Preservation Posts - July 2014 
In this issue: 
- Message from the Director - Georgia National Register Review Board to meet in August - Opening the Camp Lawton Museum at Magnolia Springs State Park - A Trip to Ossabaw Island - Georgia HPCs Represented at NAPC FORUM in Philadelphia - CLG Spotlight: Valdosta - Recent News & Announcements - Upcoming Events - Available Grants 
Message from the Director: Remarks on the Preservation of Kennesaw Battlefield 
By Dr. David Crass, Division Director & Deputy State Historic Preservation Officer 
I was invited to speak at a re-dedication and wreath-laying ceremony held on June 28th at the Illinois Monument, located on Cheatham Hill at Kennesaw National Battlefield Park. My remarks appear below. 
As someone who has been privileged to make a career in history and archaeology, I always took it for granted that studying, remembering, and memorializing our past was a wholly positive endeavor. After all, George Santayana said it best: "those who cannot remember their past are condemned to repeat it." Tonight I'd like to speak briefly about how we remember the past, and the role historic preservation plays in that process of remembering. 
In the mid-1990s I became engaged in research in Northern Ireland, or as it's known by its historical name, Ulster. The conflict there has faded from the media in recent years, but at the time I began my field research, there were regular armed clashes, assassinations, and bombings, as the Protestant power structure and the Irish Republican Army fought for control. 
I will never forget my first night there. I was having dinner with a journalist from the Irish Times, a newspaper in the Republic, and we were talking about the role of journalism in shaping the political and social debate. He told me that in his estimation, the problem with Ireland is "we can't forget the past." You Americans, on the other hand he said, are always looking forward. As William Faulkner wrote in Requiem for a Nun, for the opposing sides on that beautiful island, the past is never dead. It isn't even past. 
As someone who loves history and the lessons it teaches us, this concept dumbfounded me at first. My journalist acquaintance had all but said that history 
could be a force for evil, as well as enlightenment. Upon reflection, however, I realized that he was partially right - but only partially. The problem wasn't that the Irish couldn't forget the past. The problem was, that like American school textbooks of the 1950s that presented a bowdlerized version of American Indian resistance to white encroachment, the "scholarship" of German historians in the 1930s promoting the notion of a Aryan "Master Race," or modern textbooks of today in many totalitarian countries that leave out episodes that the ruling regime would prefer to ignore, the narrative of Irish history had been subverted to promote political agendas. 
Which brings me to our event here tonight. While we are rightly focused on those who fought here, I'd like to take note for just a moment of the early historic preservationists who saved this site. In 1926 federal legislation authorized the formation of a three man commission to study the Cheatham Hill tract and determine the advisability of creating a national memorial military park. The initial 60 acres had been purchased by veterans of various Illinois regiments back in 1899. That 1926 commission included an officer of the Army Corps of Engineers, a veteran of the Union army, and a veteran of the Confederate army. The composition of that little group is very telling. Because along with events like the veterans reunion at Gettysburg in 1913, it tells us that although there was a long way to go (particularly for African Americans suffering under Jim Crow), the healing process in American society was under way. Congress finally funded the formation of the beginnings of Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park in 1935. 
So tonight, I would like to honor those early historic preservationists who, for over 35 years, worked their hearts out to insure that the stories associated with this place were told. They include everyday people like Lansing Dawdy, a veteran of the 86th Illinois, who bought the original tract, the Rev. J. A. Jones, the first caretaker of the property in 1922, who received no pay, but was allowed to live on the site, as well as giants of the American political scene like the legendary House Speaker Joseph Cannon of Illinois, and President Pro Tempore of the U.S. Senate Richard B. Russell of Georgia. None of these people would have thought of themselves as historic preservationists --indeed, the term didn't even exist at the time. But make no mistake: they represent historic preservation's highest ideals. 
I'd like to close by returning to the notion voiced by that Irish journalist - that forgetting is the way for a society to move forward past its conflicts. As I noted, when history becomes subverted to achieve political ends, it ceases to become what the essayist Norman Cousins called "a vast early warning system," and instead becomes a potential force for evil and violence. 
