------~ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------~ 
 
Georgia Department of Natural Resources 
 
SUMMER 1988 
 
Vol. 3, No.2 
 
 GiveWildlife aChance 
Support Georgia's Nongame Wildlife Fund 
Georgia Department of Natural Resources 
Suite I252East Tower  205 Butler Street, S.E. Atlanta, GA 30334 (404)65&4810 
 
 D~m Outdoor 
~ ~ 1'.. Report 
This issue's cover photograph shows Atlanta's revitalized South River. Once polluted, the urban waterway now supports diverse forms of aquatic life and is regaining the picturesque beauty of its past. (Photo, Alan Fizer.) 
Contents 
 
Features--------------- 
 
The South River Clean Up 
 
2 
 
By Thomas Smith 
 
Atlanta's newly revitalized South River is the latest in a series of success stories concerning effective water pollution control in Georgia. 
 
Historic Preservation in Georgia 
 
6 
 
By Carole Moore 
 
May is Historic Preservation Month in Georgia and citizens everywhere are taking renewed interest in preservation activities that keep our cultural heritage alive. 
 
Georgia's MARSH Program for 
 
10 
 
Waterfowl Conservation 
 
By Gib Johnston 
 
The Matching Aid to Restore States' Habitat program pools funds from Ducks Unlimited and the state for waterfowl conservation but it isn't just for ducks. 
 
Managing Coastal Fisheries 
 
14 
 
By Triece Gignilliat 
 
Making sure Georgia's marine fish populations stay in good supply is a multi-state "balancing act " that ensures livelihoods and recreation for commercial and sport fishermen . 
 
Departments-------------- 
 
creature Feature 9 
 
Forgotten Flower 18 
 
Calendar 
 
20 
 
Outdoor Activities 13 
 
Take a Hike! 
 
16 
 
Naturally Delicious 19 
 
Georgia's DNR Outdoor Report is published quarterly by the Communications Office of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources to promote a better understam4ing of DNR management and conservation programs. The magazine is distributed as a public service to county and municipal governments , public libraries and schools. 
1. Leonard Ledbetter, Commissioner; Katherine Thurber, Communications Director Deborah Dewberry, Managing Editor. Regular contributors: Lisa Dudley, Triece Gignilliat , Gib Johnston , Lucy Justus , Carole Moore, Thomas Smith. Omar Rasheed, Graphic Production Artist. 
For information write: DNR Outdoor Report, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, 205 Butler St. S.E. Suite 1258, Atlanta , Ga. 30334. 
 
Joe Frank Harris Governor 
J. Leonard Ledbetter Commissioner 
BOARD OF NATURAL RESOURCES 
Glenn E. Taylor Chairman, Member-at-Large 
Will D. (Billy) Herrin Vice Chairman, Coastal District 
James (Herb) Butler Secretary, Member-at-Large 
Dolan E. Brown, Jr. First District 
J. Leonard Eubanks Second District 
Patricia C. Edwards Third District 
Linda S. Billingsley Fourth District 
Marshall L. Mitchell Fifth District 
Felker W. Ward, Jr. Sixth District 
C. W. (Sonny) Jackson Seventh District 
J . Wimbric Walker Eighth District 
Donald J. Carter Ninth District 
C. Tom Griffith Tenth District 
James Griffin, Jr. Member-at-Large 
John Lanigan Member-at-Large 
1 
 
 The South River Clean Up 
s Once heavily polluted, Atlanta South River is 
now regaining its natural beauty and supporting diverse forms of aquatic life, thanks to the efforts 
of the State Environmental Protection Division, DeKalb County and the City of Atlanta. 
 
By Thomas Smith 
 
Georgia's rivers and streams have long been sources of enjoyable recreation and picturesque beauty for young and old to enjoy. From the state's northern, great Chattahoochee River to the southern, calm St. Marys River, Georgians have enjoyed rafting, fishing and boating. 
Georgia's reputation for excellent water quality was not always an excellent one. In January 1968, W. Eugene Smith reported in the Atlanta Journal in a six part series called "Sick Waters," the "Savannah is septic, the Chattahoochee is chaotic, and the Yellow is sickly green." Many streams and rivers in Georgia during the 1960s and 1970s were heavily polluted, particularly those downstream of major metropolitan areas, where industry and population came together. In addition to those rivers named by Smith, the South River was considered one of the most infamous in terms of wastewater pollution. 
The South River was a murky, foulsmelling nuisance to residents along its 2 
 
50-mile length during the 1960s and 1970s. The major modern-day contributor to the river's pollution, inadequately treated wastewater, flowed copiously into the river after being discharged from southeast Atlanta and south DeKalb County secondary water pollution control plants. The river was so polluted that slimy, oxygen-depleting algae hung from protruding rocks and dingy, white foam from washing machines were commonly seen. 
"Only the most tolerant species of aquatic life, such as red worms and fly larvae, could tolerate the severely degraded environmental conditions," says Jack Dozier, Water Protection Branch chief of Georgia's Environmental Protection Division (EPD). "Pollutants in the river included solid waste materials which robbed water of life-giving oxygen and nutrients such as phosphorus, which caused algal blooms in Jackson Lake." 
In August 1970, EPD records reveal wastewater treatment plants discharged 13,300 lbs. 
 
of organic substances, 4,600 lbs. of organic nitrogen, 3,200 lbs. ofammonia-nitrogen and 8,300 pounds of phosphates per day. These amounts of effluents were extremely detrimental to the river's water quality and its aquatic life. Some of these substances caused dissolved oxygen concentrations that were lower than one milligram per liter, a perilous level for aquatic life. Dissolved oxygen levels are used as a standard for testing water quality; an average daily concentration of five milligrams per liter ofdissolved oxygen in water is a required and safe level, with healthy concentrations never falling below four milligrams per liter. 
.... 
Pollution's Beginnings 
In order to place the present-day pollution of the South River in perspective, a brief historical excursion into the first documented cause of pollution- rapid industrial development in the 19th century - is necessary. 
Before the Civil War and before the 
 
 Though there is work left to do, the So uth Ri ver is regaining the picturesque beauty of its past. 
 
rail roads initiated the industrial growth th at transformed Atl anta into the South's regional capitol, the South Ri ver was a stream ofgreat beauty, characterized by a se ries of bedrock shoals interspersed into lower sections of meandering stream . At the tim e, no effi cient sewer system existed and the small streams whi ch join the South River became natural recipients of refu se from the fa st growing city, establishing the ri ver syste m as Atl anta's original gutter-waste reposito ry. Gradu ally, the tributaries and the river were deg raded. 
Wastewater treatment pl ants we re co nstructed in the ea rl y 1900s and they immediately helped improve the South Ri ver system's water quality, until furth er expansion overl oaded the pl ants. 
Into the mid 1970s, City of Atl anta and DeKalb County water pollution cont rol plants continued to di scharge inadequately treated wastewater into the South River system . Also, industrial and residenti al population growth aga in beca me dominating factors in contributing to water pollution. With more people using wate r, there was more wastewater to treat and discharge. Although the popul ation continues to increase and industry g rows, advances in wastewater treatment technology have closed th e margin between acceptable and nonacceptable cleaning of wastewater which results in less potent discharges and 
 
DeKalb County's Snapfinger Creek water pollution control plant has played a maj or role in revita lizing the South River because of its advanced water treatment capabilities. 
3 
 
 The South River at Albert Shoals in DeKalb County. 
 
cleaner rivers and streams. By 1983, EPD and Atlanta and DeKalb 
County governments embarked on a series of auspicious projects to improve the water quality of the South River. DeKalb County officials took the first action by improving the wastewater treatment process at the Snapfinger Creek Water Pollution Control Plant, completed in 1985. With plant improvements made possible by nearly $60 million in federal and county funds , the Snapfinger plant now removes 95 percent of inorganic and organic solid waste pollutants from wastewater before the treated water is discharged into the South River. 
" The DeKalb-Snapfinger plant's improved system also included the ability to reduce the amount of phosphorus released with treated wastewater into the South River," says Mork Winn , water quality program manager for EPD. " Phosphorus, a nutrient, was primarily responsible for the algal blooms downstream in the South River arm of Jackson Lake." 
Next , the City of Atlanta and EPD combined to execute a two-part water quality improvement project the Three Rivers Project. Completed in 1985, the innovative and costly project called for constructing a pipeline to divert advanced secondary treated wastewater from Atlanta's South River, Flint River and the adjoining Intrenchment Creek water pollution control plants into the Chattahoochee River. By decreasing the wastewater flow into the river, the project's goal of reducing excessive discharges into the 
4 
 
