DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPM ~-==- Vol. 3 ATLANTA, GA., JANUARY, 1933 No. 1 FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT AND CHARLES H. HERTY SPEAKERS AT GREAT FORESTRY MEETING AT wARM SPRINGS Meriwether Timber Protective Organization Hosts to Large GatheringProminent Leaders From All Parts of the State-Forests for Land Utilization Emphasized by President-Elect Roosevelt-Utilization of Thinnings and Waste Timber for Paper Stressed by Dr. Herty, Who Exhibited White Newsprint Paper Made at Savannah Research Plant. Mr. Doyle introduced Miss Wilkins, donor of the tower. He then presented the officers of the Mer iwether T. P. 0 .: A. S. Persons, pr esident; E. L. Key, vice president; Stuart Stout, secretary-treasurer; Claud Botts of the "Foundation," and other members. He then presented District Forester W. G. Wallace of Columbus, who characterized the meeting as missionary in nature and valuable to the extent that the things learned about the better care and use of forests are put into practice. T. G. Woolford Presented Mr. Doyle then presented T. G. Wool- Those who attended the forestry meeting sponsor ed by the Meriwether Timber Formation of Local T. P. 0. The meeting was opened by Mayor Ed ford, Atlanta, president of the Georgia Forestry Association, to introduce visitors Protective Organization h eld at Warm B. Doyle of Warm Springs, who introduced and speakers. Mr. Woolford congratulated Springs November 29, were enthused by the Rev. W . G. Harris for the invocation. the Meriwether Timb er Protective Organi- inspiring addresses delivered by President- Mr. Doyle told of the formation of the zation on its good showing and for the elect Franklin D. Roosevelt and Dr. Chas. Meriwether Timber Protective Organization splendid audience assembled. He presented H. Herty, research chemist in charge of in 19 30 when Governor Roosevelt and State members of the Commission of Forestry paper r esearch in Georgia. forestr y officials addressed a meeting, re- and Geological Development in attendance: sulting in the formation of the organiza- C. B. Harman, Atlanta; Alex K. Sessoms, The meeting was largely attended by tion. Soon after the initial meeting 8,000 Cogdell; Leonard Rountree, Summit, and leaders in forestr y and in public affairs acres were sign ed up and later t h e area J . M. Mallory, Savannah. Bonnell Stone, coming from all parts of Georgia. The mes- was increased to m ore than 10,000 acres. Development Agent; B. M. Lufburrow, State Forester, and Dr. Chas. H . Herty, Research Chemist, were introduced as heads of the department staff in atten- dance. Representatives of the executive committee of the Georgia Forestry Association, not previously presented, were introduced. They were as follows: J ack Willi ams, Waycross; J. Phil Campbell, Athens ; Joseph A. McCord, Atlanta; Miss Emily Woodward, Vienna; B. C. Milner, Atlanta; W. H. Key, Monticello, and Gordon Reynolds, Albany. President-elect F r ank lin D. Roosevelt Appearing on t he Platform at Warm Springs to Speak on Forestry- Greeted by a Large and Enthusiastic Audience Prominent educators introduced were: Chancellor Snelling, of the University system; H. P. Stuckey, director of the Georgia Experiment Station; Prof. Paul Chapman, director of vocational education of the state ; Prof. Gordon Marckworth, in charge of the School of Forestry of the State College of Agriculture. sage of Governor Roosevelt on the place F ire fighting equipment was purchased and Other prominent visitors recognized of fore stry in land utilization and of Dr. a fir e tower, donated by Miss Georgia Wil- were: Ron. Hal Stanley, Commissioner of Herty on the bright prospect of n ew uses kins of Columbus, was erected by t he Commerce and Labor of Georgia, and of Southern pines in making white news- county commission ers under the direction Judge M. J . Yeoma.ns, State Attorney Gen- Print paper were h eartening to friends of of Mr. Arthur Carpenter of the "Founda- eral-elect. forestry. tion." (Continued on Page 2, Column 2) 2 FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW Forestry-Geological Review ROOSEVELT, HERTY (Continued from Page 1) diameter of old trees containing heartwood and unfit for white paper, the latter Published Monthly by the DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT State Capitol, Atlanta. C. A. WHITTLE, Editor. Bonnell Stone, Oxford, Development Agent M:re. Nellie Nix Edwards, Treasurer, Atlanta Dr. Chas. H. Herty's Address Mr. Woolford, in presenting Dr. Chas. H. Herty, told of Dr. Herty's great service years ago in saving the naval stores industry by introducing the Herty cup system; and now he has shown that white newsprint can be made of Southern pines, and as r e- representing the slowing down of tree growth due to fire. He emphasized the n ecessity of keeping fire out of the woods to get abundant, quick growth of sapwood for paper pulp. A roll of beautiful white newsprint, made of a combination of chemical and mechan- Forestry Division B. M. Lufburrow, State Forester______Atlanta E. B. Stone, Jr., District Forester, -------------------------------------------Gainesville search chemist in charge of the state paper plant in Savannah, is working out technical and commercial aspects of manufac- ical wood pulp from Southern pines was exhibited, which he said was equal in every respect to a great part of the paper used H. M. Sebring, District Forester________Macon turing paper. H e said Dr. Herty was there by Georgia newspapers. He said, however, C. B. Beale, District Forester______ Waycross W. D. Young, District Forester____ ________Rome Jack Thurmond, District Forester, ----------- ---------------------------------------Savannah C. N Elliott, District Forester___ _____Augusta to tell about the progress of this work. Dr. Herty sketched a history of his undertaking, telling how it was generally thought that Southern pines were unfit for he expected to work out the problem of greater tensile strength and make a superior product from Southern pin es. Samples of the paper made at the Savannah plant H. D. Story, Jr., District Forester__ __Albany making white paper because of their resin were distributed. W. G. Wallace, District Forester__ Columbus content, overlooking the fact that sapwood Dr. Herty called attention to the fact Mrs. R. S. Thompson, Stenographer, Atlanta that Southern forests