DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPM .--..~=- Vol. 6 ATLANTA, GA., DECEMBER, 1936 No. 12 Man The Greatest Enemy Of The Forest, More Forest Many Freaks In Georgia. Fires Started By Carelessness Than Forests Any Other Way Many Started Intentionally-Only A Small Percent Caused By Lutnbering. Greater Care Should Be Taken Of Our Forests Should Not Be Marred By Signs Mr. J. M. Mallory, Industrial Agent of the Central of Georgia Railroad and mem- The question is constantly being asked: forests is the destroying of young seed- ber of the Commission of Forestry and Ge- "Why do we have so many forest fires?" lings. Many acres in Georgia would re- ological Development, Savannah, Georgia, According to statistics of the U. S. Forest forest naturally if fires were kept out of recently sent the Editor the photograph be- Service, _man is the forest has. the greatest enemy More than seventy that per- the forest. While riding through the woods in Cha- low, showing a wonderful freak of nature. The freak is a pine tree. The tree comes cent of the forest fires occurring in 1934 tham County, Dr. Chas. H. Herty and El- were "man-caused". It is apparent from liott W. Reed discovered that on one side the above statement that public willful- of the road fire had recently burned the ness and carelessness cause practically all woods while on the opposite side of the of the forest fires in the South. road fire had not burned. Examining both Old time beliefs, now largely disproved, sides of the road to see the effect of the fire that the woods-burning is desirable to re- on the young seedlings, they discovered that duce the number of ticks, boll weevils, etc., those on the burned area had been com- and to hasten the early grass for grazing, pletely killed. On the protected area they cause the large number of incen- found that young seedlings w e r e diary fires. c o m i n g up and The same attitude should be de- Matches Alone Are Not growing excellently. Counting the veloped t o w a r d "FOREST FIRES" Dangerous- n u m b e r on one square f o o t o f as we have when ground and figur- we see a house, or some other struc- It's The Man. i n g the number that would be on ture burning in the city. When we c::::::J [Jc::::::J one acre, if they were over the en- h e a r t h e bells clang and sirens Have I The Right To tire acre as they were on the place shriek, as the fire fighting equipment Burn Your Forests? examined, t h e y figured that more s w e e p s through than 529,000 seed- the s t r e e t s, we lings would be on know something is the acre. We are burning and want to help extinguish the using photographs taken on both sidet;; of fire. But, when we are riding through the the road. In one of the photos young seed- country and see a forest fire, we make no lin~s can be seen. In the other photo it can effort to help extinguish it. This should be seen clearly where fire has burned-no nqt be the case. The average city fire is seedlings can be seen in this photo. We are nothing 'to compare with the roaring sweep not saying that this large number of seed- Photo of freak showing pine tree coming fro111 the ground as one trunk and branching into four ...unks. of the flames through a forest dried out by lings is on every protected acre of forest, out of the ground as one trunk. Six or a Hot sun. In the history of this country more timber has been destroyed by fire than has been put to use. It must become a habit of all to be sure that the lighted match is out before it is thrown away. The putting out of the camp but we do say that if fire is kept out of the forests enough seedlings will grow, naturally, to provide trees in a large nu~ber. PROTECT THE WOODS FROM FIRE AND GIVE THE YOUNG SEEDLINGS A eight feet from the ground the tree branches into four distinct trunks. Signs have been placed on this tree, which detract from the appearance of it. Our trees and highways should not be marred by such signs. Instead we should plant fire must become a habit. CHANCE TO LIVE. more trees along our highways and protect One great damage that fire does to the (Photos On Page 4) them. 2 FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW Forestry-Geological Review Ogeechee T. P. 0. breaks and woods in order to see how we]] Published Monthly by the DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT State Capitol, Atlanta CLAUDE E. BOGGS, EDITOR Ferestry DiTision Elmer E. Dyal, State Forester________Atlanta An inspection trip was made recently of the fire breaks of the Ogeechee T. P. 0. on which carpet grass seed was planted during the past spring. After the announcement was made that C. C. C. labor could be used in planting adapted the carpet grass is for controlling fire. We are showing a photograph, which we hope will show the solid mat which this grass has made during the past nine months. J a c k FTo rheusrtme ro n_d__,_ __A__ _s__s_t_.___S__t__a_t__e_____ _______ A t l a n t a carpet grass seed on fire breaks, on land under organized protection, the members Gaskins T. P. 0. Claude E. Boggs, Educational Mgr, __Atlanta T. P. Hursey, Dist. Forester_____________Rome W. D. Young, Dist. Forester______Gainesville S. L. McCrary, Dist. Forester________Augusta of the Ogeechee T. P. 0. immediately took steps whereby many miles of fire breaks in their organization were planted in car- At a meeting of the members of the Gaskins T. P. 0. held November 12th the following officers were elected: R. R. Evans, Dist. Forester__________Columbus pet grass seed. . Dr. W. W. Turner, Nashville, Ga. , Pres- W. G. Wallace, Dist. Forester______Savannah R. D. Franklin, Dist. Forester______Waycross H. D. .Story, Jr., Dist. Forester________Albany Herbert C. Carruth, Dist. Forester____Macon Miss Hazel Nicholas, Bookkeeper- During this inspection not only we, but the entire party, which was composed of members of the Ogeechee T. P. 0. and other interested parties in Chatham Coun- ident. Dr. D. L. Branyon, Nashville, Ga. , Vice President. Directors: