments . 
Douglas, th e capital town, is 20 miles fro m a rail road, 15 from a navigable stream and 20 irom the mark et town of the county (other details not reported.) 
EcHoLs.-Popnlation in 1870, 1,972-1.513 white, 465 black; 33 per cent. of area irreclaimable swamp, 50 per ceut of tillable lan d cleared, 75 per cent. of far m laborers white; large beds of limestone on Alapaha River; has 13 public free schools for whites, 1 for blacks; Baptists hav e 7 churches , Methodists 4, Christians 1 ; no m anu factories ; county abounds in finest pine t i m b er. 
Statenville, the capital town, is 6} niles from th e Florida branch of the Atlantic & Gulf Railroad, and 20 miles fro m the fnark et town; has 195 inbabit.ants-165 whites, 30 blacks; 10 private dwellings, 1 church, 1 hotel, 1 school with 30 pupils, 2 drv goods stores, no physicians or lawyers, 1 dentist. 
EFFINGHAM:.-Pop nlation in 1870, 4,214-2,507 white, 1,704 black; about 10 per cent. or the county irreclaimable swamp, but 5 per cent. of tillable land cleared, all sandy with deep clay subsoil; abun dant beds of excellent calcareous marl on ::iavannah river; 57 per cent. of fielc~ labor performed by whites; 10 public free schools well distributed, besides private schools ; 7 Baptist churches, 5 JI!Iethod ist, 5 Lutheran. 
Springfield, the capital town, is six miles from Central Railroad, 12 miles 
 
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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA. [150) 
 
from Savannah river; has 33 inhabitants'-25 white, 8 black ; 10 private dwellin gs , 2 churches, 1 school with 15 pupils, 1 dry-goods store, 1 grocery store, 1 physician. 1lawyer. 
GLYNN.-Population in 1870, 5,376-1,926 white, 3,450 bl ack; 20 per cent. of area irreclaimable swamp, 10 per cent. of tillable land cleared ; marl of excellent quality exists; 98 per cent. of farm laborers whites; public free school system is imperfectly organized; Baptist churches 4, Methodist 6, :Presbyterians 1, Episcopal 1, Roman Catholic 1 ; lumber and naval stores are th e important inter~sts of the county, and large exports are annually made of each. 
Brunswick, the capital town is situated on St. Simon's Sound, opposite the mouth of Turtle river, and is the terminus of two trunk lin es of railway; i has 2,700 inhabitants-1,500 white, 1,200 black; 700 private dwellings, 2 hotels, 9 churches, 2 banks, 6 schools with 300 pupils, 1 weekly newspaper, 8 dry-goods stores, 20 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 6 physicians, 8 lawyers, 3 den tists. 
LmERTY.-Population in 1870, 7,688-2,428 white, 5,260 black; has much swamp land, but nearly a ll considered reclaim able; of tillabl e land only 10 per cent. is cleared; large deposits of marl on North Newport river near Dorchester; 75 per cent. of farm laborers black; 29 public free schools for whites, 24 for blacks; Baptist, Methodist and Presbyterian the prevailing religious sects. 
Walthouroille, the capital town, is situated ou the Atlantic and Gull Railroad, :-)8 miles from Savannah, the market town of the county; has 395 inhabitants-1!:15 white, 200 black; 34 private dwellings, no hotel, 3 churches, 3 schools with 30 pupils, 4 mixed stores, 3 physicians, 4 lawyers. 
MciN-rosu.-Population in 1870, 4,484-1,195 white, 3,288 black ; 15 per cent. of area irreclaimable swamp, 30 per cent. of tillable land cleared, 95 per cent. of farm laborers black; lumber mills the only manufacturing interest of the county-rice its chief agricultural product; 5 public free schools for whites, 6 for blacks; 6 Baptist churches, 5 Methodist, 2 Presbyterians, 4 Episcopal, 1 Roman Catholic. 
Darien, the capital town, is situated on the A!tamaha river, 4 miles from its mouth, 30 miles lrom Atlan tic & Gulf R ai lroad, 60 miles from Sttvan nah ; h as 7 large steam saw mills, employi ng 125 hands, and is the largest lumber port on the South-Atlantic coast; h as 1,500 inhabitants-500 white, 1,000 black ; 400 private dw elli ngs, 1 hotel, 6 churches, 1 weekly newspaper, 2 schools, with 150 pupils, 10 dry goods stores, 15 grocery stores, 4 physicians, 5lawyers. 
PrERCE. -Population in 1870, 2,788-1,964 white; 814 black; H per cent. of area irreclaimable swamp, 15 per cent. of tillable land cleared, 83 per cent. of farm laborers white; lands all sandy, but swamp muck abundant and convenient; has 17 public free schools for whites, 3 for blacks ; 7 Baptist churches, 3 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian ; 4 steam lumber mills, employing 40 bands each, 5 turpentine distilleries, from 40 to 60 hands each. 
Black.<hga,, the capital town, is on the Atlantic & Gulf Railroad, 86 miles from Savannah, the market town, has 800 inhabitants-425 white, 375 black; 125 private dwellings, 2 hotels, 5 churches, 5 schools with 147 pupils, 1 
 
 [151} 
 
MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 
 
8'9 
 
weekly newspaper, 7 dry goods stores, 6 grocery stores, 1 drug storll, 3 physicians, 3lawyers, 1 dentist. 
WARE.-Population in 1870, 2,28&--1,834 white. 452 black; about 33 per cent. of connty included in Okefmokee Swamp, 10 p~r cent. of tillable land cleared, lands all sandy with clay subsol ; large deposits of marl of excellent quality on Satilla river. 7& per cent. of farm laborers white; 18 public free schools for whites, 3 for black; 3 Baptist churches, 6 Methodist; 6 steam lumber mills and 1 turpentin e distillery, employing 210 bands. 
Waycms;;, the capital town, is situated at th e intersection of the Atlantic and Gulf and the Brunswick and Ali;Jany Railroads, 95 miles nom Savannah, 57 miles from Brunswick, 2 miles from Satilla river, a navigable stream, has 345 inbabitants-300 white, 4& black; 30 private dwellings. 2 hotels, 1 church, 3 schools with 40 pupils, 2 dry-goods stores, 4 grocery stores, 2 phy sicians, 3 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
WAYNE.-Population in 1870, 2,177--1,798 white, 379 black j 10 per cent. of area irreclaimab-l e swamp; 1() per cent. of tillable lan d cleared, 75 per cent. of farm laborers white; large deposits of marl of s uperior quality on Altam aha a nd Satilla Rivers, easily obtained; 25 public free schools for whites, 3 for blacks; 12 Baptist churches, 8 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian; about 250 bands employed in lumber mills, 150 in manufacture of naval stores. 
Jesup, the capital town, is situated at the intersection of the Atlantic and Gulf and the Macon a nd Brunswick Railroads, &7 mils from Savannah, 4C miles from Brunswick; has 85(). inh abitauts-400 white, 45(} black; 75 private dwellin gs, 2 h otels, 4 churches, 2 schools with 75 pupils, 1 weekly newspaper, 7 mixed stores, 1 drug store, 3 physician s, l lawyer. 
Waynesville, the former county site, has 125 inhabitants-7& white, 50 black; 15 private residences, 2 churches, 2 stores of general merchandise. 
 
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA. 
 
This division is composed of thirty-three counties, and embraces all that. country lying betwee n the Ocmulgee and Allapaba Rivers in the east, and the Chattahoochee River in the wesll ; the northern boundary being a line from Macon to Colurul:ms , and the State of Florida its boundary in the south. Like Southeast Georgia, the enti?e region i& tertiary. It is more broken, or rolling, than Southeast Georgia, and, with the ex ception of marl , bnhr and limestone, is, in a great measure,, destitute of rocks. It has also a greater proportion of clay lands and oak an d hickory forest growth, :<!though much the la1-ger part of it is a light sandy soil, and was originally covered with yellow, or long-leaf pine. 
The clay lands are, generally, very rich, and their fertility lasting; the pin e lands produce freely, are easily worked, bat are less durab le, though with reasonable fertilization they last for many years. The district contains very little waste land, or lands too poor or too swampy for cu ltivation, while the alluvial lauds of the Chattahoochee and Flint Rivers, and of many of the creeks, have made the section lamous as the best cotton region of the State. Com, oats, wheat, rye, and sugar cane grow well. 
 
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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUR E-GEORGIA. [152] 
 
Th e depth of the ~ubsoil beneath the surface, on clay lands, is 6 to 10 in ch es; on sandy lands, from 12 inches to 3 feet. 'The prepcnderating forest growth is long-leaf, or yellow pine, furnishing the best of lumber, largP quantities of which are prepared annually for export aJd domestic use. The supply would seem to be almost inexhaustible. Spirits of turpen tine, rosin, pitch , an d tar-all the products of this tree-are made in considerable quantities, and the interest is on the increase. In the swmnps and river bottoms there are cypress, cotton-wood, p opl ar, ash, maple, beach, birch, 1ed-bay, m ag nolitt, sweet-gum. and water oak; while the growth of the clay bel ~s is red and post oaks, black jack, hickor.v, walnut, black-gum, dogwood, and buck-eye. 
Cotton is the leadin g market crop of this division, and previous to the derangement of plantation labor by emancipation, its crop of the staple probably equalled the production of all the rest of the State. Corn and oats grow to great perfection, but none for export since the war; sugar cane is a successful crop througho ut th e section; tobacco, in considerable quantities, is grown in the southern countieB. 
The aver;lge yields, p er ac~e, with good cultivation, are: cotton, 500 lb~. iu seed; corn.10 bushels; oats, 15 bush els; syrup, 200 gallons; swPet potatoes, 150 bushels; ground peas, 50 bushels. On best lands, without manure, 1.500 to 2,000 lbs. cotton in seed, 50 to 75 bt1shels corn , 50 to 65 bushels oats, 400 gallons ol syrup, and 400 bush els sweet potatoes, are often produced. It is reliably reported that a Berrien county farm er prodnced 800 bushels of sweet potatoes on one acre, unde~ high cultivation. Over 900 gallons of syrup, per acre, has been made in Thomas county. 
Cotton is planted early in April, pickin g comm ences in Augnst; corn planted in F ebruary and March, matures in August; oat' sowed usually in November, harvested last of May to last of June; sugar can e planted l<' ebruary and :March, cut October and November. 
Avt>rage wages of good farm hands, $9 per month; of ordinary mechanics. $1.:!5 to $2 per day. 
Tbe fruits best adapted to the section,' are the peach, pear, melon, grape (especially the scuppernong), fig, pomegranate, some varieties of apple, strawberry; in the southern tier of counties, the orange, lem on and banana are successfully grown. There is n o country where all the vegetables grow to greater perfection when cultivated wi th ordinary skil l. The tea-plant and the olive have also been successfully grown i.r1 this and other southern djvisions of the State. 
The clima(e varies but little from that of Southeast Georgia, the average m,ean temperature bein g, in sum mer, 85; in winter, 65; extremes, 94 and 32. Snow falls about once in 10 or 15 years, never sufficient to completely cover the gro und. The health of the hill country and pine lands is good the year round, but fevers, generally of a mild type, are common along the lines of rivers and swamps in late summer and early fall months. 
The country is well watered, and good water powers are found where the streams break through the marl bed", with which many of th e counties abound. Several railroads traverse the section, while the Ocmulgce, Flint, and Chattahoochee Ri ver5 furnish transportation nearly the entire year. 
The poorer, unimproved pine lands, well timbered, m:.ty be bought,.at 5(1 
 
 [153] 
 
MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 
 
91 
 
cents per acre; good at $1 to $2.50; best lands at from $4 to $10-all on a liberal credit. 
The drinking water in the hill country is good, though not very cold; in the flatlands n ot so good, and generally im pregnated with lime. The waters abound with fish, and the forests furnish game, large and sm'lll, in any quantity desired. 
The large bodies of unimproved land, to be found in n early every eoun ly of the district, furnish excellent pasturage the year round for cattle and sheep, and are free to ail. Little or no feedin g or sheltering is required, and beef and mutton are taken directly from the range to m arket. 
COUNTIES. 
BAKER-Population in 1870, 6,~43-1 ,888 white, 4,955 black; 7 per cent. of area irreclaim abl e swamp. 45 per cent of tillable land cleared. 75 percent. of field laborers black; limeston e, composed chiefly of shells, abundant; 10 public free schools for whites, 8 for blacks; Baptist churches, 5; Methodist, 3; Presbyteria n, 1 ; fl our and lumber mills the onlv m anufactori es. 
Newton, the capital town, is situated on F lint River, 8 miles from South Ga., & Florida Railroad, and 20 miles from Albany, the market town of the county (other details not reported). 
BERRIEN. -Popula ti on in 1870,4,518-4,057 white, 400 black ; 15 per cent. of its area is irreclaim able swamp, 10.per cent. of tillahl e lan d cleared, soil all sandy with yellowish clay subsoil 6 to 10 inches below surface, original forest all pine; 87 per cent. of field laborers white; has 29 public free schools, all for whites; Baptisl churches 11 , Methodist 6, Roman Catholic 1; 1 buggy, wagon and furniture factory, employing 50 h a nds ; flour and lumber mills are the other manufactures. 
Nashvil le, the capi tal town, is 12 miles from the Brun sw~ck and Albany Railroad, 40 miles from a navigable stream, 12 miles fro m the market town of the county; has 203 inhabitan ts- 200 white, 3 black, 30 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 churches, 2 sch ools with 40 pupils, 1 drygoods store, 1 grocery store, 2 physicians, 3 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
Brss.-Population in 1870, 21,255-9,831 white, .11,.124 black; 10 per cent. of area irreclaimable swam p, 80 per cent. ot tillable land cleareil , 70 per cent. sandy soil ; 90 per cent. of farm laborers black; has 38 ])Ublic free schools, with nearly 1,600 white pupils and about the same of hlack , 2 male colleges, 1 female college, numerous private schools; 6 Baptist churches, 8 Methodist, 3 Presbyterian, 4 Episcopal, 1 Roman Catholic, 1 Jewish synagogue; 2 cotto n factor ies; 3 railroad car factori es, 7 iron foundries, 1 brass foundry, 3 cotton gi n factories, with numerous flour and lumber mills. 
Afacon, the capital town, is situated at the h ead of navigation on the Ocmulgee river, is the market town of a large district of country; has, with the suburb of Vi neville, 12,000 inhabitants- 8,000 white, 4,000 black ; 4 banks, 2,000 private dwellings, 4 hotBls, 21 churches, 2 male colleges, 1 female college, 1 high school, G public grammar schools, 1 academy for the blind, 1 medical college, 1 daily and 2 weekly newspapers, 2 cotton factories, 7 iron foundries, 2 cotto n gin factories, 3 railroad car factories, about 30 dry goods stores, 6 grocery stores, 7 shoe stores , 3 hard ware stores, 2 crockery stores, 10 drug stores, 27 physicians, 42 lawyers, 5 dentists. 
 
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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE-GEORGIA. [154] 
 
BROOKS.-Popu!ation in 1870, 8,342-4,lll white, 4,231 bl ack; 10 per cent. of area irreclaimable swamp, 37 per cent. of tillable land cleared, 80 per cent. sandy soil, 62 per cent. of farm laborers black ; 26 public free schools for whites, 13 for blacks; Baptist churches 14, Methodist 10, Presbyterian 2, Episcopal 1 ; 1 cotton factory with 40 operatives, 2 htrpen tine distilleries, flour and lumber mills in sufficient number. 
Quitman, the capital town, is on the Atlantic and Gulf R ailroad, 175 miles from Savannah , and is the market town of county; has 2,000 inhabitants1,:.!00 while, 800 black; 400 private dwellings, 3 hotels, 5 churches, 2 schools with 150 pupils, 2 weekly newspapers, 20 drygoods stores, 3 grocery stores, 2 drug stores, 2 physicians, 6 lawyers, 2 dentists, 1 cotton factory. 
CALHOUN.-Population in 1870, 5,503-2,026 white. 3,477 black; 5 per cent. of area is irreclaimable swamp, 58 per cent. sandy soil with pin e forest growth, 42 per cent. of tillable land cleared, 78 per cent. of farm labor perform ed by blacks; has 12 public free schools for whites, 9 for blacks ; Baptists have 11 chnrches, Method.ists 8, Presbyterians 1; county well supplied with ra ilroad transportation; flour and lumber are the only manufactures. 
Morgan, the capital town, is 4t miles from a railroau, 25 miles from a navigable stream, 30 miles from Albany, the market town of the section, though much produce is sold in the county; has 119 inhabitants-84 white, 35 black; 22 pri vate dwellings, 2 churches, 1 school with 20 pupils. 1 hotel, Z dry-goods stores, 1 grocery store, 1 physi cian, 4 lawyers. 
CHATTAHOOCHEE.-Population in 1370, 6,059-2,654 white, 3,504 black; entire area considered tillable, 75 per cent, sandy pine land , 60 per cent. cleared, 66 per cent. of farm laborers black; several large deposits of marl of best quality, containing over 30 per cent. of lime; has 14 public fret' schools, all for whites; 5 Baptist churches, 5 Methodist; n o manufactures except flour and lumber; Chattahoochee river, navigable, forms the western bound11ry. 
Cttsseta, the capital town, is 20 miles from Columbus, the market town of the county; has 175 inhabitants-no white, 65 black, 32 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 4 churches, 2 schools with 60 scholars, 2 mixed stores, 1 physician, 3 lawyers. 
CLAY.-Population, in 1870, 5,493-2,644 white, 2,849 black; no waste land in county, 60 per cent. sandy with pine Jorest growth, 38 per cm>tt. cleared, 66 per cent. of farm laborers black ; large a nd valuable marl beds on the Chattahoochee River and tributaries; bas 14 public free Echools for whites, 2 for blacks; 9 Baptist churches, 6 Methodist, 2 Presbyterian, 10 Baptist a nd Methouist churches for negroes; no manufactures except flour and lumber. 
Fort Gaines, tbe capital town, is situated on the Chattahoochee River, and is the terminus of a railroad and market town of county; has 1,000 in habitants-GOO white, 400 black ; 174 private dwellings, 2 hotel~ . 5 churches, 3 schoo.ls with 110 pupils, 1 weekly newspaper, 11 dry-goods stores, 16 grocery stores, 2 physicians, 3 lawyers. 
CoLQUIT'r-Population in 1870, 1,654-1,517 white, 137 black; 1 per cent. of county irreclaimable swamp, 66 per cent. sandy pine land, only 7 per 
 
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MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 
 
93 
 
land cleared; !16 per cent. of farm laborers white; large and valuable deposits of marl on Oclockonee River, which runs through coa nty; bas 13 public free schools, all for whites; 15 Baptist churches, 10 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal; no manu fac tures. 
Moultrie, the capital town, is :<5 miles from a railroad, 35 miles from a navigable stream, 28 miles from Thomasville; 38 mil es from Albany, th e market town s; bas 27 inhabitants-all white, 5 private dwellings, no hotels or churches, 1 school with 15 pupils, 1 dry goods store, 1 grocery store. 
CRAWFORD- Population, in 1870, 7,557-3,284 white, 4,273 black; nearly whole area reported tillabl e; 70 per cent. clay soil, 40 per cent. cleared, 60 per cent. of farm laborers black; considerable depo~its of m arl in southern portion of county, 5 miles from county site; has 22 public free schools for whites, 8 fo r blacks; 8 Baptist churches, 10 Methodist, about 15 churches for blacks; water powers exce llent, and flour and lumber mills abundant; 3 potteries employ ll hands. 
Knoxville, the capital town, is 13 miles from Southwestern Railroad, 25 mil es from Macon, the market town and a navigabl e stream; has 155 inhabita nts-115 whit,;, 40 black; 25 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 churches, 1 sch ool witll 20 pupils 4 stores of mixed merchandise, 1 drug store, 2 physicians, 3Jrnyycrs, 1 dentist. 
DECATUR.-Is the extrem e southwestern coun ty of the State, and banner cotton county, her crop in 1869-the last reported-being 19,600 bales; population in 1870, 15,18:1-7,475 white, 7,718 black ; 1 per cent. of area irreclairnabie swamp, 10 per cent. of tillable lan d cleared, 50 per cent. clay soi l, rest sanely with good clay subsoil and heavily timbered with pine; 75 per cet~t. of farm laborers black; large deposits of mal'l in th e county, and limestone of good quality abundant; has 37 public free schools for whites, 21 for blacks; 15 Baptist churches, 15 Methodist, 5 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal; 1large cotton factory (now suspended); flour ana lumber mills abundant. 
Bainbridge, the capital town , is situat ed on the Flint river, 20 miles from its month; is the terminus of the Atlan tic and Gulf Hailroad, 237 milee from Savannah; has 2,000 inhabitants-1,200 white, 800 black, 300 private dwelling,, ~hotels, 6 churches, 1 ban k, 3 school s with 125 sch olars, 1 weekly newspaper, 1:! dry -goods stores, 4 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 4 physicians, 13 law yers, 1 dentist. 
DooLY.- Populati on in 1870, 9,790-4,935 white, 4,855 black; 2~ per cent. of area irredaimable s wamp, only 3! per cent. clay soil, rest sandy, 28per ceut. of tillable land cleared, 70 per cent, of farm laborers black; large, deposits of marl con vcnie nt for agricultural purposes; has 37 public free school> for whites, 7 for blacks; 18 Baptist churches, 8 Methodist, 1 Uni versalist ; corn, flour and lumber mills sufficient.  
Vienna, the capital town, is 22 miles from a railroad, 25 miles from a navigable streau.1, ~:J miles from the market town; has 204 inhabitants-175 white, liD i.JlJ.c k, 50 private residences, 1 hotel, 4 churches, 1 school with 60 sch olars , 4 dry-goods stores, 5 grocery stores, 3 physici an s, 9 lawyers. 
DouGiu:mY Popu lation in 1870, 11 ,517-2,093 white, 9,424 black; about 
 
 94 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE'-GEORGIA. [156] 
 
10 percent. of area irreclaimable swamp, 40 per cent. clay soil of bestqnality, rest sandy with pine forest; 75 per cent. of tillable land cleared, 95 per cent. of farm laborers black; large deposits of marl valuable for agricultural purposes, has 8 public free schools for whites, 25 for blacks, 1,G15 pupils, also private schools at county site; Baptist church es 8, Methodist 3, Presbyterian 1, Roman Catholic 1, Jewish synagogue 1. Dougherty ranks among the best planting counties of the State. 
Albany, the capital town, is situated on Flint River, at tbe head of navigation . and is the termin us of four railroads; is 104 miles from Macon, and the market town of a large district of surrounding conntry; has 3,300 inhabitants-1,700 white, 1,600 bla0k, 270 private dwellings, 2 h otels, 8 churclles, 1 bank, 9 schools with 480 pupils, 2 week ly newspapers, 67 stores of mixed merchandise, 7 phy sician ~, lllawyers, 2 dentists. 
EARLY.-Population in 1870, 6,998-2,829 white, 4,172 black; 5 per cent. of area irreclaimable swamp; 20 per cent. of tillable land cleared, 74 per 'Cent. sandy pine land, 75 per ceut. of farm laborers black; extensive deposits of marl of excellent quality and available for agricultural purposes; has 25 public free schools for wbites, 17 for blacks; 12 Baptist and 12 McJthodist churches; 1 cotton factory for spinning yarns with 40 operatives, flour and lnmbcr mills sufficient; timber of best quality. 
Blakt3ly, the capital town, is on a line of located railroad completed to a point ouly 9 miles distant, H miles from the Chattahoochee River, and is the market tow n of the connty; has 700 inhabitants-400 white, 300 black; 60 private dwellings,! hotel, 4 churches, 3 schools with 125scholars, 1 weekly newspaper, 4 dry-goods stores, 2 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 4 physicians, 3 lawyers, 2 dentists. 
HousroN.-Popnlation in 1870, 20,406-5,071 white, 15,332 black; 2 per cent of area irreclaimable swamp, 50 per cent. of clay soil, 64 per cent. of tillable land cleared, 75 per cent. of farm laborers black ; a high limestone ridge, ~ mile to 2 miles wide, extending across county fio rn the Ocmulgee to th e l!'lin t Rivers contains imm ense beds of calcareo us marl which has been used with good effect on lands; also, several deposits of green :;and, very valuable as a fertili zer; 33 pubiic free schools for whites, 27 for blacks ; 20 Baptist churches, 25 Methodist, 2 Presbyterian, 5 Primitive Baptis ts , also Lutheran and Bible Christian congregations; 1 cotton factory with 75 operatives near Peny; large agricultural works at Fort Valley; 1 cotton gin factory, together with fl our and saw mills well distribnteu over country. 
Perry, the capital town, is the terminns of a branch railroad from the Southwestern Railroad at Fort Valley, 11 miles long, abont midway (15 miles) between the Ocmulgee and Flint riyers; 28 miles from Macon, the market town of county ; has 1,700 inhabitants-1,000 white, 700 black; 8D private dw ellings, 1 hotel, 4 churches, 4 schools with 150 pupils, 1 weekly newspaper, 7 dry goods stores, 10 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 4 physicians, 9lawyers, 1 dentist. 
Fo1t Valley, on Southwestern Railroad, 25 miles from Macon, has 1,800 inhabitants-1,000 white, 800 black; 140 private dwelli ngs, 1 hotel, 6 churches, 7 schools with 175 pupils, 1 weekly newspaper, 1 bank, 13 dry 
 
 (157] 
 
MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 
 
goods stores, 8 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 5 physicians, 5 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
IRWIN-Population, in 1870, 1,837-1,541 white, 296 black; about 15 per cent. of area irreclaimable swamp, only D per cent. of tillable land cleared, whole county sandy pine land, 75 per cent. of farm labo:rer:J white; has 13 public free schools for whites, 1 for blacks; 8 Baptist churches, 4 Methodist stock range excellent, and much attention is given to cattle and sheep. 
Irwinville, the capital town, is a small village, 20 miles from th e B runswick and Albany Railroad, same distance from a navigable stream; has 12 inhabitants-6 white, 6 black; 2 private dwelling one of which is used as a hotel, no church, 1 school, with 13 pupils, 1 dry goods store. 
LEE-Population, in 1870, 9,567-1,924 white, 7,643 black; 90 per cent. of area sandy, with heavy pine forest growth, but very little ineclaimable swam p , abo ut 50 per cent of the county cleared; 95 per cent. of farm laborers black; has one large deposit of marl, which has been used witll good effect iu agricniture; has 17 public free schools for whites, 12 for blacks; 7 Bapti!'t churches, 6 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian; no manufactures except flour and lumber. 
Leesburg, the capital town, is on the Southwestern Railroad, 10 miles from Albany, the market town, 94 nules from Macon; other details not reported . 
LoWNDEs-Population, in 1870, 8,321-4,276 white, 4,045 black, about 1 per cent. of area irreclaimable swamp, 95 per cent. sandy soil, 90 pr cent. of farm laborera black ; has 16 public free schJols for whites, 10 for blacks ; 18 Baptist churches, 9 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian; no manufactures. 
Valdosta, the capital town, is situated on the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad, 164 mil es from Savannah, the market town of the county; has 2,000 inbabitants-1,200 white, 800 black; 8 cburches, 2 hotels, 2 schools with 185 pupils, 1 weekly newspaper, 15 dry goods stores, 4 grocery stores, l drug store, 3 physicians, 6 lawyers, 2 dentists. 
MACON-Population, in 1870, 11,453-3,975 white, 7,483 bl ack; 10 per cent of area irreclaimable swamp, 75 per cent. sandy soil, 52 per cent. cleared; 75 per cent. of farm laborers black; has 28 public free schools for whites, 17 for blacks; 13 Baptist churches, 10 Methodist, 1 Lutheran; no manufactures except flour and lumber. 
Oglethorpe, the capital town, is situated on Flint River, and on the line of Southwestern Railroad 50 miles 1rom Macon; has 290 inhabitants-150 white. 140 black, 50 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 4 churches, 2 schools with 50 pupils, 4 clry goods stores, 3 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 4 physicians, 3 lawyers. 
Monteiuma, also on line of Southwestern Railroad and Flint River, 49 . miles from Macon; is a place or considerable trade; has 2 banks, 350 inhabitants-200 white, 150 black; 70 private dwellings, 2 hotels, 2 churches, 2 schools with 55 pupils, 1 weekly newspaper, 8 dry goods stores, 4 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 3 physicians, 4 lawyers. 
Marshall'ville is also online of Southwestern Railroad, 32 miles from Macon; bas 400 iuhabitants-200 white, 250 black, 35 private dwellings, 3 schools with 65 pupils, 3 dry-goods stOl'es, 2 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 3 physicians, 2 lawyers, 1 clentist. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA. {158] 
MARION.-Population in 1870, 8,000-4,169 white, 3,831 black; 5 per cent. ~ent. of ll!rea too hilly for successful cu ltivation, 1 per cent. irreclaimable swamy, 50 per cent. clay, the remainder sandy soil, 75 per cent. of ti.l lable land cleared, 78 per cent. of farm laborers black; marl exists in two considerable deposits; has 22 public free schools for whites, 6 for blacks; 8 Methodist <:hurches, 5 Baptist, 1 Presbyterian ; flour and lumber are the manufactures of connty. 
Buena Vista, the capital town, is 20 miles from the Muscogee Railroad, 30 miles from Columbus, the market town of the county, :!8 miles from Southwestern Railroad; has 650 inhabitants-350 white, 300 black, 65 private dwellings,l hotel, -5 churches, 2 schools with 120 pupils, l weekly n ewspaper, 4 dry-goods and mixed stores, 1 grocery store, l drug store, 4 physician!!, 6 lawyers, ! dentist. 
MILLER-Population in 1870, 3,091-2,135 white, 956 black; 5 per cent. of area irreclaimable swamp, 75 per cent. sandy pine land, 15 per ceut. of tillable l:ind cleared, 75 per cent. of farm laborers white; has 14 public free schools for whites, 1 for blacks; 7 Baptist churches, 4 Methodist; flour and lumber mills; timber large a ud of best qt~.ality; some beds of marl exist. 
Colquitt., the capital town, is 20 miles from Bainbridge (the market town) and Flint River, 20 miles from Chattahoochee River; the Bainbridge and Cuthbert Railroad graded to lhe town; population 130-white 110, black 20; 22 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 churches, 1 school, 4 dry-goods stores, 2 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 2 physicians, 3 lawyers. 
MITCHELL.- Population in 1870, 6,633-3,683 white, 2,950 black; 3 per cent. of area irreclaimable swamp, 80 pe1 cent. sandy pine land, 33 per cent. cleared, remainder heavily timbered ; 75 per cent. of farm laborers black; bas 23 public free schools for whites, 8 for blacks; 9 Baptist churches, 6 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian; range for cattle and sheep 11nstupasse<l. 
Camilla, the capital town, is on the Albany branch of the Atlantic and Gulf ]{ailroad,24 miles from Albany, the market town of the county, and 36 miles fromBainbriJge; has 1,000 inhabitants-GOO white, 400 black, 150 private dwellings, 4 churches, 2 hotels, 4 schools with 150 pupils, 1 weekly newspaper, 11 dry-goods stores, 3 grocery stores, 2 drug stores, 3 phy5ician s; 8 Iawyers, 1 denlist. 
u MuscoGEE.-Population in 1870, 16,663-7,441 white, 9,220 black; of 
one per cent. too hilly for successful tillage; no irreclaimable swamp, 49 per cent. clay soil, remainder sandy ; 85 per cent. of farm laborers black ; marl abundant on Chattahoochee River in the southwestern part of the county; has 14 free public schools for whites, and 12 for blacks outside city of Columbus; 10 Baptist churches, 17 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Roman Catholic; 6 large cotton factori es, 1 bagging fuc to.ry, 1 trunk factory, 1 clothing factory, several large merchant flour mills, and lumber and corn mills. 
Columbus, the capital town, is situated at the head of navigntion on the Chattahoochee H.i ver, and is the terminus of 4 railroads; has about 10,000 inh abitants-5,500 white, 4,500 black; 1,000 private dw.ellings, 3 hotels, 4 b:.mk;, 12 oclwols wiLh ai.;out 1,500 pupils, 2 daily newspapers, 2:> C.ry good:; 
 
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MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 
 
97 
 
stores, 125 grocery and variety stores, 5 drug stores, 15 physicians, 24 lawyers, 5 dentists. 
The principal manufacturing establishments of the city are as follows : Eagle m\d Phcenix Manufacturing Company, manufactures woollen and cotton goods ; has 43,812 spindles, 1,600 looms, 1,800 operatives; capital $1,250,000-power, water. Columbus Manufacturing Company-sheetings and brown domestics; 4,156 spindles, 116looms, 135 operatives; capital $263,000-power, water. Muscogee Manufacturing Company-cottonades, rope and domestics; 4,000 spindles, 80 looms, 130 operatives; capital $157,000-power, water. A. Clegg & Co.-checks and stripes; 36 looms, 25 operatives; capital $10,000-power, steam. Steam Cotton Mills -yarns and thread ; 2,200 spindles , 75 operatives; capital $30,000-power, steam. Hind & Preer-jute bagging; 15 looms, 50 operatives; capital $30,000power, steam. Hmpire Flour Mills-flour and meal; 6 Buhr runners; capacity, 250 barrels flour, 1,200 bushels meal pe1 day; 15 operatives; capital $50,000-power, steam. City Mills-flour and meal; capacity, 150 barrels flour, 800 bushels meal per day; 8 operatives; capital $95,000-power, water. Columbus Iron Works-engines, boilers, castings and machinery; 250 operatives; capital $100,000-power, steam. P eacock's Clothing Factory; 25 operatives; capital $5,000. Southern Plough Company-ploughs, etc.; employs 18 hands; capital $20,000-power, steam. QUITMAN-Population, in 1870, 4,150-1,773 white, 2,337 black; about -! of 1 per cent., of arep. irreclaimable swamp, 38 per cent. clay soil, remainder sandy, 64 per cent: of tillable land cleared, 78 per cent. of far m laborers black; blue marl of excellent quality abounds on the water courses, also a black muck, both valuable as fertilizers ; has 7 publicfreeschoolsfor whit~ 4 for blacks; 7 Baptist churches, 7 Methodist; flour and lumber are the onl; manufactures. Georgetown, the capital town, is on the Southwest~rn Railroad and Chat tahoochee River, two miles from Eufaula, Ala., the m ark et town of the comty; has 350 inhabitants-150 white, 200 black, 40 private dwellings, 1 hotel, t bank, 3 churches, 3 schools with 100 pupils, 5 dry goods stores, 7 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 1 physician, 4 lawyers. 
RANDOLPH.-Population in 1870, 10,561-5,084 white, 5,477 black; 8 per cent. of area irreclaimable swamp, 60 per cent. clay soil, 60 per cent. ot tillable land cleared, 75 per cent. of f!lrrn labortl'rs black; several deposit-s of marl exist; has 27 public free schools for whites, 15 for blacks, 4 Baptist churches, 9 Methodist, 1 P resbyterian , 3 Primitive Baptist. 
Cuthbert, the capital town is on the Southwestern Railroad, 20 miles from the Chattahoochee River ; has 3,000 inhabitants-2,000 white, 1,000 black; 625 private dwellings, 2 hotels, 1 bank, 6 church es, 6 schools with 250 pupils, 2 weekly newspapers, 10 dry-goods stores ; 8 grocery stores, 3 drug stores, 6 physician, 10 Iawyers, 2 dentists. 
7 
 
 98 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE-GEORGIA. 
 
[160] 
 
ScHLEY.-Populatio n in 1870, 5,129-2,278 white, 2,851 black; !J of one per cent. too billy for successful tillage, same quantity irreclaimable swamp, GO per cent. clay soil, remainder sandy, 72 per cent. of tillable land cleared, 63 per cent. of farm laborers black; marl beds in northern part of the county; has 11 public free schools for whites. 9 for blacks; 61YJetbodist C\)luches, 5 Baptist, 1 Universalist, tlour and lumbAr arc the manufactures. 
Ellaville, the capital town, is 11 miles from Southwestern Railroad , and fi: om Americus, the market town of tbe county, '10 miles from th e h ead of navigation on Flint River; ha s 132 inhabitants-87 white, 45 black, 20 private dwellings, 2 churches, 2 schools with 40 pupils, 1 hotel, 1 dry-goods sto re, 3 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 2 physicians, 6lawyers, 1 dentist. 
SrEW,\HT.-l'opulation in 1870, 14,204-5,104 white, 9,100 black; 21 per cen t. of area too broken for successful tillage, 1 per cent. irreclailllabl e swamp, 28 per cent. clay soil, re mainder sandy pine laud , 75 per cent. of tillable land cleared, 70 per cent. of farm laborers black; has large marl deposits, and two beds of gree n sand; 27 public free schools for whites, 19 fur blacks; 11 Baptist church es, 10 :Methodist; 1 Presbyterian, 1Primitive Baptist, 1 Bible Christian; 1 carriage factory, and flour and lumber mills. 
Lumpkin, tbe capital town, is 22 miles from the Southwestern Railroad, 15 miles from the Chattahoochee Riv er, 25 from Eufaula, Ala., .'JG from Colulnbus, and 22 from Cuthbert, all of which are market towns of the counr.y ; has 800 inhabitants-400 white, 400 black; 150 private residences, 1 hotel, 1 weekly newspaper, 5 churches, 1 schoo l with 50 pupils, 3 dry goods stores, 4grocery stores, 2dmg stores, 4 physicians, Slawyers, 1 dentist. 
Su:urER.-Population in 1870, 16,550- 5,920 white, 10,639 black ; 3 per ce nt. of area irreclaimable s;mmp, 27 per cent. clay soil, remainder sandy with original forest of pine ; 46 ver cent. of tillable la nd cleared, 82 ver cenL. of fann laborers black; large de!)osits of mari on Flint River and Line Creek; b us .)1 public free sch oo ls for whites, 19 for blacks ; 12 .Baptist churches, 11 .Methodist, 2 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 5 Primitive Baptist, 30 churches for blacks; 1 boot and shoe factory 20 operatives; 1 door, S<lsh and bliud factory, 15 operative; several carriage factories. and flour and 
lumber mills. Ammicns, the capital town, is on the Southwestern Hailroad, and is the 
market town of the county; is 72 miles from Macon, 10 miles from a navigable stream; bas G.OOO inhalntants-3,000 white, 3,000 black, 700 private dwellings, 2 hotels, 3 banks, 7 churches, 10 schools with 200 pupils, 1 triweekly and weekly n ewspaper, 11 dry-goods stores, 21 grocery stores, i drug stores, 11 physicians, 21lawyers, 2 dentists. 
TAYLOR-Population, in 1870, 7,143- 4,181 white, 2,962 black; 1 per cent. of area irreclaimable swamp, ~oi l all sandy with yelkw pine and bl ackj ack for est growth, 10 per cent. of tillable land cleared; 50 per cent. of fa rm laborers white; has 2-1 public free schools for whites, 7 f(Jr blacks; 8 Baptist churches, l::ll.iethodist, !Presbyterian; 1 cotton factory with wool-carcling mach in e attached, 50 operatives. 
Butler, the capital town, is on th e Southwestern Railroad, 50 miles /rorn ]\'[aeon, same distance from Columbus; is the principal market town of the (Ounty; has 700 inhabitants-500 white, 200 black; 150 private dwellings, 
 
