DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMEN Vol. 3 ATLANTA, GA., AUGUST, HJ33 No.8 I VOCATIONAL FORESTRY CAMP Eastanollee; Charles C. Mathis, Louvale; NOTABLE FORESTRY ADDRESS IN SESSION AT CLARKESVILLE Elmer Larsen, DeSoto; Ernest Lee, Ameri- T. J. HAMILTON, AUGUSTA cus; Herman Braddy, Pavo; Delmas Gal- Select Group of Outstanding Farm breath, Vidalia; Hugh Gillis, Soperton; Extracts from Keynote Address beBoys of State Started Camp Work John Bond, Dalton; Eugene Adams, Nor- fore Georgia Forestry Association July 24 to Continue to August 12 man Park; Quinton Mathis, Adel; Theo by Editor Augusta Chronicle -Interested in Work and Enjoy- Hughes, Dougherty; Etheridge Keith, Dora- Sketches Progress of Forestry in ing Camp ville; W. 0. Eudson, Jr., Elberton; Truitt Georgia. Drake, Adrian; James Gillespie, Carnes- The annual vocational forestry camp is ville; Willard Fain, Ellijay; J. W. Butler, A brief reference has hitherto been made being held in the old A. & M. School at Calhoun; Carson Britt, Lawrenceville; ;n these columns to the address of Editor Clarkesville, beginning July 24 and con- Grady Lumpkin, Clarkesville; James Coch- Thomas J. Hamilton of the Augusta Chron- tinuing to August 12. Over one hundred ran, Lavonia; Lewis Weaver, Hogansville; icle before the annual meeting of the Gear- high class boys from Smith-Hughes rural Ulysses Carlan, Commerce; Clinton Wil- gia F'orestry Association. Fuller excerpts high schools all over the state are in at- burn, Wrens; DuPree Price, Kite; James from the notable keynote address are re- tendance, doing good work and enjoying Conine, Stockton; Parker Bedingfield, Cad- produced herewith as a valuable addition the camp. Of this number 50 are complet- well; Julian Smith, Ludowici; J. B. Echols, to the forestry literature of Georgia. ing their second year's camp work and if Danielsville; Lee Roy Thomas, Pelham; "I wish to compliment those pioneer:~ satisfactory records are made, they will Jack Paul, Sylvester; Floyd Morgan, Screv- who formed this Association some eight or all receive certificates of Vocational For- en; John Wesley Alston, Preston; Sim ten years ago, who laid the foundation for ester. Several of those who received cer- Lynn, Washington; Bill Warren, Dublin; the present great work that is being done tificates last year and applied for work in John Everett Noland, Walker Park; Bill by the state in cooperation with the Fed- C. C. C. camps are now engaged in fores- Crosby, Sale City; Cecil Parks, Howard; I era! government. This is certainly the time try work. Elmer Hendrix, Gore; J. C. Davis, Homer; of all times to go forward for our great On account of the district foresters be- Champ Jackson, Winder; Marvin Stephens, President is leading the way toward con- ing very busy with the C. C. C. camps, they Fairburn; F. W. Jones, Omega; Joe H. Un- servation, reforestation, and flood control nre unable to do their usual camp instruc- derwood, Waresboro; J. D. Cowart, Ep- by marshaling armies, totalling some 250,- tion work. In their stead, extension fores- worth; Benjamin Gay, Madison; Gladstone 000 men who will be put at work all over ters are presenting courses assisted by ag- McClain, Rabun Gap; Charles M. Smoak, this country and several thousand of whom ricultural vocational teachers. The faculty Jr., Griffin; Farris Carlan, Homer; Robert will work in Georgia. leaders are C. A. Whittle, Bonnell Stone, Smith, Lorane; Ralph Johnson, Winder; J. "In order to discuss intelligently fores- DuPre Barrett and L. E. Cox, with M. D. Mobley as Camp Supervisor. W. Donaldson, Jr., Register; Barron Cochran, Girard; Render Rowe, Carrollton; try in Georgia, perhaps I background by discw:;sion shauld lay the of forestry in The work, as usual, is carried on largely in the woods and deals in a practical way Homer Winkle, Armuchee; Robert Poteete, Kennesaw; Elmon Vickers, Norman Park; general. Forestry is an old subject, although in America there was no national with things every farmer ought to know about forestry, such as tree identification, estimating the volume of standing timber, harvesting and marketing, uses of wood, thinning of forests, fire prevention methi)ds, gathering of tree seed, and growing seedlings for planting. Moving pictures, lectures by prominent '#!Peakers, excursions, athletic contests, Swimming, boating add interest and entertainment to the camp. The camp is proving a real event in the lives of these fine Young rural boys of Georgia. A list of the students and their home ~ddresses is as follows: Ashley Whitehurst, Adel; Jim Hulsey, Dawsonville; Charles Head, Chamblee; Charlie Gunn, Vienna; Paul Jones, Middleton; Calvin Ellington, Summit; Howard Tatum, Dawsonville; John Broadwell, Alpharetta; Bill Oliver, Martin; Woodrow Osborn, Ellijay; Wayne Bowles, Calhoun; Quinton Rooks, Dacula; Eugene English, Demorest; Dorsey King, Lavonia; Solon Owensby, Franklin; Teeny Hardwick Floyd, Ocilla; Oliver C. Anderson, Matthews; Elton Riner, Kite; Edwin Lloyd, Stockton; Virgiree Coleman, Plainfield; Alton Hodges, Ludowici; 0. M. Cates, Jr., Meigs; Huie Brand O'Kelly, Danielsville; Holland Tuck, Ox- forestry organization until 1875 when the American Forestry Association was formed in Chicago. However, back in England in the early part of the eighteenth century the problem caused by the exhaustion of forests for lumber and wood became so acute that reforestation was begun and now the artificial forests of the United Kingdom form a larger area than the natural forests. For hundreds of years prior to this time the question of forests was an 1cute and live issue in England, for the kings from the Anglo-Saxon period on (Continued on Page 2, Col. 1) Wilbur Scarborough, Adams, Walden; Frank Nashville; Joe Proctor, Arcola; ford; Paul Roby, Rabun Gap; J. H. Holloman, Richland; Perry Foster, Jr., Leslie; J. L. Spence, Waresboro; Dock Akin, Screven; Paul Rees, Preston; Tom Strick- Tim Stafford, Claxton; Harold Morris, Tharan Connell, Pavo; Russell Willis, Ty land, Dalton; Lee Sisson, Rayle; I. J. Med- Genola; Grady Pittard, Jr., Winterville; Ty; Wilbur Blount, Vidalia; Shad Callo- ders, Sylvester; Keith Barnett, Bogart; Lake Poteete, Kennesaw; Edgar Keller, way, Hogansville; Austin Avery, Adrian; Sam Loyd Whitmore, Eastanollee. 