Treasurer -------------------------------- Atlanta ty, were amazed at the rapid growth this Mrs. John Y. Roberts, Secretary to State Forester______________________Atlanta carpet grass had made since it was planted. M. E. Murphy, Nurseryman____________Albany According to the records of Mr. J. F. Mrs. SWta.teL.NDurasveisr,y C___l_e__r_k_____________________Albany Jackson, Agriculture Agent of the Central of Georgia Railroad, under whose direction Mr. J . H. Henderson, Alpharetta, Ga. Mr. J. H. Swindle, Ray City, Ga. Mr. P. L. Howard, Nashville, Ga. Mr. Jessie McMillan, Lenox, Ga. Mr. J. H. Gaskins, Nashville, Ga. Geolegical Division Richard W. Smith, State Geologist, a large number of these seed were planted, Much interest is being manifested by the the first planting was made on February entire membership of this T. P. 0 . and and Secretary to Commission__Atlanta 19, 1936. Every person on the inspection plans are already under way whereby we G. WG. eCorloicgkismt ay__,___A___s_s__t_.___S___t_a__t_e____________Atlanta LaneoMn iltecahvelel_,__A___s__s_t_.___S__t_a___t_e___G__e__o__l_o__g__i__s_t_,Atlanta trip agreed that the growth made during these nine months was equal to the growth made under other types of planting and hope to have a larger and more active organization during the coming year than in the past. Organized protection is the Miss Margaret Gann, Clerk____________Atlanta conditions of at least two years. The ground only safe way of insuring the woods Any information appearing in this pub- lication may be used at any time proTided proper credit is giTen.~The Editor. was covered solidly with the grass. The cattle in the woods had grazed it continuously making it impossible for a fire to cross the breaks. against the great enemy-FIRE-We are trying to convince the people in this section of the danger fire does to growing timber and we are hoping that T. P. 0. members, timber owners as a through our cooperative efforts the attitude T. P. 0. whole and other interested parties would of many, towards the burning of woods, make no mistake in visiting these fire will be changed. NEWS Ellijay At the Gilmer County Fair, sponsored by the Lions Club, held recently, the Ellijay Timber Protective Organization had one of the most outstanding exhibits. The exhibit was very instructive and educational in that is demonstrated several phases of improved practices in forest protection and reforestation. A nice exhibit showing the effect of leaf mold was included in the exhibit and was a good demonstratiol:) of the extent erosion can be caused by fire burning the woods. District Forest Ranger, Mr. W. W. Bergoffen, of the U. S. Forest Service, cooperated with the T. P. 0. officials in that an excellent display was exhibited of every known species of wood in northeast Georgia, with a series of picture slides showing the actual work done in the forests, also pictures showing a very striking contrast of the woods before and after fires had burned them. According to an accurate estimate, there were some 8300 people viewed the exhibit during the five days. of the Fair. The T. P. 0. officials, as well as all members, are hoping that a majority of these people carried home with them the lesson and message which we tried to t ell them during the exhibit. Photo shows excellent stand of carpet grass on fire breaks in Ogeechee T. P. ' 0. Carpet grass seed planted Feb. 19, 1935. Another view of fire breaks in Ogee chee T. P. 0 . showing excellent stand of carpet grass. Note that this fire break has been used for transportation. FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW 3 small number that have died during this tude. After seeing how well this species of FIRST DISTRICT T P. Hursey, Dist. Forester, ROME period. There is also a good example of natural reproduction on this area with seed trees of loblolly pine. These trees have pine has grown we would not hesitate to recommend it to other timber growers on certain types of soil in this section rather than the loblolly pine or other species. been kept free from fire and are about five According to Dr. Herty, the advantage Interest in organized forest protection years old and approximately six feet in of the slash pine over other species is that is growing in this district. "The Great height. is grows faster, will make at least twenty Northwestern Timber Protective Organi- Mr. Nixon planted a number of slash percent more turpentine, makes a cleaner zation" has increased its acreage by pine near the area in 1931, which have at- log and a strong, hard wood. Since it does 120,000 acres this month, making the Polk County unit. This TPO has 310,000 acres signed at the present time. The Floyd County unit began active patrol work on the first of November. The tained a height of approximately twelve feet. Anyone seeing the excellent growth made by the slash pine in this section of the State will change their mind as to the adaptability of the slash pine at this lati- excel the other species of pine on the points mentioned, timber growers should pay more attention to this species and plant a large number of seedlings. Polk County unit will begin patrol work on the first of December. The patrolmen in this district met for a round-table discussion at Camp P-87 on October 30. After discussing various topics of importance in the patrol work, more especially with fire suppression, the members of the group inspected the projects in this section of the State. In the after- noon a meeting was held, at which time, "The Association of Northwest Georgia Forest Patrolmen" was perfected. The aim of this Association is to ultimately organize the entire district into one TPO. Dr. R. M. Moore, of Canton, Georgia (not a patrolman) was elected presi- dent; E. E. Milford, of Jasper, vice-presi- dent, and Herman E. Pinson, of Ellijay, secretary. The Association will meet annually. THIRD DISTRICT Attractive sign on the Gwinn-Nixon State Forest near Augusta. A number of