DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMEN Vol. 6 ATLANTA, GA., AUGUST, 1936 No.8 VOCATIONAL FORESTY SCHOOL CAMP GUM NAVAL STORES CLOSES SIXTH ANNUAL SESSION JULY 14 DEMAND THIS YEAR Students Represent 120 Vocational Agricultural Schools- Prizes Are Awarded Teachers by Georgia Forestry Association - Senator WELL SUSTAINED George Addresses Student Body at Closing Exercises. Domestic Sales Serve to Offset Les- sened European Buying - In The sixth annual Vocational Forestry J Richard W. Smith, State Geologist, At- Government Assistance School Camp was held at Abraham Bald Ianta; G. D. Markworth, Director School win College, Tifton, Georgia, for a ten day of Forestry, Athens; Paul H. Gerrard, U. S. (By J. c. Nash, President, Columbia Naval period, July 5-15. Forest Service, Atlanta; L. M. Sheffer, Stores Co.,' in special chemical edition One hundred twenty students, the larg- State Supervisor of Vocational Agriculture, of the New York Journal of Commerce). est number ever to attend, representing 120 Athens; John Green Herring, Editor Tifton When one mentions naval stores outside schools throughout the state where voca- Daily Gazette, Tifton; E. C. Starr, Director, of the Southeastern ports of the United tiona! agriculture is taught, were enrolled Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton; States he should be careful to see that his in the camp. The students were selected and Senator Walter F. George, Vienna. readers know what is really meant and that on the basis of a competitive examination The entire student body was taken on he is not discussing the navy nor ship- in forestry, moral character and scholar- a pleasure trip to Sea Island Beach on chandlery but simply rosin and turpentine. ship also being considered. This method Saturday, July 11. This was a real treat, Formerly the term "naval stores" denoted insured getting a high type of student. for many of them had never seen the ocean. tar and pitch used for calking naval vesSuch courses as tree identification, utili- After enjoying the surf for several hours, sels. zation of wood, surveying and mensuration, they returned to camp to rest and recuper- For the past two years the industry has and forest management were studied, In- ate from the effects of the hot sun and been involved with governmental experi- struction during the school-camp was given the long journey. ments intended to help the producer. Un- by the following district foresters: W. D. The following students were elected offi- fortunately the net result exC'ept for a Young, T. P. Hursey, W. G. Wallace, R. R. cers of the two groups: First Year Group- short period has not aided the producer. Evans, S. L. McCrary and H. D. Story, Jr. William Clifton, Statesboro, president; During 1935 and 1936 government loans W. S. Black, teacher of forestry at Abra- Walzo Owen, Pelham, vice-president; were made with temporary price benefit to ham Baldwin College, also assisted with Thornwell Smith, Camilla, secretary. the producer but with a subsequently lower the instruction. Second Year Group-Edward Stone, Ox- market and the retention at the present The camp was in charge of Geo. I. Mar- ford, president; Edwin Winge, Lyons, vice- time by the Commodity Credit Corporation tin, Assistant Supervisor for Vocational president; Albert Dorsey, Cleveland, secre- of a tremendous percentage of the present Agriculture. He was assisted by a group tary. visible supply. of teachers of vocational agriculture of the The following ten students from each Strenuous efforts have been made this state. group made the highest grades during the spring to secure further Government as- A good recreational program was pro- camp: sistance and the sentiment of the industry vided for the students, which consisted of First year group: Lamar Hammond, about such further assistance is divided. swimming, soft ball, baseball, boxing and Good Hope; Robert Davis, Franklin; Bob Some producers are most anxious to secure horseshoe pitching. This program was in Tuten, Alamo; Thornwell Smith, Hopeful it. Others think a more wholesome status charge of G. P. Donaldson, Dean of Abra- Consolidated, Camilla; Earl Glenn, Univer- would be maintained if the industry should ham Baldwin College. He was assisted very sity System, Athens; Cline Cragg, Rabun be permitted to go ahead and work out ably by Leroy C. Lanford, teacher at Abra- Gap Community School; Frank Williams, its own salvation. I should say at the ham Baldwin College. There was a great Plains; Bruno Pfeiffer, Sylvania; Guy present time there is about an equal divis- deal of interest shown in the recreational Brinkley, Macland Consolidated, Powder ion of sentiment but a trend toward the program and keen rivalry between the first Springs; James Roberts, Sumner High. latter school of thought. and second year groups, and between the Second year group: Amos Ray, Dawnstudents from North Georgia and those ville High, Dalton; William Walton, Dacula; CROP OUTLOOK from South Georgia. Albert Dorsey, Cleveland; Wallace Childs, The present crop outlook for the year Each evening the students assembled in Mystic High; Wiley K. Smith, Southwest 1936-37 is for an increased crop, which bas the college auditorium for a short program DeKalb, Decatur; Jim Gudger, Ellijay; up to this time been estimated at about of songs, motion pictures and talks along Jesse Reeves, Lynwood; Sam Jones, Chats- 15 per cent, or roughly 585,000 barrels of forestry lines by invited speakers. The worth; Austin Rheney, Wadley; Harold turpentine, against approximately 510,000 speakers who were invited and appeared Cooper, Pavo. barrels for the year ended last March 31. on the program from time to time included: (Continued on Page 3) (Continued on Page 3) 2 FORESTRY-GEOLOGfCAL REVIEW .... Forestry-Geological Review Published Monthly by the DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT State Capitol, Atlanta CLAUDE E. BOGGS, EDITOR LARGE INCREASE It will be noted from the table that since IN PRIVATE FIRE the fiscal year 1934, the total spent for co;. operative fire protection has increased by PROTECTION FUNDS over half a million dollars, or 77 percent. State and county funds have increased by Southern Pine Forestry Notes. 93 percent, private funds by 138 percent, Forestry Division Elmer E. Dyal, State Forester________Atlanta JackFTohreusrtmeron_d__,___A___s__s_t_.