In 1912 Theodore Roosevelt, an accomplished historian in his own right, gave an address to the American Historical Society, where he served as president. Roosevelt spoke to the importance of understanding all sides of history, and seeing those different perspectives within the grand sweep of larger events. He said: "The great historian must be able to paint for us the life of the plain people, the ordinary men and women, of the time of which he writes. The instruments of their labor and the weapons of their warfare, the wills that they wrote, the bargains that they made, and the songs that they sang when they feasted and made love; he must use them all. He must never forget that no event stands out entirely isolated. He must trace from its obscure and humble beginnings each of the movements that in its hour of triumph has shaken the world." 
This is the work that goes on here today under National Park Service auspices, building on the sound foundations laid by those early historic preservationists, interpreting the lives of the everyday people on both sides who, in June of 1864, were swept up in one of the pivotal events of the Civil War. The best way that we can honor their memory, and the best way to honor the inheritance that those early preservationists left us, is to stop - and listen - and watch at places like Cheatham Hill - and we will see, as Theodore Roosevelt proclaimed in his 1912 speech, not the death that is, but the life that was. 
Georgia National Register Review Board to meet in August 
By Denise Messick, National Register Historian 
It's that time of year again! HPD will be hosting the semi-annual meeting of the Georgia National Register Review Board in Atlanta on August 22 at 10:00 a.m. The public is welcome to attend. We will also introduce several new board members and new HPD staff. The upcoming nominations recognize properties that are outside of metropolitan Atlanta, reflecting some of the diversity of statewide historic resources. Proposed nominations include two individual houses, two small commercial districts, a golf course, and a school. 
There are a number of themes in Georgia history that appear repeatedly in various academic texts and also in popular culture. Several of the upcoming nominations represent these themes. For example, Georgia developed extensive railroad lines earlier than other Southern states. The Tallapoosa Commercial Historic District (Haralson County) and the Bowman Commercial Historic District (Elbert County) both have town plans that developed around historic railroad lines. 
Another factor that influenced Georgia history was the persistence of racial segregation (and sometimes gender segregation) through the middle of the 20th century. The Charles Bowden Golf Course in Macon (Bibb County) is significant as the first public facility in Macon to integrate in 1961. The A.L. Miller School in Macon (Bibb County) educated only white females until 1970. 
The relative isolation of most of coastal Georgia's barrier islands is a unique aspect of the state's history. The Weil-Atkinson House on Tybee Island (Chatham County) was built in 1926 as a demonstration house to highlight the accessibility of year-round living after the construction of the first automobile causeway to the mainland in 1923. 
Another theme is the persistence of rural lifestyles, as illustrated by the Roberts-BushRoberts House (c. 1897) in Gray (Jones County), where agricultural pursuits were maintained, even as owners sometimes also operated other successful businesses. 
As a prelude to the Review Board presentations, you can take a quiz regarding several aspects of Georgia history that relate to proposed nominations. Answers are provided at the end of the newsletter, along with the names of the associated nominations. So test yourself! 
1. In 1880, Georgia had almost 3,000 acres of vineyards. Haralson County was one of several counties that had a successful wine industry in the years leading up to 1907. What happened that 
year to yield a death-blow to the wine business? 
2. Tybee Island once had an alternate name, perhaps to highlight its accessibility or to increase its visibility after 1929. What is that name? 
3. In the celebrated case of Holmes v. Atlanta, the U.S. Supreme Court decided that public golf courses could not operate on a "separate, but equal" precept. In what year was that ruling made? 
4. A distinctive structural system was popular in many commercial storefronts between 1850 and 1915. This material was extremely strong in compression, and allowed a substantial increase in the size of display windows. It led to versatility in design, because it could be heated and poured into molds with various ornamental patterns. What is the name of this material? 
5. What is the name of the one-story house type (as defined in Georgia's Living Places: Historic Houses in Their Landscaped Settings) with a floor plan consisting of a central hallway with two rooms on each side? 
6. No statewide provisions were made for public high schools until 1910. What grade levels were included in secondary schools at that time? 
Written summaries of each proposed nomination are available on our website here, along with the complete Review Board agenda. For more detailed information about the National Register of Historic Places nomination process in Georgia, please visit our website. If you are interested in attending the Review Board meeting, please contact Lynn Speno at lynn.speno@dnr.state.ga.us. 