seedlings can be seen that were planted on this forest a few years ago. Stewart L. McCrary, District Forester. Augusta FIFTH DISTRICT SIXTH DISTRICT Herbert C. Carruth, District W. G. Wallace, Dist. Forester, The Gwinn-Nixon State Forest is located Forester, Macon Savannah in Richmond County, approximately ten miles from Augusta, Georgia. This forest was donated to the State by one of Augusta's most public spirited citizens, Mr. Nixon, in order to demonstrate what could be accomplished in the way of artificial reforestation and fire protection. A tool house, or cabin, has been built on the area. This building was built of cy- Plans are being made for the District Forester to cooperate with the County Agent in Wilkes County to conduct a 5acre demonstration planting of Black Locust seedlings. These seedlings are being planted in an effort to check soil erosion and will be a good demonstration of the rapid growth Black Locust will make and Liberty-Long and Coastal T. P. O.'s Get New Lookout Towers The Coastal T. P. 0. with an initial acreage of 55,000 acres now has more than 100,000 acres under protection. A 100-ft. steel tower is being constructed at Eulonia press logs, chunked with concrete, with a their suitability for erosion control. in Mcintosh County by Superintendent T. rock and concrete foundation. The interior Plans are also being made for the Dis- A. Coxon of the Brunswick CCC Camp and finishings are in pine scorched with a blow trict Forester to visit other County Agents will be manned during the fire season now torch. There are two small rooms for tools and other equipment with a large liv- and teachers of Vocational Agriculture within the near future, to help in creating at hand. ing room and big open fire-place, which is made of stone. The cabin is located in the southwest corner of the forest and from the front of the cabin the entire forest can more interest in forestry and doing some practical work with these educational agents. A second tower is being erected in Long County east of Ludowici by Superintendent L. I. Martin of the Jesup CCC Camp. be seen. Plantings of both slash and longleaf SOIL EROSION This tower will coordinate with the Eulonia and other existing towers to give an ample pine have been made on the forest. These trees reached a height of six feet and fo11r feet respectively within a period of three years, being planted in 1933. Fairly good success has been had as to the number of An amount of soil exceeding the combined extent of Illinois, Connecticut and Massachusetts has been lost through erosion. This is the equivalent of 220,000 detection system covering more than 250,000 acres of forest land. It is expected that additional towers will be erected during the next few months to amply cover trees that have lived, there being only a farms of 160 acres each. the additional acreage needing protection. 4 FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW Chatham County Grand Jury Committee The nursery, which is located on the Visitors to the nursery are always wei- On Forest Conservation Newton Road on land arranged for by the come. Chamber of Commerce, has been visited by The incoming Grand Jury of Chatham County has a Committee on Timber Con- hundreds of visitors. Mr. M. E. Murphy is nurseryman and his wife acts as host- servation consisting of Messrs. T. L. Anderson, Philip Me G. Shuey and W. B. ess at the nursery. Since 1934 she has kept a visitor's register and approximately 600 Blun who, together with Mr. Elliott Reed, visitors have signed it. They have come President of the Ogeechee T. P. 0. and Largest Forest Acreage Should Be Protected Georgia has the largest forest acreage Superintendent Welman McCranie and the from Michigan to Florida and from Texas of any State in the Union-Help protect district forester made a recent inspection to the Atlantic Coast. them from fire. of what is being accomplished in Chatham County in forestry work. Of particular interest were the towers, truck trails and other improvements accomplished by the CCC. A similar Committee of the last Grand Jury gave much attention to the forestry activity in the County and made some very concrete recommendations re- garding County cooperation in the matter. As a result the County Police are now co- operating excellently, and some road-side fire .hazard reduction is being done by the county. We expect tlie new Grand Jury to give added impetus to the work already started and sponsored by the Ogeechee T. P. 0. EIGHTH DISTRICT H. D. Story, Jr., Dist. Forester Albany The State Nursery located at Albany, Georgia, for the past five years has been unable to supply the demand of landowners throughout the State for planting stock. Each year that the Nursery has been in operation it has been expanded and each year the demand has been greater. Due to increased interest in reforestation and the great demand for planting stock, the State will expand the Nursery again this year in an effort to meet the demand for 1937-38. There will be better packing facilities, as a larger and more modern packing shed is to be erected. Bid for this shed has already been accepted for the purchase of material and actual construction will begin on Monday, November 23rd. Additional sprinkler lines will be installed and will put under irrigation including the present acreage a total of 8 acres. Approximately 10,000,000 seedlings is expected to be produced for 1937-38 through the proposed expansion. Applications have been filed for 1937-38 delivery totaling 75,000. The first of these applications came from Mr. E. K. Overstreet of Sylvania, Georgia for 20,000 Slash seedlings. Seed for the nursery is collected during September and October. The seed is extracted from the burs and put in cold storage until the planting season. Recently the seed has been collected by CCC labor. Formerly it was collected by vocational students and seed collectors. Upper photo shows how seedlings will germinate on protected forest land. A number