____S__t_a__t_e_____________Atlanta Claude E. Boggs, Educational Mgr. __Atlanta T. P. Hursey, Dist. Forester______________Rome W. D. Young, Dist. Forester______Gainesville S. L. McCrary, Dist. Forester________Augusta R. R. Evans, Dist. Forester__________Columbus W. G. Wallace, Dist. Forester______Savannah R. D. Franklin, Dist. Forester______Waycross H. D. Story, Jr., Dist. Forester________Albany The Clarke-McNary Law, enacted by congress in 1924, makes provision for federal cooperation with the States and private owners in forest fire protection. All Southern states accept this cooperation which constitutes a grant of federal funds to each State for fire protection purposes. The amount so granted each State cannot exceed the combined total of State and and federal funds by 33 percent. It is shown, also, that federal participation in co-operative fire protection has decreased from 44 percent in 1934 to 33 percent in 1936; while state and county participation has increased from 33 .! to 36 .! percent and private participation fr~m 22 .! to 30JA. percent. The total shown as private does not include all private expenditures, as the protection costs of many owners do not Mrs. N. N. Edwards, - Bookkeeper-Treasurer ____________Atlanta Miss Hazel E. Nicholas, Secretary private funds spent for approved fire protection. qualify for cooperative purposes. All agencies concerned in protecting for- to State Forester____________________..Atlanta That private forest owners are volun- ests against fires should expand their con- M. E. Murphy, Nurseryman____________Albany tarily bearing a large proportion of the tributions as rapidly as possible to enlarge Mrs. SWta.teL.NDurasveisr,y C___l_e__r_k_____________________Albany cost of cooperative fire protection in the the area under protection and increase its Southern states is shown in the following effectiveness. That private forest owners Geological Division table prepared from data supplied by the will cooperate voluntarily is evident from Richard W. Smith, State Geologist, U. S. Forest Service. and Secretary to Commission__Atlanta the record. G. W. Crickmay, Asst. State Geologist __________________________________Atlanta Budgeted Funds Under Sec. 2 of Clarke-McNary Law for the Southern States (1) Lane Mitchell, Asst. State Geologist -----------------------"---------Atlanta Miss Margaret Gann, Clerk____________Atlanta Fiscal Year FEDERAL STATE & COUNTY PRIVATE TOTAL ending June - - - - - - : - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 80th Amount % Amount % Amount % Amount % Any infermation appearing in this publication may be used at any time provided proper credit is given,-Tbe Editor. 1934 1935 1936 $327,367 396,365 434,885 44 41lh 3S $249,458 323,376 481,501 33% 34 36lh $168,603 235,065 401,186 22lh 24lh 30lh $745,428 100 954,806 100 1,317,573 100 NAVAL STORES OPERATORS HOLD Increase 1936 over 1934 107,518 33 232,043 93 232,583 138 (1) Ala., Ark., Fla., Ga., La., Miss., N. C., Okla., S. C., and Tex. 572,144 77 MEETING AT PROGRAM TO STABILIZE 25 per cent of the faces on or before July 15 VALDOSTA JULY 8 NAVAL INDUSTRY ANNOUNCED and will remove the cups on or before August 1. The cups to be removed must be in solid blocks; otherwise government check- Timber Conservation and Crop Re- A program to stabilize the naval stores ers will be unable to inspect and report on duction Program of Federal industry by paying operators to curtail pro- the reduction that has been made. Government Explained duction and to promote forest conservation Operators and factorage houses will be has been announced by Joseph C. Kircher, furnished with "work sheet" forms on which The large gathering of naval stores producers at Valdosta on Wednesday, July 8th, most of whom were members of the American Turpentine Farmers Association, enthusiastically received the forest conservation program which was formally and officially offered to them by an official of the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, Mr. Jay Ward, who is well known to the naval stores industry. Southern Regional Forester, headquartered in Atlanta. Mr. Kircher said authorization for the program was rec cived from the Secretary of Agriculture after a meeting in Washingto.n at which Robert M- Newton of Wiggins, Mississippi, represented the American Turpentine Farmers Association. Cooperation on the part of producers will be entirely voluntary, Mr. Kircher said. A meeting of Forest Service officials and rep to report the reductions. These forms will be submitted to the Regional Forester of the United States at Atlanta, Georgia. The new program will be administered for the Forest Service by three supervisors: John M. Tinker at Savannah, Georgia; TN- Busch, Jacksonville, Florida, and Joseph Yencso, Pensacola, Florida. These men will have charge of a number of inspectors and checkers who have already been selected and The acceptance of the program, as ex- resentatives of the industry was held at are being assigned to specified counties for plained- in an informational leaflet and out- Valdosta on July 8. Similar meetings are the purpose ut reporting on the discontinu lined by Mr. Ward, was unanimous. While the plan presented means a cer- tain reduction in production to the naval scheduled for Savannah, Georgia, Jackson ville, Florida, and Pensacola, Florida. ance of naval stores operations. ,Compliance payments will be made after stores producer, for which cash benefits J. Ward, Washington, D. C., and C. F. November 1 to. producers who carry out the will be paid, at the same time it is known Evans,' Atlanta, Georgia, represented the approved practice relative to trees which as a forest conservation measure coming Forest Service at the Valdosta meeting. are now currently being worked. The rates under the Soil Conservation Act, by virtue The industry was represented by R. M. will be as follows: For faces 66 inches or of building up the soil through a discon- Newton, H. Langdale, Valdosta, Georgia, less in height, 4 cents a face; for faces more tinuance of turpentining operations on a and C. P. Kelly, Madison, Florida, execu- than 66 inches in height, 2% cents a face. certain percentage of the trees now being tives of the American Turpentine Farmers Measurements will be taken vertically be worked, it being proven that trees under- Association. tween lowest point of wound face (first going turpentining