2 FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW Forestry-Geological Review Department of Agriculture and the annual Georgia the winter playground of the na- Published Monthly by the DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT appropriation of $30,000 has been increas- tion. ed to millions of dollars each year. "In Georgia we have some 46,000,000 "In 1891 congress began the first of its acres of land of which 23,000,000 are State Capitol, Atlanta appropriations for national forests and classed as forest. Up until the last few C. A. WHITTLE, Editor 155,000,000 acres are now in the national years we paid no attention to our forests forests of this country with more than 150 but went about in the merciless manner of Foreatry Division B. M. Lufburrow, State Forester____Atlanta C. A. Whittle, Educational Mgr., ____Atlanta H. M. Sebring, Asst. State Forester, Atlanta E. B. Stone, Jr. Dist. Forester____ Gainesville C. B. Beale, District Forester______Waycross national forests. It might interest you to know that approximately $3,000,000 is secured by the government each year from the timber and the grazing fees, with more than 3,000,000 goats and sheep and about 2,000,000 cattle grazing government forest destruction without any replacement, except what nature did. "Georgia with her 150,000 acres in public lands embraced in three big national forests and with nearly 23,000,000 acres of W. D. Young, District Forester____________Rome iands in the West. private lands, that need the touch of the Jack Thur_m___o__n__d__,__D___i_s__t_r_i_c__t__F___o__r_e__s_t_e__r_,Savannah C. N. Elliott, District Forester______Augusta H. D. Story, Jr., District Forester____Albany "Forestry was ftrst taught in America at the University of Montana in 1897, and in 1898 Biltmore Forestry School was begun forester's hand, is a state which should respond enthusiastically to the great movement planned by President Roosevelt. We W. G. Wallace, District Forester__Columbus and at the same time Cornell University hope and believe that our State Forester, Mrs. N. N. Edwards, StenographeriAtlanta Mrs. R. S. _T__h__o__m___p__s_o__n__,__S___t_e_n__o__g__r__a__p__h__e_r_Atlanta established a branch of forestry. It was up at Biltmore forest, owned by Mr. George with seven district foresters, will sign up hundreds of thousands of acres of private W. Vanderbilt, that forestation work on lands which need protection from fires, need Geological Division private lands was begun and which consist- thinning and need planting and other work ed mainly of fire protection. This great done. S. W. McCallie, State Geologist____Atlanta R. W. Sm_i_t_h__,___A___s_s__t_.__S__t__a_t__e___G___e_o__l_o__g__i_s_t__, Atlanta Vanderbilt Estate is now a part of one of our national forests. "We all know that Georgia's forest crop, including timber, naval stores, etc., is now G. W. Cric_k__m___a_y__,___A___s_s__t_.___S__t_a__t_e____G___e_o__l_o__g_Aisttl,anta "It might further interest you to know that there is some twenty-eight hundred second in value to her cotton crop, and we have been told that at the present moment Miss Margaret Gann, Clerk______________Atlanta billion board feet of lumber in this coun- Georgia is producing more timber than she try, of which one-half is in California and is cutting. However, I believe this to be Research Division, Savannah Charles H. Herty______________Research Chemist W. C. MacNaughton______________Asst. Research Bruce Suttle__________________________Plant Engineer W. F. Allen______________________________________Chemist the Pacific Northwest, one-fourth in the South and the other fourth in the remaining sections of the country. "Now, let's see what Georgia has done in on account of the fact that there has been stagnation in the building business for the last three or four years, for certainly under normal conditions we are cutting our James Dempsey_____________________ Asst. Chemist forestry work. It has been twenty-seven timber much faster than it is being grown. Extension Foresters Bonnell Stone, Chairman,_______________ Oxford Dupre Barrett, --------------------------------- Athens K. S. Trowbridge, ______________________________Tifton NOTABLE FORESTRY ADDRESS T. J. HAMILTON, AUGUSTA (Continued from Page 1) down to the eighteenth century had a habit of declaring large areas as forests. Sometimes the areas would include villages and farms of the countryside and the people at times were allowed to remain but at other times were evicted, force being used in the process of what was known as afforestation, which was declaring a large area of land to belong to the crown for the purpose of hunting, fishing, and so on. Of course, when government by the people came to England, this practice was stopped years since the Department of Forestry was established at the University of Georgia and this state was one of the pioneers in regard to education of foresters. We have now between fifty and sixty men in this Department of the University, with four instructors, and the course is rapidly growing in popularity, offering the degree of Bachelor of Science in forestry. "In 1925 the legislature began to make annual appropriations, giving annually a total of $50,000 to the Department of Geology and Forestry, with $20,000 to $25,000 for forestry, which is, of course, entirely too small an amount, but which under present conditions we do not criti- cize. "To sum up the ultimate objectives of the Georgia Forestry Association, I would give the following: "Vastly increase our timber supply and, therefore, our state wealth. "I can see the dawn of a day in Georgia when we shall grow a crop of pine for market every seven years, and I think that the experiments of Dr. Charles H. Herty will prove so successful that the pulp industry will become one of the greatest of our state. Indeed, I think that Dr. Herty will be one Georgian who will be memorialized in stone and bronze statues as well as in the hearts of his fellow-citizens ere he passes on to his reward." COMMERCIAL ORGANIZATIONS FAVOR STATE PARKS At the annual convention of the Georgia Association of Commercial Secretaries, held at Elberton July 15, 1933, a resolution favoring state parks, introduced by Thomas R. Jones, Savannah, and