of seedlings c:an be seen in the plac:e where the wire grass has been c:leared. The lower photo shows area burned by fire. No seedlings C:!ln be seen. - FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW 5 SP-11 six o'colck for an hour's informal discus- Letter from Project Superintendent to sion of problems in horticulture, floricul- Enrollee Personnel. ture, entomology, orchards, forest, plant- My dear Enrollees:- ing, propogation, budding and grafting, On October 1st, the Fire Season for this tree surgery, etc. area officially opened, making it imperative The club elected Mr. H. E. Smith and Lt::=:================-~ that each individual be ever on the alert for Mr. Vincent as advisers. Any other mem- Editor Expresses Appredation signs of fire which at any time, might ber of the Army staff or the Park Service prove disastrous. Every unguarded fire personnel are welcome at any time to join that you might discover should be reported in the program. immediately to the Park Service Foreman At the last meeting the problem of our Endeavoring to make the REVIEW as in charge or direct to the Superintendent's national timber resources was discussed, interesting and informative as possible, Office. and the methods of the United States For- invitations were sent to each of the T. P. 0. From time to time Forest fires, their pre- est Service compared to that of Germany, Secretaries in the State and to the Educa- vention and suppression will be thoroughly France and other foreign countries. It is tional Advisers and Superintendents in discussed at our regular weekly Safety a well known fact that we, as the most pow- each of the CCC Camps. In response to Meetings. There some idea will be gained erful and wealthiest nation of modern this invitation we have received coopera- as to the enormous destruction of property times, have been dissapating our enormous tion from many of the T. P. O.'s and and life through fire. A very large per- timber holdings at a rate four times as fast Camps. We would like to express our ap- centage of the fires which work such havoc as we are growing it. There is only one preciation for this cooperation. among our forests is due to carelessness. end to a policy of this kind-bankruptcy. A number of the CCC Camps publish Millions of dollars in property losses oc- "camp papers" telling of the various activi- cur each year, when a little care on the ties of the camps. A number of copies of part of some careless individual might have these papers from different camps have prevented it. Second Growth Pine Gives Good Lumber reached our desk and we would like to con- Be careful when you light your cigar- gratulate the editors of these papers on ette or pipe and see that your match is Selective Logging And Forest the splendid papers they are publishing and extinguished. If you have occasion to build Management Should Be to express our appreciation for their a fire, be sure that you have extinguished Practiced More thoughtfulness in sending us a copy. We would like for each of the camps who publish these "camp papers" to place our name on their mailing list in order that we might it completely, leaving no live embers, before you leave. It is much better to be safe than to see the tall timber, which is potential wealth, ruthlessly destroyed by lack of Many lumber companies and other timberland owners in the South have been under the general belief that second- receive them regularly. a little care on your part. growth timber would yield only low-grade In conclusion let me again warn you to material. Many foresters, too, have looked SP-2 Getting The Best From Definite Training be careful with fire in the field. Let's get to the West Coast for the production of I through the entire season without a conflag- choice lumber in the future even though ration. This will indeed be a splendid ree-l they agreed the South would a.lways proI ord, and one in which all of you will be duce a large supply of low quahty lumber. With the experimental stage past, the proud to have participated. Recent selective logging studies by the Construction Service program has reached Sincerely yours, Southern Forest Experiment Station, New a point of definiteness, and organization T. C. CALLAWAY, Orleans, show that second-growth short- that enables it to function effectively, and Project Superintendent. leaf-loblolly pine does produce high qual- the enrollees are afforded an opportunity ity lumber. A total of 280 acres of typical for educational development on a wide SP-13 second-growth timber, of which approxi- range. Pine Mountain Forestry Club mately one-fourth was old-field type, was Working on a program with two points in Forestry and nature study have been in- logged in such a manner that only 50 per- view, the Using Service and the Army in teresting topics of discussion to the mem- cent of the volume of the saw-timber was SP-2 are accomplishing much with their bers of this company since they started cut. In this study all trees over 17 inches cooperative efforts. The two points work on the Pine Mountain State Park, in diameter, with the exception of a few stressed are-to get the work done and something over a year ago. This interest choice fast growing individuals, were cut. to train the enrollees for future effective- in plant and animal life in the vicinity of Also, all crooked and defective trees from ness. the camp and in the park provided the in- 13 inches to 17 inches in diameter were Before a job is undertaken the men are spiration for the formation of the Pine removed. Thus the portion of the stand given definite instructions in groups, and Mountain Forestry Club, which held its removed contained all the poor trees as when they go on the job, each man knows initial meeting on the evening of Septem- well as the slower growing mature timber. better just what is expected of him. This ber 22. The club hats a membership com- In a mill-scale study of the material re- goes far toward building a harmonious