South River system has been attained. The reduced flow greatly increases the river's ability to cleanse itself by natural flow. Since the Chattahoocheeis a much larger river than the South , the additional treated wastewater flow has not been detrimental to the Chattahoochee's water quality. 
In the second part of the Three Rivers Project, Atlanta officials installed a combined overflow treatment system at the city's Intrenchment Creek Water Pollution Control Plant in 1986. The system was necessary to increase the plant's ability to remove pollutants from excess wastewater and stormwater resulting from heavy rains. With the system, the plant removes up to 75 percent of organic and suspended solid materials from wastewater prior to its being discharged into the South River. Previously, no treatment was provided for combined sewer overflows at wastewater treatment plants. 
" Presently, EPD sampling data from the South River system reflect water quality superior to that of the 1960s and 1970s," says Ed Hall , an EPD water quality program manager. "Advances in wastewater treatment technology coupled with strict control of treated wastewater entering the river and a wastewater diversion plan have allowed us to declare that a good portion of the river will now support its water use classification of being suitable for fishing ," Hall asserts. 
The South River is of better quality today, both technically and aesthetically, than it has been in many years . The improvement was 
 
possible because ofclose cooperation between state, local and federal government officials and concerned citizens, who achieved together what they could not have accomplished separately. 
The river may well regain the picturesque beauty of its past with the continued efforts of EPD and local governments including DeKalb County and the City of Atlanta. 
Other Success Stories 
EPD has played a major role in the cleanup of many of the state's most polluted rivers through enactment and enforcement of the Georgia Water Quality Control Act and through joint water quality improvement projects with city and county governments. With emphasis on intricate monitoring and evaluation of rivers throughout Georgia, EPD's water protection efforts will continue to assure that water quality problems are quickly analyzed and solved . 
Georgia's water quality improvement programs have upgraded large rivers and small streams. Most of the clean-up successes occurred after the mid 1970s, following the organization ofGeorgia's Environmental Protection Division in 1972. The following are several such success stories. 
Upper Flint River The Flint River originates in South Atlanta and is the primary source ofdrinking water for the town of Griffin , 40 miles downstream. Rapid growth in. the Atlanta Hartsfield International Airport area and in Clayton County during the 1960s and 1970s resulted in large amounts of wastewater and nonpoint runoff which degraded small receiving streams. Fish kills and low dissolved oxygen concentrations were reported near Georgia Highway 54; high nutrient levels also stimulated algal growths in that reach of the river at Griffin's water intake. The high algal densities caused taste and odor problems and , occassionally, Griffin residents found it necessary to use an alternative water source. 
In the early 1970s, as improvements in wastewater treatment were initiated , many small treatment facilities were removed from service and wastewaters were diverted to more~ efficient plants. In the early 1980s, Clayton County ended its discharges to the Flint River by installing a no-discharge land wastewater treatment system. Also, as part of the Atlanta Three Rivers Project , Atlanta's Flint River Water Pollution Control Plant stopped discharging treated wastewater into the Flint River..,.Some nonpoint sources of pollution still remain to be reduced. 
Below Atlanta, the quality of the Flint River has improved significantly since the 1970s through cooperative local , state and federal government efforts and with citizens' support. 
Cobb Tributaries of the Chattahoochee River. In the 1960s and early 1970s, three 
 
 Cobb County tributaries of the Chattahoochee River Sope, Rottenwood and Nickajack Creeks were grossly polluted by discharges of inadequatel y treated wastewaters from numerous water pollution control plants. Studies conducted in 1966 by the Georg ia Water Quality Control Board , an agency that preceded EPD, documented septic con1fitions, high concentrations of fecal coliform bacteria and highly tolerant, non-diverse aquatic life such as segmented worms and fly larvae, common inhabitants of polluted waters. 
In the 1970s, Cobb offic ials constructed interceptor sewers which eliminated discharges from packaging plants, oxidation ponds and larger water pollution control plants. EPD studies in 1982 revealed that di ssolved oxygen and fecal coliform bacteri al densities were near those found in natural st reams. Aquatic life became more diverse and trout were observed in the lower reac hes ofN ickajack Creek. 
Savannah Ha rbor. Priorto 1972 , Savannah Harbo r was extremely deg raded by partially treated and untreated wastewaters from several muni c ipa l and more th an 15 indu strial sources. Fecal coliform bacteria was high and detected as far downstream as the Tybee Island rec reational area; the region was closed to shellfish harvesting and the harbor was useless for recreation . 
The City of Savannah initiated a pollution abatement program in the mid-1960s to secondarily treat all wastewater di sc harges into the harbor. By 1977, effective treatment measures had been instituted for most wastewaters, including industrial sources. Now EPD rates the harbor's water quality as good in and downstream of the harbor. 
Chattahoochee River. In 1972 the Chattahoochee River Bas in was beset with water quality problems, from Buford Dam to Franklin, Ga. Inadequately treated and untreated municipal and industrial wastewater discharges to tributaries created polluted conditions, impairing beneficial uses. Fecal coliform bacterial densities were very high and the ri ver was sometimes septic or low in dissolved oxygen and odorous during the warm months . 
In the late 1970s, At lanta officials began a pollution abatement program by constructing interceptor sewers and wastewater treatment fac ilities. Several overloaded and inadequate facilities were eliminated and wastewaters were removed from most tributaries. By 1982, EPD studies showed that waters of the once grossly polluted tributaries were of much better quality. 
The most recent EPD studies of the river were conducted in 1987 and indicated the river generally supported its designated fishing classification despite a doubling of metropolitan Atlanta's population during the past 20 years. From Buford Dam to Peachtree 
 
DNR's Clean Water Strategy 
DNR's Environmental Protection Division developed the Georgia Clean Water Strategy to look beyond the success of its short-term water pollution control programs and focus on long-term implementation of the Federal Water Quality Act of 1987. 
Georgia's first Water Quality Control Act was enacted in 1964. Implementation and enforcement of the Federal Water Quality Act is critical to EPD's strategy to enhance the water quality ofall Georgia rivers, streams, lakes and estuaries. The act offers EPD, municipal officials, the industrial community and the public the opportunity to introduce new, ambitious water protection initiatives in concert with ongoing core programs related to the Clean Water Act. EPD will also focus increasingly on surface water toxics, nonpoiot source pollution and cleaner lakes and estuaries. Wetlands and groundwater also represent important resources requiring additional protection. 
Creek , the Chattahoochee River now full y supports its designated uses for drinking water and recreation . 
Little Lotts Creek. Little Lotts Creek in Bulloch County had very poo r water quality prior to 1981 because of inadequately treated wastewater from the Statesboro Water Pollution Control Plant . During this time, dissolved 
 
oxygen content was very low. Extensive sludge deposits in water bodies located downstream from water pollution control plants produced foul-smelling hydrogen sulfide gas and aquat ic life was practically nonex istent. 
In 1981, Statesboro completed and began operating a modern , advanced water pollution control plant. The new plant provides advanced treatment including nitrification, chemical precipitation and sand ft!tration . The Statesboro plant has shown high operation excellence. In 1986, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency gave the facility its National Award for Outstanding Operations and Maintenance. The creek 's water quality has been significa ntly improved and aquatic life is once again abundant. 
These ri vers and streams are but a few which have been revived by EPD's water quality regulatory and monitoring effo rts. At the end of 1987, EPD's water quality monitoring program data indicate that 97 percent of the state's 20,000 miles of streams, 98 percent of its 387,000 acres of public lakes and 96 percent of its 594 square miles ofestuaries fully support their designated water uses. Water use designations include: Drinking Water, Recreation , Fishing, Indu strial , Navigation , Wild River and Scenic River. 
Improvements in wastewater treatment by industries and municipalities have made it possible to once aga in fish and swim in areas where people co uldn't fish or swim a decade ago. EPD will continue to strengthen its guiding efforts to protect and, where necessa ry, clean up Georgia's vital water sources. 
 