 L1G1] 
 
MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 
 
99 
 
1 h otel, 4, churches, 4 schools with 150 pupil;;, 5 dry goods stores, 3 g rocery stores, 1 drug store. 2 physicians, 4 la wyers , 1 dentist. 
TE RRELr, -Population , in 1870, !J,053-3,769 white , 5,284 black; 4 per cent of a rea i rrecl;tirnabl e swam p, soil half clay, h alf sandy, 32 ~ per cent. of tillable land clea red, SO per cen t. o f fa rm laborers bhwk; lirncstono ~tbundant an d n::.ed by pla nters witu good effect ; hao 28 public free school; fo r whit es , 8 for blac ks; l:l Baptist. church es, 10 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian; l railroad ear fa ctory with 100 hands, wagon and barrel factories a n d flour and lumber 
mil!". D(U.DHOn, th e capital to wn, is on the Sou thw es tern .Railroad , 40 mil es from 
En!"aula, Ala., and is the mark et town for most of t h e county products ; has l,lt,O inhab itants-750 whi te, 400 black; 200 pri va te dwell ings, '2 h oteis, 2 ban ks, .J, church es, G sch oo ls with 225 pupils . 1 weekly newspaper, 11 dry goot.ls store:-::: 0 g rocery storcs1 2 drug stores, 2 ha rdware stores, 6 physicians, 7 tuwyet.s , 1 de11 ti st. 
T ihJ:IH s-P, pu lation in 1810, 14,52:3-G, l()O white, 8, 3G3 black; about '2 per ct.wt of area irrecla.inutble s wa.n1p, 75 p er cent. clay ~oil , ;_):3 pet cent. of t il :o.bh~ lan<l c ie~ueJ ; 75 per cent. of l'a.nn labore r$ blac k ; ::;cvera.l li n1e cleposjt:; that tn !gllt be utilized fo r agricu ltura l purposes; has 33 fre~ public sdw)ls tor whi tes, 1!) for blacks ; l UBaptist churches, 14 1\iethod i:;t. 3 .Pre~ byt<',"iun, 1 E piscopal; 1 cigar factory, 1 iron fouudry, I.n an y lun,bcr a nd flour mills; is oue o f the m ost productive and p rosperous counties of rhe State. 
Thomasville, t he capil.al t,lwn, is on the A t lanti c and Gnlf Hailroad , 200 mile.> frolH Sanmnah , 3'i fro m Bainbridge, a n d UO from Alba n y, a n d is t h e nwrke~ town of T homas a nd a djoining co Lln ti es ; h as a bout 3,50\J in babita:: r.s-2,333 wbite, 1,1U7 black ; a bout 600 private dwell ings, 2 hotels, 2 ban b, ()churches, 4 scho ols, 2 week ly n e wspape rs , a bou t G\J store,, of mixed merdwndise, 3 drug stores, 7 phy sicians, 17 la wyers, 2 den tists. 
WrmsTER- .Populat ion in 1870. 4,677-2,43!) wh ite , 2,238 black; 1 P')r cent. o f its area irl'eclairnable swam p, ~()per ce:1 t. clay soil, remainller sandy soil with rC<l and yellow cby substJi l ; (iO per cent. of tillable land elenrd , 5~ per cent of farm laborers black; h as 15 public free s~ h ool s fc> r wh ites, 4 ti)r blad:s; ;) B:1pt ist churches, 4 Methodist, 1 Presbyteria n , 3 Primitive Baptist; t<lll ne:ies, shoe shops, tlour a n d lumber miils co nstitute the m a nut>tcturing interests. 
Pr<slon, t.lw capital town , is 18 miles from Southwestern railroacl and Am er:c'~" the market tow n; 40 miles from t bo ChattahoochceRi~cr ; has 131 inbabitant!.i-1:2 wh ite . 59 black; 2-1 pri \rate dw ell ings, 1 h otel, 2 e h nrcbes, 1 !5Cbooi wit,b 18 pnpi ls, 4 tlry go o d ~ stores, 3 grocery stores, 1 physician, :2 lro.w y Prs, 
W I Lcox-Pop u la tion in 1870, 2,"13D-l,!J02 white, 537 black; 2 ~ per cent. of its ur ea t>.>u broken for s uccess ful culti vatio n, 8 per cent, irroclairnable S\Villnp, :?..1 pe r cent. clay soil , ren1ainder ~andy pine la nd, 15 per cen t of til lab ie l1E1d cl eared ; 50 per eent. of farm laborers wbire; has 18 p n ulie fr ee schools for w:lites, 1 for blacks ; 10 Baptist ch urchc~~~ 5 :\Ietbodi'3t; no Inan nfactures except flou r and lumber. 
AIJIJeville, the capital town, is on th c Ocmulgee River, 18 m iles from Maco r1 
 
 100 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE-GEORGIA. [162] 
 
and Brunswick Railroad, 25 mil es from H awk insville, th e market town; has 75 inhabitants-50 white, 25 black; 25 pnvate dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 churches, 1 sch ool with 25 scholars, 3 dry-goods stores, 4 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 1 physician, 1lawyer, 1 dentist. 
\VoRTH.-Popul ation in 1870, 3,7 78-2,673 white, 1,105 black; H per cent. of area irreclaimable swamp, 15 per cent clay soil-remainder sandy with original pi no fo rest, 20 per cent. of tillable land cleared, 58 per cent. of farm laborers white; extensive deposits of marl; h as 24 public free schools for whites, 3 for blacks; 12 Ba ptist churches, 4 l\Iethodist; n aval stores- turpentine nnd rosin-th e ch ief rnanufacures, flour and lumber mills equal to tl1e demand . 
I sabella , the capital town, is 2! miles from the Brunswick and Albany Railroad, 18 m iles from Flint River and A lbany, lh e market town ; h as 115 inhabitants-tOO white, 15 black, 25 priva te dw ellin gs, 1 church, 1 hotel, 1 school with 25 pupils, 1 d ry-goods store, 1 grocery store, 1 physician, 3lawyers. 
 
VALUABLE MINERALS. 
 
Georgia is rich in mineral wealth , and these riches have been but partially explored. Almost every county has som e valuable min eral deposit. The followin g lht, showing th e counties in which they are found, is furni sh eel by Dr. George Little, the State Geologist. It is, therefore, official and re- 
 
liable: 
 
GoLD-is foun d in the following counties, vi z : 
 
Ban ks, 
 
Douglas, 
 
Hall, 
 
Meriwether, 
 
Bmtow, 
 
E lbert, 
 
H aralson, Milton, 
 
Bibb, 
 
Iannin, 
 
Harris, 
 
M o n r o e, 
 
Batts, 
 
Forsyth, 
 
Hart, 
 
Morgan, 
 
Campbdl, Franklin, H eard, 
 
Murray, 
 
Oanoll, 
 
:Fulton, 
 
Jackson, 
 
Newton, 
 
Cherokee, Gilmer, 
 
J a sp e r, 
 
Oconee, 
 
Clarke, 
 
Glascock, 
 
Lincoln, 
 
Ogle t h o r p e , 
 
Cobb, 
 
Greene, 
 
Lumpkin, Paulding, 
 
Cow et a , 
 
Gwinnett, Madison, 
 
Pike, 
 
Dawson, 
 
H abersh am , J\1cDuflie, P utnam, 
 
Rabun, R o c k d a l e, Spalding, Taliaferro, T o w ns, Troup, Union, Upson , wal ton , W hite, Wilkes. 
 
DeRalb, 
 
CoPPEl<- is found in the following counties: 
 
Canon, 
 
Fmmin, 
 
Haralson, Milton, 
 
Cherokee, F ulton, 
 
L in coln, 
 
Murray, 
 
Cobb, 
 
Green e, 
 
Lumpkin, 
 
Paulding, 'l ' o w n s . 
 
M.>.NGANESE-- i:; found in the followi ng counties: 
 
:Bartow, 
 
J-incoln , 
 
Polk, 
 
Towns, 
 
.AsRE:STUs--is found in the follo wing counties: 
 
:Ba:rt-ow, 
 
Douglas, 
 
Hall, 
 
Paulding, 
 
Coweta, 
 
l<u1ton, 
 
H eard, 
 
Rabu n, 
 
DeKalb, 
 
Habersham 
 
To wn s, 'froup. 
 
 [163] 
 
MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 
 
101 
 
SLATE-is found in the followin g counties: 
 
Bartow, 
 
Gordon, 
 
P olk. 
 
IRON-is found in the folio wing counties: 
 
Banks, Bartow, Burke, Catoosa (red 
and brown hematite), Carroll, Chattooga, Cherokee, Cobb, 
 
Dade, 
D~Kalb, 
Elbert, Fannin, Floyd (red 
and brown hematite), Gilmer, Gordon, Greene, 
 
H a b er s h a m , Hall, Haralson, Harris, Hart, Jackson, J a s p er, Lumpkin, McDuffie, Meriwether, 
 
Milton (mag- '!'roup, 
 
netic), 
 
Upson, 
 
Monroe, 
 
Walker, 
 
Oconee, 
 
walton, 
 
Pike, 
 
vVarren, 
 
Polk, 
 
Webster, 
 
Putnam, 
 
White, 
 
Spalding, 
 
Whitefield (red 
 
Stewart, 
 
and brown 
 
T a l b o t, 
 
h ematite). 
 
MicA-is foun d in the following counties: 
 
Carroll, 
 
Hall, 
 
Jasper, 
 
Pickens, 
 
Cherokee, 
 
'!'owns. 
 
DIAMONDS, PRECIOUS STONES, GEMS, etc., are found in the following 
 
counties: 
 
Berrien, Chalcedony, Hall, Diamond, 
 
Pickens, Amethyst, 
 
Bullock, Opal, 
 
Henry, Tourmaline, Rabun { Corundum, 
 
Carroll , Corundum, Lincoln, Rutile, 
 
Amethyst, 
 
Cobb, Amethyst, 
 
Lowndes, Chalcedony, '!'owns f Corundum, 
 
DeKalb, Tourmaline, .Madison, Tourmaline, 
 
(Ruby, 
 
Douglas, Corundum, Me"riwether, Beryl, 
 
Troup, Tourmaline, 
 
l!'orsyth, Amethyst, Newton, Beryl, 
 
Union, Corundum, 
 
Franklin, Tourmaline, Oconee f Tourm_aline, Upson, Tourmaline, 
 
Fulton, Tourmaline, 
 
l Beryl, 
 
Washington, Opal. 
 
Gwinnett { Sm' ky Qu'rtz, Oglethorpe, Amethyst, "White, Diamond. 
 
Tourmaline, 
 
GALENA-is found in the following counties: 
 
Catoosa, Floyd, 
 
Habersham, Hall, 
 
Lincoln, Murray, 
 
Union. 
 
SILVER is found il) the followin g counties, and perhaps in some others, though it is not known that it exists in paying quantities: 
 
Hall, 
 
Murray. 
 
Union. 
 
GRAPHITE-iS found in- 
 
Carroll, Cherokee, 
 
Clarke, Douglas, 
 
Elbert, Habersham, 
 
Hart, H eard, 
 
M e r i w e t h e r. 
 
KAOLIN-is found in- 
 
Cherokee, 
 
Columbia, 
 
Pickens, 
 
Richmond. 
 
!<'IRE CLAY-is found in- 
 
Baldwin, 
 
McDuffie, 
 
Richmond. 
 
LIMESTONE-is found in the following counties: where it exists in the form of calcite, it is so designated: 
 
 102 
 
DEPA RTMENT OF AGR I CU,LTURE--GEO RGIA. [1 64] 
 
1 :aker, l :artow, 1 ~rooks, < 'allwun, < 'atoosa, < !Ja ttooga, !'lay, 
 
Dade (calcite), Gwinnett, Lee, 
 
Sum ter, 
 
Decatur, 
 
Habersham, Lowndes, Thomas, 
 
Dooly, 
 
Hall, 
 
Mitchell, 
 
Twiggs (cal. ), 
 
Dougherty, Houston , 
 
Macon, 
 
walker (cal. ), 
 
Fl oyd , 
 
Irwin, 
 
Polk , 
 
"'Wi lcox , 
 
Go r d o n , 
 
Jefferson (caL), Randolph (cal), Wh i tefield( cal.) 
 