seconded by Roy W. Ulrich, of Atlanta, passed unanimously. The resolution is as follows: and the rights of the people were respected. "To give you an idea as to the enormous problem of forestry in this country, there are 550,000,000 acres of forest lands in America, comprising 29 per cent of the "Through experimentation and research develop new uses for our forest products just as Dr. Herty is doing at Savannah. "Turn barren, gully washed and worn out land into productiveness by crops of pine. WHEREAS, the Georgia Forestry Association is formulating and promoting a plan for a statewide system of parks; and WHEREAS, the historical and educational value of such a system would be very great and would attract additional tourist area of the country, and that fires destroy "Protect watersheds of our rivers by re- visitors to Georgia; $25,000,000 worth of forest products a year and cause an annual average loss of seventy lives; that little attention was paid in this country to forestry until the first forestation of denuded area to aid flood control, power and navigation. "To provide preserves for game birds, animals and fish, where under intelligently BE IT RESOLVED, that the Georgia Association of Commercial Secretaries hereby endorses and approves of this plan government appropriation was made in enforced game laws Georgia may become a and expresses its belief that no better pub- 1876 when forestry was made a part of the paradise for sportsmen and help make licity could be secured for our State. FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW 3 FORESTRY (a) Kinds of pines, slash and longleaf. and what disposition would you make of (b) Do not chip trees under 9 to 10 thinnings? QUESTION BOX inches in diameter breast high. The best time to thin a forest is in the (c) The best methods of procedure are winter when the trees are not making as follows: Do not put over two cups to growth and when insects are not present. Wilbur Blount, Vidalia High School, Vi- I any tree_ and u_se ~wo cups only on trees If cut in the summer insects would be at- dalia received the highest grade in the f over 14 mches m diameter breast high. Do tracted and attack the live trees some- state' forestry examination for the Voca- not chip higher than 16 inches a year, nor times killing them. ' tiona! Forestry Camp scholarships his mark bem. g 99. General scholarshi.p' and charact er are a I so rat ed m . arn.vm. g at th" IS figure. deeper than one-half an inch under the bark ' nor chip WI.der than one -half an ncb I per streak Trees that measure 12 to 14 inches in If the trees cut out in thinning are big enough, the wood can be used more handily than in the summer. How would you thin a young pine for- The questions and answers given by him diameter (D.B.H.) the chipping face est with a thick stand about 15 feet high are as follows: should not exceed 8 inches in width, and on (a) spacing, (b) trees to be favored. trees over 16 inches in diameter the face The spacing of trees would vary in dis- What are the leading species of trees sh ould not be over 10 to 12 'inches in tance according to what one wants to use in your territory? width. them for. I would want them for dual pur- Longleaf pine, slash pine, yellow poplar, cypress, red maple, live oak, black gum, sweet gum, tupelo gum and sycamore. What sp,ecies of pine predominate in the c:oastal plain, piedmont and mountain sections of Georgia? Slash and longleaf pine predominate in the coastal plain; short-leaf and loblolly in the piedmont and scrub, white and pitch pine in the mountains. Name five leading species of oaks found in Georgia. What Species of pine would you recommend planting in your Section of the State? Slash and longleaf. Describe methods of planting pines (a) care of seedlings; (b) spacing; (c) ~etting out seedlings. (a) The best way to get seedlings out of the nursery bed is to run a shovel under them, loosen the dirt, then pull them up. In this way the root will not be injured badly. Keep the roots in wet mud or moss pose and space them 8 or 9 feet apart. I would favor trees that were the best distance apart, but in case of a big and small tree together, I would usually cut out the smaller unless the larger has some defects. I would cut out diseased, scarred, crooked, suppressed and small ones, where too thick. What species of trees are most desirable for fence posts, poles and piles? Heart pine, cypress, cedar, black locust, mulberry and post oak. White oak, live oak, post oak, chestnut oak and red oak. to keep them from drying out and place them in shade or keep wet sacks over them NEW DEVICES INCREASE Name some of the trees that grow in till ready to plant. POSSIBLE WOOD USES swamps of Georgia. (b) In spacing for poles and lumber, Black gum, tupelo gum, sweet gum, cy- set the seedlings 6 to 7 feet apart. In spac- "Modern Connectors for Timber Con- press and yellow poplar. ing for gum, have them 10 to 12 feet struction" is the name of a bulletin issued What are leading uses of the wood of apart. In spacing for dual purposes, set by the Department of Commerce of the the following trees: ~1ite oak, hickory, them 8 or 9 feet apart. United States and the Forest Products Lab- red gum, cypress? (c) In setting seedlings, the best way is oratory of the U. S. Department of Agri- White oak-wagon spokes and hubs, bas- to use a dibble or spade to make a v-shaped culture, that tells of "the most important kets, crates, tool handles, flooring, interior hole in the ground. Put the seedling in it developments in wood construction for a finishing and furniture; then pack dirt around it well, but at the century", according to Dr. Wilson Comp- Hickory-Tool handles, athletic goods, top leave the dirt unpacked to form a ton, president of the American Forest Pro- spokes and rims for wheels, furniture. mulch that will keep the dirt below from ducts Industries of Washington. Red gum-Veneer, furniture, cabinets, drying out. Set the seedlings as deep as The connector consists of a new series interior finishing, lumber, gunstocks and they were in the seed bed. of timber joining devices, such as metal musical instruments. What damage is caused by forest fire? rings, discs and plates used for reinforcing Cypress-Lumber, shingles, crossties, telegraph