operations require more The program is simple. Producers de wound of virgin face) and highest point of nourishment from the soil than idle trees. siring to cooperate will cease chipping on wound (shoulder side of streak). FORESTRY-GEOL OGICAL REVIEW 3 ~====================== SECOND ANNIVERSARY SOUTHERN REGION NAVAL STORES UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE JULY 1 (Continued) The territory embraced in the naval stores (Jilportant Strides in Forestry Con-I 230, continued to render excellent public belt extends from North Carolina, where servation Shown in Report of service in working over thousands of acres turpentine farming began during the past Regional Forester Jos. C. of forest land to improve the stands o.f century, to Texas, where the industry is Kircher timber and prevent and check attacks by comparatively new. Because there is a tree diseases and insect pests. They also larger percentage of young trees suitable We wish to congratulate the Southern constructed truck trails, built fire towers, for naval stores in Georgia than in any Region of the U. S. Forest Service on the planted millions of trees, improved raw and other state, there are approximately 629 of important strides made in forest conserva- eroded road banks, and carried on projects the entire 1100 processors operating in tion, as shown by the report of Regional to check general erosion. These camps have South Georgia, while the gum producers Forester, Joseph C. Kircher to F. A. Silcox, become economic fixtures in countless South- without stills number approximately 9,000 Chief Forester of the United States. ern communities and not only render prac- of the 11,280 in the naval stores belt. For During the past two years many thousand acres of land unsuited to agriculture uses were acquired and set apart for forest improvement, also. nurseries were established to raise seedlings to be used in reforestation work in the South. tical public service as every-day routine, but are constantly called on by the State and local authorities in cases of emergency such as the Gainesville and Tupelo tornado disasters which shocked the Nation in April. "I consider the CCC work to prevent and this reason, it has been necessary to divide South Georgia, for administrative purposes, between the offices to be located at Jack- sonville, Savannah, and Pensacola. --------0-------- VOCATIONAL SCHOOL CAMP During this period the boundaries of the National forests in Georgia and other southern states have been realigned giving Georgia, North Carolina and Tennessee National suppress forest fires one of its most valuable services to the South, where we have a terrific fire problem. Average annual damage to forest lands have been estimated at more than 15,000,000 dollars. I am happy (Continued from Page 1) Senator Walter F. George was the principal speaker at the closing exercises held on July 14. He congratulated the students on their interest in the subject of forestry, forests exclusively their own. This read- to. report that the work of the CCC is gradu- and urged that they continue this interest justment of boundaries on state lines is ally cutting down this loss. It is difficult in order that our great forest resources considered an important administrative step to estimate the exact reduction but all fores- might be better protected and more fully because it will simplify the job of protect- try authorities agree that excellent results developed. ing and developing these areas and are being achieved. The amount of pri- J. D. Davis, teacher of vocational agri- strengthen the economic importance of the vately owned and state owned forest land culture, Pavo High School, was awarded a forest lands to the states in which they lie. receiving organized protection from fire in- cash prize of $50 and a Certificate of Mr. Kircher, in his report, praises the creased during the past year from 40,000,000 Honor, given by the Georgia Forestry Asso- work of the CCC camps very highly. He acres to 65,000,000. This is an extremely ciation in recognition of the most outstand- states that: important step in southern forest conserva- ing work done in forestry during the past HQur CCC camps, of which we now have tion." year. R. L. Johnson, teacher of vocational agriculture at Fairburn was awarded a GUM NAVAL STORES HAS BEEN WELL SUSTAINED second prize of $25. These two teachers have carried on excellent forestry pro- (Continued from Page 1) grams in their schools for several years and are highly commended for their ac- Recent severe drouth in the South may QUALITIES IMPROVED complishments. cause this estimate to be revised downward. In recent years there has been contin- The camp pianist was Miss Lurline Nance (The crop is now estimated at 525,000 to ued improvement not only in the quality of Sylvester, and Miss Elsie Edwards wa::; 540,000 barrels). It will take a few weeks of gum rosin produced but also in the pack- camp secretary. to make this clear. Fortunately the out- age containing rosin, and the gum industry --------0 look for consumption in this country during which used to be harassed by claims fol' the present year is extremely good and I seepage of moisture through practically think it is safe to say that there has been open heads of barrels and driving a spike THIRD DISTRICT the best spring business for turpentine in into the solid body of the rosin. Stewart L. McCrary, District America that we have had since 1929. In the matter of improvement in produc- Forester. Augusta tion methods an increasingly satisfactory There is also the maintenance of a good service is being rendered by the departdemand for rosin in this country and this ment of Agriculture through forest experi- Middle Georgia T. P. 0.----Almost no satisfactory condition in America will go ments at Lake City, Fla., where tests of fires reported since March. The manager far to offset the lesser European demand all kinds both as to physical handling in of this TPO is spending the summer which is adversely affected by the contin- the woods and actual treatment of gum months signing up new acreage and using ued difficulties of financing in Continental after it is collected are made. every effort to build up the organization. Europe and the consequent great economy I have mentioned these improvements The timberland owners in Twiggs and in the use of products to be imported. in production methods at the end of this Wilkerson counties are becoming more and Those interested in rosin should not for- article for the reason that it is increasingly more forest minded, however, and we hope get its cheapness as compared to practi- apparent that the greatest possible tech- soon to have many acres added to this cally every article with which it comes into nical improvements must be brought about TPO. competition. This refers to other gums, by the gum industry and the most modern Greene County T. P. 0.