Opening the Camp Lawton Museum at Magnolia Springs State Park 
By Josh Headlee, Senior Preservation Technician 
HPD's Josh Headlee and Debbie Wallsmith install exhibits in the new museum at Magnolia Springs State Park. 
The new museum at Magnolia Springs State Park is about to open to the public. All of the exhibits are installed and artifacts are in place to tell the story of the Camp Lawton Civil War prison near Millen, Georgia. However, the work in the museum doesn't stop there. In fact, in some ways, it has only just begun. Built in the 1930s by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), the building in which the museum is housed is itself an artifact. While the building is an important part of the history of the site, its very age possess a challenge. Climate control, light control, and pest control are difficult to maintain in the most modern museum, let alone one that is 80 years old. Various tools and procedures will be implemented by both the park and HPD staff to ensure that the environment in which the artifacts are kept is as close to the recommended levels as possible. 
One of the most noticeable features of the building is its many windows. While they allow natural light into the museum to help brighten spaces, the ultraviolet (UV) light produced by the sun is extremely hazardous to some artifacts.   Most susceptible are textiles, paper artifacts, and artworks. Large blinds installed on the windows help to diffuse the light and block harmful UV. Various UV blocking window panes and films can be added to the windows if necessary to further minimize UV damage. Artificial lighting within the museum can also be harmful. Florescent lights give off large amounts of UV. Other lights are simply too bright. Essentially all light is harmful, but less bright, more "warm" lighting such as white LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) is generally the best. UV meters and light meters will be used to monitor the lighting in the museum to determine the exact light level. Once these levels are known, corrective measures can then be taken to help preserve the artifacts. 
Climate control is another factor that must be taken into consideration. The humidity level in the museum needs to be monitored as closely, if not more than the temperature.   Humidity, or Rh, is the amount of water vapor in the air. This water vapor can be extremely harmful to various types of artifacts if left unchecked. Wood tends to swell as it absorbs moisture in a high-humidity environment and shrink as moisture evaporates off in low-humidity or dry air environments. This shrinking and swelling can cause wood to crack and split. Paper artifacts, textiles, and art can also be damaged by humidity. Even metal artifacts can rust or corrode if the humidity level is too high. In general, the more humidity levels fluctuate the greater the risk of damage to the artifacts. The museum at Magnolia Springs is climate-controlled, but the age of the building presents a challenge for regulating the temperature and humidity. Instruments called hygrometers are placed in various parts of the museum to take temperature and humidity readings. A datalogger can also be used. This is a small device placed in the museum that takes periodic temperature and humidity readings. The information is periodically downloaded onto a computer to help staff monitor the fluctuations so that the necessary adjustments can be made to the climate control system. 
Pests and pollutants are another concern in any museum. Given the rural setting of Magnolia Springs, air pollution is likely at a minimum. Sometimes various materials within the museum or those used in the exhibits themselves can give off pollution or harmful vapors. However, the more likely issue to face the museum at Magnolia Springs is pests. Pests can be insects, some so small they are visible only by microscope, or animals as large as mice and rats. Human beings can also be "pests." Bringing food and drink into a museum can be just as damaging as poor climate control and lighting. Food for people and pets is one of the leading attractants of insect and rodent pests. An Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program has been implemented at Magnolia Springs. Various types of pest traps are placed throughout the museum and monitored regularly. This will tell us not only what kinds of pests are in the museum but also help determine where they are coming from and living. Environmentally friendly pesticides such as pyrethrins and diatomaceous earth will be used to treat areas where pests are found. 
The work at the museum at Magnolia Springs has only just begun. The park and HPD staff will be monitoring the light and climate levels to ensure appropriate conditions for the delicate materials within the museum. Pest monitoring and treatment will also take place. However, all of us can aid in the overall preservation of the museum and its holdings by being good stewards. Don't be a museum "pest" by bringing food and drinks in the museum.   All of these measures will ensure that the museum at Magnolia Springs State Park and the artifacts within remain to tell the story of the soldiers imprisoned there 150 years ago. More information on Camp Lawton is available here. More information on the museum will be put on the Magnolia Springs State Park website as it becomes available. 
A Trip to Ossabaw Island 
By Charlie Miller, Media & Communications Coordinator 
Dr. Victor Thompson and public archaeology trip participants at the South End site overlooking Newell Creek. 