grow wood faster Geological Division S. W . McCallie, State Geologist_____ _Atlanta R. W. Smith, Asst. State Geologist, than the red spruce forests, the present source of supply, and added that much of the newsprint used in Georgia comes ------------------------------------------ --------Atlanta G. W. Crickmay, Asst. State Geologist, ------ ------ --------------------------------------Atlanta Miss Margaret Gann, Clerk _______ ___ __Atlanta from abroad. To be economically independent of outside sources of newsprint he considered vitally important to this Research Division, Savannah Charles H. Herty_______ ___ __ __ Research Chemist George C. McNaughton ________ __Asst. Re~earch Bruce Suttle_____ ___ ___ ______ ___ ______Plant Engineer W. F. Allen _________________ _______________________ Chemist J. B. Osborne ___ _______________ ___ ___ Plant Assistant country. The South, he said, holds t he solution in not only its vast pine forests, but in its deposits of sulphur, clay, lime, naval stores and other materials used in paper manufacture. The easy access of wood to Southern mills and the nearness to the great paper consuming markets, he VOLUME THREE held, added to these advantages. The progress of r esearch at the Savan- With this issue of the Forest-Geological Review, the third volume begins. This publication, with its pred ecessor, the "Forest Lookout," has appeared monthly for two years. With the reorganization of departments of the state, forestry and geology nah plant, he said, had more than exceeded his expectations, but there is much data yet to be worked out that paper manufacturer s desire before investing in mills in the South, and this information he fully expected to obtain. were combined under the Department of Forestry and Ge.ological Development, Governor Roosevelt Heard and the present title of this publication Mr. Woolford stated that no introduc- was adopted. A third division, that of tion was required, that all he needed to say paper research, was created. Therefore, was "President-elect Franklin Delano the Review has undertaken to serve for- Roosevelt." estry, geology and paper research. With what success this service has been ren- Governor Roosevelt Speaks Earnestly in Behalf of Forestry Governor Roosevelt was given an ovation and began his remarks by saying: "I dered, is for the readers to say. contained no more resin than red spruce shall make you no formal speech. What I Enough favorable reaction has, however, been observed, to warrant the belief that this publication has served a useful purpose and the third volume is under- commonly used, and the fact that until Southern pines are 25 to 30 years of age they do not begin to store gum and make heartwood. Since virgin or heart pines shall say shall be just a talk to people who are interested in things in which I am interested. I have been most pleased with the progress of forestry in Georgia." taken in the hope of making this publica- have been cut and the pines we now have While serving in the New York legis- tion more u seful in promoting the great are nearly all sapwood, therefore the gre~t lature, he said, he was made chairman of resources of the state it represents. opportunity in the South of making white a committee on conservation and the first newsprint and book paper from pines. man to come before the committee was He made clear that paper mills could Gifford Pinchot, then United States For- Walnuts for Sale draw upon the forests of the South with- ester, who told of erosion taking place in Anyone desiring black walnuts for plant- out hindering the development of naval the Adirondacks. His committee was able ing should get in touch with C. H. Barker, stor es or saw timber. This he said co uld to get an appropriation of $40,000. This vocational teacher at Gore, and F. B. be don e by using forest thinnings for which was the beginning of his first serious White, agricultural vocational teacher of there is practically no market; by using thought about forestry. Georgia Industrial College at Barn esville. trees unfit for lumber, and by u sing tops H e spoke of an undertaking in New Students of these schools collected the seed of trees the lumbermen now leave in the York which calls for platting every ten during the fall of 1932. forest to rot. He had on display a trunk acres in an effort to eliminate sub-mar- of an old field pine with many limbs, unfit ginal lands from cultivation, the State pur Among the experiments being made by for lumber but still suitable for wood chasing these lands for reforestation. the United States Forest Service to com- pulp. Dr. Herty displayed sections of pine About 4,000,000 of the 18,000,000 acres bat the chestnut blight, is the crossing of trunks showing the absence of heart-wood of farm land are expected to be taken the American chestnut with the chinqtiepin. and sections of pines of equal or smaller from cultivation in this manner. More FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW 3 profitable agriculture, fewer and better The program of a notable forestry event ''LIGHT BURNING" AN schools and less road cost to the State in Georgia was thus brought to a con- EXPENSIVE PRACTICE were expected as a direct r esult. The elusion. $10,000,000 to be spent by the State on this project, he thought, would be repaid Reduces Productivity of Trees, Kills by forest products and in the savings men- tioned. "Other nations for years," he said, "have been practicing the raising of tree crops GOV. ROOSEVELT'S FOREST POLICY DEFINED In answer to an inquiry of Miller Free- Seedlings, Damages Soil, and Is Often Ineffective in Fire ControlBetter Methods Advised. and have been making money out of it. man , publisher of "West Coast Lumber- One city in Germany is maintained by the revenu e from a city-own ed forest. "We have figured that we can treat tree crops very much the way we treat cotton, corn and wheat crops and perhaps man," President-elect Franklin Roosevelt gives a general outline of his attitude on forestry from which t he fo llowing is taken: "Apart from the present emergency, I Throughout the naval stores belt of the South the practice of raking around the cupped trees and following with light burning, is widely practiced for protecting t he cups containing gum. without t he fluctuation s in prices which think we n eed a more definite and com- Various estimates have been made