Volume XIII, No. 2 July 2016
Kayla Morris, African American Programs Assistant
Historic Preservation Division
Beulah Rucker: Others Before Self
Beulah Rucker is often recognized for her great will to
educate African Americans in Hall County, Georgia. Rucker
was born in 1888, in Banks County, Georgia, the daughter
of sharecroppers who recognized quickly how intelligent their
daughter was, and pushed for her education. Often times Rucker’s
family did not have the funds needed to pay for her tuition so she
would have to work in order to attend school. At the beginning of
school one year, Rucker did not have the money for her tuition. She
stood before the principal and stated, “Here are my hands; they can
work.” Rucker completed her work at the Knox Institute, located
in Athens, Georgia, for African Americans in 1909.
 After completing her education at Knox, Rucker desired to
open her own school as no schools in the area of Banks County
served African Americans; she worked various jobs to fund this
dream.
“Dreams or visions that I would have to establish a school for
my race…I had to build a school for my people and the bible
must be taught therein.”
- Beulah Rucker, The Rugged Pathway
During a time when it was believed that an African American
woman could not run a school,
Rucker opened her school in 1911
in Banks County. Rucker received
a Rosenwald grant for a school she
opened in Gainesville, becoming the
first African American woman to do so.
She later created a Veterans Night
School for servicemen of World War II,
which was based at the Industrial School.
Rucker intended to educate African
Americans in her c o m m u n i t y
a b o u t h y g i e n e , cultural values
to help uplift the race, and preparation for
both professional and industrial work.
Rucker fought for the education of African American students, who
without her may have not gained the basic right to read, while living
in an area that failed to provide adequate educational facilities for
African American children. The Industrial School still stands today
in Gainesville, Georgia; where it operates as a meeting space and
museum recognizing the efforts of Beulah Rucker, a trailblazer in
the education of black Americans.
“I have sacrificed both night and day to light a torch of instruction
for my race”
- Beulah Rucker, in The Rugged Pathway
Tailoring Class, The Industrial School in Gainesville,
The GainesvilleTimes
Beulah Rucker,
The Gainesville
Times
2
Freedom Schools: Fostering Leadership
I
n 1964 Freedom Schools were created throughout the
Deep South to fight against political, social, economic, and
educational oppression. Many organizations that were a part
of the Civil Rights Movement helped to create the Freedom
Schools such as Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee
(SNCC), the Southern Christian Leadership Conference
(SCLC), and the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE).