BUHRSTONE-is fou nd in - 
 
A p p l i n g, 1 ;aker, B ib b , J: ulloch, J~nrk e , <'olquitt, 
 
Decatur, Dooly, Dougherty, Early, .Teffe;rson, Joh nson, 
 
Laurens, Lee, Miller, Pulaski, Quitman, 
 
R?.nclolph, Screven , S1rnter, T atna ll. Telfair, 
 
T e rre!!, Twiggs, Webster, \Vii kinso n , Worth . 
 
MAUL-is found in- 
 
J:ibb, 
 
Clay, 
 
Hu l l o c h , 
 
Craw ford, 
 
l~ urke, 
 
Dodge, 
 
( ~harlton, 
 
Dougherty, 
 
<:Jmtharn, 
 
Early, 
 
\ 'hattahoochee,Effingham, 
 
En1annel , H ouston, Jefferson , Laure ns, Marion, Muscogee, 
 
Pulaski , Quitman, Richmond, Schley, Screven, Stewart, 
 
S :1n1ter, 
Thomas, Twi ggs , Vl asbington, Wilkinson. 
 
GREE:; SAND-is fotmd in - 
 
I fouston, 
 
Stewart, 
 
Wilkinson, 
 
Twiggs. 
 
MARDLE-is found i n- 
 
< :atoosa, 
 
Fannin, 
 
Gilmer , 
 
Haralson, \Valker, 
 
<'hattoogn, Floyd; 
 
(white ann va- Pickens, 
 
(black marble. ) 
 
riegated .) 
 
Wbitefield. 
 
CoAJr-'iS found in - 
 
, ;h attoga, 
 
Dade, 
 
Walker. 
 
B ARYTA- iS found i n- 
 
Bartow, 
 
Murray. 
 
SERPENTINE-iS found in - 
 
'Fulton, 
 
Rabun, 
 
Tay lor, 
 
Troup, 
 
Union . 
 
1;winn ett, Talbot, 
 
'fowns, 
 
SoAPSTONE-is found in - 
 
Baldwin, 
 
DeKalb, 
 
F ulton, 
 
Heard, 
 
Towns, 
 
B artow, 
 
Douglas, 
 
Gilm er, 
 
Morgan , 
 
Troup, 
 
1 ~layton, 
 
Elbert, 
 
Gwinnett, Murray, 
 
u nion, 
 
1~ obb, 
 
Fannin, 
 
Habersham, Paulding, White. 
 
. t:oweta 
 
Fayette, 
 
GRANITE- is found in - 
 
Hall , 
 
Baldwin, 
 
Crawford, Gw inn ett, .Tones, 
 
Rockdale, 
 
B u tts , 
 
Dawso n , 
 
H abersham, Madison, 
 
Spalding, 
 
I ~ampb ell, 
 
DeK alb, 
 
Hall, 
 
- ~Ieri weth er, Talbot , 
 
I :a r r o l l , 
 
Douglas, 
 
Hancock, 
 
Monroe, 
 
Taliaferro, 
 
I ~ I ark e, 
 
Elbert, 
 
H arris, 
 
Muscogee, Troup, 
 
Clayton, 
 
Fayette, 
 
Har t, 
 
Oglethorpe, Upson, 
 
 (165] 
 
MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 
 
10:3 
 
Cobb, 
 
Fulton, 
 
Heard, 
 
Pike, 
 
'Wal ton, 
 
Columbia, Glascock, Henry, 
 
Putnam, 
 
'Varren , 
 
Coweta, 
 
Greene, 
 
Jasper. 
 
Richmond, vVilkes. 
 
Granite is found in a number of counties not named in this list. In th e 
 
above named it can be quarried and used for building purposes, 
 
SANDSTONE-is found in- 
 
Bartow, 
 
Chattooga, Floyd, 
 
H ouston, 
 
Walk er. 
 
Catoos~. 
 
Dad e, 
 
Gordon , 
 
Jefferson, 
 
FLEXIBLE SANDSTONE-usually regarded as the matrix of the diamondis fou.:d in Hall, H a rris, Heard, Meriwether. 
 
LITHOGRAPHtc STONE is found in Walker. 
 
PoLISHING SANDSTONE is found in Bartow, Murray, Whituelcl. 
 
FERRUGINOUS SANDSTONE is found in Berrien , Washington . 
 
SILICIFIED CoRAL is found in Berrien, Lowndes, Screven, Thom as . 
 
STAUROLITE is found in Fannin -also in a few other counties. 
 
CHLORITE is found in Troup. 
 
KYANITE is found in Carroll , Cherokee, Habersham, Lincoln. 
 
NovACULITE. is found in Lincoln, McDuffie, Oglethorpe. 
 
PYR01'HYLLITE is found in Lincoln. 
 
PYRITE is found in Carroll, Cherokee. Fulton, Haralson, Pauldin g, Lumpkin, Towns. 
 
AR',ENICAr. PYRITES is found in Floyd, Gwinnett, H eard. 
 
LAZTJLITE is found in Lincoln. 
 
MucK, for agricultural purposes, is found in Charlton, Clinch, Ware, 
 
TETRADYMITE is found in Lumpkin, Paulding. 
 
WAVELLITE is found in Polk. 
 
The counti es of Bryan, Camden, Coffe e, Echols, Gly nn, Liberty, Montgomery, Pierce and wayne have not yet been examined by the State Geologist. 
 
FISH AND GAJ\IE. 
Georgia, extending, as it does, from the Atlantic Ocean to T en nessee, having m ore than 100 miles of ocean coast, and a multitud e of rivers, some flowing int.o the Atlantic and others into the Gulf of M:exico, affords ampl e field for fish in greftt variety. Salt water fish are supplied throughout the year to the interior towns, at reason able prices. Oysters and other edible shell fish are also supplied in abundance from the coast during the proper season. 
The interior streams furnish migratory fish in spring, and fresh water varieties in limited quantity throughout the year. But little has yet 
 
 104 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE-GEORGIA. [166) 
 
teen done towards restocking the rivers of the State with food fish, but the public mind is being directed to this point, and the necessary laws will probably soon be enacted. 
C.ame in great variety is found in those portions of the State in which a large part of the forest remains. The principal are quail, duck, wood-cock, pheasant, wild turkey, squirrel, hare, opossum and deer. 
There are no general laws of force in the State for the protection of game, and though some have been enacted for the protection of fish, they are practically inoperative. 
 
 INDEX . 
A 
Abbeville.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . .\Jfl' A cres- N umber of, in Georgia . ... .. . . .. . .... . ... . . . ... .. . ... .. .4, 5 A dairsville . . . . . . ............... . ...... .. ...... . .. .. ..... .. ... .62' Agricult ure- D ep:1rtment of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . ... . 51 Agricnltme-Conducted by Slave Labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ....... 27 A gricnltmal College and School. . . ........ . ..... .. ............ .35 Agricultural Organizations and Societie-s . . . ... . . .. . .. . .. .. .. .49, 5<P Agricultural P roductions . . . ... . . ... .9, l(J, 11, 12, 56, 66, 67, 78, 84 Agricultural Productions-Yield per A cre... . .. 56, 66, 78, 84, 89, 9(} Albany. .. . .. ... .. . . . .. . ......... . .. . .. . . .......... . ... ... .. . ... .94 Aliens- R ights and Exemption& o.f . .. . ... . . . . .. .. .. . . ... . . . . . .47, 48 AIpharetta,. ......... . .... . ........ . ..... .. .... .. . ............ .60 An1e.ricus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... .98 Appling. .. . ... . ... . . . .. . .. . ... . . .. . . .. .. . . ... . .. ..... . . . . . . . . .. . 69> Appling County . . . . . ....... . . . . ......  . ... ....... . .... .. ...... 85 Atlant a ....... ... . ... . . . . .... .. ...... . .. .. . . ... . . . . . .. .. .. .. 71 Atlant n. University- (SL'e ERRATA.}. .. .... .. ... . .... .. . .. .... .. . . 3& A tlantic Slope.... .... ..... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. ... .. . ....... 6 Athens .. .. ............ . . . ... . ..... ... ... . . ...... ... .. . .. . .. ... . .6!} Asb estus--(See CoBB-, DDUGL.As , H ABE l t SR Ai\I, H AIJ., P At."LDI NG, 
TROUP and R ABUN Counties, and VALUABI..E MINER ALs . ) Augusta. . . . . . .. . .. .. . . . . . . ......... . . . . .. . . . . .. . . ... .... . . .. .... .82' Augusta CanaL .. . . ....... . ........... .. ... .. ... . . . .. . . .... .... . . . 3:1 
B 
Baker Coun ty. . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . ..... . ... ... ..... . 9] Baldwin County.. ..... .. . .... .... ... .. ... .. .. .. . .. .. . . .... .. 67 Banks Cou nty .......... . ....... .. .... ... . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. ...... .57 Baptist Church-- (See the several coun ties.) . . . . .. .. .. ... . ... . .... 38' Bap tist College and School..<>....... . ..... . .. . . .... . . . . . .. ... .. 35, 36 B artow County .. ... . , .... . . . .... . .... .. . ... .. . .. . .. ..... . .. . . . .62: Bar nesville . . . .... . ... ..... . . . .... ... . .  . .. .... ... . . . ... . . . .... .. 70, Bary ta- (See VALUABI..E MINERAL S. ) B ainbridge... .. . .. .......... . ..... . .. . . . . . . .... . . .. . .. .. . . . .. . .. .93Baxley . .. .. .. ... . .. ....... . . ...... . ... ... .... . . . . . .......... .. 85 Benevolent Societies.......... ........... ...... ..... ......... .. . . ..... ...40> 
 
 DE'PART i>'lENT O'F AGR'1CU'LTURE- 'G1WRGI A . l:l68l 
 
:Berrien Cou11 ty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ......... . .. \Jl 
 
J3 eryl- '(So e VALUABI"E Mu'<ERALS) 
 
13ibb County . .. . ... . .... .... .... . .. ... .... ... . . . ........ .. . .Ill 
 
Bill of Ri ghts .. . . .. ...... .. .. . . . .. . .. . . .. . . . .. ......... . . .44, 45 
 
Black I~ cad-(S ee V ALUAULE ~IrNEHA LS.) 
 
Blackshear. . . . . . . . . . ... . . ... .. . ...... . .. .. .. .. .... . ... . ........ SO 
 
Blakel y... ...... .. .... . .... .... .... . ... . .. .. . .. .... . ... . ....... 94 
 
Blairsville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... .......... . .. . .... .. .. . ..... 61 
 
Blind - Acaclcmy for ... .... . ...... . ....... .... ... .... ."3Cl, 37 , 39, 40 
 
Brooks County ...... . ................ . . . .. . .. . . . .... ... .......... \12 
 
Brunswick.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . .. ... . ..... .. 88 
 
Bryan County. ..... .... . ... .. .... .. ... . . .. . . .... . .... ...... .. 86 
 
Buchanan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
 
. . . . . ... . . . . . .. ..... ... .. . . 64 
 
Buhr Ston e-(Sec V ALUABLE M rNERALs.) . . . . . . . . ... .. ... .. 23, 7\J, SO 
 
Buena Vista . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ...... .. .... .. . .... 96 
 
Bulloch county.... ..... . .......... . ... .. .......... . .... . ... . ... .79 
 
Burke County . .... . ... . . . .. . . ... . . ...... ....... . . . ........ ..... 79 
 
Butler. . . . .. ........... .... .... . .. .................... . ...... ... 98 
 
Butts County . . . . ... ... . . . .... ........ ... . . . .. ... . . ... .. . .... .. .. 67 
 