Local fishermen at th e South River's Pan ola Shoals. 5 
 
 Historic Preservation In Georgia 
 
As Georgians observe May as Historic Preservation month, Americans everywhere are taking new interest in the old buildings and sites that remind us of our unique 
national, state and local history. 
By Carole Moore 
 
Hickory Hill in McDuffie County. (Photo, Bucky Brenson.) 6 
 
D uring the past two years, Georgia House and Senate Study Committees on Economic Development Through Hi storic Preservation have discovered that historic preservation , fa r from being "frivolous," as may sometimes be thought , has prod uced measurabl e economic de ve lop me nt in Geo rg ia communities. 
Geo rgia's Historic Preservation Section, part of DNR's Parks, Recreatio n and Historic Sites Division, operates on a relati vely small public investment to coordi nate technical assistance, se rvices, grants, loans and tax incentives that prompt several-fold private investment and generate substanti al private financia l com mitme nt to prese rva ti o n. Federal rehabilitation tax credits alone have generated an average of $6 million each year in private investment in Georgia . 
Ge~rg ia is a leading state in the use of investment tax c redits for rehabilitation of histori c buildings. Throughout numerous communities in Georgia , other preservation activities have mushroomed at the local level as well. Private citizens are busy restoring hi stor ic ho u ses in o ld er residential neighborhoods in Georgia's larger towns like 
 
 Augusta, Macon , Savannah and Athens- and in small towns like Newnan , Madison and even the tiny town of Guyton. Many of these same cities and more, like Waycross, Brunswick and Rome, are sprucing up their downtown districts through the Georgia Main Street Program. Certified Local Governments such as Dalton and Ashburn have produced educational videotapes and training ~nuals on their historic preservation commissions, while cities like Augusta , Milledgev ille, Valdosta and Norcross have prepared guidelines, historic preservation plans or walking/driving tour brochures for their historic downtowns and neighborhoods. 
All of these preservation activities in Georgia represent programs that are geared toward " helping people help themeselves." One of the major ways DNR's Historic Preservation Section helps people in Georgia is through its National Register Program . The listing of a historic property or district in the National Register of Historic Places is certainly not just an end in itself, but a catalyst toward reaching other important community goals, including increased public awareness and community pride, downtown and neighborhood revitalization ; and increased tourism and economic vitality. 
Rich in National Register Properties 
Many Georgians may not realize that their state is rich in National Register properties, sites and di stricts. Even if some of these buildings are not open to the public, they are all at least worth a visit as a way to learn more about Georgia's interesting and varied history. 
Several homes in the state are associated with at least four U.S. presidents. Probably the two best known sites are the town of Plains, home of Jimmy Carter, and Franklin D. Roosevelt 's Little White House in Warm Springs. 
Plains is a typical example of a small , southwest Georgia town , dating from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It symbolizes the basic values fostered by small town life in America. A variety of arc hitectural styles are represented through its commercial , residential , institutional and ecclesiastical buildings, which include Queen Anne , Neoclassical and Gothic Revival styles. The Plains Historic District was listed in the National Register in 1984 and early this year was determined by Congress to be a National Historic District because of former President Jimmy Carter's residence there. 
Similarly, Franklin D. Roosevelt's Little White House and Museum , operated by the Department of Natural Resources as a state historic site, is part of'the Warm Springs Historic District and possesses national significance. The district was listed in the National Register in 1974 and was made a National Historic Landmark in 1980. Important 
 
Woodrow Wilson's Home, Augusta. 
policies of the New Deal were formed there, such as the National Bank Holiday, the Bank Deposit Guarantee law and the Rural Electrification Administration (REA). The bill creating the REA was signed at the site. These New Deal programs were important tests to interpretation of the U.S. Constitution . Much government business was conducted at the Little White House and it was there President Roosevelt died in 1945 before the end of World War II . 
Warm Springs and the Little White House also commemorate the humanitarian spirit of Roosevelt , who developed the Warm Springs Hospital as a treatment center for the victims of poliomyelitis and the subsequent work of the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis. The Little White House remains as it was while FOR lived there and visitors now may tour the house, guest house, servants' quarters and museum. The museum features exhibits, a 12-minute film , two of FOR's cars and the springs and pools where FOR exercised to overcome polio. 
Perhaps lesser known to Georgians are the homes associated with Presidents Woodrow Wilson and William McKinley. The Woodrow Wilson boyhood home in Augusta was listed in the National Register in 1979 and is an interesting mid-19th century c lassical revival structure located diagonally across Seventh 
 
Street from the First Presbyterian Church where Wilson's father was pastor. Young Wilson lived in the manse from the ages of two to 14 years (1858-1870). In 1909, Wilson spoke on Abraham Lincoln and said , " My earliest recollection is of standing at my father's gateway in Augusta, Georgia, when I was four years old, and hearing someone pass and say that Mr. Lincoln was elected and there was to be a war. Catching the intense tones of his excited voice, I remember running to ask my father what it meant." 
Ohio Governor William McKinley visited the small town of Thomasville in Thomas County, Georgia , in 1895, where the HannaMcKinley House played a major role in his 1896 election to the presidency. It was at the house, located at 830 Dawson Street and part of the present-time Dawson Street Historic District (listed in the National Register in 1984) that presidential candidate William McKinley and his host , political boss Marcus A. Hanna of Ohio, entertained Southern politicians, thereby helping ensure McKinley 's election. 
Noteworthy Native Architecture 
Historic Meadow Garden in Augusta is significant because it is an excellent example of a "Sand Hills Cottage," a style of architecture native to this area in Georgia and because 
7 
 
 Towns , Persons, Page House in Talbot County, south view. 
 
of the activities of its most notable resident , George Walton, Revolutionary War leader and soldier, lawyer and politician, for whom Meadow Garden was a winter residence. Walton is perhaps best known as one of Georgia's three signers ofthe Declaration of Independence. In addition to being a signer, however, Walton was president of the Executive Council ofGeorgia, served in the Provincial Congress and State House, served in the Continental Congress, was a U.S. Senator and Chief Justice of the Georgia Supreme Court and was elected Governor of Georgia in 1789. The historic preservation work at Meadow Garden is among the nation's earliest such efforts and it is now open to the public as a house museum . It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 and became a National Historic Landmark in 1982. 
The plantation plain-style Towns-PersonsPage House in Talbotton was built by George Washington Bonaparte Towns, one of the town's early settlers. It was listed in the National Register in 1973. In 1829 and 1830 Towns was elected as a state representative from Talbot County, and in 1832 he went to the state senate. In 1835 and 1837 he was a member of the U.S. Congress. From 1847-1851 Towns served as Governor of Georgia . Dur- 
8 
 
ing his term in office, he obtained the adoption of the ad valorem method of taxation , led the fight for the railroad and became an early advocate of free public education. He also wrote Georgia's inscription on the Washington Monument "The Constitution as it is, the Union as it was." 
Georgia politician Tom Watson was, according to his biographer C. Vann Woodward, " Perhaps the first native white Southern leader of importance to treat the negro's aspirations with the seriousness that human striving deserves." As one of the principle founders of the Populist Party and the South's leading Populist , he struggled throughout the 1890s to overcome deep-seated antipathies and urged a united front between white and black farmers in the Populist Party. Watson, however, was ultimately defeated in his efforts to unite the races and to create a political party committed to reform . Embittered , Watson turned reactionary toward his former allies and , until his death in 1922, carried on a virulent crusade against blacks, Jews, and Catholics from the lecture platform and in his newspaper and magazines. 
Although the imposing antebellum Hickory Hill estate was built in 1864, on the outskirts of Thomson , Watson did not purchase it until 1900. When he eventually moved into the 
 
house in 1905, however, it became a place of great political importance. Democratic politicians beat a path to his door because his favor or disfavor made or unmade many a candidate. Today, Hickory Hill is owned and maintained as a private residence by Watson's descendants and its interior and exterior have been restored , including the grounds. The cabin where Tom Watson was born , built in 1820, has now been relocated to the estate as well. The main house, cabin , and other outbuildings and grounds were listed in the National Register in 1979. 
Robert Toombs is probably Washington , Georgia's most famous citizen and is said to have been one of Tom Watson's heroes. His Greek Revival house, located on East Robert Toombs Avenue, is now a State Historic Site and open to the public ; it was also listed in the National Register in 1972 and designated a National Historic Landmark two years later in 1974. Toombs was ca ll ed Georgia's " unreconstructed rebel," active not only in Georgia politics, but serving as a U.S. Senator, and later, as Secretary of State for the Confederacy during the Civil W<!r. 
A final look must include an area of more recent historical events, the Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Landmark District in Atlanta . The district consists of 15 acres on Auburn Avenue and includes the birth home of Martin Luther King , Jr. which is open to the public, his burial site and the Ebenezer Baptist Church . A larger area surrounds the district, which is on the National Register of Historic Places. The neighborhood is significant for its association with Dr. King 's birth , childhood , youth and adult life. Martin Luther King, Jr. was founder and first president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. In 1964, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts in the U.S. civil rights movement during the 1950s and 1960s; he was both the youngest and the second American black to receive the prize. 
All Properties Offer Lessons 
All of these National Register properties offer important lessons in Georgia history to visitors or passersby. Yet , you may have to look no farther than next door or downtown to discover such landmarks in your own community a congressman's home, the hall where the first elections in your town were held or your city 's first newspaper office. This Preservation Month in Georgia, take some time to seek them out. After all , they symbolize the most closely held of the democratic ideals free choice reminding us that whe~ we make a choice as a nation , it is indeed the people's choice. 
Carole Moore is Preservation Education Plannerfor DNR's Historic Preservation Section, operated as part ofth e Parks, Recreation and Historic Sites Division. 
 