I recently had the opportunity to join our Archaeology Section on Ossabaw Island for the last few days of a five-week archaeological field school held in partnership with Dr. Victor Thompson of the University of Georgia. Located roughly seven miles south of Savannah, Ossabaw is the third-largest of Georgia's barrier islands. It has a rich history of human use that spans some 4,000 years, likely including Guale Native Americans, Spanish missionaries, plantation owners, African American slaves and their descendants, and wealthy Northern businessmen and their families. The island's last private owner was the Torrey family of Detroit, Michigan, who purchased it in 1924. Mrs. Eleanor Torrey West sold Ossabaw to the State of Georgia in 1978 on the condition that it be set aside for natural, scientific, and cultural study. Accessible only by boat, it is today managed by the Department of Natural Resources as Georgia's first Heritage Preserve. Due to the remote location, it contains a relatively untouched archaeological record that provides a wealth of information about Georgia's past. To date there are over 225 numbered archaeological sites.    
The field school was located near the island's southwestern edge and focused on the South End site, which has been occupied by humans for at least 3,000 years. The site - which contains the remnants of a prehistoric village, an antebellum plantation, and the 1930s home of a tenant farmer - is rapidly eroding into adjacent Newell Creek. The investigations centered on the eroding bluff edge to document information and artifacts before they were lost. 
The last weekend of the field school coincided with a public overnight trip to the island organized by the Ossabaw Island Foundation, a non-profit organization that promotes and manages resources on the island. Visitors spent their first day on the North End of the island, which contains most of its extant historic buildings. These include three surviving c.1820s1840s tabby slave cabins, a c.1876 "clubhouse" building, and the early-20th-century "boarding house," a Craftsman-style bungalow. Also nearby is the "Main House" a Spanish Colonial Revival style building designed by Savannah architect Henrik Wallin and completed in 1926. The house and its grounds are held in a life estate by Mrs. Torrey West and are not accessible to the public. The island was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1996 for its historical, architectural, and archaeological significance. 
Foundation director Elizabeth DuBose and Ossabaw Island Education Alliance director Dr. Paul Pressley made opening remarks to the group. Pressley spoke of the remarkably detailed records that survive from the South End plantation, spanning the period of 18371861. The documents cover many aspects of the lives of the slaves and overseers on the plantation, including births and deaths, daily tasks, and even details on the food and clothing provided. They offer invaluable background for artifacts found from that period, and the archaeological work in turn provides an opportunity to "ground truth" what was written. 
On the second day, visitors traveled to the South End site of the field school via the island's main road, thought to date to the 1760s and little-changed since that time. There Dr. Thompson and his students gave a tour of the field school and demonstrated some of the remarkable tools at their disposal. These included: 
a ground-penetrating radar, which may look like a futuristic lawnmower to the untrained eye but is in fact a highly sensitive piece of equipment that can detect objects or changes in the ground's subsurface; a Real Time Kinematic (RTK) GPS, which provides centimeter-level accuracy; a collection of probes used to perform Electrical Resistance Surveys, which measure changes in electrical resistance to detect subsurface archaeological features; a magnetometer, which records changes in the magnetic field below ground to survey archaeological sites; a propeller-driven drone for aerial photography of the site. While the field school had an impressive concentration of cutting-edge equipment, there also appeared to be no shortage of old-fashioned shovels and screens. Visitors were able to get hands-on experience, sifting soil in search of artifacts and cataloging some of the findings. The experience underscored the methodical nature of archaeological investigation, where the context in which an artifact is found is as important as the artifact itself. While this year's field school has wrapped up, it will resume next summer with more work at the South End site coupled with additional investigations on the island. 
HPD staff have written extensively about Ossabaw. In 2011, Director Crass and Senior Staff Archaeologist Jennifer Bedell both wrote about a field school on the North End Plantation site that was a partnership between HPD and the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga (UTC), with assistance from Georgia Southern University and the Ossabaw Island Foundation (here and here, respectively). African American Programs Coordinator Jeanne Cyriaque wrote an article in the December 2011 issue of Reflections about the interpretation of African American life on the island and the community of Pin Point. HPD and UTC again partnered on a field school in 2012 and 2013 (read about them here and here). Just last month Deputy State Archaeologist Chris McCabe wrote about the island's maritime history. More information on Ossabaw is available on the Ossabaw Island Foundation website. 