and telephone poles, fence posts, bridges, piling and beams. What is the most practical firebreak in your section of the state? It kills seeds and seedlings, thereby preYenting reforestation; burns and scars trees and in so doing retards their growth; burns up humus and promotes a quick runoff of water; through scars on trees made by fire, rat fungi attack and damage trees; customary bolts, thereby increasing the strength of the joints from four to eight times and resulting in economy of construction costs. This bulletin is available from the National Committee on Wood Utilization, De- The plowed break. The way to make it reduce ability of ground to absorb rain- partment of Commerce, Washington, D. C. is to use a turning plow pulled by mules, or tractor and plow, and plow up a strip about fifteen feet wide the first year and ~ncrease the width each year until you have It as wide as you want it. Then plant some good pasture grass on it to serve for grazing as well as a firebreak. You cannot say how wide to make it, for firebreaks range from 20 to 100 feet wide. The variation is because of the location, the amount Of undergrowth and grass on the land. fall, thereby causing erosion, loss of soil fertility, increasing floods which annually take heavy toll of life and property and deprive forest soils of enough water for maximum growth; destroys pasture grasses and kills small game. When should you gather pine seed for planting? You should gather pine cones for planting seed about October 1, or about a week Membership Drive The Georgia Forestry Association is putting on a drive for membership and is planning to have a county chairman in every county. The campaign is conducted by Roland Turner, Agricultural Director of the Southern Railway, assisted by C. B. Harman, Atlanta, Chairman of the executive committee. or two before seed fall out. Cones are What is the best method of chipping ready to harYest when they turn from Alex K. Sessoms, member of the Com- Pines for naval stores? (a) Kind of pines; green to brownish-green and start cracking mission of Forestry and Geological Devel- (b) Diameter of trees; (c) Best method in places. opment of Georgia, is on a two-months tour of Procedure. W'hen is the best time to thin a forest, of the west. 4 FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW C. C. C. CAMP Lassoing a Rattler GEORGIA'S FORESTRY WORK Camp boys are death to snakes. A story EXCEEDS OTHER STATES NOTES Torso Nudes They call them the "bronze boys". those shirtless chaps-torso nudes, of the 3-C camps. These bronze woodsmen like it that comes from the Hiawassee Camp of a boy who found a ten-button rattler, and deciding that it would be a suitable beginning of a camp zoo, proceeded to lasso the reptile and carry it to camp. There the boy was exciting much curiosity by displaying his captive, when the officer in charge Quota of Men more than taken up and Enlisted from Other States Man some of the C. C. C. Camps The thirty-five C. C. C. camps located way; it is the thing in camp circles to ex- required him to kill it. in Georgia, 30 of which are directed by pose down to the waist; to mop up the sun's 1 But undismayed, he has the skin drying rays, and take wind and rain as it comes, with which he intends to make a belt, and with no thought of pampering the body the buttons rattle wherever he goe:o<. with protective means. What a man! a the State Forest Service and 5 by the U. S. Forest Service on the national forests, have called for more than the 6,000 quota of Georgia men. As a consequence, Geor- wood's-man! What a delight to see the bronze muscles LONGLEAF PINE AND FIRE gia has four camps of the 30 directed by the State Forest Service manned by re- rippling smoothly, freely, rhythmically, as I Dr. A ust'In Cary of th e Un1ted Sta t es the body sways to the axe, the mattock, the F t S . . f h' t . saw, th e h s ove1 ores erv1ce says m one o 1s con nbutions to the Naval Stores Review: "On Above the bronze chest and shou. lders, a 1ong1eaf , si.mi.1ar effect s are t o be expect ed bare head, a. tanned, healthy, glowmg fa.ce as on s1ash p1. ne, and th e same t oo on 1arg- with You sparklmg naturally eyes wave and a a gre ectm.hegerafunld ssmmili.ele. er t rees than have thus f ar b een deaIt. w1'th. Several tests of the effect of defoliation by back as you pass. fire on growth were carried out in the Os. cruits from North Carolina and Alabama, which states have thus far been unable to absorb their allotment. The Georgia Timber Protective Organization system has readily provided a basis for forestry camps for work in which federa1, st a t e an d pnvat e 1a nd owners cooperate and private land owners are obligat- A Diet Confession ceola National Forest last season and the ed to maintain and carry out plans for results of the two will be put on record. complete forest fire protection. "What kind of bread do you get"? was asked of a C-boy. "Boughten" was the response of a nut brown woodsman hailing from the hinterland. "Do you like it?" I asked. "Oh, it does all right, but there ain't nothing goes right with meat and vegetables 'cept pone corn bread." Swamp Boys in Mountains It so happens that men enlisted in the lowlands of North Carolina found themselves elevated two or three thousand feet above their former habitat, and encamped in the Blue Ridge mountains of Georgia, far from the haunts of man. Many of the boys had never seen mountains before. The highlands were awesome. How a man could climb the slopes and cling to them, let alone work, was a fearful prospect to these flat landers. But they have taken enthusiastically to their new environment; they have learned that they do not have to be flies to cling Winter fire in longleaf is very common, run designedly oftentimes, and usually thought of as doing very little or no damage because very seldom are the trees killed. The following illustrates how growth for one year at least, is checked where they are defoliated: "Trees between 25 and 30 feet in height, around 4 inches average in diameter, totally defoliated by a January fire grew .85 foot in the season on the average as against 2% feet for similar unburned tree standing nearby; from June 16 to the elose of the season diameter