of the seriously affect these other crops. prehensive n ational plan for protecting, cost of t his practice, 1unnin g from 25 to "When every acre of land in every State in the Union is put to the best use for which it is fitted, there will be far less danger than now of overproduction on conserving and en larging sources. This plan should objectives more effective our "forest rehave among its stabilization of 50 cents an acre. It is not only expensive in labor cost but the permanent damage to the forest is much greater. A number of timb erland own ers in Geot- some lin es and underproduction on others; t he forest products indu stry. The excellent gia who chip their trees, do not fo llow the and then there will n ot be so much hit-and- program adopted t his year by th e Society practice of " light" burning. Reference is miss about our economic policy." of American Foresters needs to be trans- made to members of the Georgia Timber Protective Organization. Their methods are very effective in fire prevention and the total cost of fire control averages from 4 to 10 cents per acre, of which cost t hey get reimbursement from state and federal sources amounting to as much as 50 per cent. Operators on land protected at a net cost of 2 to 5 cents per acre can, of course, produce gum cheaper than operators who pay 25 cents or more per acre for protectio n. Some turpentine operators may wonder if t here is any effective method under t h eir conditions as cheap as raking an d burning. The record of Timber Protective Organizations in the turpentine belts of Georgia show that on a 5-year average the acreage burned over ann ually is less than 1 per cent. Greater care, of course, is taken to keep fire out of the turpentined areas of these T. P. O.'s, and the actual burned area is less t here than 1 per cent; in fact, the protection is practically 100 per cent effective. Firebreak construction, patrolmen, or- ganization of fire fighting crews and fire fighting equipment, such as are employed by the Timber Protective Organization, are an effective and much cheaper method of forest fire prevention than raking and Roosevelt Graciously Accepts Deed to Oak Tree from Grandchildren of t he Donors at W arm Springs burning. It is, of course, not possible for every turpentine operator to get leases on lands Deed to Oak Presented lated into more effective, coordinated ac- controlled by Timber Protective Organi- At the conclusion of Governor Roose- tion by individual forest owners of the zations, but there is no reason why any velt's address, a deed to a large, beautiful several states and the nation. We need turpentine operator cannot employ the kind of fire protection methods used by oak tree at Warm Springs was presented also, as I have stated on other occasions, these organizations. Some who had been as a gift by Mr. and Mrs. Albert Barnes. a soil survey of t he entire nation and a burning but were afraid to do so during Their grandchildren, E ugene Brown, age national land-use program. This has an the drought last year, also because produc- 11, and Sarah Brown, age 6, made presen- important bearing on reforestation which tion costs had to be held down by reason tation talks. Governor Roosevelt expressed must be jointly a State and Federal con- of low naval stores prices, got by very well h and cheaply by u sing the patrol system. 1s appreciation of being t he owner of cern, but with more effective engagem ent Add to this firebreak construction, and such a magnificent tree and of the senti- from the Federal government than it has these operators can go on safely without lllents which prompted the gift. received in the past." burning. 4 FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW "Light" burning is a misnomer. All tur- TREE SEEDLINGS SELL NEW HOPE AROUSED pentine operators know that unless all the RAPIDLy IN GEORGIA FOR NAVAL STORES debris is burned off the forest floor, there is still danger of fire. Effective protective burning, and the kind generally practiced, Supply of State Nurseries Rapidly Sold Demonstration at New Naval Stores is heavy burning and not "light" burning. Out to Landowners - Gratifying Experiment Station Largely At- The damage to the forest from raking and burning so far as the turpentine oper- Interest Shown in Reforestation. tended-Important Revelation. ator is concerned, is that which follows the The "Naval Stores Review" makes this effect of fire on the soil. The roots of Practically all of the seedlings grown interesting comment on the dedicatory ex- trees, of course, extend far beyond the at the State Tree Nurseries located at AI- ercises of the U. S. Naval Stores Experi- area raked around the tree. The burning bany and Blairsville have already been ment Station at Olustee, Fla., held Novem- destroys the humus of the soil which, of sold to land owners in the state for planting. ber 12: course, makes the soil leachy so that it does All of the longleaf, shortleaf, loblolly and "A new naval stores industry of the not hold enough water to meet the needs white pine, black locust and black walnut future is promised by the large brick-steel of a healthy, growing tree, and the soil seedlings have been sold, leaving only some building, in which will be carried on the is left bare to wash, losing in this way the slash pine at Albany available the middle studies on new stills, etc., new methods mineral plant foods left on the surface in of Decemb6lr. The sales have amounted to of producing existing rosin and turpentine the ash of the burned material. The direct approximately three-fourths of a million products; development of new uses. consequence is "dry faces," many more seedlings. "The industry is interested in these ef- than would occur if there were no burning. The two nurseries were not established forts to help as evidenced by the nearly Another direct result is reduced gum flow, until May of this year, and the output of 500 people-distributors, factors, timber for whatever reduces the vitality of a tree seedlings is not as large as the Division owners, but chiefly producers, who !at- lessens gum production. of Forestry expects hereafter. tended the exercises. They saw runs made In addition, burning off of the forest kills seedlings and small stuff, and the trees the fire does not kill are stunted in growth. The operator who burns is, therefore, cutting off future crops. Not