 Creature Feature 
The Osprey 
By Ron Odom ' NR Senior Wildlife Biologist 
0 ne of the most beautiful birds in Georgia and one of 
the most watchable is the osprey, or 'fish hawk." Fishermen often pause to watch osprey as they soar and dive in search of fish. An adult osprey has a wing span of up to five and one-half feet and may weigh as much as seven Ibs. The fishing skills of this large raptor can be impressive. to say the least. 
Ospreys occur almost worldwide, although they are more common in the earth's northern hemisphere than the southern. On the Atlantic coast of the U.S. , they nest from Maine to Florida, primarily along the coast, or in the vicinity of large inland water bodies. 
In the northern parts of its range the osprey is migratory, moving for the winter from the Atlantic Coast to the warmer climates of South America. Ospreys usually arrive in Georgia in early March or April for nesting, leaving the area during September or October. 
In Georgia, ospreys usually build their large nests in the tops of both dead and live trees. Often, they will find power poles and channel-marker buoys attractive nesting sites. Most Georgia nests are built in close proximity to water and are 30 to 40 ft. high. Ospreys lay two to four eggs, which require 30 days' incubation. Usually, one clutch of eggs is laid per year, unless the first clutch is destroyed by predators or storms. After hatching, the young chicks are cared for by the female, with the male providing most of the food. When they are 50 to 60 days old, the young are fully feathered and begin short flights from the nest. 
Populations Depleted 
Like many other species at the top of the food chain. osprey populations were once seriously depleted due to pesticide poisoning. After pesticide restrictions were 
 
enacted into federal and state laws beginning in in 1973, osprey populations in Georgia began showing dramatic increases. A statewide survey of osprey nests by the Department of Natural Resources shows the number of nests has yearly doubled from the date the last comprehensive survey was conducted. A total of 146 active nests were found statewide, with most occurring along the coast and at Lake Seminole. Ifs not uncommon now to see birds using many of the large impoundments in the state's interior. 
An unusual characteristic of the osprey is its apparent tolerance of human beings. Often the bird will nest and live close to people and their developments. Because of this tolerance, the birds are extremely popular with coastal residents and birders. Recently the coastal Georgia Audubon Society erected 10 artificial nesting platforms on the coast to encourage nesting in "watchable" areas. 
At times, osprey nest-building on power poles and similar man-made structures has caused individual birds to be considered a nuisance or hazard. Often , DNR is called upon to assist with these problem" nests. some of which have interrupted electrical power or blocked navigational signs. Usually, structures can be redesigned to accommodate nesting ospreys or artificial platforms can be erected nearby. 
Last year, the Department began moving some of these "problem" birds to other parts of the state. Hacking towers were built at three sites in North, Central and South Georgia. Young birds were removed from the nest at four to six weeks of age and immediately flown by aircraft to their new homes, where they were cared for by volunteers. At their new "homes," they were cared for until able to fly and feed on their own. After honing their flying skills the young birds should migrate to South America for a couple of years. Hopefully, they will then return to inland Georgia to mate and nest on their own. 
As Georgia's osprey population continues to grow, we are seeing a natural extension of their range into the interior part of the state, particularly on the large, manmade reservoirs. DNR's hacking efforts will simply accelerate this natural expansion, while solving some of the nuisance'" problems in the more densely populated areas . 
 
Georgia Coastal Osprey Survey Data, 1980 & 1987 Comparison (Odom and Guthrie) 1980 1987 
 
Occupied nests 
 
71 143 
 
Occupied nests, known outcome 
 
69 110 
 
Active nests 
 
51 105 
 
Active nests. known outcome 
 
51 
 
87 
 
Eggs produced* 
 
130 230 
 
Eggs hatched* 
 
71 133 
 
Successful nests, known outcome 
 
31 
 
53 
 
Young fledged, known outcome 
 
63 
 
88 
 
Average clutch size 
 
1.83 2.71 
 
Hatching rate 
 
0.55 0.58 
 
Young fledged per 
 
occupied nest 
 
0.91 0.82 
 
Young fledged per 
 
active nest 
 
1.24 1.01 
 
*(Based on 51 nests in 1980 and 85 nests in 1987.) 
 
9 
 
 Georgia's 
MARSH Program 
With privately raised money matched by state funds, MARSH 
s supports projects to enhance Georgia habitat 
for numerous species of wintering or migrating waterfowl - benefiting not just ducks, but the 
overall ecology as well. 
By Gib Johnston 
 
MARSH (marsh), n. A tractoflow, wet land; swamp. [Old English (OE), mersc, mersc, merisc. Akin to MORASS]. "Marsh" is a well-known word that most can easily define. Georgia boasts, among its assets, the most famous marshes in the world - the "Marshes of Glynn." 
The word "marsh," however, has acquired new meaning in Georgia. To be more precise, the new word is "MARSH," an acronym for Matching Aid to Restore States' Habitat, a cooperative program between Ducks Unlimited (DU), Inc. and Georgia's Department of Natural Resources. 
According to rumor, it was conceived by DU in response to detractors ofthe organization who loudly decried DU's spending millions of U.S. dollars on waterfowl habitat in Canada. A more likely reason is the research that proves good wintering habitat for waterfowl is as important as breeding 
10 
 
habitat. Why produce more ducks ifthey cannot survive the winter to breed next season? 
It is a simple program. A percentage of the money raised in each state by Ducks Unlimited is made available to that state to provide good waterfowl wintering habitat. The only "catch" is that the state conservation agency must match the DU funds, dollar for dollar. Of course, there are plans to be submitted and approved sites to be selected and paperwork to be done - but the results are well worth the effort. 
Began With the Duck Stamp 
The MARSH program began in 1985 also the first year ofGeorgia's Waterfowl Conservation Stamp and Print Program, better known as the Georgia Duck Stamp Program. From Ducks Unlirnited, $95,000 was available to Georgia for waterfowl habitat conservation. From the waterfowl conservation program, 
 
the Game and Fish Division earned more than one-half million dollars, enough for all the planned projects plus others in the future. It is a nearly ideal situation for waterfowl conservation- money from Ducks Unlimited is raised through the organization's fundraising banquets and also, rather than statebudgeted tax funds, from citizens interested in the well-being of waterfowl in Georgia. 
Rum Creek Project 
Georgia has one MARSH project completed, on the Rum Creek Wildlife Management Area (WMA) near Forsyth, in central Geo~ia. It was dedicated in the fall of 1987 and in early February of this year a flock of more than 1,000 mallards and other ducks were using the site. 
Rum Creek WMA's property is owned by the Georgia Power Co. and is leased to the Department's Game and Fish Division. The 
 
 area is an excellent example of industry and government cooperation for the benefit of wildlife. DNR offers hunting on the area for deer and small game and , on Lake Juliette, waterfowl. More intensive use of the WMA is by birders. The variety of birds ttfure has made it one of the finest birdwatching areas in the Southeast. 
Of Rum Creek's 6,000 acres , 200 are involved in the MARSH project. The 25-acre, shallow impoundment is flooded in the winter months and drained after the waterfowl leave. Grain crops are planted in the bed of the impoundment and later flooded to provide food for migrating waterfowl. Its goal has been achieved- to provide additional feeding areas for wintering dabbling ducks such as mallards and gadwalls and to provide excellent habitat for wood ducks. 
The total cost of this area was $25,000, with half the funds provided by Ducks Unlimited and half from Georgia Waterfowl Conservation funds . Other areas under construction through the MARSH program are scheduled to be in operation this fall (1988). 
Beaverdam WMA 
The Beaverdam Creek Wildlife Management Area is in Laurens and Wilkinson Counties, about 12 miles north of Dublin off Georgia Highway 112 . The property is owned by the Department of Natural Resources and is managed for native wi ldlife species. The project here will place a water control structure on Dry Creek to divert the flow as needed into a series of sloughs which are now dry most of the time. Additional water control structures will manipulate the water level throughout the 100-acre system . In the project area are cypress and tupelo trees from 20 to 150 years old , many with natural cavities for wood duck nesting. 
The sloughs in the project area were formerly permanent water areas that , because ofdrought and reduced releases of water down the Oconee River in recent years, have not been flooded for some time. Flooding would again provide habitat for both local and migratory waterfowl, wading birds, furbearing animals and fish . This project's total cost will be $55,600. 
Harris County's Blanton Creek 
On Georgia's west-central border, in Harris County, lies the4,250-acre Blanton Creek WMA , adjacent to the Lake Harding Reservoir on land also owned by Georgia Power and leased to DNR. 
Three hundred acres have been selected for the MARSH project there with a wetlands area of 100 acres. This project will consist of two impoundments. The southernmost one will consist of a water control structu re on 
 
A Rum Creek mallard flexes its flight apparatus. (Photo , Herb Cawthorne. ) 
 
Male andfemale wood ducks cavort on the Rum Creek WMA , managed by DNR. (Photo, Herb Cawth o rn e.) 
 
lands contained by a natural levee on the Chattahoochee River. The other wi ll be land with a series of beaver dams and ponds and will require a small dike with a control structure. Both areas contain a variety ofdesirable marsh plants. The project shows more promise of increasing production of wood ducks and mallards and providing excellent resting and 
 
feeding habitat for wintering and mig rating dabbling ducks. The project's total cost will be $71,700. 
Central Branch Wetlands WMA 
The fourth of the MARSH projects is underway, 20 acres of wetlands on the Central Georgia Branch Wildlife Management 
11 
 
 A flock of coot at Rum Creek. Coot are incidental, nongame waterfowl that migrate through Georgia. (Photo, Herb Ca wthorne.) 
 