mor- posed of 22 members of the company, who, moved in this cutting B & B lumber ale, keeps the men happy and enthusiastic on entering the club, pledge themselves to amounted to 20 per cent of the total vol- and gives them an inspiration to put forth become a scribe for the PINE MOUNTAIN ume and No. 1 amounted to almost 30 per their best ~fforts. PROGRESS. Items of interest pertaining cent. In this camp the Company has already to conservation wild life, trees, shrubs and Reports from companies cutting second- built a beautiful lake and recreation park, flowers will appear in the column. growth timber are to the effect that the and are now building a lodge, at Neel Gap. Club Objectives production of upper grades is considerably Beautification and landscape work is be- The main objective of the club will be to beyond expectations. Thus, the South, at ing done in the lake area, and soon the instill in its members an active interest in least the shortleaf-loblolly region, is ap- landscape will be most alluring to all rec- the native flora and fauna, and at the same parently not to become a large producer of reationists from all sections. time make the entire camp and company low grade lumber but is to continue to The aim of the Supervisory Personnel is forestry minded and aware of the beauties produce a large percentage of high grade to so train each man that he will be better of nature so abundantly displayed on every material. Should selective logging and able to make a livelihood when he goes back side in this vicinity. forest management become widespread this to a civilian occupation. The club meets every Tuesday night at would be a certainty. .6 FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW P-81 At P-90 we have an . interesting and unique freak of nature. Truck trail 7C7 FOREST In celebration of the Third Anniversary has been constructed below a 12,000 acre of Camp Ga. P-81 at Bloomingdale, the of- artificial lake which strangely enough is C. C. C. CAMP NEWS ficers, foremen and men, joined in an autumn dance in the camp Recreation Hall, situated on top of a hill, if the slight rises in elevation can be defined as hills. The Friday, November 13th. The evening's lake was formed by damming the outlet P-62 Central Repair Shop program consisted of an hour floor show, of a huge cup shaped depression. When a menu dancing. of delicious refreshments, and An orchestra was engaged in tI.ht eflwowasterouist raised to the the opposite level end. of of the the dcaump,' The Central Repair Shop, stationed at Savannah and the men and their families there being no spill way at the dam. Baxley, Georgia, under the supervision of were the guests of the camp. J. M. LAWTON. Mr. Maurice Finn, Shop Foreman, assisted Camp Ga. P-81 was established at Bloom- by Mr. C. H. Keys and Mr. G. E. Bishop ingdale November lOth, 1933 and during supervising mechanics, opened and began the past three years has accomplished P-92 operating in July, 1935. worlds of work in the Ogeechee Timber Protective Organization territory. V'lork projects have been approved for Previous to this time all Georgia Forest Service trucks were repaired at the camps in which they were stationed by one of the above named mechanics, assisted by the camp mechanic. This, of course, caused a great loss of time, since it takes two men a long while to overhaul a truck, especially with the type of equipment that the camps afforded or that the supervising mechanic could carry with him from one camp to Since the establishment of the camp the men have constructed sixty-five miles of telephone lines, fifty-five miles of truck trails, more than a hundred culverts, twenty-four bridges, three 100-foot towers and a number of other smaller projects. One hundred and forty-five miles of firebreaks have been completed to date and according to the fire records these fire lanes ha'l[e been a lifesaver to TPO members. Since the the members of Camp P-92 to do until January 1, 1938. Part of this work will consist of completion of truck trails in Brantley County, begun by Georgia P-70. Projects have also been approved for strip mapping, two and one-half miles of fill work on trail in the King Bay section. The Jackson trail, one of the oldest roads in Georgia, is to be converted into a truck trail. Several projects will be built another. establishment of this camp fires have been on this trail. Plans are under construction Therefore, it was decided that a cen- reduced seventy-five percent. to extend the Zuta Tower, located at Zuta, tral shop be put up and bring the three me- Two hundred and sixty-six thousand Georgia, 20 feet higher, making it 100 feet chanics mentioned above together with sufficient equipment and tools to give trucks acres of surrounding lands have been type high, with a full seeing range into the sur- complete overhaul jobs. Now all Georgia mapped by the men of Camp P-81 since the rounding territory. Forest Service Trucks, also tractors, rotary beginning of the camp. The crews now The construction of a 100-ft. tower in scrapes and other pieces of heavy equip- type mapping are averaging approximately Mcintosh County will begin in a few days. ment are brought into the Central Repair thirty thousand acres per month. One hundred man working days will be Shop for repairs. The TPO area worked by this camp is spent by enrollees of this camp in restor- We have found that we can do- this work located in three counties with approxi- ing foot-trails, roads, fences, and in gen- at about 27% of the amount that it would mately an acreage of 150,000 acres. eral cleaning up of the undergrowth in I cost to have this work done outside of the During the past month two grand jury Santo Domingo State Park. shop. ~ommittees from . Chath~m county have The camp "rolling stock" has been in- We have, also, constructed nine heavy Inspected the entire projects along with creased recently by two trucks. trailers to be used for transferring heavy Forestry and TPO