Freedom Schools were often used to educate students in rural
areas who were attending classes only three months out of the
year due to the farm schedule. These schools also sought to
teach students leadership skills; and in them, students were
given the opportunity to explore topics of the Civil Rights
Movement.
“ To bring about a kind of ‘mental revolution’ , reading, writing
and speaking skills were taught through the discussion of black
history, the power structure and building a Movement to struggle
against it. Everyone took this basic ‘civics’ course and then chose
from more academic subjects, like algebra and chemistry.”
-A volunteer’s explanation of the Freedom School curriculum
 The Freedom School programs succeeded as a summer project
in rural Mississippi, and soon spread throughout the Deep South,
in order to fill a void in rural communities whose schools did not
serve African American students.
 Freedom Schools helped mold students,and allowed them to
express their thoughts on community and culture. Students were
given the opportunity to discuss freely their thoughts on the current
political climate, not only in their community, but nationwide. It
is important to remember programs such as the Freedom Schools
helped bring about change in our nation. By giving rural African
American communities the ability to question the status quo and to
rise up and fight against the oppression of their communities, these
schools allowed people to create a future they could have pride in.
 Georgia’s Freedom School is located in Taliaferro county; it is
called the Log Schoolhouse. This school was created to combat
the county’s choice to not integrate its public schools; many of the
students who attended this Freedom School would go on to protest
the segregation of local public schools.
 Researchers can access a video clip of the 1965 protest against
segregation of Taliaferro public schools in Crawfordville. The video is
offered through the Civil Rights Digital Library at http://crdl.usg.edu .
 The Historic Preservation Division (HPD) is seeking any
information regarding the Log Schoolhouse freedom school, or any
such freedom schools located in Georgia. Please contact HPD’s
African American Programs coordinator.
“The presence of a Freedom School helped to loosen the hard knot
of fear and to organize the Negro community”
-Staughton Lynd, Historian and Director of Freedom Schools
 The Freedom School movement left behind a legacy that continues
to inspire today’s generations through programs:
 The Akwesasne Freedom School in New York State (located on
a Mohawk Indian Reservation)
 The Children’s Defense Fund’s Freedom Schools at
The Emmaus House of Atlanta (also located in 24 states)
 Philadelphia Freedom Schools and the William Still and Fannie
Lou Hamer Trainers serve the Philadelphia, PA region.
 Freedom Schools also exist in St. Louis, MO, Tuscon, AZ, and
St. Paul, MN.
 Here are some resources on Freedom Schools and the Freedom
Summer of 1964:
 “Freedom School: Writers of the Plays” curriculum guide.
http://courses.education.illinois.edu/ci407ss/freedomschools.html
“Exploring the History of Freedom Schools” overview
http://civilrightsteaching.org/resource/freedom-schools questioning-andchanging-the-world/
Young protesters led to jail in Birmingham, AL
Newsweek/The Daily Beast
Freedom Summer participants canvassing to help register
black voters, Ted Polumbaum, Newseum Collections
Kayla Morris, African American Programs Assistant
Historic Preservation Division
3
Juneteenth: When Did Freedom Come?
On June 19, 1865 in Galveston,
Texas, news that the
Civil War ended and enslaved
African Americans were free
was received. This day on which
slaves in Galveston learned of
their newfound freedom is now
known as Juneteenth. Though the
Emancipation Proclamation was
signed by Abraham Lincoln in 1863,
two and a half years passed before
slavery was officially ended with
the surrender of the Confederacy.
In 1862 after the Union captured
the city of New Orleans, many
slaveholders and slaves from
Mississippi, Louisiana, and many
other areas in the East,

migrated to the West to escape the

Union’s reach. Dr. Henry Louis Gates Jr., describes this
movement as the reenactment of the Middle Passage because
over 150,000 slaves had made the journey to west.

“The people of Texas are informed that, in accordance with a
proclamation from the Executive of the United States, all slaves
are free. This involves an absolute equality of personal rights
and rights of property between former masters and slaves, and
the connection heretofore existing between them becomes that
between employer and hired labor. The freedmen are advised to
remain quietly at their present homes and work for wages. They
are informed that they will not be allowed to collect at military
posts and that they will not be supported in idleness either there or
elsewhere.”
– General Orders, Number 3; Headquarters District of Texas,
Galveston, June 19, 1865
 In Elizabeth Hayes Turner’s “Juneteenth: Emancipation and
Memory,” she discusses how slaveholders and the government
decided to announce that slaves were free in the state. Many
of the slaveholders did not inform the slaves of their freedom
until after the harvest, and the former Confederate mayor of
Galveston ignored the orders of the Union Army by putting the
slaves back to work. Those African Americans, who decided to
act on their new found freedom, were often abused or killed.
One former slave recalled the lynching of African Americans
who decided to leave their masters after hearing of their
emancipation. And in the case of some African Americans, such
as Katie Darling, who remained enslaved by her mistress for
another six years after the announcement of the general order,
freedom may have appeared a distant dream.