Area, seven miles northeast ofEatonton. This property is ow ned by th e University of Georgia and has been under lease to DNR for wildlife management si nce 1973. It has been a management area since 1965. The area is popular for deer, turkey and small game hunting. The MARSH project he re consists of a dam with an appropriate water control 
 
structure on an unnamed tributary of Indian Creek . The area will be drained each spring and summer fo r planting grain crops and these would be retlooded during the fall and winter. Water depths here wil l not exceed two fee t and will serve as ideal feeding and resting habitat for winteri ng and migrating waterfowl . This project will cost $87,250. 
 
Mallards in flight. (Photo, Herb Cawthorne.) 12 
 
MARSH Success 
The 245 acres of newly flooded and properly managed MARSH projects will be successful , as amply demonstrated by the number of ducks utilizing the Rum Creek area this past winter. Where there is good habitat , ducks will continue to arri ve and from these small ac reages, the entire state will benefit. These will not be the only MARSH projects in Georgia others are being discussed and planned. In the future, there will be a network of these small impoundments across the state . 
The projects have all been made poss ible through the support of the public through their purchases of Georgia Waterfowl Conservation Stamps and limited edition prints. This money comes directl y to DNR and , by law, can only be used for wate rfow l projects and supp orts no sala ri es , eq uipm ent o r administrative costs. All fund s go " into the land." Much more public part icipation is imperati ve, however, if it is to survive. 
MA RSH is not just a program "for hunters." It is for everyone who is interested in and loves the outdoors. One of the tenets of ecology is that it is impossible to manage and provide for one species without greatly benefi~g all species in a give n environment . .Through the re-establishme nt of waterfowl populations and their wetland habitat, all species benefit directly songbi rds, quail , turkey, deer, squirrels, fish , reptiles and many others. 
But perhaps the greatest beneficiary are Georgi a's citizens. 
 
 Outdoor Activities 
Wlldtife Photography: A Professional Approach 
 
By Herb Cawthorne 
 
There is really no mystery about wildlife photography, plant or animal. In fact, the single most important aspect of wildlife photography is really quite simple: know your subject! 
Identify what you want your subject to be and then learn all you can before venturing into the field with your camera. Any information gained by reading should, whenever possible, be supplemented by contact and observation in the field. The more you can learn about your subject, the greater you enhance the possibility ofseeing something worthwhile to photograph. It is also essential that you exercise great care to preserve the safety and well-being of your subject. Treat your subject with respect. 
Any discussion of photography really centers around four main topics. These are: 
 Film  Equipment  Exposure  Technique When considering what ftlm to use it 
is important to remember the initial premise of knowing your subject. If you 
are taking pictures of wildflowers in an open field on a bright, sunny day it is possible to use the slower speed, fine grain fllms - such as ISO 100 for color prints or ISO 64125 for color slides and still get the depth of field desired for an outstanding picture. 
On the other hand, if your subject is a bird in flight or an animal on the run, it will probably be necessary to use ISO 400 {or faster) film in order to stop the action or to accommodate the low-light conditions usually encountered in the subject's natural habitat. 
What you are trying to accomplish will dictate whether you use slide film for transparencies or color negative film for prints. Transparencies are best when you are planning slide shows or aiming to have your photographic work published. Color negative film is better when you know you want to make enlargements to display or sell. Today's 
 
films are greatly improved and even the higher speed films result in very good quality prints, enlargements or slides. 
Equipment Depends on Subject 
Any discussion of equipment necessarily has to take into account what the subject is. Most wild animals won't permit you to get close enough to take their picture with a normal lens {50mm). 
Having decided what your subject is and what fllm and equipment you need, all that is left for you to do is make the proper exposure of the subject. Chances are that you will produce a very good, if not prizewinning photograph. The basics of proper camera technique are simple: 
 Focus - on your subject  Aperture - select what is necessary 
to achieve desired depth of field  Shutter speed - match with aper- 
ture for film speed used  Take - snap the picture The acronym, F-A-S-T, should help you remember the proper sequence. A number of handy hints can help you improve on all the above-listed basics. For example, try to make your subject fill two-thirds of your viewfmder screen. This is something that takes practice and may require you to change lenses because of the distance between you and the subject. 
 
Zoom-In Technique 
This brings us directly to the subject of technique. It is important to keep in mind that while depth of field is controlled by the aperture for any given mm speed, it is necessary to have the proper shutter speed in combination with the selected aperture to maintain proper exposure. Knowing this, a good place to start with any photography, but especially with wildlife, is a basic exposure for a bright sunny day. This should be committed to memory: Set your aperture at f-stop 16 and your shutter speed at the number nearest the film speed you have selected. For example, if you are using ISO 100 fUm your basic exposure in the bright sun would be f-stop 16 
at II 125 second, or at ISO 400 it would be f-stop 16 at I1500 second. 
If you are trying to achieve greater depth of field and you are in the deep woods with lots of shadow, remember that the smaller you can make your aperture the more depth of field you will obtain. This, of course, means slower shutter speeds to attain the proper exposure. An example of this would be as follows: Your meter tells you that at ISO 100, the proper exposure 
is II 250 second at f-stop four. Let's say 
you have a beautiful bloom like the Showy Orchis and want to maintain good depth of field. Remember that 11250 second at f-stop four is the same 
as II 125 second at f-stop 5.6; and is also 
the same as 1100 second at f-stop eight; 
or II30 second at f-stop II. 
To summarize, remember to identify your subject, learning as much as you can about it before taking to the field. Choose a film that you like that works for you and stick with it. Try to accumulate the equipment necessary to accomplish your individual purpose - then practice your technique as often as possible. Remember your acronym for good camera technique and exposure: F-A-S-T; and the basic rule of thumb on a bright, sunny day. 
This is your chance to preserve any variety of nongame wildlife you choose on ftlm for the enjoyment of anyone interested in viewing the picture-perfect results! 
13 
 
 Managing Coastal Fisheries 
 
By working individually and together to effectively manage coastal fish populations, all 
southeastern coastal states can enjoy gainful marine fishing- and all fishery management 
groups benefit from public involvement. 
By Triece Gignilliat 
 
Everyone assumes that there are plenty of fish in the sea. However, fish, like any other resource, are a finite resource. This is especially true in Georgia's flat and sandy-bottomed ocean, which offers few places for feeding and hiding and is a poor habitat for fish. 
Fish are also a resource that must be shared. During the year, many species of fish instinctively migrate through Georgia's coastal waters. Last year, recreational fishermen on Georgia's coast spent more than $50 million and made approximately 600,000 fishing trips. Commercial marine fishermen brought in landings worth $25 million in 1986 and add at least $200 million to Georgia's economy every year. 
To the north and south of Georgia's coast last year, sport fishermen along the Eastern Seaboard logged over 40 million fishing trips and caught nearly 300 million fish. 
Who Protects This Resource? 
Most people have never given any thought as to who protects this important natural resource from overuse to that it remains a healthy part of Georgia's environment. 
Three main groups manage the commercial and recreational fishing in the coastal Georgia area to perpetuate fish stocks for future generations. The Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission (ASMFC), an advisory group based in Washington , D.C. promotes better utilization and management of fisheries among 15 states along the Eastern Seaboard. 
14 
 
Millions are invested yearly in recreational fishing along Georgia's 90-mile coastline. 
 