officials. With the coming of Mr. Ed B. Martin as equipment. One of these trailers is being educational adviser, our educational de- used by Georgia Forest Service for transferring heavy equipment throughout the P-90 partment has taken on new life. New classes in the following subjects have been or- state of Georgia, which saves the govern- October 1st began the eighth six-months ganized and added to those already being ment approximately 80 o/o of the amount Emergency Conservation Work Period. taught: Elementary work for removal of that it would cost to ship this heavy equip- During this six months Camps will build illiteracy, Arithmetic, Spelling, Georgia ment by rail. The other eight trailers are miles of truck trails, firebreaks and tele- History, Bookkeeping, Mechanical Draw- being transferred to other states to be phone lines. New lookout towers will be ing, Landscaping, Leather Craft, Dramat- used for the same purpose that ours is be- erected, thousands of acres of land type ics, Sign Painting. Three new pieces of ing used. mapped, forest stands will be improved and wood-working machinery have been added We carry a stock of approximately seedlings will be planted. to the shop equipment. This equipment $3,000.00 worth of parts in our stock room. A gratifying feature of the eighth work is being installed in a suitable building Using the "value inventory system" we are period is the fact that quality work is be- which is being built for the Forest Service able to keep our stock up to the amount ing stressed, instead of quantity as was of this camp. desired. true at the beginning of this organization We are glad to report that our shop is when no one knew just how long it would first on the list of Relative Efficiency Rat- continue. The work is now being designed INTERESTING FOREST FACTS ing in region eight.-By Foster Lewis. with a view to the future as well as to the present. Did you know that? P-68 P-68 has one of the best Glee Clubs of any camp within the State. During the Slash Pine Festival held in This work period at P-90 will see the completion of a Timber Protective Organization building which will contain an office for the secretary, a supply room, and Untreated heartwood of either catalpa or red mulberry is more durable than untreated white oak. Waycross the Glee Club furnished the mu- a room designed for a short wave receiving At various times more than 60 different sic and entertainment on the night, Friday, set. As the towers in this area are tied species of timber have been sold under the November 13th. up by telephone to the adjacent area which name of mahogany. The Club is composed of twenty-four owns and operates a short wave broadcast- All Lombardy poplars are males. TheY members and is under the direction of Mr. ing station, arrangements can be made for have descended by vegetative propagation Henry W. Derden, Educational Adviser broadcasting the location of a fire in both from a specimen that originated on the for the Camp. areas. banks of the River Po in northern Italy. FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW 7 Coastal Plain, averaging less than 1 per GROUND WATER IN THE CRYSTALLINE ROCKS OF GEORGIA cent porosity compared to 15 per cent for sands. Furthermore, their impervious character does not permit this small amount Reported by THE DIVISION OF GEOLOGY of water to enter wells unless the rocks are fractured. Most of the water in crys- talline rocks is contained in cracks and GEOFFREY W. CRICKMAY crevices, and the yield of any deep well is largely dependent on the extent of frac- turing. Weathering serves to open up in- Water has been called Georgia's un- valley in the Piedmont Upland. Here is cipient cracks near the ground which thus known natural resource, for we have gen- shown the relation of topography to water allows freer flow of water than at depth erally taken water supply more or less for table, the level below which all rocks are where the fractures are tight. granted without obtaining any definite rec- saturated with water. The water table Wells are of two types, shallow and deep. ord of available water supply from sur- fluctuates through the year, rising at times No sharp line divides these two types exface streams or from underground sources. of greatest rainfall and dropping at times cept that shallow wells are generally dug Water is a vital necessity for industrial and of least, but always lagging somewhat be- wells of large diameter averaging less than municipal development, and consequently hind precipitation. Rather meager infor- 40 feet in depth, and deep wells are drilled the factual data relating to this natural re- mation indicates the lowest level to come wells of small diameter averaging more source are of utmost importance to the in the fall of the year, October or Novem- than 75 feet in depth. future growth of the State. A previous ber. The water table is marked by the The location of shallow wells is usually article in these pages, reprinted as Infor- level at which water stands in a well. It determined by convenience. The well is mation Circular 8, describes methods used should be remembered, however, that the frequently placed within a few yards of in gaging the surface streams of Georgia. surface does not mark the level of an un- the house. Adequate provision should be The present article is concerned with sub- derground lake but rather a very irregular made against contamination, although this surface or ground water, the water that plane between saturated and unsaturated is rarely done. If a shallow well becomes lies hidden .below the ground level but rock. There is a constant but slow move- muddy after heavy rain, surface water is which is nevertheless the most important ment of ground-water towards low points seeping directly into the well with no source of water for domestic use in rural in the water table, and a part ol this sub- chance for filtration. Shallow wells are un- and suburban areas. surface water will finally