“(She) whip me after the war jist like
she did ‘fore,” former slave Katie
Darling.
 Stories such as Katie Darling’s
show that through all of the delays
and violence the newly freed men had
endured, they defied their former lives
of captivity and formed holidays where
they would celebrate that history.
Celebrating Juneteenth did bring its
own challenges in the Jim Crow state of
Texas, where African American leaders
had to push against the supporters,
who during and after Reconstruction,
viewed the Antebellum period as a
time where both African Americans
and whites got along well, and was
a time of glory not cruelty, as many
former slaves remembered it to be. Juneteenth was used as a day
to gather lost relatives, uplift the race, and instill the values of the
former slaves into the rising generations.
 Prior to the spread of knowledge about Juneteenth,
Emancipation Day, widely promoted by Frederick Douglass,
was often celebrated on the first of January or on the birthday
of Abraham Lincoln. During the height of the Civil Rights
Movement, African Americans began to realize that celebrating the
Independence Day of the United States, which did not offer them
equal rights, no longer made sense. African American leaders then
went on to their communities to educate others on Juneteenth
celebrations. Once Juneteenth became known as the African
American Independence Day, communities began to celebrate the
emancipation of slaves on June 19th. Today, many celebrations have
been held for Juneteenth; an event in Atlanta included workshops,
a parade focused on African American achievements and history,
and community vendors. The fifth annual event was held at Morris
Brown College, June 17-19, 2016.

“ ‘The 19th of June wasn’t the exact day the Negro was freed. But
that’s the day they told them that they was free … And my daddy
told me that they whooped and hollered and bored holes in trees with
augers and stopped it up with [gun] powder and light and that would
be their blast for the celebration.’ ”
-A Descendant of a Former Slave (Elizabeth Hayes Turner’s
“Juneteenth: Emancipation and Memory”)
Juneteenth Celebration in Georgia, Library of Congress
Kayla Morris, African American Programs Assistant
Historic Preservation Division
Kayla Morris, African American Programs Assistant
Historic Preservation Division
4
The Segregation of Georgia State Parks: The Negro State Parks
I
n 1927 Georgia began to create state parks to meet
the tourist demand created by the growing automobile
industry. The state Senate passed a resolution to help create a
reserve in Butts County protecting a spring and surrounding
land under the State Board of Forestry. The Georgia State
Parks System was created in 1931 with two parks--one in
Butts County and another in Union County. The state created
five more parks over the next six years. The federal New
Deal also helped grow the number of state parks in Georgia.
 In 1933, President F.D. Roosevelt’s New Deal policies
created the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), which
provided labor to restore and preserve state land and
resources. The CCC constructed trails, helped to plant
trees, and built dams. They also fought wild fires. In the
1930s, with the labor of the CCC, the state parks in Georgia
expanded from about 500 acres to 5,000 acres. In the 1940s
the National Park Service became available to assist.
 The state parks operated under the “separate but equal”
practice that resulted from the Plessy v. Ferguson decision.
During the 1950s four state parks were designated for
African American use in Georgia: George Washington Carver
(Bartow Co.), Yam Grande (Emanuel Co.), Lincoln (Jenkins
Co.), and Veteran’s Memorial (Crisp Co.).
 George Washington Carver State Park was led by the
first black superintendent of a state park in Georgia, John
Atkinson, a former Tuskegee Airman.
“…a black recreational Mecca and attracted visitors from
throughout the southeast. Several well-known entertainers
such as Ray Charles and Little Richard performed at the
park…The park also served as the summer home of the St.
John’s Ski Bees, a black ski club, which was headquartered in
Jacksonville, Florida.”
– Georgia Chief Justice Robert Benham
State Parks system allotted 345 acres that made up George
Washington Carver State Park that was settled on Lake Allatoona.
Carver State Park was eventually consolidated with Red Top
Mountain State Park, and the last superintendent of the park,
Samuel Nathan, was transferred to Richmond Hill State Park (now
Fort McAllister) to become the first black superintendent of a
formerly white state park in Georgia.
 In order to maintain segregation, Vogel and Roosevelt
state parks were leased to private vendors and run by private
organizations. Other parks in the state created separate areas for
African Americans in order to keep the races from interacting.