all turpentine operators are careful to control their fires. Not a few widespread fires in Georgia in 1932 were started by turpentine operators to protect their crops and then were allowed to get away into other forest lands. This, of course, would not have occurred if the operators had not used fires to prevent fire. The sooner Georgia turpentine operators get to using firebreaks and other protec- The state forester is gratified with the readiness with which purchases have been made in view of the low purchasing power of farmers. The record this year indicates a growing interest in planting abandoned farms and sub-marginal lands to trees in the state. It is believed that the movement toward reforestation will increase and the demand on the state tree nurseries will be larger in the future. The sale of seedlings by the state nurseries does not measure the extent of planting in the state. Many land owners are transplanting wild seedlings of the forest to open lands, and those seeking tree seed- on the fire still, new methods of handling the crude gum and final products. They saw careful straining producing a clean rosin and they saw good cooperage. They also had the opportunity of seeing a display of various types of new and treated cups; they saw an exhibit of the Research Forest, showing that it took 800 four-inch trees to make a barrel of turpentine, as against a much smaller number of the large trees. They saw how rusty cups and aprons can give H rosin instead of WW. They saw these things and many more. They should have seen hope; hope for a new industry, an industry that is profitable." tive measures and abandon raking and lings from the state nurseries and finding burning, the sooner they will be earning greater profits for themselves and allowing the supply exhausted, are purchasing planting stock from the tree nursery of the BUSINESS READJUSTMENT AD- forests to come along in the best shape for School of Forestry at Athens and from VOCATED BY C. B. HARMAN future crops. vocational school nurseries. It is impossible In a November issue of the National to accurately estimate the number of seed- Glass Budget, C. B. Harman, forestry Whipping and Damage Forest Fire lings obtained from other than state nur- leader of Georgia, has an article that has In 1676 the Penalties Duke of York, brother of series, but it is thought that it is not unreasonable to expect that three to four million attracted much favorable attention. cerpts are given herewith: Ex- King Charles II of England, made the pen- pine seedlings will be planted in Georgia "We are not depressed; we are exactly alty in Pennsylvania for kindling a fire in between October 1, 1932, and May, 1933. where we belong. . . . We are 100 per cent the woods and permitting it to escape to better off than we were 32 years ago... cultivated land, the payment of all damages plus one-half more as a fine. If the Seasoned Staves for Rosin Barrels It is my opinion that the depression was over more than a year ago and that the guilty person could not pay, he was liable Formerly staves for rosin barrels were problem now facing us is, how can we be- to receive "not exceeding twenty stripes," purchased in carlots and before they were come adjusted to a normal condition, most in other words, be publicly whipped.- made into barrels they had time to season. suitable to the situation in which we may Journal of Forestry. But in these days consumers buy in smaller expect to live during the next 10 to 20 lots and the staves are used before they years? ... If we aim to restore that high- Based on the percentage of renewals have time to season, with the result that pitched position of a few years ago, we for the 5-year period ending with 1930, when the hot rosin is poured into the bar- are just fooling ourselves. an average life of 23 years for creosoted rels they shrink and leaks result. "During inflated times we adjusted our ties was reported by seven railroads. Some C. F. Speh, secretary-treasurer of the capital and facilities to fit the demand. of the ties were sound and in service after Pine Institute of America, has received Now in deflated times we must do the same 34 years.-Forest Worker. complaints of this condition and Mr. Speh, and there can be no other side to it." in turn, has given publicity to the plea Mr. Harman advocated a small per cap- From 4% to 5 per cent of the lands of that stave manufacturers cut their mate- ita tax, a general sales tax, income, inher- Arkansas are estimated to have reverted to rials long enough ahead to allow them to itance and license taxes and the abolition state or counties for taxes. The United season before they are marketed. of all ad valorem and like taxes. Such a States Forest Service considers that this It is probable that consumers will be system he considers would take care of the is typical of Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, more discriminating in the future in the needs of the county, including reforesta- Louisiana, Alabama, Oklahoma and Texas. kinds of staves they buy. tion. FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW .5 FORESTRY QUESTION BOX Does burning the woods reduce the num- ber of pine beetles? Instead of reducing the number of pine beetles, forest fire creates conditions favorable for the increase of beetles. Whatever FIRST DISTRICT W. D. Young, District Forester Rome, Ga. How do oaks and other trees bearing reduces the vitality of a tree makes it more heavy nuts extend their domain? susceptible to beetle damage. Fires create Extracts of Letters From a Patrolman Oaks, hickories, chestnuts and a number this favorable condition. It is well known November 19th. of other bearers of heavy nuts are at e to anyone who observes the beetle's habits, Mr. W. D. Young, District Forester, disadvantage in scattering their seed as that it attacks weak trees and is more prev- Rome, Ga. compared to pine, ash, yellow poplar, alent where forests have been burned over Dear Brigham: maples and other trees having light winged seed. Trees with heavy seed doubtless owe than in forests where fires have been kept out. Fires do not destroy pine bark beetles. Arrived in the big city of Alpharetta at 11:30 A.M. last Wednesday, the 15th. Had their spread beyond the reach of the tree Those burned in logs are other compara- to wait until 8 :30 for the owner of the limbs to the providence