growth was 3 times as much on the unburned as the burned trees. Recovery of growth r~tte planned to be ascertained by later observations. "Depression of the growth rate of timber through fire, especially of repeated fire, stands in the same relation to returns to be expected from timber growing as does poor soil, a matter covered in a preceding article." The Timber Protective Organization originating in Georgia has been very effective. It consists of a group of land owners formin.g an organization to prevent forest fires. The organization elects officers and uses methods recommended by the state forest service, and recommended by the U. S. Forest Service. Half of the expenses these organizations incur are paid from federal funds under the Clarke-McNary Act. Some of these organizations have functioned 6 to 8 years. The older timber protective organizationg have been given first consideration in the C. C. C. work and it is expected that all such organizations will receive benefits before the forestry relief work is ended. COFFEE TREE OF SOUTH The Coffee Tree of the southeastern United States has its only close relative in southeastern Asia, according to a Rtate- to mountain sides and that if they slip, they do not necessarily fall all the way to the bottom of the mountain. They are finding plenty to write home about. Camp Athletics An extensive line of athletics and intercamp contests is being planned. In selecting camp sites, consideration has been given to convenient athletic fields for baseball, football, basket ball, volley ball, ten- "FORESTRY AN ECONOMIC CHALLENGE" Arthur Newton Pack is the author of a valuable new contribution to forestry literature entitled "Forestry an Economic Challenge." The author is the director of the Charles Lathrop Pack Foundation, and an authority on both forestry and econom- ics. The treatment given by Mr. Pack is new ment made by the Alabama Commission of Forestry. The two species belong to the same genus and are hardly distinguishable from each other. It is perfectly evident that both descended from a common ancestor. Since trees are not given to crossing oceans and establishing new colonies, it is clear that there was in ancient geological times a fairly connected forest growth extending between the two regions. These nis, etc. Saturdays will be devoted largely in important particulars; old battle cries regions later became separated by the in- to athletics. of the past are discredited, and a dispas- tervening- of the seas which now lie be- Wouldn't a lot of colleges like to have some of those highly conditioned, bronze coIored, st eel museled young men f or th e1. r football team this summer? We say they sionate and critical view of the destined . . role of forestry m the natwnal program is presented. The MacMillan Company of tween the continents. that at one time the It is two svpeer~viesp.roobar balet lellst their common ancestor. exi'sted through northwestern North America, the would. I New York is the publisher. I Arctic region and possibly Europe. FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW 5 SUSTAINED YIELDS 1 ! meeting held at Brunswick, Ga., a commit-[ GEORGIA'S PROTECTED LAND POLICY APPROVED : tee was appointed to make a study of the ' INCREASES AREA RAPIDLY ---- ' agricultural act and report to a gathering Within the past two months the area of The National Lumber Association, at its I of producers to be held at a date not yet the forest land in timber protective or- recent annual meeting, received a message I decided upon. from President Roosevelt, through Secre-! ----------- c>:an!zations has increased rapidly, the addcd mea being l,~lG4,000 acres. This came tary Wallace, in which it was stated that ! NAVAL STORES INDU;3TRY abnut largely by the expansion of the area any code rel~ting to the c~tting o~ .timber I PROFITS FROM RESEARCH of old timber protective organizations. should contam "some defimte provtston for 1 Three new organizations, however, have the control of destructive exploitation." Turpentme and rosm producers 111 Geor- The , assocmtwn authonzed 1ts secretary i gia and i the Southeastern States lost money .. 1..eeTnhef oframcte d th at forestry work of the civil- to give as-~urance that its code of practices , f. or many years. through melftc,tent stills, , t.an conserYatl.On corps work can be done Would l'nclude cutting policies and suggest- maccurate gradmg, and thr(,ugn products en organization areas of land sufficiently ed that a conference be held with repre- sentatives of the U. s. Forest Servt'ce, damaged by rust. Improvemenb brought about, largely as a result of research of the large to employ 200 men for six months, accounts for much of the interest in plac- state governments, Society of American United States Department of Agriculture, ing new lands within the timber protec- Foresters, the American Forestry Associa- now make possible more efficient methods tive organizations of the state. t10n an d oth er orgamzat1' ons ' 'for the pur- and, better quality products. . All told, and including national forest poe of formulating a concerted and con- . c : Several vears : ago the Bureau of Chem1s- 1 1an d , t.h ere are now appr0 x1 m,at e1y 4 mil - structive program action providing of public and sound forest industrial manage- . try and Smls developed a set of permanent ! ! Iosm standards made of glass. Tho~e form- ,1 ~I'Jon of th e in Georgia 2"), 750 ,000 acres of under organized fire t1' mb erIand protection. ment." erly used were made of rosin, which It was the sense of the meeting that bleached with age, and frequently caused permanent progress toward productive misgrading. More recently the Bureau de- STEPHENS MEMORIAL PARK maintenance of private forests cannot be veloped a new fire still which is more eco- INCREASED IN SIZE made without reform of confiscatory sys- nomical than the old type, and which pro- Through the generosity of people of terns of taxation, and until forest industries duces better rosin. It has also demonstrated Taliaferro county, and others interested in are able to command capital and credit that it pays to use only rust~free efJuip- developing the Alexander Stephens Memo- similar to other forms of agriculture. ment, as a mere trace of ruot lowers