 Today the Georgia State Parks System operates within the
Department of Natural Resources, and boasts over 85,000 acres
of land and natural resources in its more than 60 state parks and
historic sites. Surveys and visitor data have been used to develop
more activities catered to a diverse group of visitors as these areas
of recreation are being used less by minority populations.*
 The study,“Monitoring Visitation in Georgia State Parks Using
SOPARC+”, attempts to help park managers understand their
visitors of various racial and ethnic backgrounds, to examine
what type of recreational activities motivate minority visitors,
and what limitations were perceived by those visitors. In a time
when minority populations (Hispanics and African Americans) are
increasing in the state, the study shows a decrease in recreational
use of state parks among these groups.

* Source: Whiting, “GEORGIA STATE PARK STAKEHOLDERS’
OUTDOOR RECREATION PREFERENCES, MOTIVATIONS,
BENEFITS, AND PERCEIVED CONSTRAINTS BY SOCIAL AND
CULTURAL DEMOGRAPHICS”

https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/whiting_jason_201208_phd.pdf
+ SOPARC stands for System for Observing Play and Recreation in
Communities
Parks Brochure, Contributed by Charles
Atkinson via Atlanta Time Machine
Advertisement, Photo by Bartow County Gen Web
5
Robert S. Abbott: Revolutionary of Black Journalism
Kayla Morris, African American Programs Assistant
Historic Preservation Division
Robert Sengstacke
Abbott, born in
St. Simons Island,
Georgia to freed slaves in
1870, became the editor
of the country’s first black
weekly newspaper, The
Chicago Defender. Abbott was
educated at Hampton Institute
(now Hampton University)
where he studied printing,
and Kent College in Chicago,
where he earned his law
degree. After receiving his
law degree, Abbott moved to
Gary, Indiana, in hopes of working as a lawyer; he would
soon learn that the current racial dynamics would keep him
from practicing law. In 1905 Abbott founded The Chicago
Defender which claimed itself to be “The World’s Greatest
Weekly.” Abbott decided to focus his newspaper on events
that he believed were not covered well, if at all, in majority
of white-led journalism. Abbott’s goal was to highlight
African American success, significant activities, and to
discuss goals of the African American community.
 The Chicago Defender set itself apart in how it identified
African Americans in its articles. Instead of referencing
African Americans as “negro,” they were called “the Race”.
The purpose of identifying an African American man as
a “Race” man was to evaluate the issues at-hand in the
interests of the whole Race. According to Abbott, the term
“negro” had become a derogatory term and he believed that
since The Chicago Defender’s purpose was to reach African
Americans nationwide, his terminology was justified.
 Although Abbott supported leaders such as Booker T.
Washington, he did not believe that African Americans
should become accommodating to the dominate culture.
Instead, Abbott promoted equality between African
Americans and whites in the United States. At a time when
in a city such as Chicago, where African Americans could
attend integrated schools, run for office, vote, and ride
the same streetcars as whites, he desired legal equality
nationwide to end racial discrimination in the workplace and
in public spaces.
“This government, as we understand it, is not only bound in its
own defense to protect the poor working people, but a poor downtrodden race of people. Have not the horrible crimes perpetrated
on the Negro sufficiently aroused the better element of them
[whites] to a realization of the fact that something must be done
and done quickly if they would remove the blood stains from their
hands?” – Writer of The Chicago Defender, April 20, 1912
 Robert Abbott was often viewed as a representative for the
black voice; he was able to reach out to blacks not only in
Chicago, but nationwide, who were able to see the news written
through their own perspective. It was believed that a single copy
of the paper was shared among multiple households within a
community; a minister in one town in the South would purchase
150 copies of the paper and distribute them throughout the
African American community. In 1919 The Chicago Defender
reported that it circulated 120,000 papers; estimating that each
copy circulated at least five more times, reaching and influencing
at least 600,000 people nationwide. Discussing the injustices
placed upon the black race was inspiring to many who read The
Chicago Defender, which covered everything from demonstrating
the tactics of segregation to representing the plight of the Pullman
porters. Abbott’s weekly helped inspire the oppressed in the early
20th century. The Great Migration of African Americans out of
the South was bolstered, in part, by circulars like The Chicago
Defender that reported on the alternative northern African
American experience to those experience abject poverty and
violence in the South.
“I bought a Chicago Defender… and after reading it and seeing
the golden opportunity I decided to leave this place at once.”
- Reader from Memphis
 Though Abbott was a progressive concerned with the
treatment of African Americans, he was also fairly conservative
when it came to matters such as family life. Despite his support of
the hiring of African American policewomen, he did believe that
the destruction of the African American family would come with
the working woman. Abbott did intend to educate the African
American community of unsanitary conditions, and offered a
health column that was written by a Northwestern graduate, Dr.
A. Wilberforce Williams. The health column discussed diseases
such as syphilis and gonorrhea; the descriptions of these diseases
were often very detailed and may have been viewed as unfit for
a newspaper to produce. But both Williams and Abbott insisted
that the African American community needed to be educated to
prevent the spread of disease among them. Abbott and Williams
also promoted abstaining from alcohol and certain habit forming
drugs, and being educated on infant care, and nutrition. Abbott
supported prohibition and believed that if gambling and alcohol
were to exit the African American communities, the morality of
young African American men would greatly improve.
 In 1919, the Governor of Illinois, Frank Lowden, named
Abbott a part of the state’s Race Relations Commission. This
commission studied the changes that occurred in the North as
a result of the Great Migration. Robert Abbott died in 1940,
and left The Chicago Defender to be run by his nephew, John
Sengstacke of Savannah.
Robert Sengestacke Abbott,
Wikipedia.org
6
Announcements