of certain animals, tively harmless insects. "Rolls-Royce" to show up so I could hand especially squirrels. These animals carry nuts in their mouths sometimes quite a HERTY MEDAL FOR him over the 15 bucks and make myself a member of the Amos and Andy Fresh Air distance, scratch out a hole and bury them. RESEARCH WORKERS Taxi Company. The car has no top, but Presumably this is a cache of food for runs pretty good for the shape it is in. future reference, but apparently they forget all about the burying place, and the seed, having thus been nicely planted, come Bestowed Annually by the Chemist Club of Georgia State College for However, the landlady has to loan me about 20 gallons of hot water every morning to pour over the motor so I can up and grow a nut tree in a new area. An Women at Milledgeville on Individ- crank it. interesting question is, Do squirrels bury ual Achievement in Research. the nut for food, or do they bury it to November 26, 1932. grow into new nut bearing trees that their In recognition of Dr. Charles H. Herty's I really enjoy my work. Mr. Elkins, the future supply of food may be assured? contribution to chemical research, a medal vocational teacher at Alpharetta High, and to be known as "Herty Medal" is to be myself are going to have a meeting each Do caterpillars kill trees? awarded annually by the Chemical Society night next week with the farmers. All The forest tent caterpillar (malacosoma of the State College for Women at Mill- the leaders I have talked to so far are disstra) has been known to so severely in- edgeville to the person in the South doing responding with enthusiasm. Hope to do jure forest trees by complete defoliation outstanding research work. something worth while. in May and June, as to kill trees. The The first award will be made in May Had a 12 acre fire on Mr. Shaw's prop- damage is greatest on dry sites. of this year. All men and women engaged erty last Wednesday. I had just gotten in graduate study, in teaching or in indus- through working on my Ford and was on How much of the rot of hardwood can trial laboratories of Virginia, West Vir- my way back to Alpharetta from Ocee be attributed to fire scars? ginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, when I saw the fire. B~lieve you me, I In the yearbook Agriculture, 1926, G. G. Alabama, Georgia, Florida, North Carolina really checked out for that fire. It took me Hedgecock states that as high as 19 per and South Carolina are eligible to com- and the two Shaw brothers about three cent of the volume of eastern hardwoods is pete. hours to put it out. often lost through decay, of which more The chairman of the American Chem- P. S.-Had to go to Atlanta Saturday than 90 per cent of the basal or butt-rot ical Society of each section will be re- afternoon to get gas tank repaired. Burned type enters through fire scars. quested to name three candidates for each too much gas last week. state, sending these names to Dr. Samuel The Forest Products Laboratory reports results of studies in the Pisgah National Forest in North Carolina which show 17 per cent of all defects in red oak are due Guy, Emory University, by April 1. Award will be made at the May meeting of the Georgia section held at Milledgeville. December 4, 1932. Mr. Elkins, the vocational teacher, and I worked like the very devil every night last to fire; chestnut, 20 per cent; bass wood, 18 per cent. Fowler to Plant Slash Pine week, organizing the Forest Fire Fighters. We had good luck every place except New- James Fowler, a member of the Treutlen town. The farmers there wanted more T. P. 0., plans to plant another 100 acres time to think it over. The way we worked What makes swellings or "cancer" on to young one-year-old slash pine during up the meeting was successful. I visited pines and what is the remedy? January, 1933. Mr. Fowler has planted the prominent landowners and urged them Dr. B. B. Higgins, botanist of the Geor- over a million slash pine seedlings since to attend and bring along some friends gia Experiment Station, identifies speci- 1926 on worn out and abandoned farm and neighbors. Mr. Elkins and I made mens submitted as evidence of a rust (cro- land. He plans to use nursery stock from short talks and then had a general round- nartium cerebrum). He explains that the the state nursery at Albany and woods table discussion of the F. F. F., after which swellings caused by the rust are covered grown stock which he will lift and trans- all who were willing signed up. in the spring with yellow pustules of the port to the planting site as he needs them. Mr. Elkins and I allowed some energetic rust. The mycelium, or rootlike growth of He has obtained a good survival in the past farmers to join who owned no land, but the rust, lives throughout the year in the using both kinds of planting stock. On who were willing to help in stopping fires. Wood tissue and produces spores every several occasions the survival has run as Did we do the wrong thing or not? Please spring for a number of years. The spores high as 98 per cent. send me some more contract forms and on the pine are one stage; another stage plenty of copies of. fire law and "Why appears on oaks. Burning Stumps Under Air Blasts Prevent Woods Fires?" just as soon as con- The only practical method of control is In British Columbia stumps are quickly venient. to remove diseased pines and oaks, and and completely burned by starting flames also remove those species within 300 feet with air blast created by a portable ma- December 17, 1932. of the infected trees. The disease is most chine. It is claimed that stumps are re- I received your letter yesterday and am Prevalent in low, swampy woods of mixed moved more cheaply by this process than glad to know that you think well of our pine and oak stands. by dynamiting or pulling up by tractors. methods of organizing. 