Georgia HPCs Represented at NAPC FORUM in Philadelphia 
By Leigh Burns, Outreach Program Manager & CLG Coordinator 
The National Alliance of Preservation Commissions (NAPC) held their bi-annual FORUM Conference in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from July 16 through July 20, 2014. Ms. Amber Mason Eskew, Athens-Clarke County Historic Preservation Commission (HPC) Staff, Mr. Joe Smith, Madison HPC Member, and Ms. Chantel Morton, HPC Staff for the City of Tybee Island all attended. Their attendance at FORUM was made possible through three $1,000 scholarships funded through our Historic Preservation Fund/Certified Local Government grant program. I also attended NAPC Forum, as well as the national Certified Local Government Training, with the support of scholarship funds through the National Park Service. In addition to our Georgia HPD delegation, over 500 historic preservation commission members from as far away as Hawaii and Alaska participated in the conference and associated events in Philadelphia. 
The NAPC Forum is the only national conference that focuses on the needs and issues of historic preservation commissions, their staff, and the property owners and communities for which they work and live. The 2014 NAPC Forum consisted of traditional educational sessions, networking events, roundtables, and tours that highlighted historic resources, design review issues, hands-on preservation work, and a variety of case studies. The 2014 FORUM was also successfully combined with the Pennsylvania State Historic Preservation Conference. Besides HPC topics, other supplementary topics included recent past preservation, rightsizing design, and green strategies. These topics were highlighted through interesting sessions and fresh perspectives. The full schedule is available here (PDF). 
Beyond the FORUM sessions, we hope that this was a great opportunity for our Georgia attendees to network with other preservation professionals from across the United States. We hope the experiences gained at FORUM will bring numerous resources to draw on in the future in their own communities. It was announced during the conference that Mobile, Alabama, will serve as the next host in 2016 and we look forward to welcoming HPC professionals back here to the South. HPD hopes to offer additional scholarship funds again for HPC members and staff to travel to Mobile. Again, congratulations and thanks to our attendees and their local city and county governments! 
Certified Local Government (CLG) Spotlight: Valdosta 
By Marcy Breffle, Outreach Program Assistant 
The City of Valdosta's historic preservation legacy dates back to 1980, when it adopted its first historic preservation ordinance. Designated as one of the first Certified Local Government (CLG) communities in Georgia in 1985, Valdosta continues to cultivate a preservation legacy through district designations, public education, and the presence of a dedicated and staffed historic preservation commission. 
The seven-member Valdosta Historic Preservation Commission (VHPC) oversees a large local historic district, protects historic character through design review, and has helped to restore several significant structures  most notably Valdosta City Hall, which was formerly a Federal Courthouse and Post Office. The VHPC averages 77 Certificate of Appropriateness applications per year and actively participates in National Historic Preservation Month activities each year with an awards program and educational events. Over the past five years, the VHPC has accomplished a number of preservation efforts that include: rewriting the preservation ordinance and design guidelines (2009), creating the Sunset Hill Cemetery Interactive Website (2011), and expanding the city's "demolition by neglect" policy (2013). Most recently, the VHPC created a zoning overlay district that expanded the land use allowed in the historic district, as well as permitted traditional site layout and setbacks that are important components of design for new construction. 
The Valdosta Main Street program was established in 1984 and is currently one of only five Georgia Exceptional Main Street (GEMS) programs in our state. The Valdosta Main Street program works in tandem with Valdosta's Historic Preservation program to provide assistance to historic building owners undertaking rehabilitation, that often include the use of the revolving loan program and state and federal historic preservation tax incentive applications. Five downtown buildings have been successfully rehabilitated using these programs in the past five years, and three are currently undergoing historic rehabilitation construction. 
Georgia preservationists were able to visit many of these local preservation successes at the HPD-sponsored Section 106 training in Valdosta on June 5, 2014. Training attendees were presented with several perspectives on Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 and gained valuable insight into their role in the process. Sponsored by a supplemental grant from the National Park Service, the training was a positive partnership between the City of Valdosta, the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, the National Park Service, and Valdosta Main Street. One of two selected cities for this HPD training, Valdosta proved to be the ideal setting for the event. 