 Created over 40 years ago by federal law, the ASMFC manages the species that migrate between states' territorial waters from beaches seaward to three miles out. 
The South Atlantic Fishery Management Council (SAFMC), manages fisheries in the U.S. Fisheries Conservation Zone between three and 200 miles off the oasts of North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia and Florida . Headquartered in Charleston , S.C. , the SAFMC was established in 1976 under the Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MFCMA) . 
The State ofGeorgia is responsible for fishery management in its own coastal waters out to the three-mile limit. The state's Department of Natural Resources manages marine fisheries through its Coastal Resources Division in Brunswick. In addition to regulating fish found in Georgia waters, DNR also provides the ASMFC and the SAFMC with research data and expertise in fishery management. Since the federal government has only been involved in fisheries management since 1976, federal agencies rely heavily on the more experienced state fishery managers who serve as voting members of the ASMFC and the SAFMC. 
The groups work together to develop the best possible management alternatives for all Georgia's marine fisheries. It is a difficult thing to do. As Robert K. Mahood , Executive Director of the SAFMC, mused , "Some migratory species offish have not learned where the state and council boundaries are and continue to move from one region to another on a seasonal basis ." 
To promote fair fishing practices between states, DNR , the SAFMC and the ASMFC go to work. They learn all they can about the species in question such as where they migrate to and from and when ; how many there were a few years ago ; and how many are there now. Other findings answer questions Iike, when and how often do the fish reproduce? Or, what kind of high-tech fishing equipment is being used to nab them and what impact will it have on the populations? 
From there, the ASMFC develops interstate fishery management plans and then works to get state lawmakers to enact legislation that would implement its management plans. The SAFMC, on the other hand, develops offshore management programs for approval by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce. Once approved, these regulations are enforced as federal law. 
Species of Interest to Georgia 
Currently, the fishery management plans of particular interest to Georgia are the snapper-grouper, red drum , spotted sea trout and mackerel plans. 
Probably the best example of the successful management of a fishery is the story of Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus maculatus). In the 1970's, schools of this surface-feeding fish could frequently be seen along Georgia's coast. Anglers used to catch cooler after cooler of Spanish mackerel . When their populations all but vanished because of overharvesting in a neighboring state, local officials and the federal government worked with South Atlantic states to adopt and implement a plan to replenish Spanish mackerel populations . With the enforcement and regular update of commercial regul ations and recreational bag and size limits, Spanish mackerel are making a comeback. 
Equal Rights Fishing 
Sport and commercial fishermen in each state have equal rights to pursue their catch. Maintaining fair and prosperous 
 
Fisheries are managed so that "fishermen " like Jennifer Tuten and John Pafford can enjoy great fishing close to home. 
fishing for every state requires constant negotiations between the individual fishery managers in each state along the South Atlantic Seaboard. When one state begins to tilt the scales and interrupt fishing in other states, or threaten the population of a species, representatives from the other states join to convince the " problem state" to enact regulations to correct the situation. Through cooperation all coastal states can enjoy gainful fishing . 
Each fishery management group solicits and appreciates public involvement. Through attending open public hearings or joining species advisory committees, anyone can become involved in fishery management. To learn how you can participate in the management of Georgia's fisheries , contact the Department of Natural Resources' Coastal Resources Division , 1200 Glynn Avenue, Brunswick, Georgia 31523-9990 or call (912) 264-7218. 
15 
 
 Take a Hike! 
Little Ocmulgee State Park 
 
Exploring the sandhills of Middle Georgia at Little Ocmulgee State Park, you'll find 
watersports, nature study, golf, camping, boating, fishing, hiking, native American heritage activities and a wide variety of special 
events, year-round! 
By Lisa Dudley 
 
Little Ocmulgee's fa mous green. 
Summer is the time of year whe n families laun ch thei r vacation pl ans to get away fro m the chaos and commotion of work and school. New and exciting developments are tak ing place near the small town of McRae, in the sandhills of Middle Georgia, at Little Ocmulgee State Park . It's because of substantial park improvements nearing completion now th at Little Ocmulgee is Middle Georg ia's special prize. 
Ex plo re , ex pl ore, ex plore! That's wh at visito rs to thi s 1,400-ac re park will be able to do, at an affordable price. With 
16 
 
close to 370,000 visito rs annu ally, Littl e Ocmulgee is ranked as one of the state's top 10 State pa rks, accord ing to park attendance figures recorded in fisca l year 1987. 
The park fea tures superior recreation fac ilities, including 10 ru stic cottages built by the C ivil ian Conservation Corp (CCC), 58 tent and trai ler sites, group camp/pioneer camp and picnic and group shelters. Popular activ ities range from swimm ing and boating to fi shing and hi king. Children of all ages will enj oy the 265-ac re lake that spec ializes in le isure water sports li ke wa te rs kiin g . 
Built by the CCC and Others 
First opened to the public in 1940, Little Ocmulgee was built with th e help of the Civilian Conse rvation Corps, the National Park Service and local residents. It is famous fo r its rich native Ameri can culture. " Ocheese" was the old name used for the Ocmulgee Ri ver, where many of the Creek Indians lived . In reference to Ocmulgee, " Ocheese," pronounced by the Indians as "Au che ha chee" means " bubbling up from a spring." 
As you ente r Little Ocmulgee, its large , 18-hole regulation golf course e merges , offic ially called the Wall ace Adams Memori al Go!f Course. The course is recog ni zed as being one of the fi nest public golf courses in Georgia. Rental golf carts are ava ilable at the attractive clubhouse and pro shop. A golf professional is on hand to provide pri vate and group lessons at a minimal fee. 
One of the high po ints ~ a visit to Little Ocmulgee State Park 
is seei ng the new L. L. " Pete" Phillips Lodge and Conference Center complex. The complex features 30 rooms equipped with doubl e beds, climate cont rols, television sets and bathrooms. In addition, the Fairway Restaurant , with seating capacity for 100, offe rs a Ia carte and bu ffet dining overl ooking the 7th tee 
 
 Spanish moss amid pines at Little Ocmulgee. 
of the golf course. Meeting planners at Little Ocmulgee ca n relax in the spac ious, 150-seat capacity " Woods and Irons" conference hall. The conference hall can accommodate various meeting setups and group functions, as well as private banquets and receptions. Group reservations at the park may be accepted up to fi ve years in advance. 
Ocmulgee Nature Trails 
Whil e exploring thi s dive rse park , visitors will encounter the Oak Ridge Trail , Little Ocmulgee's nature trail. This footpath , approximately 2.3 miles long , takes about an hour to hike. For short distance hikers, a shorter trail called the " Magnolia Loop," is roughly 1.7 miles long. This tract is kn own to many as the "sandhills." Many years ago, the sandhills we re covered by the ocean. In time , the water in this reg ion receded , leaving behind inland sand ridges, or sandhi lis. Taking a hike on the self-guided nature trail , it is interesting to note that the numerous sandhills found at Little Ocmulgee are also located in othe r southeastern states. The anim al a nd pl ant li fe of Littl e Ocmul gee is characteri stic of that found in the southwestern U.S. 
The Wildlife of Ocmulgee 
Plant and animal w ildli fe is abundant along th e park's nature trail. Many pl a nts a re found in a jungle- like undergrowth refe rred to as a " bay swamp," o r " pocosin ." In this area one may find loblolly bays, swamp red bays, sweet bays and other evergreen shrubs. While walking down the nature trail , one may encounter a draping plant that is a member of the bromeliad famil y related to the pineapple blowing gently among the trees. This unu sal "air" plant , know n to many as Spanish moss is not actuall y moss because it obta ins its food and water directl y from the dust and rain in the air. 
 
The Longleaf-wiregrass community, also referred to as a "dwarf oak fo rest," is rapidl y disappearing th roughout the sandhill habitat. This botanical community is composed ofl ongleaf pines, turkey oaks, post oaks and wiregass. Animals native to the sandhill community are able to adapt to the very dry, hot weather. This environment provides the perfect home for plants like the prickly pear cactus, longleaf pine (deep tap root) and yucca plant or " bear grass." 
Flowers such as the nati ve wi ld azalea, also known as the " wild honeysuckle," also thri ve at Little Ocmulgee. The gophe r tortoise is a frequentl y seen turtle in the sandhill surroundings. Many of the gopher torto ise's burrows are seen along the tra il , some of which may be as long as 30 fee t. They rema in cool even if the temperature is over 90 deg rees Farenheit outside. It is interesting to note that Little Ocmulgee park personnel utilize fi re ecology, or burning, on the park 's pre mises to help maint;lin botani cal communities like the Long leaf-wireg rass found th e re. 
Special Events 
The park plays host to a number of special events yearl ong, from Arts and Crafts fes ti vals, Fourth of Jul y celebrations and CCC reunions, to holiday Christmas decoratio n workshops. Th roughout the year, golf enthusiasts can enter one of many golf tournaments offered at Little Ocmulgee. In addition , region naturalists or park staffe rs will lead novice and experienced canoe enthusiasts on a day long Ocmulgee Rive r canoe excursion. 
So come enj oy and explore the sandhi! Is of Middle Georgia's Little Ocmulgee for the rec reational time of your life! Little Ocmulgee State Park is located j ust 31 miles south of l-16 via U. S. Hwy. 319/441, or 57 mil es east of I-75 via U.S. 280. For more informati on contact the park at (912) 868-2 832 . 
17 
 
 Forgotten Flower 
The Persistent TrilliuiD 
By Thomas Patrick Botanist, Georgia Natural Heritage Inventory 
 