--This TPO will both natural and synthetic, for varnish methods must be employed in order to pro- reorganize in September and it is hoped will making purposes: and to oils and fats in duce in quantity at the lowest possible price have a large organization perfected this soap manufacturing. Besides, there is a for competition with wood products and winter. Many are asking about seedlings steadily improving statistical position with with synthetic rosins. I should say that in this county, and hope to plant a con- considerably less on hand in America than progress has commenced in this direction siderable number of slash pine seedlings there was a year ago. and may be expected to continue. there during the winter. - 4 FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW SUPPLY OF SEEDLINGS AT CUTTING LITTLE TREES Although the two studies reported upon STATE NURSERY GOING DOES NOT PAY in the above table were made in areas as FAST far apart as Arkansas and Virginia and The fact that small sized trees can be under dissimilar conditions, it is notable Prices Given-Buyers Urged ders Early. to Place Or- manufactured into lumber only at the expense of the larger ones is strikingly shown that in both instances trees smaller than 12 inches in diameter . at breast height Many inquiries have been received at the by the results of studies made by the forest Products Laboratory of the U. S. Forest (4% feet above ground) cost more to manuf~cture into lumber than the lumber office o.f the Georgia Forest Service regard- Service and summarized in the Copeland they produce could be sold for. ing the price of seedlings available next Report. It is, of course, well known to While it is entirely possible that some season. We are quoting the prices of the lumber manufacturers that small trees cost Southern Pine Lumber manufacturers can different species of seedling3 which will be more per thousand feet to log, haul , and utilize profitably trees smaller than 12 available at the state nurseries, for th~ manufacture into lumber than do large' inches DBH, it would be well for those cut- 1936 crop: trees. ting small trees to check the returns Slash pine ________$2-00 per thousand Frequently, however, the tree size where against the cost of lumber produced from Loblolly pine ____ 2.00 per thousand the break occurs between profit and loss in such trees to determine whether or not they Longleaf.pine _ 2.00 per thousand lumber manufacturing is not known and, pay their way. Lacking such a check, Black Locust ____ 3.00 per thousand These prices are f. o.. b. Albany for slash as a result, many small trees are cut that do not return even the cash outlay required to manufacture them. The reason that operators can be on the safe side by not cutting trees smaller than 12 inches DBH and longleaf pine, and f. o. b. Blairsville operations cutting small trees at a loss are (13 inches at the stump). Trees below 12 for loblolly pine and black lqcust. able to survive is because the larger trees inches in diameter can be left standing It has been the custom in the past for the that are cut have a sufficient margin of with the assurance that they will grow from Forest Service to pro rate the orders, if profit to carry the small ones. The fol- 2 to 4 inches larger in diameter during a there were not enough seedlings to fill all orders received. It will be the policy of lowing table shows the net results of tw'> studies conducted by the Forest Products 10 year period and, therefore, become the Division of Forestry in the future to Laboratory in widely separated parts of the profitable trees for sawmilling in the near file the orders as they are received, and fill Southern Pine region and in different future- them in this manner. years. (Southern Pine Forestry Notes) Orders have already been received for approximately two-thirds of the seedlings that will be available. Those interested in securing seedlings for planting next season are advised to get their orders in as early as possible. Increasing demands upon the nurseries at Albany and Blairsville have made it necessary to increase the area planted. The area planted this year, however, will not supply sufficient seedlings to cover the demand. Something over three million seedlings were sold last season, and it is expected that more than five million will be available for the coming season. Those interested i.n ordering seedlings may send their orders, together with a small deposit, to the State Forester,.435 State Capitol, Atlanta, Georgia. Tree Diameter at Breast Height 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 NET STUMPAGE REALIZATION VALUES Shortleaf Pine (Ark. 1928) Per M. Bd. Ft. Per Tree Loblolly Pine (Va. 1931) Per M. Bd. Ft. Per Tree Minus- $ 4.67 Minus- $ 0.21 Minus- .05 Minus- .01 3.08 .35 5.59 1.06 7.59 2.08 9.36 3-64 10.92 5.07 Minus- $12.35 MinusMinus- 5.60 Minus- .49 5.23 8.31 10.80 13.07 $0.41 .33 .05 .85 1-99 3.42 5.29 FORESTRY NURSERY-ALBANY, GEORGIA ----0---- ., THE TREE A tree is thrifty; it uses the available material, and does not waste any. It pro- duces wood, fertilizer, and food, conse1ves water, and provid.es for the future. ' A tree is brave; it struggles against difficulties and persists in gro.wing in competition with others, and even in discouraging surroundings and among enemies. A tree is clean; it takes care of itself and discards its worn-out branches. Although growing in dirt, it produces clean wood, and even works at purifying the air we breathe. A tree is reverent; it constantly looks up to God; and does not rebel. It respects the rights of others, and acknowledges the right of God to govern its life. View Showi.ng part of Area Planted in Pine Seedlings. Approximately 5,000,000 Seedlings will be sold from this nursery next season. FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW 5 OFFICERS ELECTED