the rial Park at Crawfordville, an area of 174 It was asserted that forest industries grade of rosin. acres of land has been added to the park. have long strongly favored the introduc- Department workers have developed a At its recent quarterly meeting, the tion of sustained yield practices. new practical and economical still for large Commission of Forestry and Geological operations which helps to cut clown the Development gratefully accepted this con- D. G. BICKERS, FRJEND cost of production. The department now trihution to the state park system. One of OF FORESTRY PASSES collects and makes available to producers the C. C. C. camps of 200 men has been lo- reliable statistics on the naval stores indus- rated on the property to carry out plans As editor of the Savannah News, Daniel try, and through cooperation with State for improvement and beautification. G. Bickers did much to promote the cause agencies it makes available to producers When the present plans for repairing of forestry in Georgia. Death removed him the best production practices. the Stephens home, restoring the grounds from his field of usefulness July 16. Mr. Bickers was a man of versatile achievement, being reporter, editor and poet, in each achieving distinction. The State of Georgia has lost an outstanding genius and the cause of forestry an ardent and forceful advocate. Rosin, tar, and turpentine came to be known LS nayaJ stor.cs in the days of sail~ ing vessels when pine tar was a necessary part of a ship's stores, as it was used for waterproofing sails and ropes, as well as the part of the ship below the water line. Although this use has largely disappeared to the condition in which they were kept hy Mr. Stephens, and converting the whole acquired area into a beautiful park, are c">mpleted, it is expected to attract many Yisitors who will not only enjoy the park, but honor the memory of a great southern leader. and these pine-tree products have found NAVAL STORES CODE increasing us~ in .the pai.nt, vamish. paper, I VIRGINIA'S DEMONSTRATION COMPETITION RULES and soap-makmg mdustnes, the> term naval , FOREST At a recent meeting of producers of stores still persists. naval stores by the steam and solvent pro- , A forest of more than :i,OOO acres, val- cess held at Birmingham, Ala., for the pur- i TO DOUBLE NATIONAL ued at $200,000 has been bequeathed to ~ose of forming an association and adopt- j FORESTS AREA IN EAST the University of Virginia by Dr. Walter mg a code of fair competition to apply to ____ . M. Seward of Brunswick County, Virginia, 1 Operations under the provisions of the Na- An order approved by the President of to be used for "practical demonstrations tiona] Recovery Act, a tentative constitu-1 the United States calls for the purchase 1 of ! in the art of fore.stry". Funds are to ~e ~e tion and set of rules was discussed and a , 6,000,000 to 8,000,000 acres of timber and ' voted to the mamtenance and upbmldmg committee appointed to bring the matter ' farm ]and in 20 eastern and southern of the school of forestry of the University before the trade for permanent action in states, at a cost of approximately $20,000,- of Virginia. the near future. 000. ----------- Producers of gum turpentine and rosin have discussed proposals for similar action ~ut it is contended that this branch of the IAndu.stry comes under the provisions of the thgricultural Adjustment Act rather than F'orty-two areas have been designated by the United States Forest Service for purchase. In Georgia the purchases are for extending the areas of mountain lands a!ready belonging to national parks. FARM TIMBER NEEDS ---Sumter county, South Carolina, has been ~.elected as one of twelve areas in the United States for a stud:v of timber use on e recovery measure and a movement has The acquisition of the new areas will , the farm. This is a part of a survey of the aIccor dm' gly been started to formulate virtually double the acreage of national rcation's timber resources and require- : ans for co-operation with the Agricul- ' forests in the eastern half of the United . ments, the farm being one of the princi- Ural Department at Washington. At a I States. I pal consumers of forest products. 6 FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW THE VANISHING GIANTS I holes in the can just above the level of the in the state where World War veterans The remainder of a race of giants mak- sand. A cupful of gasoline will burn 40-50 are supplied as C. C. C. workers, and plans ing a last stand in the western part of the I' minutes, enough to heat water or soup. are being made to make this one of the United States, is the Sequoias, or red- In wet weather you can probably find most unique camps in the state. woods, mighty trees that remain from the dry sticks for kindling among the small age of dinosaurs to remind us that the dead branches. Split it up and make kindlargest and strongest must give way be- !ing from the center. Another help in SIXTH DISTRICT fore changing conditions. A hundred mil- starting a camp fire is a tablespoonful or Jack Thurmond, Dist. Forester lion years ago they flourished generally all two of sawdust dampened with kerosene. over the world-now a mere handful of A good axe and a shovel are necessities on Savannah them remain. They grow so tall that tra- any camping expedition. clition tells that "it takes two men and a Burn all papers and cartons in the camp Camps Manned in District 6 To date, there are four Emergency Con- boy to look to the top of them," and that fire, and when you leave, put the fire out servation Work Camps established and the age of some of the standing trees has by stirring water, and lots of it, into the manned in the Savannah district. Camp 53, been estimated at four to six thousand ashes. Always be sure your fire is out- at Hinesville, has been working in the years. The tallest of the survivors is over dead out-before you break camp. woods since June 1st. Location of the 270 feet high, and is 37.3 feet in diameter camps in District 6 are as follows: at the base. The Sequoia redwoods have been named FIRST DISTRICT Camp 53, Hinesville, Ga.-Liberty County. for a famous member of a tribe of Indians, who also made a gallant fight against changing conditions. This was a Cherokee W. D. Young, District Forester Rome Camp 61, Soperton, Ga.