6 FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW We were successful with our meeting last week. Five organizations are in process FOURTH DISTRICT Governor Roosevelt spoke for about omihalf hour, stressing the point of proper of being formed in "Old Milton." We held W. G. Wallace, District Forester land utilization. He described a land sur- meetings at Ocee, Birmingham, Crab Apple, Alpharetta and Newtown. Since writ- Columbus vey as one of the first essentials towards putting the lands to their best use. In a ing you last, the Newtown district has detailed description of the New York state come around and I have signed up 2300 President - Elect Roosevelt and Dr. forestry program he showed that a system acres. Charles H. Herty Address Warm of reclaiming marginal and sub-marginal The organizations vary in size and the total area signed up at present is 5329 Springs Forestry Meeting lands to the growing of tree crops would reduce taxes and expenses in a number of acres, and I have hopes of increasing the The forestry meeting at Warm Springs ways. He went on to say that, "We will signed acreage of every one. on November 29th was probably one of the come to a time when we will put over- Sincerely yours, HAM RASNAKE, Patrolman. most successful forestry meetings ever production in some lines and under-proheld in Georgia. Mayor E. B. Doyle of duction in others behind u s. Then we will Warm Springs gave a brief history of the have a more stable population with the P. S.-Oie Amos and Andy "Rolls-Royce" Meriwether County Forestry Fire Preven- same kind of advantages in the country is still clicking on all four. tion Organization. It was disclosed that that we have in the city." President - elect Governor Franklin D. Following the informal talk given by SECOND DISTRICT Roosevelt was the first to propose this Governor Roosevelt, he was presented with organization, and was the first person to the deed to a giant white oak tree, and Everett B. Stone, Jr., Dist. Forester Gainesville sign up as a member about three years the ground on which it stands, by Sara ago. The organization and its system of Elaine and Eugene, the small children of protection was later perfected when Miss Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Brown. This great Georgia Wilkins of Columbus, in the fall oak, which is 23 feet in circumference at Fire Protection Measures of 1930, donated an eighty-foot steel fire the base, has been in the ownership of the Two new forest fire fighti ng organiza- lookout tower to be erected on Pine Mountain as a memorial to the late Charles L. Barnes family for 120 years. The grandmother of Mrs. Brown states that when tions have recently been organized in the Davis. she was a little girl around 85 years ago, Gainesville district. One of them, known this great oak was practically as large as the Glades Forest Fire Fighters Organi- as it is now. zation, is located in Hall county and em- braces approximately eleven thousand acres with some fifteen owners. The second, known as the Commerce Forest Fire G. I. C. and Hogansville Hi Vocational Students Hear Herty and Fighters Organization, covers land located Roosevelt Speak in Jackson and Banks counties and em- Vocational Agriculture Teachers F. B. braces approximately twenty-one thousand White and Claude Bray, of Georgia Indus- acres with more than thirty members. trial College and Hogansville High respec- These organizations will be given assis- tively, with more than fifty students, at- tance by the State through the services of tended the Warm Springs forestry meet- forest fire patrolmen and are the begin- ing held November 29. These students of ning of what is planned to be a widely vocational agriculture and forestry gave located series of such units throughout the particular attention to the speech of Dr. district, which will influence landowners in Herty. The interest and attention of the fire protection and greatly bring about the Hogansville High students was proven complete control of the forest fire situa- when they easily passed an unexpected tion. examination covering Dr. Berty's address. Owing to an abundant and well distrib- The G. I. C. students from Barnesville uted rainfall there have been very few proved their interest by preparing detailed forest fires throughout north Georgia this essays covering the entire meeting. Of fall. Only a very few fires hav e been re- Oak Tree Presented to President-elect Roosevelt course all students were greatly interested ported, and even on days when fires would in the informal talk given by Governor burn there seems to have been very few. T. Guy Woolford, president of the Geor- Roosevelt. Apparently people who are using the woods gia Forestry Association, presided. Dr. It is well known that there were a few are interested in preventing the starting Charles Herty, Research Chemist of the men and women at the meeting to see and of forest fires. Division of Pulp and Paper Research at hear the next President, but I am glad to One of the heaviest snowfalls for several years is covering most of the district at this date and there seems to be no danger Savannah, addressed an audience estimated at close to one thousand. His talk on the possibilities of creating a market for sec- say that these vocational students were interested enough in forestry to absorb Dr. Berty's speech with intense interest. of any forest fires occurring during the ond-growth Southern pines for making remainder of the calendar year. newsprint and writing paper roused his Cataula and Fortson Forest Fire audience with an enthusiasm that will re- Fighters Organize sult in better management and protection Under the leadership of Forest Patrol- First State Forest Deeded of the pine forests of this state. man T. L. Colwell, two new Forest Fire The deed for the state forest of 100 President-elect Roosevelt, due to other Fighters' organizations have been formed, acres donated by the heirs of the Nixon business, was unable to arrive until after one being at Cataula in Harris county, and estate and located near Augusta in Rich Dr. Berty's speech. It was his only public the other being at Fortson in Muscogee mond county, has been duly recorded and appearance while in Warm Springs and the county. the state of Georgia has come into pos- first public address following his election The Cataula Forest Fire Fighters, with session of a state forest, the first of its to the presidency. His appearance is con- J . D. Thompson, president, and Charlie kind. Other forest areas owned by the sidered conclusive proof of his intense Ben Lynn, secretary-treasurer, has a total state have been acquired as forest parks. interest in forestry. (Continued on Page 8, Column l) FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW 7 Recent mining has disclosed much new MINERALS OF GEORGIA information about the manganese deposits, particularly concerning the