VOCA- LIONS CLUB OF TREUTLEN COUNTY ERECTS FORESTRY TIONAL FORESTRY CAMP SIGNS ON HIGHWAYS FIRST YEAR GROUP: The Lions Club of Soperton and Treutlen County has sponsored the erection of five over-head signs across all highways leading into the county. As illu strated by the accompanying picture, on entering Treutlen County the sign proclaims: WELCOME TO TREUTL.EN COUNTY LEADS THE WORLD IN PLANTED SLASH PINE On leaving Treutlen County the sign reads as follows: "CITIZENS OF TREUTLEN COUNTY TAKE PRIDE IN PROTECTING THEIR TIMBERLAND FROM FIRE." This progressive movement, illustrating the progressive attitude of the people of Treutlen County, is to be recommended to other counties of South Georgia and the State at large. These signs serve not only to tell others, but cause citizens of the county in which the signs are erected to make stronger efforts to protect their forest land from fire and otherwise practice good forestry. ---------0--------- OME TC TliEUT .... EN COUNTY LEAllS TH WClllD IN J>lANTE:D. p (Left to Right) President___________William Clifton, Statesboro Vice President_____________Walzo Owen, Pelham Secretary____________Thornwell Smith, Camilla SECOND YEAR GROUP: Sign erected through efforts of Soperton A. 0. Brinson, Lee McDonald, J. W. Fowler, Lions Club. 5 signs erected on County 1 w . M. Williamson, Jim L. Gillis, James Lines. Members of Lions Club shown in picture : Fowler, Ossie Hall, James Waller, T. M. J. E . Hall, Alton Rowe, M. L. Ricks, R. A. Ricks, N. J. Deal, Steve Cocke, Will Stall- Perry, N. G. Reeves, Jr., D. R. Jackson, ings, R. M. Sparks and T. W. Cullens. (Left to Right) President___________________ Edward Stone, Oxford Vice President___________ Edwin Wing., Lyons Secretary_ ___________Albert Dorsey, Cleveland PAPER MILL AT SAVANNAH TO OPERATE SOON A Second Unit to Be Built to Double Capacity. According to an announcement made recently by Alexander Calder, Presirlent linion Bag and Paper Company, production at the Savannah plant will begin within another month. This information was formally stated in a letter to the stockholders, also giving the information that it was the intention of the company to erect a seconrf un it at the plant which will double the capacity. "It has been apparent for some time that we would require a second unit at Savannah," Calde.r said. "With this possibility in view, the buildings at Savannah were made sufficiently large to house a second paper machine and necessary additional equipment. We have now decided to double our production of paper at Savannah and to make a surplus of approximately 25,000 tons of Kraft pulp annually for shipment to our Hudson Falls (N. Y.) mills." Pointing out that a large operation of this type requires a certain amo-unt of time before the various departments can be synchronized, Calder said the company did not expect immediately to receive the full benefits of lower production costs which this plant promises. "We may show some improvement, how ever, as early as August," he said. . 6 FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW ==============================~======================================================~== ~ COST PER UNIT TO MAKE Cost of Hauling PRESENT STATUS OF STATE GUM SPIRITS TURPENTINE Barn and Feed AND ROSIN GIVEN Expense ---------------------$ 1.32 Hauling --------------------------- .94 Gas and Oil and Parts____ 2.56 Judging from the most carefully com- piled consolidated statement of Profit and TotaL__________________ $ 4.82 Loss and Costs per Unit and per Crop under the most modern audit control system Cost of Processing that can be put into effect, as one learns Still Labor ----------------------$ 1.12 from the figures of one of the largest fac- Still supplies __________________ .56 torage houses which for years has made an Cooperage and Spirit intensive and exhaustive study of the actual Barrels ________________________ 4. 55 costs of producing naval stores, it is apparent that so far this year production has TotaL__________________ $ 6.23 been carried on at a greater net loss to Total Wood Operating the producer than in the two previous Expenses ---------------------$24.95 years. Less: Merchandise For the first four months of the calen- Gain ---------------------------- 1.2 5 dar year 1936 on operations covering 230 crops, there was a net return at the port Net Woods Operating of $40.00, total operating expenses of Expenses ______________________$23.70 $53.35, and net losses per unit of $12.90. The net loss for May may have slightly Overhead and General Expenses reduced this figure. House Rent ----------------------$ .29 Insurance ___________,____________ 1.74 It is interesting to know that on operations totaling 272 crops, with 38.25 units per crop in the calendar year 1934, there Legal ------------------------------Office ---------------------------Maintenance and .28 .4 6 were total net woods operating expenses Repairs ________________________ .48 per unit of $24.07, total overhead and gen- Timber Depletions __________ 8.03 eral expenses of $33.27, making grand total operating expenses of $57.34, and a Plant Depreciation __________ Winter Expenses ____________ 3.96' 7.12 total net loss per unit of $10.04. The net income at the port per unit was $47.30. Interest --------------------------Taxes ---------------------------- 4.16 .85 For the calendar year 1935 on farms Rosin Inspections ____________ .08 working 234 crops, with a production of Shipping -------------------------- .92 46.05 units per crop, the net woods operat- Hands' Accounts-- $ 1.41 PARKS IS EXPLAINED 1.04 Recent newspaper publicity in regard' to 2.74 Georgia State Parks has left many people with the mistaken idea that all of these $ 5.19 recreational centers are already open to the public. Unfortunately, this is not the case. $ 1.14 Eight parks, well distributed over the State, are included in the system. Five of these .68 have some facilities open to the public, al- 4.17 though they are by no means complete. Indian Springs State Park, located on $ 5.99 State Highway 42, five miles south of Jack son, is ready to receive the visitor. All may $25.5,! drink from the spring famous in Indian lore for its healing waters. A stone shelter pro- 1.4 7 tects the spring. the surrounding Foot trails lead through woodland. A casino is available where soft drinks, sandwiches and smokes may be obtained. A small museum $24.07 building for Indian relics has been con structed, but is not yet open to the public. 