-Treutlen County. Camp 63, McRae, Ga.-Telfair County. who spelled his name Se-quo.yah, who perfected a phonetic alphabet of 86 symbols with a character representing every sound in the tongue of his tribe. He did this despite his utter lack of formal education. This alphabet has ofen been referred to as the greatest ever invented. It enabled every member of the tribe, within a few days after its acceptance by them, to read and write. It is said that a Cherokee child might learn to read and write the Cherokee language in a day, and contributed more than anything else to enable the tribe to make a winning fight against the inroads of civilization. The Cherokees established a printing press and with type made of the various symbols printed two newspapers daily. They have published their own laws and many other books, including the Gospels.-Service Letter (Pa.). C. C. C. Activities The Rome office has been the scene of much activity during the past month, in selecting camp sites and personnel for C. C. C. camps. Three camps were approved for the Rome district, as follows: Project 58, Ellijay, Gilmer County; Project 77, Tate, Pickens County, and Project 80, Lookout Mountain, Chattooga, Walker and Dade counties. Active work has already begun at Camps 58 and 77. Captain Thorn, camp commander, and his corps cf officers and army personnel reached the camp site at Ellijay with 203 C. C. C. boys on July 24th. Work of setting up and getting camp in shape is completed and work will be under way in full capacity by the end of July. Mr. C. M. Simmons, superintendent of Camp 66, Brooklet, Ga.-Bulloch County. Each camp has an enlisted personnel of two hundred men and the work in the woods is supervised by the camp superintendent and his foremen. ECW Work in Liberty County Pre-suppression and fire protection work is being carried on in Liberty county by men enrolled in the C. C. C. at Camp 53, and under the supervision of C. J. Martin, Camp Superintendent. The work done to date consists of a complete map showing type, roads, trails and drainage on thirty thousand acres, twenty miles of truck trail, twelve miles of cleaned right of way for fire breaks and enough cypress telephone poles to put up thirty miles forestry work at Ellijay, and his staff of of line. Right of way for twenty miles of CAMP FIRE CARE: foremen will carry out the program of pro- telephone line has been cleared. The work HELPFUL SUGGESTIONS jects outlined to take care of fire protec- will progress faster now since the men have When camuing, always carry a reserve tion needs. a better idea of what is wanted and have supply of matches in a well-corked bottle Lieutenant Griffin, camp commander of also become hardened and are in better or watertight can, says the United States Project 77, and his staff of officers and shape to stand the hot weather. Forest Service. When you are ready to army personnel, arrived at Tate, Ga., on start a camp fire, shovel away all ground July 21st, with 190 C. C. C. boys by spelitter within a radius of 3 to 5 feet of your cial tram over the Louisville and Nashville , ASHE HERBARIUM fireplace. Do not under any circumstances railroad. Trucks were provided to trans- The University of North Carolina has place your fire within 10 feet of standing port men to camp site 7 miles from Tate, acquired the William w. Ashe herbarium trees, or against fallen logs, or tree roots. Keep away from overhanging branches, and build your fire on an earth or rock foundation. Dig a small hole for the fire and place a rock on each side. A fE'w iron rods about 3 feet long, to be laid across a fire to hold cooking utensils, are a useful addition to a camp outfit. Ga. Mr. E. C. Perrow. superintendent of for- estry work, and his staff of foremen are carrying out the program of projects outlined to take care of fire protection needs near Tate. Major Francis Fuller and his staff of officers moved into camp on Lookout Moun- which will be available for reference this year. As a forester and botanist Mr. Ashe published 510 new botanical names. He was a graduate of the University of North Caroline and joined the United States Forest Service in 1899, dying March, 1932. Cook over a small concentrated fire, tain, near Menlo, Ga., on July 18th, with burned down to a good bed of red coals. 190 World War veterans. Work With 4-H Club Camps You might also carry one of the old-fash- Mr. W. T. Ledbetter, Superintendent of Extension Forester DuPre Barrett gave ioned cast-iron Dutch ovens. or a 2-burner forestry work, of this camp, with his staff some time in July to displaying moving pic- gasoline stove. You can make a small but of foremen, will carry out the fire protec- tures and in teaching forestry to boys of efficient camp stove by filling a large cof- tion measures outlined. Work in the field the 4-H Clubs in various parts of north fee can half full of sand or earth and pour- will get under way in full capacity by the Georgia. The camps were in charge of ing in a cupful of gasoline. Punch 3 or 4 end of July. This is one of the few camps County Agricultural Agents. FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW 7 At a still later date the rocks were again MINERALS OF GEORGIA subjected to compressive forces of the earth. This was the period of great moun- Brief Accounts of Occurences and Developments of the State's Leading Minerals tain-making movements extending from Alabama to Nova Scotia which raised the Appalachian Mountains to their greatest Reported by THE DIVISION OF GEOLOGY prominence. In the Pine Mountain district the metamorphosed rocks were broken into blocks by fractures, or faults as they are PINE MOUNTAIN DISTRICT, GEORGIA called, and each block was shoved over its northern neighbor, as shown on the accompanying sketch. The movement of GEOFFREY W. CRICKMAY blocks along a fault is one cause of earthquakes. Along the Pine Mountain faults Pine Mountain and its southern neighbar, Oak Mountain, together form an east_ west trending belt of ridges, 65 miles in length, extending from Chattahoochee River to Barnesville, Lamar County, in western midland Georgia. The mountains are more or less sinuous ridges, in places sharpcrested, in places