In Georgia, both plants and animals are an 
integral part of endangered species laws . Georgia was one of the first states to enact protected plant legislation and to have many plants placed on federal and state endangered lists . One of the first plants to be listed federally as a consequence ofthe 1973 Endangered Species Act was the Persistent Trillium. 
Discovered in the 1950s , lhe Persistent Trillium is known from a five-mile stretch of steep mounta in ravines along the TugalooTallulah River in Northeast Georgia and adjacent South Carolina. The Persistent Trillium is one of the most restricted wildflowers. The rugged Tallulah Gorge, near the village of Tallulah Falls along U.S. Highway 442 in Rabun and Habersham Counties in Georgia' s Blue Ridge region , harbors more Persistent Trillium than any other site. The Protected Plant Program , administered by the Department' s Game and Fish Division , cooperates with Georgia Power Company biologists to conduct annual surveys on the status of the plants' populations . Individual plants are measured , counted and mapped in each of a series of permanently marked study plots . 
A Showy Wildflower 
Trilliums are showy wildflowers bearing single three-parted flowers atop one " whorl " 18 
 
of three leaves. Georgia has a total of 19 species , more than are found in any other state. No book or professionally published study has covered all species at once , although a recent Japanese-published, multicolor monograph comes close. Several types look alike the Persistent Trillium closely resembles the Catesby ' s Trillium or Rosy Wake Robin. The Persistent Trillium has flowers borne above the leaves and its petals are narrower and more close!y arranged. The flower never opens fully and, in contrast to other white-flowered trilliums in Georgia , a trumpet-like profile with recurved petals is lacking in the flowers of the rare species. 
Taxonomists are trying to determine the closest living relative of the Persistent Trillium. Is it the peculiar Dwarf Trillium found in the nearby North Carolina Mountains? Can it be a limesink species that now ranges as far south as Kentucky? Origins of species are difficult to work out, particularly when genetic evidence gleaned from crossing experiments is so difficult to obtain . If one were to crossbreed trilliums , it would take about seven years to produce a flower from the progeny of the original cross. Someday use ofchromosome markers or enzyme variants may allow for a laboratory specializing in biochemical techniques to solve the mystery of relationships. 
 
Why Restrict a Trillium? 
Why should a trillium be so restricted in its total known distribution? A high level of speciation in the American Southeast has produced more types of trillium in the southern Appalachians environment than elsewhere. Some species may be relatively recent and may not have had the opportunity to spread. Consider that each trillium seed has an oily appendage that serves as an ' ' ant attractor '' Ants are demonstrated distributors of the seeds, which otherwise must depend on gravity for dispersal. This helps explain why a trillium is sometimes found atop an old tree stump , but it may not be all that is involved in understanding species distribution! 
Much more study of this rare species is needed before scientists fully understand its biology and the special attributes such plants need to sustain vigorous populations. Researchers and concerned citizens who wish to preserve Georgia 's diverse natural habitats must insure that responsible agencies practice sound conservation to keep rarities from extinction . In the case of the Persistent Trillium , cultivation of transplants in botanical gardens and annual monitoring of protected natural habitats seem to be the best approaches. Also , the Protected Plant Program staff investigates rare plant populations throughout Georgia . Threats to the environmental integrity of some natural habitats are inevitable. Everyone can play a role in wildflower conservation by learning what plants are protected and alerting appropriate government agencies of imminent causes for concern. 
Correction 
Last quarter's Forgotten Flower De~tment featuring the Fringed Campion was mistakenly accompanied by a photograph of the Butterfly Weed . DNR Outdoor Report acknowledges and regrets the error 
 
 Naturally Delicious - 
Georgia's Blue Crab! 
 
Em spring well into late fall, blue crabs can easily be caught from almost any pier, bridge or fishing access area in coastal Georgia, including the public beaches on Jekyll, St. Simons and Tybee islands. 
Many crabbers use the ''chicken neck" method, which employs a short pole and line, a long-handled dip net and a fresh chicken neck from a local grocery store. The chicken neck is tied to the line at the end of the pole and dropped into the water so that it lies on the water bottom . When the line begins to move or jerk, the pole is lifted slowly toward the dip net. A feeding blue crab will hold on to its dinner long enough to be netted. 
Inexpensive hoop nets and collapsible traps are also good tools for crabbing. These are available from most tackle shops and marine supply stores. Traps can be baited with chicken necks or small bait fish . 
Measure Your Crabs! 
Sport crabbers may take up to one bushel of crabs per day provided they meet the minium size of five inches from spike to spike across the back . Sport crabbers may also use a two-by-two foot box trap if it is attached to a private dock and if the crabs taken are for personal use and not to be sold. No fishing license is required for crabbing by these methods. However, to use commercialtype crab traps, the user must have a commercial saltwater fishing license. 
Your catch of blue crabs can survive for hours if placed in a bucket with a wet towel or rag and kept in a shaded area. Do not put water in the bucket . Keep the crabs alive until you are ready to cook them. 
Most recipes using crab call for precooked crab meat, but many Georgians prefer the freshly cooked crab meat right from the shell. To cook blue crab, live crabs should be dropped in a large pot of boiling, salted water and boiled for 15 to 20 minutes. They will turn bright redorange in color. Drain the crabs and allow them to cool for a few minutes before handling. 
To pick a cooked blue crab, lift the plate on the underside of the shell. Male crabs have a narrow plate, while 
 
females have a broader, rounder plate called an "apron." After lifting the plate, pull off the top half of the shell and discard. The edible meat is in the bottom half. 
Remove the crab's legs and pincers but keep any " breast" meat, which is attached to the legs. The claw meat is delicious and can be removed using a small hammer or nutcracker. 
In the breast area, discard the pale yellow reproductive matter known as "fat" and the feathery structures called "fingers." Break the remaining shell in two parts. Lumps of white crab meat are separated by chambers of thin, bony material. Pick out the meat with your hands or by using a pointed knife. The cooked, picked crab meat is now ready to eat or add to your favorite blue crab recipe. There are probably hundreds of ways to enjoy Georgia crab meat - the following suggestion is from the Georgia Department of Agriculture's Commodities Promotion Dept. 
Master Crab Casserole 
Ingredients: 8 slices of bread, crust removed Butter 8 slices of American cheese 2 cups cooked crab meat, flaked l/2 lb. fresh mushrooms. sliced and sauteed in butter 3 green onions, chopped 4 eggs, beaten 2 l/2 cups milk 1 tsp. dry mustard l tsp. salt 
Butter both sides of bread slices. In a slightly greased, 8-inch casserole dish, place four slices of bread. Top with four slices of cheese, crab meat, mushrooms and onions. Layer remaining cheese and then bread on top of crab meat mixture. Combine remaining ingredients and pour over casserole. Cover and refrigerate overnight. Bake uncovered at 350 degrees F for one hour or until "set." Serves four. 
- Contributed by Nancy Sanchez. 
19 
 
 Calendar 
 
Visitors enjoy guided nature walks at Unicoi State Park. 
 
JUNE 
PIONEER SKILLS DAY June II , 9 a.m. 5 p.m . General Coffee State Park , Nicholls A special program honoring the skills and music of our pioneer ancestors, centered around the Meeks Log Cabin. Free. 912 / 384-7082. 
CCC REUNION June II , II a.m. Vogel State Park, Blairsville A reunion of Civilian Conservation Corps boys. Join family and friends to meet and talk with our CCC alumni . Free. 404/ 745-2628. 
ALL ABOUT MOUNTAIN TROUT June 18, 8 a.m . Moccasin Creek State Park , Clarkesville An entire day filled with trout-related activities and events, including a fishing contest , fly-tying and casting clinic, and complete tour of the Lake Burton Fish Hatchery. Fishing licence/trout stamp required. Free. 404/ 947-3194. 
TUGALOO GOSPEL SINGING June 18, 7:30 10 p.m. Tugaloo State Park, Lavonia Annual Gospel Sing featuring some of north Georgia's most talented performers. Free. 404/ 356-4362. 
THIRD ANNUAL NOVICE WATER SKI COMPETITION June 18-19; June 25-26 (rain dates) Seminole State Park, Donalsonville 20 
 