1 Parking spaces, picnic grounds and rest $ .28 rooms are ready. Private hotels, a swim- 1.74 .39 ming pool and other facilities are accessible nearby. No overnight cabins are available .48 at this park. .47 7.63 3.87 6.88 5.40 .97 .10 .57 Vogel State Park, located at Nee! Gap on U. S. Highway 19, fifteen miles south of Blairsville, is being developed into one of the most ideal recreational parks within our system. Picnic grounds, woodland trails, and lookout points are located in an area of beautiful mountain scenery. A lake in the valley three and a half miles north of Nee! Gap is completed, but the combination bath ing expenses were $23.70, the total over- Loss ----------------------------- ..26 head expenses $31.85, grand total of Administration _______________ 3.00 operating expenses $55.55, or a total net Crude Gum ______________________ .22 loss per unit of $9.11. The ne,t income at Miscellaneous __________________ the port per unit was $46.44. .39 house and boathouse is not yet open. Swim 3.16 ming is at one's' own risk as no life guard's .66 are yet employed. The tearoom at Neel .28 Gap is being remodeled and enlarged. Light lunches may be obtained at the present tea- It is unfortunate that there are many naval stores operators who have not installed a proper auditing system under which they can definitely ascertain the cost of each item of expense and get a clear picture of a year's operation. It will no doubt be of interest and of value to many to know how well audited operations give the detailed accurate items of expense. This sub-division of the cost of operations in the audits for the calendar years of 1934 and 1935, 272 crops in 1934 and 234 crops in 1935, gives the following interesting comparisons as to producing costs per unit: OPERATING EXPENSES Total Overhead E x p e n s e s ______________ $ 3 1 . 8 5 Grand Total Operating Expenses -------------------$55.55 $33.27 $57.34 It is pointed out that on present market basis there is a heavy loss on every unit of turpentine and rosin produced, and that as a result the producers are eating up assets or piling up debts. (Naval Stores Review) --------,0-------- DID YOU KNOW THAT The oldest known living thing in exist- room. Two overnight cabins accommodat ing four persons each are available at the Gap at a moderate cost. Reservations may be made by writing to Robert T. Furbish, Cleveland, Ga. Santo Domingo State Park, on U. S. Highway 17 miles midway between Darien and Brunswick, is mainly an historical park. Beautiful trails passing through shaded areas, by dark lagoons, over rustic bridges lead one to ruins of an old Spanish Mission, an old English plantation site, and other interesting views. An attractive Spanish type inn is open to the public. Indian, Spanish, and ante-bellum plantation relics found during construction of the Park are on exhibit at the Inn. Meals are served at moderate cost by Mr. Edward Heecht, the Cost of Producing Gum Per Unit Per Unit 1935 1934 Chipping -------------------------$ 6.95 $ 7.39 Dipping ---------------------------- 3.34 3.40 Woodsmen ---------------------- 3.41 3.28 Hacks and Tools ____________ .20 .29 Total~---------------------$13.90 $14.36 ence, a tree, the Sequoia Washingtoniana, now is found only in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of our West, says the Forest Service. The cousin of this tree, the Sequoia sempervirens, or redwood, is found only on the California coast. These trees, says the Forest Service, are the only known survivors of species which once spread over North America, Euro-pe, and Asia. park custodian. An admission fee of twenty-five cents per person is charged to help maintain this park. Historical Frederica on St. Simon's Island, beaches at Sea Island and St. Simons, Brunswick Harbor and the old slaves at Darien are other inter esting sights outside the park but in accessible distance. (Continued on Page 8) - FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW 7 but because of its white color it is difficult FLUORESCENT MINERALS to find. The Division of Geology made a search for the mineral at night with small Reported by THE DIVISION OF GEOLOGY argon bulbs attached to two 45-volt "B" batteries. These bulbs require at least 80 volts and with direct current only half of Goeffrey W. Crickmay the reflecting surface glows, but this equipment was found to be a most useful aid in finding choice specimens of hyalite. The 'The Division of Geology has recently installed on the fourth floor of the State Capi tol near the elevators a case of fluorescent 111inerals which has attracted considerable attention. These minerals have the unusual property of glowing with a colo~ and br~l}iance somewhat different to the1r color m ordinary light when they are exposed to ultra-violet rays. This article gives briefly an explanatwn for this seemingly strange phenomenon, together with notes on the cent light. As part of this energy is lost as heat, the emitted light has less energy than the exciting light, or in other words, the fluorescent light has longer wave length than the rays under which the mineral is placed. Thus if certain minerals are placed under a lamp giving off light of wave length shorter than violet, that is beyond the lower limit of human vision, they will glow with a light whose wave length is well within the range of human vision. mineral can be seen at night when the lamp is as far as six feet away, and an entire quarry can be "prospected" in a few hours. The finest specimens of hyalite were obtained from the quarry of the Ethel Granite Corporation. It was found that the hyalite which fluoresces most brilliantly has a palegreen color when viewed in sunlight. This is due to fluorescence in response to the ultra-violet rays in sunlight, as can easily be demonstrated by interposing a suitable occurrence and properties of the fluores- There are a number of lamps designed to filter which absorbs the ultra-violet rays and cent mineralt:;. give off a maximum amount of ultra-violet the green color disappears. Early in the 16th century a shoemaker of Bologna, who was something of an alchemist as well, noticed that certain min erals which he had picked up from neigh boring hills continued to shine brightly in the dark after exposure to light. The