0 
 
Calhoun....... ..... . ....  .. ..... .... . . .. .. . . . . ....  ... . . .. .... . 64 Calhoun Conn ty . . . . . . .. . . .. ......... . . ... . . .. . . .. . ... ... ... .... 92 Camd8n County ...... . . .. ... . . .. ... ..... .... . . .. ......... . .... . .86 Camilla ... , ............. . ... . ... . . ............ : ..... . .......... ..96 Campbc:ll County .. .... . ... . . . ... .... .......... . .... . ....... . ..... : 68 Campbellton... .... ........ . .... ... . ..... . . .... ... . . . . .. ..... .... 68 Canals.... .. ...... . .. . .................... . ......... . .. ... . .30, ill Ca nal-Great Western . ............. . .... ... ..... . .. .. .... .4, 31, 32 Canal-Hand, for Mining Purposes . .... ... . ... ..... ... ..... .. 20, 21 Canton.... . . .....  ... ... .. ...  .. . .. . . . .... . . .. . . . . . .. ..... 63 Carroll County .. . ..... .......... . .. . ......... . . ..... .... . .. .68 Carrollton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ .. . 68 Carnesville. .. . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. ... ..  . . . . .. ... 58 Cartersville. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . .. . ... . ... . . . .. .6'2 O~ttoosa Co unty .. . ..... . .. .. ....... ... .. ... .. . .. ...... ...... ..... 62 Catholic Church-(See th-e sevmal counties.)............. . . ....... 09 Catholic College .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . .. . . . ...... .36 Oavo Spring ........ . ............ . ....... .. .. .. ... . . .. .. . . . . . .. .. .64 Cedar Town. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . .. ..... .. .65 Cement, Hydraulic ............. . .... . ... .... ........ . ... . ....24, 28 Chatham County ..... ... .... ...... .... .. . ...... .. .. . ..... ... ...... 86 ChnJta.hoochee Cmmty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . !J2 Chattahoochee R.iclge .. ......... .. . ... ....... . .. .. .. ...... ......... . . .6 ;GharitaJJJc Institutions. . .. .. ..... .. ..... . . ... ... . ... .. ....... .. 3D, 40 
 
 [169] 
 
MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 
 
107 
 
Charlton County. . .. "" ............ . .... . .... . ........ .. ....... 8() Chattooga County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... (]2 Cherokee County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... . ......... 62 Clarke County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Clarkesville. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . .. . ..... 53 Clay ......................................................... 24 Clay Connty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... . ...... . .. . .... . . .. . ...... 02 Clayton .................. . ................... . ................. GO Clayton County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ GD Climate-( Sec Emv..TA.) .............. .. . . . . .. .... 7, 8, 5G, ill, 8:J, DO Clinch County ................................................. 87 Clinton.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................... . .. 73 Cleveland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 61 Clover Dale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................. G3 Cvlll-(See CHA'l'TOOl+A,DADE and \VALRER CountieF,) ?, 31, 22, Gl, 62, 63 Cobb County .................................................. 62 Coffee County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ... . ................. 87 Colleges ...................... .. ................ . ........... 35, 36 Columbia County .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . eD Columbus.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . ... 96 Colquitt ......................... ~ ........., . . . . . . . . . . . ........ D6 Colquitt County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Commercial Situation of Georgia... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................ il Congrcgationalie.ts ...................................... . ......... 89 Consumption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . ..... 34 Conyers ......................................................... 76 Copper-(See DAWSON, FANNI:\, FORSYTH, GIJ,}<rEI:, HALT., HART, 
JAcksox.LulH' KIN. PrcKE.'IS, HAn UN TowNs. UC'>lroN, CH E; IWKEE, Conn, ILuu.Lsox, PA'CLDING, CARROLL, DouGLAs, STEWART, LINCOLN, :NicDUFFIE, MoNROE, 0GLETHOI{PE and vVILKES CouNTIEs; see, also, V.'<LUABLE J\-1LNERALS ) ............... 22, G2, 63, 64 Corundum-(Scc V ALUAnLE MrNEl{ALS.) Cotton ..................... . ........................ . ....... 10, 11 Cotton Crop of Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Cotton Port-(See SAVANNAII.) Cotton Factories . . . . 27, 28, 63, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 82 
91, 97 Cotton, Sea Island ......... .. ..................................... 84 County Courts ...................................... . ...........43 County Officers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . .............. -14 County Agricultural Societies and Fairs .................. . .. . ..... 50 County Statistics-('icc the several Counties.) Country-Far;e of the...................... . ............ . ....... 5 Courts of .Tustic~ ................... , ....................... .42, 4:3 Covington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. 74 Coweta County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. , ... ()f) 
 
 108 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE -GEO RGIA. [170] 
 
Crawford County .............. ... ............. ............. .93 Crawfordville. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... ... .......... 76 Cumming ........ .... ... .... ... ............ . ... .. . ..... ..... ..... 57 Cusseta . ............... . ............................... .. ....... 92 Cuthbert ....................................... ..... ...... 97 
 
D 
 
Dade County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 63 D ahlonega .. . ................................................... 57 D allas ........... . . ... .................. .. ...... .... ........... 65 D alton .... . . ........ .. .... .... . ... ... . .. ...... . ...... . : ......... 65 D anielsville. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . .......... . .......... 60 D arien .... . ... ................. ... ....... ... .......... . ......... 88 D awson ................... .............. ..... ..... ..... ........ .99 D awson County .. . ......... .... ........ .... . . ....................57 Dawsonville. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 D eaf and Dumb Institute .. .............. ...... ... 36, 87, 89, 40, 64 D ebt of State, Cities and Counties-Constitutional limit on ... ..... .46 D ecatur ..... . .. .. ..... ... ..... .... .. ........ . ................ .. .. 69 Decatur County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ......... 93 D eKalb County....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ . ........ . ......... 69 D entist-(See the several Cities and Towns.) D epartmen t of Agricultt:llre. .. . . . .. . . . .......................... 51 Diamonds- (Scc VALUABJoE MINERALS.) Di stilleries for Turpentine ..... .. ............................ 16, 80 Divisions of Georgia- Sectional ............. 5, 55, 61, 66, 78, 84, 89 Divorces .... . .. .. . ....... . .... ....... ............. . ... ..... ... .. 45 D octors-(See the several Cities and Towns.) Dodge County .. ................ ... ................. .. ......... 80 D ooly County ......... .. ........................................ 93 Dougherty County ...... . .... .... ............ ...... . .... .... .. . .93 Douglas County ....... . ........................... . . .... ....... 70 Douglasville .. ........ .. ......................................... 70 Dublin ..... . .......................... . ......... . ........... 81 
 
E 
 
Early Coun ty . . . . . . . . . . .................. .... ...... .. ......... 94 East Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 E astman ........................ . ...................... . .... ... 80 E atonton ............................................ . .......... 75 E chols County ................................................. 87 Eden . . . .. . . . ... . . . . .......... ........... . ... ... .. ... .. ...... . 86 Education ............... , . .. .. . .................. : .. ....... . . 35 
 
 [171] 
 
MA NUAL OF GE ORGIA . 
 
109 
 
Effingham County . ... . .. . ... .. . .. .. . ..... . ... . ... . ..... . ...... .87 Elberton ........... .. .............................. .. . .......... . .. .71 E lber t County . . . . .. . ..... . ........ . ..... .. .... . .. .. ... . .. . ..... .70 E levations .. ......... . ....... .. .. . .... .. ........ . 6, 34, 55, 67, 78, 84 Ellaville .. .. ... . . .. . . . ...... . .. . ..... . .. .. ..... . ...... . . .. . ... 98 E llijay . . . .. .. . . ... .. . .. .... . ... . .. . . . .... . .. . ... .. .. ... . . .... .58 Emanuel County . . .. . ... . ... . .... . ... . ....... . ......... . .... . ... SO E mory College . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ . .. .... ... ... .. .... .. .36 Episcopal Chmch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 E rrata.. . . . . . . . . ... ... .. ... . . . ..... . . .... .. . . . ... . . . Facing page 1 E xemptions f rom Levy and Sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .... . .. .44 
 
F. 
 
Face of the Count.1y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .. . .5, 10 F airburn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. .... . ........... . ..... . ..... .. 68 Fairs- Agricultural. .............. .. .......... .... .... .. .... .. 49, 50 F annin County ... .. . ... ... .. .. .. ... . .. . .... . .. . . , . . ...... . .. .57 F arming with Slave Labor...... .. .... . ... . .... . ........ . ... .. ...27 F arm Stock-P rice of. .. .. .. .. . . .... ........ . ... . . .. . ..... . .56, 57 Farm Laborers- White and Black-( See the several Counties.). .. 56, 57 Fayette County... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... .. . .. . .. . . .. . . ... . ... . .. . .70 F ayettevill e ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .... 70 Female Colleg,;s-(See ERRATA.) .. . ... .. . .................. .. .... . 36 F ertilizer Ma nufa ctories .. . .... . .. . .... . ... . .. . .. . . ... . . . . .28, 82, 86 Fish a.nd Game ... ... . ... . ... . .. . . .. ....... . ...... . ..... . ... . ... 103 Floyd Cou nty . . ... .. . . ... . .. .. . . ..  .. ... . . .... ... .. ...... . . . . . .63 Forest Gro wth and Forest T rees ...  ..  ......... . 56, 66, 78, 84, 89, 90 F orsyth . . . . . .. ... .. .. .. .. . ... . . .... . . . .... . . . . . .. . . .... .. . . .. .. . 74 F orsyth County .. .. .. .... . ................ .. ... . ......... . . . .... .57 Fort Gaines ... ... , ..... . ... ... . . .. ... . . ... . .. . .. .... .... . .. . . . .. ..92 F ort V alley. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ .94 Frank lin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . .. . 72 Franklin County . ........... . ..... . .. . ... .. ... .... . . ..... . ...... .57 Free-l\Iasons ... .... . .... . ....... . ..... . .. . ........ . ... . . ... . ... .41 F ruits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 12, 56, 67, 78, 85, 90 F ruits- Shipp ing .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . ; ....... 12 F ulton County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . .. .. . .. .  .... .. ...... .70 
G 
 
Gainesville.. ..... .... ............. . ............ . ... . .... . ....... . 59 Ga.me . . . . . . ..... . . . . . ... . ... . .. .  ... .... .. .... .. ... . .... 79, 103 Gems - (Se e VALD'AllLE .MINE RALS .) .             .       . . . 23 Geneva. . .. . .... .. .. ... . .. .... .. . .. . ... ... . . . ......... .. ....... 76 
 
 110 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE-GEORGIA. [172] 
 
Geological Survey...... ...... ........................ .... ........ 52 
 
GeorgilL- Commercial and Geographical' Situation. . . . . ............ 3 
 
Georgi:t-Capacit.y for Population ......... ..... .............. .4, 32 
 
Gcorgia -Comparr;d to Michigan, as to Health and Vital Stat istics .. 34 
 
Georgia Soil - Capacity under High culture ... .. .12, 1~, 11! , 15, 56, 67 
 
78, 90 
 
Georgia-Government of. . . . . ............ . ............ ... .42 to 49 
 
Georgia State Agri<:nlt.ural Society.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ..... .. . .49, 50 
 
Georgia-Scc tiOH<Li Divisions rJf ............. ti, 55, 61, 66, 78, 84, 89 
 
Gemgia State IIo'r ticultural Soeiety. . .... ... ..... .. . . ... ....... . . 50 
 
Geo~:gia ~ tate G range .. _... .. ... ... .. ................. ..... .... . 50 
 
Georgia - T cnitorial Bxtent of .......... . . ..... . ........... .. .... .4 
 
Gemgians-Characleristics of ........ , .. .. ... . .... . .... .... . .. 32, B3 
 
(~.c~org'cto,, n... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. ~J7 
 
Gil>son .. ...... ....... ... ............... . . . ......... . .... . ... 80 
 
Gilmer t ounty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... . ... . ........ . .58 
 
Gly nn County . ... . .. . . . .. . . ...... . ............... . ...... ..... ... 88 
 
Glasc ock County .... . .... ...... :. .. . .. . ......... ... ........... 80 
 
Grre iss ... ... . ....... ...... ........... . . .. ........ ....... .... . 23 
 
Gold and Gold :I\Iining-(S<'e BAHTow . CAHHOLL, CnEROKEE, COJm, 
 
C owELl., Il .-\W SON , DEIL1r.B, Dou GLAS, ELBf;r!'f, FA NNIN, FoR- 
 
SYTH, FuLTON, GILMER, GwrNNE'l"l', HAillmSIIA}I , HALT., H ART, 
 
H Ai tALSON, Eh: .um, HE NRY, JACKSO:>~, LI NCOLN , LuMPiiiN , .MADI 
 
soN, McD uFFm, .\IEmwETIIER, iV1UltHAY, !VImwt.N, NEwToN, 
 
0GLETHOitPB , PAULDIN G, PrCJmN s, R ABUN , TowNs, 'UNION , Ur- 
 
soN, \ V..umE N, \VurrE and vVrLKEs Counties ; sec, also, VAr.u- 
 
ABLE MTNEUALS. ) ............................... 17, 18. 1\), 20, 21 
 
Gold-l\lill s for crushing ore....... ... .... . .. .... .. .... ........... 28 
 
Good T crnplars-Ordcr o( .. . . .. ..... .. . .. ...... .. .. .. .... . ... .. .44 
 
Gordon County ....................................... . . . ........ 64 
 
Governor. . . . ... . .. .. .. . .. ... ....... . .. . . . ........... .. ... .. .. .42 
 
Government of Georgia .... ........... . . . . .... . . ...... ... .42 to 49 
 
Granite- (See VALUABLE MINERALS.) .........  . .... ..... 23 
 
Grange-Georgia State .... . ........ .... . .. ... . . . . . . . .. . . . ... 50 
 
Grapes . .............. .. . .. .' . .... .. .. ..... . .. . .. ... ........ . .12, 79 
 
Graphite- (Sce VALUABLE l'tfJNERALS.) ...... .......... 23, 59, 66, 70 
 
Grasses and Grazing ...... ... ............ . .............. .... .. 79, 91 
 
Great vVestcrn Canal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... ... .. 4, 31, 32 
 
Greene l. ounty. ...... . .. ............... ...... .' .... .' . . . .. . . . . . . 71 
 
Green Sand-(SEE VAI.UAELE JVIINE_HALS.) ..... . .. ... . . .. .. . . . . .. .. 94 
 
Greencshoro ..... ....... ....... . ... . . . ............. . .... . ..... . . 71 
 
Greenvi lle ..... .... .......... ........................ . ....... 73 
 
Griffin... ... . . . 
 