with broad flat tops, rising 100 to 5QO feet above the relatively of the mountain, are well known to everybody who has visited the area. It is the purpose of this article to present briefly some less well-known facts about Pine Mountain, particularly concerning its geoology, the development of its scenery, and the nature and origin of Warm Springs. The rocks of Pine Mountain district were deposited as sediments many millions of there has been movement of thousands of feet. Since the time when these ' faults ceased to be active, the Pine Mountain district has been worn down by continual erosion to relatively low hills, but its internal structure remains exceedingly complex, as complex indeed as portions of the Alps. All that is left is merely the "roots" of former alpine mountains. flat Greenville Plateau. South of Wood- years ago (in a late pre-Cambrian period The next event in the Pine Mountain dis- bury, Pine and Oak mountains meet in a variously estimated by geologists as 250 trict of which any record is left is a vol- complete loop known as the Cove. Here to 500 million years old) in an interior sea canic period represented today by dikes of Flint River has cut a narrow steep-sided in much the same way as sediments are dark basaltic rock. These dikes are prom- gorge through the range over 6 miles in deposited along the Atlantic coast at the inent east of Raleigh, in the vicinity of length and from 300 to 400 feet in depth. present time. Originally these deposits con- Manchester, and north of Talbotton. In West of Flint River in southern Meriweth- sisted of layers of clay and sand lying in a er County, Pine Mountain is broadly ex- horizontal position. However, after this panded and reaches its maximum altitude primaeval ocean had retreated from the the northern Atlantic states great sheets of lava were poured out on the surface at this time (for example, the Palisades of Hudson River) so that, although no an- cient volcanos or surface lavas are known in Georgia, it is not unreasonable to sup- pose that they once existed. This was the period of dinosaurs, great reptiles which, if not as ferociously agile as present day mammals, were at least more awful and terrifying in appearance. If the dinosaurs ever stalked their prey over Georgia hills they left no record of their coming or go- ing. Since this volcanic period the Pine Mountain district has undergone long and continued erosion. The schists are easily weathered and worn away so they have come to occupy the low ground. The Fig. 1-Block diagram of Pine Mountain in vicinity of Warm Springs showing geologic structure. Faults are marked F. quartzites are hard and resist decay so have been etched out in relief to form the ridges. Flint River is the only large stream to of over 1300 feet. At the northern base of area and the rocks had become consolidat- cross the mountain belt. In the six-mile this expanded portion of the mountain lies ed to shales and sandstones, severe earth gorge of this river it has cut its way Warm- Springs, which, if not in a geo- movements occurred which buckled the through four quartzite ridges. It has chos- graphic sense, at least from a popular view- strata into sharp folds. At this time molten en, in fact, probably the least advantage- point, may be regarded as the center of rock from within the earth, mainly granite, ous route across the mountains on its the Pine Mountain district. was injected into the folded sediments. course to the sea. The explanation for In actual dimensions Pine Mountain is The heat of these intrusions and the pres- this anomalous condition appears to lie in diminutive beside the mountains of north- sure of the folding effected great changes the fact that the entire area was in ages ern Georgia but in its setting on the flat in the chemical and mineralogical composi- past covered by the margin of the Atlan- plateau of the central counties, with its tion of the sediments. They were, so to tic ocean, and that a thin veneer of coastal bold, steep-sided ridges, and particularly speak, cooked in the granite "juices" un- plain sediments overlapped the mountain its thermal spring used for the treatment der high pressure so that the shales were district. Then, as the shore line retreated of infantile paralysis, the district has be- changed to a rock full of mica flakes towards its present position, Flint River come a popular and nationally known re- known as mica schist, and the sandstones took its course across the flat lying sedi- sort. The superficial features of scenery, were changed to a massive quartz rock ments but, as it wore its way down to the a~~ wil~ I such as the mountain streams and water- known as quartzite. This process of change older solid rocks beneath, it found itself cutting down to, that is, superimposed on, falls, .the trees flowers that cover is called metamorphism and the rocks pro- the hidden quartzite barriers. Other the hills, the str1kmg VIews from the crest duced are called metamorphic rocks. streams may have had a similar history but 8 FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW I only Flint River was large enough to main- the water from this depth to the surface Harold Sebring Jr. tain its course across the mountain belt. Since that time the coastal plain material has been entirely removed unless it is represented by the rounded boulders that one may find on the crest of some of these but it is not clear why, at th;s p~int alone, the heated waters . appear as spr,ng-s. T. he story of Pme Mountain c.annot be wntten in the brief space of this article, but it is hoped that in the light of what Born to Mr. and Mrs. Harold Sebring J u1y 24 , a son, H arold, J r. Mr. sebrtng' Semor Is Assist ant Stat e F'orest er of Georgia with headquarters in Atlanta. hills or by the bauxite and kaolin deposit:;; has been said the intelligent visitor to the that lie west of Warm Springs. district will view the scenery not as ready- Camp Forestry Classes Pine Mountain is noted for its springs made but as the product of ages. He may At the 3-C Camp located at Albany, Su- which occur in a zone along the northern view that imposing trench which is Flint perintendent Eitel Bauer, a highly trained base of the hills. There is White Sulphur Riv