dis covary aroused considerable discussion 'alllongst the scientists of the day. Other minerals, it was discovered, glowed brightly when heated slightly; and still others became luminou~ in the dark when they were rubbed vigorously. This unusual phenomenon remained nameless and unexplained for more than 300 years, when in 1852 Stokes gave it the name of fluorescence from the light with a minimum amount of visible light. One of the cheapest lights is a small 2-watt bulb filled with argon, which can be bought for fifty cents. These are the lamps that have been used for night prospecting at Stone Mountain, as described below. Two or three lamps can be used together on the ordinary 110-volt circuit to give the amateur collector a small but beautiful dis play. A much more powerful and effective lamp is the mercury arc with appropriate filter to cut down the visible light to a minimum. This type of lamp equipped with a nickel-cobalt glass filter is used for the exhibit at the State Capitol. The iron spark Some localities are famous for the variety of fluorescent minerals to be found, but again it is not understood why this should be so. Many fluorescent minerals are commonly associated with certain manganese and radio-active minenils. Many noteworthy minerals at Franklin Furnace, New Jersey, showing this phenomenon contain manganese or are associated with manganese minerals- The hyalite of Stone Mountain is found with uranophane, a calcium uranium silicate with radioactive properties. It has been suggested that many minerals owe their fluroescent properties to the inclusion of impurities- mineral fluorite or fluorspar, as it was then called, for this mineral glows brilliant blue when exposed to appropriate rays. Stokes showed that the phenomenon was due to the absorption of light of short wave length, mainly shorter than violet light, which has and the carbon arc are also used as sources of ultra-violet light. Each type of lamp gives off light rays of particu!ar wave lengths and for this reason some minerals fluoresce brilliantly under one lap1p and not at all under another. Fluorscence is not simply a phenomenon for scientists to play with; it has many use ful applications. Rays of very short wave length, X-rays, are able to pass through the human body but are blocked by bones, and on this principle X-ray photographs are the shortest wave length to register on the There is no satisfactory explanation for human eye. This same scientist was the the fact that only certain minerals or even first to show that the light given off by the only certain specimens are fluorescent. The minerals is always of longer wave length exhibit at the Capitol includes calcite from than the light which excites it to glow, but a cave at Marble Hill, Pickens County, of the reason for this was not clearly under- which two specimens glow a delicate salmonstood until modern physics developed our pink while a third glows a dirty greenishpresent conception of molecular structure. gray. Fluorite from England glows deep Without burdening the reader with details blue but similar fluorite from Georgia is not of atomic make-up, it will suffice to say that at all fluorescent. There is no general rule the electrons of the atom are regarded as that determines the color of fluorescence. maintaining certain energy levels. If an Many minerals fluoresce a similar color to electron is displaced from one energy level that in ordinary light but generally with to a higher one by some outside force it will more brilliance. Red corundum from Habbounce back to its former position and in ersham County fluoresces ruby red; resin doing so will give up the lost energy in the I ous yellow amber from the Baltic Sea fluor- taken. The same principle is used in the fluoroscope: X-rays are passed through the body and projected on a fluorescent screen where all the bony parts appear as nonfluorescent "shadows." Fluoroscopes have now a wide variety of uses ranging from proper fitting of shoes to elaborate and delicate bone operations. Fluorescent paints have been used for tinting stage costumes and scenery to obtain unusual effects. Chern ists have used ultra-violet light to detect minute traces of certain oils and chemicals that have a characteristic fluorescence. In a similar way spurious paintings and documents have been detected by examination under ultra-violet light. form of heat or light. The electrons can be excited to a higher energy level by several means, of which light rays are the most important in relation to the present subject When appropriate light rays strike a crystal ltheir energy may be sufficient to displace the normal position of electrons, but when these electrons bounce back into their proper positions the energy received by the blow Which dislodged them is given up as fluores- esces limpid pale-yellow. Most fluorescent minerals glow under the ultra-vio.let lamp with a color quite different from their natural color. Violet and green fluorite from England glows brilliant blue; white hyalite from Stone Mountain glows green- The hyalite at Stone Mountain is the mo.st brilliantly fluorescent mineral in Georgia. The mineral occurs as a thin coating on joint planes in the Stone Mountain granite, Fluorescence was first discovered in minerals, and it is thus appropriate that the phenomenom also has application in geology and mining. Some minerals that possess this property are valuable ore minerals occurring in rocks of similar appearance from which the hand-picker can separate them with difficulty. When, however, the picking belt passes through a room lighted only with ultra-violet light, the valuable ore takes 8 FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW on a brilliant hue and can be rapidly sepa FROM A GEOLOGIST'S STATUS OF STATE PARKS rated from the dark and worthless matrix. NOTE BOOK Recent work has shown that examination of rocks in mines by ultra-violet light fre- Vocational Forestry students at the re (Continued from Page 6) quently reveals structures and relations that are not apparent in ordinary light but which are most helpful in determining the exten sion of ore bodies. The mineral exhibit at the State Capitol includes the following minerals: (Ordinary light is abbreviated to 0. L., and ultraviolet light to U-V) Amber from the Baltic Sea (gift of W. B. Pitts), resinous brown in 0. L., limpid paleyellow