Novice water ski competition with regulation slalom course, barefoot and trick skiing competition for both expert and novice skiers. Free. 912/ 861-3137. 
MOUNTAIN LIVING June 25, Noon 4 p.m. Unicoi State Park , Helen Get back to basics, mountain style blacksmithing, spinning, woodworking, candle-dipping, basketry and more. Music program in the evening: $3 adults, $1 ages 6-12 years. 404/ 878-2201, ext. 282. 
JULY 
ANNUAL BLUEGRASS MUSIC FESTIVAL July I, 7 II p.m . & July 2 , 4 11 p.m. Victoria Bryant State Park, Royston Two fun-filled evenings of the old-time country, gospel, and bluegrass music of our forefathers. Program fee: July I, $3; July 2, $4, chi ldren 12 and under free. 404/ 245-6270. 
INDEPENDENCE TRADING DAY July 2, 10 a.m . 6 p.m. Amicalola Fall s State Park , Dawsonville A day filled with fun , music and old-time charm. Evening square dance. Craft demonstrations and sales by mountain artists. Free. 404/ 265-2885. 
INDEPENDENCE DAY CELEBRATION July 2 , Sunset Seminole State Park , Donalsonville Independence Day celebration featuring a 
 
flag-raising ceremony and fireworks. Free. 912/ 861-3137. 
INDEPENDENCE DAY WEEKEND July 3-4, 10 a.m. 4:30p.m . Fort McAllister Historic Park , Richmond Hill Celebrate the 4th with music, food, crafts and a tour of the Fort by uniformed troops. Admission fee. 912 / m-2339. 
INDEPENDENCE DAY FESTIVAL July 4, 9 a.m. 4 p.m. Georgia Veterans Memorial State Park, Cordele Come join us for a day filled with clogging, games and fun. Free. 912/ 273-2190. 
FOURTH OF JULY CELEBRATION July 4, 10:30 a.m. Little Ocmulgee State Park , McRae Parade, special events, entertainment and a fireworks display. Free. 912/ 868-2832. 
COASTAL RANGERS OF GEORGIA July 4, 10 a.m. 4 p.m. Fort King George Historic Site, Darien Encampment of Provincial Rangers demonstrates hardships they endured while building the Fort. Admission fee . 912 / 437-4770. 
TWELFTH ANNUAL APPALACHIAN MUSIC FESTIVAL July 8, 9, 10 Unicoi State Park , Helen Concerts, instrument displays, workshops and dancing featuring traditional Irish, folk , bluegrass and old-time mountain music. Fee for evening concerts. 404/ 878-2201 , ext. 283. 
HYDROTHERAPY AT WARM SPRINGS July 9 & 10, 10 a.m. 4 p.m. Little White House Historic Site, Warm Springs Interpreters from Roosevelt's Warm Springs Institute of Rehabilitation demonstrate the physical therapy techniques performed on Franklin D. Roosevelt and his fellow polio patients. Admission fee. 404/ 655-3511. 
TUGAWO SKI SHOW July 16, 2 p.m . Tugaloo State Park , Lavonia Competition skiers performing stunts su~as barefoot skiing and jet ski tricks. Free. 404/ 356-4362. 
VANN HOUSE DAYS July 23 & 24, 2 4 p.m. Vann House Historic Site, Chatsworth Commemoration of the !84th anniversary of the building of this historic Cherokee 
 
 mansion and the. 30th anniversary of its restorati on. Admission fee. 404/ 695-2598. 
LAKE BURTON ARTS & CRAFTS FESTIVAL Jul y 30, 10 a .m . 6 p.m . Moccas in Creek State Park , Clarkesville More than 40 artists and craftsmen will display paintings, quilts, toys, scenic photography and basketry. Free. 404/ 947-3194. 
AUGUST 
JARRELL JUNIOR RANGER DAY CAMP August 3-6, 10 a.m.-3 p.m . Jarrell Plantation Historic Site, Juliette Children ages 8-14 will learn first hand about life on a turn-of-the-ce ntury Georgia farm . Acti vities include nature study, mak ing old-time toys, cooking on a woodstove, and more. Program fee: $7. Preregistrat ion required by July I. 912 / 986-5172 . 
 
Georgia 's Indigo snake. 
 
SNAKES OF GEORGIA 
 
SNAKES 
 
ALIVE! 
 
August 6, 10 a. m . Noon 
 
Panola Mountain Conservation Park , 
 
Stockbridge 
 
Zoo Atlanta's Dennis Herman will "show 
 
& tell " about Georgia's many interesting 
 
snakes. Free. 404/ 474-2914. 
 
FORT MOUNTAIN MYSTERIES August 6, 11 a. m . 9:30p.m. Fort Mountain State Park , Chatsworth An archaeoastronomer will discuss some new and interesting theories about the prehistoric stone wall. Demonstrations on gold panning, Indian artifacts, backpacking and mountain folk culture. Free. 404/ 695 -2621. 
 
PIONEER DAY August 6 Black Rock Mountain State Park , Mountain City A day filled with fun festivities such as a 
 
quilting contest, weaving, country music and husband and hog calling. Free. 404/ 746-2 141. 
THIRD ANNUAL ARCHERY SEMINAR August 6-7, 9 a. m. 5 p.m. General Coffee State Park , Nicholl s A program fo r begin ners and pros, latest bows and equipment on display and advisors on hand for instructions and tips on bow hunting. Free. 912 / 384-7082 . 
PERSEID METEOR SHOWER OBSERVANCE August 12 , 8:30 II p.m. Etowah Mounds Histo ric Site, Cartersvi lle Don Barry of the Atlanta Astronomy Club will d isc uss the Perseid Meteo r Shower in the museum and lead a walk to the top of Mound A to spot meteors. Admiss ion fee. 404/ 382-2704. 
KUDZU TAKEOVER DAY August 13, Noon 5 p.m. Providence Canyo n State Park , Lumpkin Come explore the uses of the Kudzu vine through demo nstrations and fi lms. Free. 912/ 838-6202. 
PERSEID METEOR SHOWER SKY WATCH August 13, 5 a.m. Panol a Mountain Co nservation Park, Stockbridge Come see how the ea rth passes th rough the remains of an old co met trail each year, with up to 50 night sky meteors per hour resulting. Preregistration req uired by August I. Free. 404/ 474-2914. 
BOWHUNTER RENDEZVOUS August 13 & 14 Amicalola Falls State J?ark , Dawsonville A weekend of fun , instruction and competition for bowhunters and spectators . Program fee for participants. 404/ 265-2885. 
FRONTIERSMEN RENDEZVOUS August 19 21 , Fort Yargo State Park , Winder Step back in time and see blanket shoot competitions and li ving histo ry demonstrations of the ea rly pionee rs and native Americans. Free. 404/ 867-3489. 
INDIGO WORKSHOP August 20, 10 a .m . 4 p.m . Sunbury Historic Site, Sunbury Learn about one of the major colonial exports, Indigo, in thi s one-day workshop. Bring a sack lunch and a tee shirt to dye. Admission fee . Preregistration required by Aug. 17. 912 / 884-5999. 
 
Golf is great at Victoria Bryant! 
INDIAN APPRECIATION DAY August 20, 10 a .m. 3 p.m. Crooked River State Park , St. Marys A day full of special games, music, and act ivities commemorating the Indians that li ved in southeast Georgia . Free. 912/ 882-5256. 
INDIAN AWARENESS DAY August 20, 1:30 4 p.m . Watson Mill Bridge State Park , Comer A program covering the lifestyles of native Americans including Indian dress, weapons, crafts, artifact collections and demonstrtai ons of nati ve American skills. Free. 404/ 783-5349. 
GEORGIA MOUNTAINS EATIN'S AND SQUEEZIN'S August 20, Noon 4 p.m . Unicoi State Park, Helen Area folk demonstrate old-time food preparation such as pressing cider, hearth coo king, churning butter, wood stove coo king, etc. Evening music concert: $3 adults; $1 ages 6-12 years; under 6 free . 404/ 878-2201 , ext. 282. 
INDIAN WEAPONS DAY August 20, I 4 p.m . New Echota Historic Site, Calhoun Learn how Indian weapons evolved from the spear to the rifle in the 10,000 years they have occupied Georg ia . Admission fee. 404/ 629-8151. 
OLD TIMER'S DAY August 26, 8 LO p.m. August 27, 10 a. m. 10 p.m . Vogel State Pa rk , Blairsville Fun-filled weekend of mountain sty le country music, dancing , ex hibits, cloggers and blues mus ic. Special guest is Dav id Holt , a Grand Ole Opry and " Hee Haw" pe rformer. Program fee : $4 adults ; $1 children ages 6-12 ; under 6 years admitted free. 404/ 745-2628. 
21 
 
 Georgia Getaways 
A few hours' drive can get you away to Amicalola Falls, Providence Canyon, Unicoi Lodge, Roosevelt's Little White House, or Traveler's Rest. Visit these and Georgia's 52 other state parks and historic sites. Play for a day or stay for a week. Overnight accommodations include shaded campgrounds, rustic cottages. or comfortable lodge rooms. 
For a FREE color guide to Georgia's state parks and 
historic sites , call the Georgia D epartment of Natural Resources toll-free today: 18005GA PARK (outside Georgia), 1-B00-3GA.PARK (in Georgia), or 6563530 (metro Atlanta). 
GEORG~..~~ 
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