For more information about Valdosta, please visit the websites for the VHPC and Valdosta Main Street at Valdosta Historic Preservation Commission and Valdosta Main Street 
Recent News & Announcements 
Congratulations to our 2014 NTHP Conference Scholarship Attendees! HPD is pleased to announce that we will be awarding two $1,000 Historic Preservation Fund grant awards to Ms. Mandy Elliott, Cobb County Historic Preservation Commission and Ms. Dorothy Pittman, Carrollton Historic Preservation Commission to attend the 2014 National Trust Conference "Past Forward" in Savannah this November. We hope both Mandy and Dorothy will enjoy their time at the conference and we appreciate the support of their local governments for their partnership. Information about the conference is available here. 
Ponce de Leon Terrace-Ponce de Leon Heights-Clairmont Estates Historic District Listed in the National Register of Historic Places (press release - July 24) 
Bordley Cottage-Beach View Hotel Listed in the National Register of Historic Places (press release - July 23) 
Archaeological Field School Held on Ossabaw Island (press release - July 18) 
Upcoming Events 
August 19, 2014 - Basic & Advanced Downtown Development Authority (DDA) Training - Decatur Held by the Georgia Municipal Association and the Georgia Cities Foundation. Presenters include HPD's Leigh Burns. Registration form (pdf) 
August 21, 2014 - Summer Historic Preservation Commission Training, Georgia Downtown Conference - DeKalb History Center, Decatur HPD will again sponsor a one-day Historic Preservation Commission Training as part of the Georgia Downtown Conference in Decatur, Georgia. Registration information is available on the Georgia Downtown Association website. 
September 26-28, 2014 - 9th biennial "Preserving the Historic Road" conference Savannah "Preserving the Historic Road" is the leading conference dedicated to the identification, preservation, and management of historic roads. This year's conference is co-sponsored by HPD and numerous other Georgia organizations. Details 
November 11-14, 2014 - Past Forward: 2014 National Preservation Conference Savannah The National Trust for Historic Preservation's annual conference will be held in Georgia for the first time in many years. Full details are available here. 
Available Grants 
2014 Historic Landscape and Garden Grant Program The Garden Club of Georgia is now accepting applications for its 2014 Historic Landscape and Garden Grant Program, which provides funds for the preservation and restoration of Georgia's historic gardens and landscapes. Non-profit organizations, local government, and local garden clubs are eligible to apply for the 50/50 matching grant in amounts up to $3,000. Grants only will be awarded to projects that are historically documented, and projects must be completed within one year. Guidelines and the one-page application may be found at the Garden Club of Georgia's website here. 
The deadline for submission is August 1, 2014. If you have questions about your application, please contact Committee Chair Joy Vannerson - 770-540-2764 or joyvannerson@gmail.com - or Carole Moore, HPD's Tax Incentives & Grants Coordinator - 404-651-5566 or carole.moore@dnr.state.ga.us. 
Quiz Answers (with proposed National Register nomination in parenthesis): 1. Georgia voted for statewide Prohibition in 1907, several years before national laws went into effect outlawing the manufacture, sale, and transport of alcoholic beverages. (Tallapoosa Commercial Historic District, Haralson County) 2. The town of Tybee changed its name to the "Town of Savannah Beach, Tybee Island, Georgia" in 1929. (Weil-Atkinson House, Chatham County) 3. The court ruled against segregated public golf courses in 1955. (Charles Bowden Golf Course, Bibb County) 4. Cast iron is the distinctive storefront material. (Bowman Commercial Historic District, Elbert County) 5. The Georgian Cottage is the widely popular house type. (Roberts-Bush-Roberts House, Jones County) 6. Grades 8 through 11 were generally considered high school in the early 20th century. (A.L. Miller School, Bibb County) 
Please send your comments or suggestions to charlie.miller@dnr.state.ga.us. 
Not a member? Subscribe now! Our mailing address is: Georgia Historic Preservation Division Department of Natural Resources 254 Washington Street, SW, Ground Level Atlanta, GA 30334 Add us to your address book Copyright (C) 2014 Georgia Historic Preservation Division All rights reserved. Title image: DNR archaeologists and UGA field school students examine the rapidly eroding site adjacent to Newell Creek on Ossabaw Island.