emerge as seeps desirable in towns and suburban areas, be- Two types of ground-water occurrence and springs to enter surface drainage chan- cause even though surface water is ex- are recognized: the artesian and non-ar- nels. Movement of ground-water takes cluded from the well by casing, there is tesian types, respectively characteristic of place along innumerable cracks and crev- always the opportunity for contamination the Coastal Plain region and the area of ices in the rocks and not along well-defined by seepage through open fractures. crystalline rocks. channel ways; except in limestone regions Deep wells are usually cased below the The Coastal Plain region of the State there is no such thing as "under-ground zone of weathered rock so as to prevent any consists of gently inclined beds of sand, streams." contamination, but by descending to a . limestone, and clays. Rainwater from the . surface finds access into the series where pervious and porous beds crop out at the surface. Such water-bearing beds which are capped by impervious layers act as ducts to carry water down the dip to con- siderable depth. Thus the deep wells at Savannah obtain several million gallons a day at less than 600 feet from water-bear- --------- ing beds whicli are exposed at the surface more than fifty miles to the north. Free- flowing wells are possible where the intake area is somewhat higher than the well, or in other words where the water is under sufficient hydrostatic head to be forced to the surface. This is the familiar principle Fig. 1. Cross-section of a typical north Georgia stream valley showing relation of water-table to topography. Heavy pumping from a deep well, as that at the right hand side of diagram, may depress water-table and thus dry up nearby springs. of artesian water supply, and its application to the Coastal Plain region of Georgia is When a shallow well "goes dry", the zone where fractures are tight the deep well fully discussed in our Bulletin 15, "Under- ground-water level has merely dropped be- has less chance of obtaining an adequate ground Waters of Georgia" by S. W. Mc- low the base of the well. In many farm- water supply. Attempts at "shooting" a Callie. ing areas the clean cultivation of crops well, blasting at the bottom with some ex- The area of crystalline rocks north of allows excessive run-off, and consequently plosive, has rarely been attempted, and it the Coastal Plain is one of complex struc- very little water seeps into the ground to is uncertain whether such shooting will ture. No definite water-bearing beds oc- be added to the under-ground reservoir. serve to open fractures sufficiently to ma- cur, and therefore artesian flow of water It is for this reason that many wells go terially increase the yield. This Division is nowhere found. Whereas the geologist dry after supplying plenty of water for is continually asked for aid in locating ad- can tell from surface examination the ap- many years. Recent experiments by the vantageous sites for deep wells in crystal- proximate depth to water at any point in Soil Conservation Service indicate that a line rocks, but the nature of these rocks the Coastal Plain region, such predictions very close relation exists between soil generally prevents any satisfactory predic- are impossible in the area of crystalline erosion and the water table; conservation tions. In so far as water occurs mainly in rocks. The principles controlling ground- of soils also means conservation of ground fractures which cannot be seen on the sur- water occurrence in these rocks is here water. face, no one can state with any degree of briefly reviewed. The crystalline rocks have a very low assurance that this is a good location and Figure 1 is a cross-section of a typical porosity compared to the sands of the that an inferior one. Drillers wisely refuse 8 FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW to make contracts guaranteeing water in water supply, this natural resource justi- committee on preparing a catalogue of all the crystalline rocks. The common belief fies very serious consideration. Georgia minerals. Newly elected officers that the crest of a hill is a desirable location has no apparent basis. Such locations mean greater depth to the water table than on hill sides, and generally they mean greater distance to case the well. Those who contemplate drilling a deep well in crystalline rocks must be prepared to take a certain gamble. The geologist can frequently tell him whether the gamble is a good or poor one, but beyond that definite assurances can only rarely be made. Some indication of what to expect can be obtained from !;he record of adjoining wells, and in this connection it is important ~ibliography Ellis, E. E., Occurrence of water in crystalline rocks: U. S. Geol. Survey, Water Supply Paper 160, pp. 19-28, 1906. Meinzer, 0. E., The occurrence of groundwater in the United States: U. S. Geol. Survey, Water Supply Paper 489, 1923. Meinzer, 0. E., Outline of ground-water hydrology with definitions: U. S. Geol. Survey, Water Supply Paper 494, 1923. Smith R. W., Water, Georgia's Unknown natural resource: Georgia Geol. Survey, lnf. Circular 8, 1936. are: President, G. W. Crickniay; Vice-president, J. Lester; Secretary, Mrs. Mattie Sue Walker; Treasurer, Lane Mitchell. Dr. Frank Daniel has been appointed Historian for the Society. All correspondence relating to the Society should be addressed to the Secretary at the office of the State Geologist, 425 State Capitol, Atlanta. The Society for Georgia Archaeology Holda Meeting at Sea Island To Study Findings In Georgia The Society for Georgia Archaeology to have a complete record of all drilled held its fall meeting at Sea Island Beach, wells and their performance. This Division Geological Survey To Be Made Of Saturday, November 7. Among those pres- has now compiled an index of all wells of Cartersville Area ent were Robert Fechner, Director of the which a record has been made. Drillers