in U-V. Autunite from North Carolina (gift of Ward's Natural Science Establishment), cent summer camp sponsored by the Georgia Forest Service and the Department of Education at the Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College, Tifton, Georgia, from July 5th to July 15th, enjoyed in addition to their forestry studies a short course in Geology given by members of the State Geological Survey. State Geologist Richard w. Smith gave a lecture on "Conservation and Utili zation of Georgia's Natural Resources" in which he stressed the necessity for topographic mapping, stream gauging, development of mineral resources, and proper ex Alexander H. Stephens Memorial Park at Crawfordville on State Highways 12 and 47 centers around Liberty Hall, the home of Alexander H. Stephens, VicePresidlmt of the Confederacy. The home of the "Great Commoner" has been restored as it was in his day and his grave is nearby. A lake and bath house are o.pen to the public with a ten cent charge for bathing. Trails, picnic facilities, rest rooms, an observation tower, and a wading pool for children are also available. brown in 0. L., grey-blue in U-V. ploitation of natural scenic wonders. Assis- Fort Mountain State Park is on top of Calcite from Marble Hill, Pickens County, Georgia, white in 0. L., pink and greenish gray in u-v. Calcite from Franklin Furnace, N. J. (gift of H. H. Hess), white in 0. L., red in U-V. Calcite from Franklin Furnace, N. J. (gift of W. B. Pitts), pale pink in 0. L., red in UV. Colemanite from California (gift of w. tant State Geologist Lane Mitchell talked to each class on the "Span of Geologic Time" and "The Mineral Resources of Georgia." Mr. Mitchell stayed for the length of the camp and acwmpanied the students on field trips where some rock and mineral specimens were found. The interest manifested by the students indicated that these young Georgians are very enthusiastic in learning of the State's resources and the ways to develop them. Fort Mountain, ten miles east of Chats worth and two miles north of State Highway 2, the scenic highway through the Co hutta Mountains from Chatsworth to Ellijay. The view of the valley from this park is superb. Picnic grounds, parking areas, trails, lookout points, arid an observation tower are ready for the public. An old stone fort of unknown origin has been re stored. No overnight cabins are available and no admission is charged. B. Pitts), white in 0. L., pale pink in U-V. Pine Mountain State Park, near Chipley, Chehaw State Park near Albany, and Little Collinsite from British Columbia (gift of The Division of Geology has secured from Ocmulgee State Park near McRae are all Geological Survey of Canada), earthy brown the Superintendent of Documents at Wash under construction and do not yet have any in 0. L., resinous yellow-brown in UV. ington, D. C., ten copies of u. S. G. S. racwties o.pen to tne public. Corundum from Habersham County, Water Supply Paper 341 on "Underground Legislation to provide for maintenance Georgia, pink to red in 0. L., ruby-red in Waters of the Coastal Plain of Georgia." and further improvement of the State Parks UV. These volumes will be sold to interested will be sought at the next session of the Fluorite from England (gift of Prof. W. Georgians at cost, 50c. Legislature. E. Ford and J. Lester), green and violet in Not to be confused with our own State 0. L., brilliant blue in U-V. Park system are Chickamauga-Chattanooga Fluorite from Ohio (gift of J. Lester), brown in 0. L., yellow in U-V. State Geologist Richard W. Smith's quarterly report to the Commission of Forestry and Geology Development contained some National Military Park near Chattanooga, Kennesaw Mountain Battlefield Site near Marietta, New Echota Memorial near Cal Hyalite from Stone Mountain, Georgia, statistical information concerning the serv- houn, Ocmulgee National Monument at Ma white in o. L., yellowgreen in U-V. ice of the Geological Survey to the citizens con, Fort Pulaski National Monument near Hyalite from Franklin Furnace, N. J. (gift of w. B. Pitts), white in 0. L., green in U-V. Opal from Habersham County, Georgia, waxy white in 0. L., white in U-V. of Georgia. 450 visitors to the office were supplied with the mineral or geological in formation or identification of mineral specimens which they desired. 8 classes of school children with teachers were furnished a guide to the State Museum. In the fall Savannah, and Fort Frederica National Monument (proposed) near Brunswick, all under the supervision of the National Park Service; and the Chattahoochee National Forest in North Georgia, under the super vision of the National Forest Service. Opal from Nevada (gift of W. B. Pitts), and winter this number is usually consider- opalescent white in o. L., palegreen in U-V. ably larger. 485 letters were answered in Wernerite from Quebec (gift of Geological Survey of Canada), pale yellow-green in 0. L., golden yellow in UV. Willemite from Franklin Furnace, N. J. (gift of H. H. Hess and J. Lester), grayish to greenish white in 0. L., brilliant yellowgreen in UV. which desired mineral or geological information was given. 200 bulletins were distributed in addition to circulars, handbooks, pamphlets, and copies of this magazine. Although these figures bespeak a great service to the State, they do not tell the whole story by any means. Other services included examination of mineral properties, PUBLICATIONS GIVING IN FORMATION ON FLUORESCENCE The following publications contain au thoritative information on fluorescence: The Division of Geology welcomes this well, dam, and quarry sites; compilation of Slawson, C. B., The Fluorescent Minerals: opportunity to express its thanks fo.r the statistical data; dissemination of publicity Cranbrook lnst. Sci., Bull. 5, 1935. very excellent specimens donated to the collection. that have been The suggestions and educational facts; care and enlarge- Barrett, R. L., A Comparison of Ultra Violet Sources for Producing Fluorescence and advice of Mr. Frank E. Keener, of the ment of the museum; fostering of interest in Minerals: Am. Min., V'O.l. 19, pp. 578-585, General Electric Vapor-Lamp Company, in mineralogy, geology, and archaeology; 1934. were most helpful in making the installa- and miscellaneous services too numerous to Several short papers in "The Mineral tion. mention. ologist," January and February, 1935