Bufford and Brief Accounts of Occurrences and Developments of the State's Leading Minerals Aubrey ore bodies near White, on the property of the Manganese Corporation of America. The ore deposits occur in un- Reported by THE DIVISION OF GEOLOGY consolidated sand, gravel, and clay situated on the lower western slopes of a promi- nent quartzite ridge. The enclosing mate- MANGANESE, BARITE AND origin. Barite is most commonly associated rial has evidently been transported, and OCHRE, AND THE 16TH INTERNATIONAL GEOLOG- with ochre and in places both are mined has accumulated through hillside creep and in the same open cut. landslides within comparatively recent The scientists will examine mines show- time. The ore consists of boulders and peb- ICAL CONGRESS ing typical deposits of manganese, barite bles of manganese with some hard concre- and ochre. These visits have been arranged tionary masses of psilomelane and man- GEOFFREY W. CRICKMAY, through the courtesy of the Manganese ganite. None of the theories of origin Assistant State Geologist Corporation of America; Thompson, Wein- mentioned above explain these conditions man and Company; and the New Riverside satisfactorily, for it is apparent that the In the middle of July, 1933, a group of Ochre Company. manganese oxides were formed elsewhere scientists from all parts of the world will It is a common idea of those unfamiliar and transported to their present position, stop in Georgia to examine the ore de- with mining that ore deposits occur in a and are not residual accumulations overly- posits of the Cartersville district. The ex- more or less fortuitous manner, and that ing beds particularly rich in manganese. cursion to Georgia is one of many that, all predictions of conditions underground are The ore is mined by hydraulic giant together, will cover most of the United highly speculative. Through years of pa- operation in open pits. The high pressure States. These excursions, together with ses- tient toil, geologists have found that there water jet from the giants disintegrates the sions in Washington, comprise the 16th are certain principles according to which sides of the pit and sluices the ore mixed International Geological Congress meeting ore deposits are formed, and that through with clay and sand to a sump. A great in America for the first time in twenty a study of surface conditions, estimates and amount of material can be washed down in years. Each tour is limited in scope to a recommendations can be made for further this manner. From the sumps, the ore, certain field and the objective is to cover prospecting and development. These princi- with clay and water, is pumped in pipes this field as completely as time and con- ples are operative in the Cartersville dis- to the mill where it is washed, classified, ditions will permit. The group which will trict, and what appears to be a haphazard and separated into concentrates and tail- visit the Cartersville district will also con- distribution of the ore minerals is actually ings. The concentrates of manganese and sider typical ore deposits in the Mississippi determined by some local control. An ferro-manganese are used mainly in al- Valley and the Southern Appalachian. understanding of the origin and nature of loys with iron (steel), and to a lesser ex- In the Cartersville district there occur the ore bodies is a pre-requisite to intelli- tent with other metals. Manganese also deposits of manganese and iron ore, barite, gent prospecting; however, at the present has a number of uses as a chemical and as and ochre which represent a variation of time there is no complete agreement as a pigment. a type common throughout the Southern to the origin of the Cartersville ore de- Those who have driven along the Dixie Appalachian. The diversity of deposits posits. Concerning these deposits, geolo- highway near Cartersville, must have been localized in this area makes it a particular- gists are asked: To what depth do they impressed with the large scars in the sur- ly attractive field for the visiting geolo- descend? Do they become richer in depth? rounding hillsides. Inquiry would have re- gists. The State Geological Survey has pre- Are they in continuous or discontinuous vealed that these scars mark the location pared a description of these Cartersville bodies? Are they associated with some of barite and ochre mines, for in this sec- deposits to serve as a guide to members of particular geological formation? Any tion some of the largest deposits of ochre the excursion and it will be published as theory concerning the origin of these de- and barite in the United States occur. Less part of the International Geological Con- posits should answer such questions as than ten years ago nearly $750,000 worth gress Guide Book of the southern states. these. of these minerals was recovered from In this guide the extent and nature of the As early as 1891 Penrose claimed that these Cartersville hills in a single year. deposits are described and the several the manganese ores were in definite beds Since that time Georgia has to some extent theories regarding their origin are re- enclosed in the country rock, and were lost its commanding position in the barite viewed. The mining and milling methods formed in coastal lagoons very much like and ochre trade but a steady, if small, at the plant of the Manganese Corporation certain iron oxides form in present day production has been maintained. of America have been summarized in this bogs. In 1901 Hayes showed that the dis- Barite (Barium Sulphate) occurs in de- volume by M. T. Singleton, Consulting tribution of the manganese ores is deter- posits very similar to those in which man- Engineer, Atlanta. mined chiefly by chemical and physical ganese is found, that is, sandy clay de- The mineral deposits of commercial im- conditions and not by outcrops of beds posits of limited thickness on the hill- portance found in the Cartersville district especially rich in manganese as postulated slopes. At the Paga No. 1 mine south of include: The manganese minerals, pyrolu- by Penrose. He also believed some of the Cartersville, one of the most important site, psilomelane, manganite, limonite, ores to be due to the action of springs, barite mines, the ore occurs as a residual ochre, and barite. All of these minerals possibly thermal, which brought minerals deposit. Barite is