Gullah Geechee Heritage Highlighted in
Nation’s Capitol this Fall

The McIntosh County Shouters
 perform September 24the at the opening
of the Smithsonian National Museum of
African American History and Culture
(NMAAHC) in Washington DC.
Ralph Mark Gilbert Civil Rights Museum
Celebrating the 20th Anniversary in Savannah
 Come experience the story of the
modern Civil Rights Movement in
Georgia’s first city!
 Please call (912) 777-6099 for tickets.
Photo credit: http://www.afropop.org/artist/mcintosh- Photo credit: Bina Design/ www.bina-design.com/
county-shouters/
 Flat Rock Archives Hosts Reunion,
Receives Donation
Crescent Moon Foundation Inc. awards
$5,000 to Flat Rock Archives to support
youth/educational programming.
This award was presented at the 10th annual
Flat Rock Community Reunion this month.
http://www.flatrockarchives.com/
Photo credit: Melissa Jest/ Georgia HPD
Friends of Fairview School to screen
Rosenwald Documentary this Fall
The Fairview Brown Heritage Corporation
celebrates 92nd anniversary of the Fairview
Rosenwald school with a screening of the
award-winning film Rosenwald on November
12th, 6 pm at the Historic De Soto Theatre,
Downtown Rome.
Tickets: 706-232-0975 / heritageweekend@yahoo.com
Photo credit: http://www.fairviewbrown.org
7
Happenings!
Image: The Tubman Museum
The Art and Soul of
Timothy Hedden
Known as one of Middle
Georgia’s most talented
& prolific artists,
Timothy Hedden is a
self-taught talent whose
work is in a state of
perpetual evolution.
The artwork of this
Georgia native will be
exhibited at the Tubman
Museum through this
September.
The Tubman Museum, 310 Cherry Street
 Macon, Georgia 31201 | 478.743.8544
 http://www.tubmanmuseum.com/
Image: The Lucy Craft
Laney Museum
Lucy Craft Laney Museum of Black
History, 1116 Phillips Street
Augusta, Georgia 30901 | 706.724.3576
http://www.lucycraftlaneymuseum.com/
Civil Rights and the
Arts : An Exhibit
Through his music,
James Brown inspired
a generation to be “...
Proud!”
This three-month
exhibit covers various
genres and mediums
include concerts, panel
discussions, and film
showings.
Come Home:
Sapelo Island’s
Culture Day
2016
Save the date for
the 21st nnual
Culture Day
Festival on Sapelo
Island, Georgia --
October 15th!
Sapelo Island Cultural and Revitalization
Society (SICARS), P.O. BOX 6
Sapelo Island, Georgia 31327 | 912.485.2197
http://www.sapeloislandga.org/
Image: SICARS
Voice to the Voiceless
Artwork created by the late
Dr. King lines the entrance
to the current exhibit from
the Morehouse College
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Collection now on display
at the Center for Civil and
Human Rights through
September 12th.
The theme is “love”.
National Ctr for Civil and Human Rights
100 Ivan Allen Jr. Blvd.
Atlanta, Georgia 30313 | 678.999.8990
https://www.civilandhumanrights.org/
Image: The National
Center for Civil and
Human Rights 
The Georgia African American Historic Preservation Network (GAAHPN)
was established in January 1989. It is composed of representatives from
neighborhood organizations and preservation groups. GAAHPN was formed in
response to a growing interest in preserving the cultural and built diversity of Georgia’s