76 
 
Gwinnctt County ..... . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... .... .... 58 
 
 L173J 
 
!lMNUAL OF GEORGM . 
 
1H 
 
H 
 
Habcrsha.m County ......... . .. .. . -  ...... .. . . . ...... . . . ~ . . ~ . .. .. 58 
 
Hall Cotlnty 
 
. A~  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
~   
 
    
 
    
 
    
 
 
 
58 
 
H amilton.. . . . ... ...... .. . .... . .. . ..... .. .  .. .. . ... . .. .. ... .... .. 72. 
 
Hancock County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 
 
Hand Book of Georgia ..... . . . . . .. . ....... . . ... .. . . ............... 51 
 
Haralson County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 64 
 
Harris Co1111ty. . . . . . . . .  .  . .................. ,. .. . .. . .. .. . . .. ... ... 72- 
 
Harbors . ... .. .. .. .... .... . . ... . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 
 
Hart County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51t 
 
Hartw ell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59- 
 
Harvesting-Time of . ... . . . . . . . ... . .......... ... . .. .. . 5G, G7, 78, !.JO 
 
Hawkiu;;vil.le . .... . .. ... ....... .. ............................... 81 
 
Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . .............. 38, 34, lJO 
 
!Ieard Coun ty .. .. . .. . ... .. ..... .  ~ ....... ..... .. ..... . . ... . .. .. 72 
 
Hebrews . .. .. .. ..... ..... .... ... . . ....... . .. ...... .......... . .. 39 
 
Henry Coun ty . . . . . . . . 
 
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . 72 
 
High Culture-Capacity of Georgitt Soil, Under ... .... .1:2, 1B, 14, 15 
 
Hiwassee .. . ............. . ... . .. .. . . ... . .......... ... .. .. ... .. .. 60 
 
Hydraulic Cement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . .. .... 24, 28 
 
Hog :ilianual . .. .... ... ... . .... ...... .. .... ... ... . ... . . . . . . . ... .. 51 
 
Homer .. ... . .... ....... . .... . . . . .... .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . ... .... . ... 57 
 
Horncrville .. . . .. ......... ...... . ...... ... . .. . .... .. . . .... . . .. .. 87 
 
Homestead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ..... . . .. .. ........... 44 
 
H otels-(Scc the several Cities and Tmn1s) 
 
Horticultural Society--Georgia State ............. .. . . ........... . 50 
 
Houston County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .  . !}4 
 
I 
 
Immigration -Desired l>y the People of Georgia . . . .32, 33, 5G, 67, 7!). Introduction . . .. . ..... .. ... .. . .... .. ... ..... .. . ... .. ... .... .. .. ; 1 Iron - (See VALUAJ>LE MINE RALS) .. ...... .  22, G1, G2, 63, G4, G5 Iron Furnaces, Foundries, etc. . . .  . .  . .  . . . . . . . .. ... ... . .28, ()3, 63 Irwin County .. . .. .. . ...... . ................... .. .. ......... fl5 
Irwi nton ........ . . . .. ... .. . . .. . ... . ........... . ... ...... . ... 84 Irwinville . ............................................ .. . .. .. .. . l.l5 Isftb cll:t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 100 Israelite;; . ........... .. ... .. . . . ............. .. .. . . ... . .... .. .. .. . 39 
 
J 
 
Jackson ........................... .... ..... .... . ........ .. . .... . . 68 Jackson County ... .. ... .. .... . . . . ... .. .. . . ...... . . .. .... . ........ 5!} 
 
 11 2 
 
D EP ART MENT OF AGRICULTURE -GEO R GIA. [17 4] 
 
Jasper . .. . .... . ........ .. .... . .......... . .... . ............ . .. . . 60 .Jasper County .. .... . ..... . . . . .. . . . ... ........ . .... .. ... . . . ... 72 Jefferson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Jefferson County .........  .... ... ......  . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . SO Jeffersonville......... ... ..... .... ............... .. .. . ...... . .. 83 .Jesup. ... . . ... . .............. . . . . . ... .......... .......... . . . ... 89 .Jews ....................... . ..... .. ............... . . . . . ....... . 39 Johnson County ..... . .... . ... .. . .. . ... . . ... . .............. ... .. 81 Jonesboro. . . . . . ............ . . ... . .. ... . ............ . . . . . . . .. .. .. 69 Jones County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . .. ..... . .. ... .. . ... .. .. 72 Judicim-y .. .. . ... . . ....... . . . .... . . .. .... ..  .. .. .......... . . . .. .42 Justices of the Peace . .... . . . . . .. . . . .. ... . .. . .. . . . .... ... .. .... . 43 Jurors .. . ... . . .. .. . .. .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .... . ....... . .. . . . . . . .45 
 
K 
 
K aolin- (See VALUARLE ni:INERALS.) ...... . . .. .... . ........ . .. 24, 78 Kingston ....................... . .................... .. ... . . .... 62 Knights of H onor ............ . .. ... ... . . . ....... . ..........  . . .41 Knights of Pythias ....... ...... . . .. . .... . . . ....... . .. . .... .. .. . . .41 Knoxville . . . .. ......... . ........... . . . . ... . . . . .. . . .. .... .. ... . ..93 
 
L 
 
Labor- $lave. . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .27 L abor- White a.ndBlack- (Seethe several Counties.) .. 56, 67, 79, 84,90 Laborers-Farm, 'Wages of. .. . .. . . . . ... . . .......... . .. 56, 67, 79, DO LaFayette. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . ........ . ... .. ..... 65 LaGrange ................. . .. .. .. . ... . .......... . ......... .. . .. 76 Land Olearecl-(Sce the several Counties.) Land- per cent. of tillable-(See the several Counties.) IJancl- Price, of ............... . ...................56, 67, 79, 85, 91 Land-Too Mountainous for Culture- (See the several counties.) Land Titles . ... ... . ...... . .... .. .. . . .. . . .. .... .. .. . ...... .. 45, 46 Land- Swampy-(See the several Counties.) Latitude of Georg ia ...... .. .. ... . . .......... .. .. . . . ... . ....... 7, 8 Laurens County . .. . . . .... .. .. . ... .. .. . ... . ... . . . . . ... ........ . ... 81 Law School . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Lawrenceville. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... .... .. .58 Lawyers-(See the several Counties.) Lead- (See :MuRRAY COUNTY; see, also, VALUABLE MINERALS.) 66, 73, 78 Lee County................ . ... .. . . .............. . ... . ..... ..  . . 95 Leesburg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... .. . ... .................... . ....... .. 95 Legislature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . .............. . .. ..... .41 Lexington ....... . ......... ., .. . . .. .. .. , . . . .. . . .. . . . .. .. . .. . . ..  . . 75 
 
 [175] 
 
MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 
 
113 
 
Liberty County. . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
 
. ....88 
 
Liens............ . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .46 
 
Limestone-(See BARTOW, FANNIN, GILMER, POLK, WALKER, and 
 
.WHITEFIELD COUNTIES; see, also, VALUABLE MINERALS.) ..... 24, 66 
 
Lincoln County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 
 
Lincolnton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . .... 73 
 
Lowndes County . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ . ................ . ....... 95 
 
Louisville. .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 80 
 
Lumber-(See the several Counties.) ............ . ....... . .... 88, 90 
 
Lumpkin............... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ................... 98 
 
Lumpkin County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ ....................... 59 
 
Lunatic Asylum .................................... .. ........... 40 
 
Lutherans .............................. . ......................... 89 
 
M 
 
Macon .................................................. . ...... 91 Macon County........ . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . ..... 95 Madison ................. . ...................... . ... . ............ 79 Madison County. . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ... 59 Malaria...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 33, 34 Malta-Sons of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Manufactures-Advantages for over Eastern States. . .  . . . . . . . . ... 27 Manufactures-(See AUGUSTA CANAL, RICHMOND COUNTY, and Co- 
LUMBUS.).... .. ......................................... 27, 28 Manufacturing Establishments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63, 71 Manganese-(See BARTOW, CARROLL, HALL, LINCOLK, and POLK 
COUNTIES; also, VALUABLE MINERALS.) ................ 61, 62, 65 Marble- (See FANNIN, FLOYD, GILMER, PICKENS, POLK and 
WALKER COUNTIES; also, VALUABLE MINERALS.). . .... 23, 63, 65 Marls-(See the several counties in East Georgia, Southeast Geor- 
gia and Southwest Georgia; also, VALUABLE MINERALS.) .24, 81, 85 90, 94, 96, 97, ()8 
Marietta.................... .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .63 Marion County. . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................. \)(] Marshallville. . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . .. . ............. . ............... 95 Masons ......................................................... .41 McDonough. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 72 McDuffie. County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 73 Mcintosh County .................................. . ............ 88 McRae ..................................................... 83 Mechanics' Liens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................ .46 Mechanics' Wages ...................................56, 67, 79, 84 Medical Colleges. . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Melons .............................................. . .......... 79 
8 
 
 114 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA. [176] 
 
)iercer University . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . ... . .35 
 
Meriwether County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................ 73 
 
lVIetals and Minerals-(See VALUABLE MINERALS.) .... .. 17, 56, 66, 100 
 
Methodist College . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................... 36 
 
Methodist Church.. ....... ............... .. ......... . . . . . ... 38 
 
l\'Iica ---(See FANNlN, HALL HEARD, ,JACKSON, LUMPI,TN, MORGAN, 
 
TROUP, and UNJON COUN'IES; see, also, VALUABLE .MINERALS.) 
 
Nl.i chigan, compared with Georgia ...... .... . . ..... . . ..... ... . ... 34 
 
Middle Georgi>t......... . . . .......... . .. . ...... . ...... 5, 10, 11, 66 
 
Nliller County 
 
. . .... . ................ . . . ........... ....... .96 
 
Mills-(See the several Counties.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 
 
;\iili edgeville. . ... ... . .. ...... . .. . . .............. . . . .. .. . . .. .67 
 
Milton County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .. 60 
 
Miln e1 ............ . . 
 
.. ... .. 75 
 
Min eral IV aters and Springs . ... . . ....................... 25, 67, 68 
 
Mississippi Valley-Trade of, its best Outlet through Georgia ...... 3 
 
:M:ispickel. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. .. , .. .. 23 
 
Mitchell County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . .. 96 
 
M.onroc ..... . ............ .. ... .. . . . . .. . . . ................ .... .. 77 
 
li'Ionroe County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 73 
 
Montezuma .. ........... . ...... . .. ........ .. . . ....... . .... ... .95 
 
Monticello . . . . . . . . . . . 
 
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . ..... 72 
 
Montgomery County . .... . . .. . . ............. ...... . ... ... . . ... .. 81 
 
-~iorgan.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. ....... .. .. . .. ... 92 
 
i\llorgan County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ... 74 
 
Morganton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . .... . ... . .. . . . ..... ...... . . . .... 57 
 
ivlt.. Airy.. .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . ... . ...58 
 
C\'Ioultrie. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . ... 93 
 
Mount Vernon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . .81 
 
J.Vluck-(See VALUABLE MIN ERALS.) .......... , ..... , . . ..... .. .. . . 84 
 
Murray County... ... . .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . 64 
 
M.uscogee County . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
 
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... , ..... 96 
 
N 
 
Nashville ........... ... ..... . .. ... . .. .. , .. . .. .. ...... .. . . .... . .91 
 
Naturalization-(See ALIENs)... ......... . ........ 
 
. ...... .48, 49 
 
Navigation of Rivers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 28, 29 
 
Negroes --Education of .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .......... _.. "' .... 33, 36 
 
Negro Population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... _. . . . . . . . . . . . ;33 
 
N ewnan._ ..... . ... _. ..... .......... . ............... ... .... .... .69 
 
N ewspapers in Gcorgia-(See EmtA'rA; see, also, the several Coun- 
 
ties tllld Towns.) ............. . ......................... 52, 53,54 
 
Newton .......... . .............................. , ....... , ......91 
 
Newton County ...... ...... . . .. ... .... .. ........ ,, .. . .. _... . ..... 74 
 
Niekel- -(See PICKENS County.) 
 
 (177] 
 
MANUAL OF; GEORGIA. 
 
115 
 
North Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. 5 Northeast Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .... . ....... . ...... ... . ... 55 Northwest Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 North Georgia Stock and Fair Association .............. . ..... .... 50 Notaries Public ............ ........ .. ... . ..... . .. .. .. ....... . ... .44 
 
0 
 
Ochre..... . .. . 
 
. . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 65 
 
Oconee Coun ty ............... . . . .... .... .... . ........ . ...... 74 
 
Odd Fellows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . .................. . . . .. .... 41 
 
Officers of the State, appointed by the Governor .... . . ........... .. 42 
 
Oglethorpe ... :....... .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... . .... 9.5 
 
Oglethorpe County .. ... ........ .. ............... . .. ... ....... . .. 74 
 
Olive .. .. . . ........................... ... .. .. ... ... ..... .... .9Q 
 
Opal-(See VALUABLE YI INERALS. ) ... . .. ... . .. . .. . .. . . . . ... .. . . 23 
 
Ordinary-Court of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .. . .. 44 
 
Oxford ............ . ........ . . ........ ... . ....... . ... . ... .. ..... 74 
 
p 
 
Pacific Railroad Company-Terminus on Georgia Coast ........ . .... 3 
 
Paper Mills. .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . ..... 28, 63, o8, 71, 76, 86 
 
Paulrling County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .f)4 
 
Peaehes........ .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . . .. ....... .. .... .. ..... 10, 67, 79 
 
Perry . . . . . . . . . . 
 
. . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . 
 
!J:l 
 
Physicians-( See tho seveml Cities and Towns.) 
 
Pickens County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
 
. 60 
 
Pierce County... . . ... ....... . . 
 
. .. . ... . ...... .... ... 88 
 
75 Pike County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . 
 
Pio Nono College. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
 
. ..... 3() 
 
P lanting-Farming w ith Slave Labor . . . . . .... . ....... . .......... 27 
 
Planting-Time of............. . .... . ... . . . . . ..... .. 56, 67, 78, 84, 90 
 
Plumbago-(See G-RAPHITE.) 
 
Polk County. . . . . . . . . . . . 
 
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... ().'\ 
 
Population, and Capacity for-of Georgia-( See several counties, 
 
cities anrl towns. ) .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. 4, 32 
 
Preciou s Stones-(See VALUABI.E :MINERALS.) ............. . . . . . 23 
 
Presbyterians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . .. ....... ... ........ 38, 39 
 
Preston . ... . ................................... . ... .. ......... 99 
 
Productions 
 
. ....... 9, 10, 11, 12, 56, 66, 67, 78, 84, 89, 90 
 
Production, under high Culture .......... 12, 13, 14, 15, 56, 67, 78, 90 
 
Productions-Yield per Acre of various Crops ...... 56, 66, 78, 84, 90 
 
Protestant Episcopal Church . .. . . ... .... .. . .... .... ... . ....... .. .39 
 
Public Schools-(See the several counties.) ..... .. . ... ..... . ..... 37 
 
Pulaski County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ .. ........... 81 
 
 116 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE-GEORGIA. [178] 
 
Putnam County. 
 
. . . .   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 
 
Q 
Quitman............. . .................................... . .... 92 Quitman County.............................. . .............. 97 
R 
 
Rabun County.. . . . ................................ . ........... 60 
 
Railroads .............................. .. ........ : . .. 11, 29, 30 
 
Rain-falL. .......................................................9 
 
Randolph County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ....... 97 
 
Reidsville. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83 
 
Religion and Religious Denominations-(See the several coun- 
 
ties.) . . . . . . . . . . . . _.......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ....... 38, 39 
 
Resaca ........................................ . . . .............. 64 
 
Resorts--Summer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... 34 
 
Rice...... .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. 
 
.. ........... 9, 11, 84 
 
Rice Mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
 
. ... 76, 86 
 
Richmond County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
 
82 
 
Ringgold. . . . . . . 
 
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 62 
 
Rivers-Navigable... .. .. . .. .. .. .. ... .... . .. . .. 
 
.. .28, 29 
 
Rockdale County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 75 
 
Roman Catholic Church ................................. . ........ 39 
 
Roman Catholic College....... . .. . . ........................ 36 
 
Rome............................................................ 64 
 
Rutile-(See VALUABLE MINERALS.) ........................ 23, 73 
 
s 
 
Sandersville.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... 83 
 
Savannah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 
 
Schools-(See EDUCATION)-(See the several Counties.) ......... 35, 37 
 
Schley County....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............... 98 
 
Screven County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................... 82 
 
Sea Coast.......................................................7 
 
Sea Island Cotton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .. .... 84 
 
Serpentine-(See VAI,UABLE MINERALS.).. . . . . . .. . . . 
 
. . 23 
 
Sheep Husbandry-Manual of ........................... .. ..... 51 
 
Shipping Fruit. .. .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. .. . . . . ................. 12 
 
Silver-(See DAWSON. HALL, JACKSON, LINCOLN and MURRAY 
 
CoUNTIES; see, also, VALUABLE MINERALS.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 
 
t:\late-(See BAHTOW, FLOYD, GILMER, GORDON and PoLK COUN- 
 
TIES; see, also, VALUABLE MINEHALS.) .............. 23, 61, 63, 65 
 
 [179] 
 
MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 
 
117 
 
Slave Labor-in Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 
 
Slopes, Atlantic and Gulf . . .. .... . ........ .. ..... .... ... . . . ....... 6 
 
Snow .. . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .. ... 6, 7, 56, 85, 90 
 
Soap Stone- (See VALUABLE MINERALS.) . . . ..... . ... . ...... .. .64, 66 
 
8ocial Circle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 
 
Soils and Subsoils.............. .9, 12, 55, 56, 61, 66, 78, 84, 89, 90 
 
Sons of ~!alta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 41 
 
Southeast Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 84 
 
Southeast Georgia, Compared with the Country near Berlin, 
 
Prussia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 
 
Southwest Georgia... ...... .. .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 
 
South (Lower) Georgia.... .... ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .... 5, 11, 12 
 
Southern Pacific Raihoad-Terminus on Georgia Coast. 
 
. .3 
 
Sparta .................. .. .............................. . . .. .. 71 
 
Spalding lJounty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 76 
 
Springfi eld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 
 
Spring P lace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 
 
8tate Agricultural Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .. . ... . ..... .49, 50 
 
State Gr ange. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . 50 
 
State H orticultural Society. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 
 
State-Sectional Divisions of ...... .. ..... ... ...... . .... ... ... 5, 55 
 
Statenville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 
 
87 
 
Statesboro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
 
79 
 
Stewart County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 
 
St. Mary's.. . ........... .. .. ...... . . .. . ..... . . .. . . ..... .. . 86 
 
Stock- Grazing in Winter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 
 
Stock-Range for .... .... .... ......... ...... ... . .... 10, 11, 61 , 91 
 
Stock and Fair Association, North GeOTgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 
 
Stock Raising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 61, 95, 96 
 
Stock-Price of. . .... ..... .. ... .. ........ .. ....... . .......... 55, 57 
 
Stone Mountain .. . . .... . .. . ......... .. ........................ .. 70 
 
Sugar Cane-(See the several Counties in E ast Georgia, Southeast 
 
Georgia and Southwest Georgia.) . . . . . . .... ..... . ...... 11, 12, 78 Sulphur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 
 
Summer Resorts . . .... .... . ... . .. ..... ... . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. 34, 56 
 
Summerville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 
 
Sumter County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 
 
Superior Court. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 
 
Supreme Court ... .. ........................................ 42 
 
Swainsboro. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... .. . 80 
 
Swamp Lands- (See the several Counties). 
 
Sylvania .... ..... .. ........... 
 
. ....... . . . . ...... ... 82 
 
T 
T albot County .... .. ............. . . ...... . . . .... . Talbotton . . . .. . . . 
 
............. 76 76 
 
 118 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE-GEORGIA. [1~0] 
 
Taliaferro County. . . . ... .... .... .. .. :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 
 
T atnall County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. ... , . . . . 82 
 
Taxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . .. . . . ... . . . .. . ... .. . .. . ....... .45, 46 
 
T ea Plant.. .... . .. ....... . ..... . . .. . .. .. . . . ...... . . . . . . . . .. ... 90 
 
Telfair County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .. . .. 83 
 
T emperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ . .. 7, 8, 56, 67, 79, 85, 90 
 
Tennille . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 
 
Terrell County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 
 
Thomas County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 
 
Thomaston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 
 
Thomasville.... . . . . . . ...... . .. ....... . ... ........ .... . .... .. 99 
 
Thomson....... . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . 
 
....... ..... 
 
73 
 
Timber... . 
 
.. .. . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . ... .. .6, 16, 17, 66 
 
Titles to Land.. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 
 
.. ..... .. .45, 46 
 
Toccoa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
 
,)8 
 
Tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ... 12, 90 
 
Towns County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
 
60 
 
Trader's Hill.... . .. . . ....... . .... . .. .. .. . . . . 
 
86 
 
Transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 
 
Trenton ..... . . .. .. .. .. .. .. 
 
.. . .. ....... .. ..... . 63 
 
Tripoli-(See V A.LUABLE MrNERALS.) .... .. . . ... ... . ... . ...... 64, 65 
 
Troup County. . . . . . . . . . . . 
 
. . ..... ... 76 
 
'l'unnel Hill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
 
66 
 
Turpentine Distilleries, Rosin, N aval Stores, ete. . .. 16, 80, 81, 82, 83 
 
&5, 87, 88, 89, 92, 100 
 
Twiggs County. 
 
.. - .... 83 
 
u 
 
Union County....... .. .. 
 
.. .. ....... . ..... ....... . ..... . 60 
 
Union Point .. ... ... . .. . . . . . .... . .. . .... . . . . .. .. .. .. ... . . ..... 71 
 
Unitarians.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ..... . ... .......... ......... . 39 
 
Universalists ........ .. . .. . .... . ...... . ..... .. . ... .. . . . .. ..... 39 
 
University-Atlanta- (See ERRA TA.)........... 
 
. . .36 
 
University of Georgia.. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .... .... ....... ...... .35 
 
University-Mercer . .......... . . . ... .. . . ......... .. . . . . . . . . . . .35 
 
v 
 
V aldosta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... . .. .. ..... . .. . ..... . .95 
 
Valuable Minerals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ... .100 
 
Vegetables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. .. .. .12, 67 
 
Vienna ... .... ...... ..... ... _. . . . . 
 
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 93 
 
Voters--Qualification of .. .... . ... ... ......... . ... . .......... .41 
 
 (181] 
 
MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 
 
119 
 
w 
 
Wages of Labmers and Mechanics .. . .... . ... . . .. . .56, 67, 79, 84, 90 
 
W alker County. . .. . .. .. . . . .. .. . .... . . . . ... . . . . ........ . .... 65 
 
Walthourville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .... . .... . ......... .. .. 88 
 
Walton County............ . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . . 77 
 
\Var e County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ...... .89 
 
W arren County . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . ..... . . . . . . . .. . .. .. .. .. .77 
 
Warrenton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
 
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . 77 
 
Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,.... .. ... 78 
 
Washington County . .. .. .. . ...... . . . ... .. ....... . ......... .. . ....83 
 
Water, of Springs and Wells . .... . ........ .. 10, 25, 56, 78, 85, 90, 91 
 
Water P owers .............. ........ .. .. .. ...... .11, 25, 26, 67, 90 
 
Water-Sheds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 6 
 
Waters-Mineral and Medicinal ..... .. ... . .. . . .. . . . . ...... 25, 67, 68 
 
Watkinsville. ...... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .... .. . . ..... .. .. . . 74 
 
Waycross .......... .. .... ....... ...... ........... . ............ 89 
 
Wayne County ... . .......... . ....... ... .. . .................... 89 
 
Waynesboro. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... 79 
 
Waynesville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ....... . .. ... ... ... .. . .......... 89 
 
Webster County. . . . . . . . . . . . . ............. . ...... . ...... . ... . ... 99 
 
Wells . .. ..... ....................... ... ...... . ........ . . . .. 46, 47 
 
Wesleyan F emale College-( See ERRATA.) ... . .. . . . . . . .. .  . . . 36 
 
West Point. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 77 
 
White County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .... .. .. .. .. .. ...... 61 
 
Whitefi eld County. . . .. . . .. . .... ........... . ......... . . . , ....... 65 
 
Wilcox County ....... . . ..... ... .. .. .. ... . . . .... .... . .. . ... .. . .. 99 
 
Wilkinson County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . ....... 83 
 
Wilkes County .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .' .. .. ..... 77 
 
Wool.'. . ..... . . ..... . . .. . .. . . ......... . . ... . . . .. ... . . . . . . . . . 11 
 
Woolen Factories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . ... .28 
 
Woods, of Georgia .................................. 16, 17, 56, 66, 78 
 
Worth County .. .. . .............. . ...... ......... ..... ....... ... 100 
 
Wrightsville. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................. .. .. . .. ..... ... .. . .81 
 
y 
 
Yield Per Acre of Agricultural Products... . . ..... .. 56, 66, 78, 84, 90 
z 
 
Zebulon ..... . 
 
. ...........75