Bartow County, Georgia, has produced Civilian Conservation Camps, Washington, can cooperate in this work by supplying valuable minerals ever since the fi.rst dis- D. C.; Herbert E. Kahler, of the National the Division with weii cuttings and infor- covery of manganese in the Umted States Park Service, St. Augustine; Dr. A. R. Kel- mation on depth and yield. near Cartersville in 1866. The county is ly, in charge of the Indian Mounds at Ma- The depth of deep wells in the crystal- now famous for the vanety of minerals con; and Dr. Preston Holder, of the Smithline rocks ranges from 80 to 2,175 feet, found within its borders. Here are mined sonian Institute, directing excavations at and the diameter from 2 to 14 inches. The property owner should at the start set some limit for the depth of his well, otherwise the temptation is to continue drilling "just a little further" in the hope of salvaging an otherwise dry hole. As previously noted, fractures in which water occurs become tighter with depth, and therefore the chances of obtaining water becomes increasingly slight as the hole descends. Many of the deep weiis in Fulton and DeKalb counties obtain 90 per cent of their yield from the top 300 feet. Experience indicates that 250 to 300 feet is a limit beyond which further drilling is futile unless recommended by special local conditions. The diameter of a well is determined by the amount of water required. Six inches is a common size for domestic use, but many 2 and 4-inch wells have yielded as much as 4 gallons a minute. Wells for iadustrial use range from 8 to 14 inches, and yields range from 5 to 225 gallons a minute. Casing depth is determined by local man,ganese, barite, ocher, and limestone, and here also occur deposits of graphite, gold, bauxite, and potash slates. The State Division of Geology made a complete survey of this district in 1918 because of the necessity at that time of a domestic source of manganese, an essential war metal. New developments and more extensive mining in recent years have made a thorough resurvey increasingly necessary. Such a survey is now assured according to advice rec.eived by the State Division of Geology from the United States Geological Survey. Mr. T. L. Kesler has been assigned to the project and started actual field work in the area on November 9th. Mr. Kesler has previously carried on geological invesHgations in the South, and he is thus well equipped .to make the new survey of the Cartersville district which will necessitate several months field work. It is understood that a new g~ologic map will be prepared and that all mines and prospects in the area will be examined. the mounds on St. Simons Island, and many other interested visitors. The morning session was devoted to a discussion of archaeology. Dr. C. C. Harrold, President of the Society, told of the general progress of the work in Georgia. Reports on progress of excavations were made by Dr. Preston Holder of Sea Island, Dr. A. R. Kelly of Macon, Mr. G. A. Turner of Eatonton, and Mrs. Wayne Patterson of Columbus. After a luncheon at the Cloister, Dr. Holder led a field trip to St. Simons Island to inspect the excavations that are being made under the sponsorship of the Society, the Sea Island Company and the Glynn County Works Progress Administration. Officers of the Society include: Dr. C. C. Harrold, Macon, President; J. M. Mallory, Savannah, First Vice-President; Mrs. M. E. Judd, Dalton, Second Vice-President; R. W. Smith, Atlanta, Secretary-Treasurer. Members of the Executive Committee are: R. R. Otis, Atlanta, Chairman; W. A. Harris, Macon; Dr. A. V. Henry, Atlanta; conditions; the average for all wells drilled Judge Ogden Persons, Forsyth; Linton M. in the crystalline rocks being about 45 Georgia Mineral Society Solomon, Macon; and Alfred W. Jones, Sea feet. The annual meeting of the Georgia Min- Island. The cost of well drilling varies with di- eral Society was held in Atlanta, on Mon- ameter of the hole, depth to be drilled, day, October 26. Thirty-seven members and the nature of the rocks. Six-inch wells and friends attended the banquet-meeting average $2.00 to $3.50 a foot for the first at which annual reports of officers were Lumber Buyers Guide hundred feet, and $2.50 to $5.00 a foot presented. Mr. William B. Pitts, donor beyond a hundred feet. Drilling beyond a of the spectacular collection of polished A newly revised edition of the "Buyers depth of 300 feet is generally more expen- stones on display at the State Capitol, Guide", the official directory of subscribers sive. made a surprise appearance. Mr. Pitts had to the Southern Pine Association, now is A thorough study of ground-water in arrived the previous day from California, ready for free distribution by the Associ- the crystalline rocks, particularly of some his home, and is to remain in Atlanta for ation. This booklet is of value to retail special area such as Fulton and DeKalb several months. Prof. John L. Daniel, lumber dealers, other distributors and in- counties, should be made in the not too Georgia School of Technology, gave an ad- dustrial users of lumber since it gives data distant future. Such a study would pro- dress as retiring president in which he re- concerning the various member companies duce more definite information on the oc- viewed the accomplishments of the Society and individual manufacturers, location of currence of ground-water in these areas and made pertinent suggestions for its fu- their plants; capacity, equipment, railroads than can now be presented. In so far as ture growth. Professor Daniel singled out serving them, species of output, items man- there are somewhat more than two and a for special commendation the work of the ufactured and specialties of the mills. half million people in Georgia directly de- committee on organization of junior so- Southern pine manufacturers are listed pendent on ground-water for domestic cieties in the schools and the work of the alphabetically and by states.