African American heritage. This interest has translated into a number of efforts
which emphasize greater recognition of African American culture and contributions
to Georgia’s history. The GAAHPN Steering Committee plans and implements ways
to develop programs that will foster heritage education, neighborhood revitalization,
and support community and economic development.
The Network is an informal group of over 3,000 people who have an interest in
preservation. Members are briefed on the status of current and planned projects and
are encouraged to offer ideas, comments and suggestions. The meetings provide
an opportunity to share and learn from the preservation experience of others and to
receive technical information through workshops. Members receive a newsletter,
Reflections, produced by the Network. Visit the Historic Preservation Division
website at www.georgiashpo.org. Preservation information and previous issues of
Reflections are available online. Membership in the Network is free and open to all.
About GAAHPN
This publication has been financed in part with federal
funds from the National Park Service, Department of
the Interior, through the Historic Preservation Division,
Georgia Department of Natural Resources. The contents
and opinions do not necessarily reflect the views or
policies of the Department of the Interior, nor does
the mention of trade names, commercial products or
consultants constitute endorsement or recommendation by
the Department of the Interior or the Georgia Department
of Natural Resources. The Department of the Interior
prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color,
national origin, or disability in its federally assisted
programs. If you believe you have been discriminated
against in any program, activity, or facility, or if you desire
more information, write to: Office for Equal Opportunity,
National Park Service, 1849 C Street, NW, Washington,
D.C. 20240.
Published quarterly by the
Historic Preservation Division
Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Dr. David Crass, Division Director
Melissa Jest, Editor
Lillian Davis
Dr. Gerald C. & Barbara Golden
Terry & Cynthia Hayes
Richard Laub
Kenneth Rollins
Isaac Johnson, Chair
706/738-1901
Velmon Allen, Vice-Chair
GAAHPN Network
Steering Committee
Isaac Johnson
Chairman
Melissa Jest
African American
Programs Coordinator
Reflections Editor
Voice 770/389-7870
Fax 770/389-7878
melissa.jest@dnr.ga.gov
Staff
8
Since its first issue appeared in December 2000, Reflections has documented
hundreds of Georgia’s African American historic resources. Now all of these
articles are available on the Historic Preservation Division website
www.georgiashpo.org. Search for links to your topic by categories:
cemeteries, churches, districts, farms, lodges, medical, people, places,
schools, and theatres. You can now subscribe to Reflections from the
homepage. Reflections is a recipient of a Leadership in History Award from
the American Association for State and Local History.
About Reflections
Kayla Morris
African American
Programs Assistant
Voice 770/389-7879
Fax 770/389-7878
kayla.morris@dnr.ga.gov