a soft, white mineral, may be found together, although in any one to the surface from deep within the earth. the most distinctive characteristic of which mine usually only one is present in suf- At a later date Watson reverted to the is its high specific gravity. The chief use ficient quantity to form an ore deposit. theory of Penrose, although he made cer- of barite is in the manufacture of paint; Manganese and iron ore are most common tain modifications. His view was that the the mineral is also a source of Barium north of Cartersville; barite and ochre manganese and iron were deposited along which has a number of chemical uses. most common south of that town. Man- with calcium carbonate to form a lime- Beautiful crystals of barite can be col- ganese oxides most commonly occur with stone, and with weathering away of the lected at the Georgia Peruvian mine near limonite; in fact, all variations from nearly limestone the iron and manganese were the Dixie highway bridge over Etowah pure manganese oxide to equally pure lim- left concentrated as residual deposits. Later river. The crystals occur in ochre ore and onite may be found, and their intimate authors have followed Watson, enlarging are known amongst the local miners as association points to a common mode of his theory to fit newly discovered facts. "flowers of ochre." 8 FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW Ochre in the Cartersville district con- the Ocmulgee river between Dames ferry other in suppressing all fires. An organi- sists of a limonitic replacement of quart- and East Juliette. The organization will zation of this kind will aid all members to zite in the form of branched veins and ir- hold its next meeting January 4, at which protect their young timber from fire in a regular masses. At the Georgia Peruvian time the membership committees will re- cooperative way. mine the ochre is in hard quartzite and has port and the amount and distribution of been mined by underground methods. At fire tools will be decided upon. the New Riverside Ochre Company prop- Treutlen T. P. 0. Constructing erty, situated north of Etowah river and 1 y2 miles east of Cartersville, the ochre occurs in unconsolidated clay. These are not transported clays like those in which Demonstration Forest Located for Fort Valley Normal and Industrial School Firebreaks The Soperton Naval Stores Company and James Fowler, members of tlte Treutlen T. P. 0., have been busy for the past the manganese occurs but are residual, A forest demonstration plot has been two months constructing their firebreaks in that is, they were formed in place simply surveyed and management plan made for order to be ready for the coming fire sea- by weathering or rotting of the underlying the Fort Valley Normal and Industrial son. They use two-horse plows equipped rocks. It is generally thought that the School. This is a colored school and some with "Terrace Wings" and throw two fur- limonite was derived from oxidation of difficulty was encountered in securing a rows together, and about 30 feet away, iron sulphides in the enclosing rocks. suitable plot. A colored farmer, Sharper put two more furrows together and burn The crude ochre from the mine is thoroughly washed and dried to remove impurities before it is pulverized ready for shipment. The refining process is most commonly carried on in large shallow tanks where the ochre is allowed to settle and dry. For final drying the ochre is placed on shelves under sheds. Ochre is used in the manufacture of linoleums and oil cloths. The best grades are adapted for use as a pigment in certain paints. Felder, has allowed the school to use 14 acres of his woodland for demonstration purposes. The plot does not have a full distribution of age classes but is the best that could be found, and will afford the school excellent opportunity to build up a good stand and teach the essentials of good forest practices. New Bethel T. P. 0. Formed At a meeting December 15, the New out the intervening strip. All primary breaks are of the plowed and burned type and cost on an average $4.00 per mile, while secondary breaks on the Treutlen T. P. 0. are plowed solid about 10 feet wide and will cost more for the first year than the plowed and burned type, but after the second year they can be maintained with a two-horse harrow for $1.50 per mile. The Treutlen T. P. 0. has already constructed 400 miles of firebreak, the greater part of which is the plowed and of G. I. 2643 C. AND HOGANSVILLE HI (Continued from Page 6) acres listed for fire protection. Bethel Timber Protective Organization was formed in the corner of Telfair, Laurens, Dodge and Wheeler counties. Quite a number of the landowners in this section have burned type, and all the members plan to have all their breaks in and will be ready when the fire season comes. There are thirteen landowners in this or- been protecting their timbered lands, but ganization. An added feature of the Cataula were anxious to form an organization so SEVENTH DISTRICT Forest Fire Fighters is the Cataula Junior as to get a better cooperative spirit in Forest Fire Fighters, which is a group of fire fighting work. The following officers boys and young men pledged to assist in were elected: H. E. Coleman, president; C. Bernard Beale, District Forester Waycross the control and prevention of forest fires Thomas Pervis, vice-president, and G. F. in their community. Clarke, secretary-treasurer. The landown- Accidental Fires Reduced The Fortson Forest Fire Fighters under ers plan to do their own firebreak work Up until the end of December, there had the leadership of J. C. Moore, president; and dispense with a patrolman, as all men been very few fires in the Seventh Forest H. N. Smith, secretary, and L. G. Fortson, live on their own places and can cooperate District this fall. Most of the fires that treasurer, organized with 5257 acres listed with each other in looking after the fires. have occurred have been in areas burned for fire protection. There are sixteen mem- L. R. Lanier, secretary-treasurer of the off by turpentine operators prior to hang- bers in this organization, and it is expected Ocmulgee T. P. 0., was present and told ing cups. Accidental and malicious incen- that the acreage and membership will be the men about the success achieved by diary fires have been rare. more than doubled in the near future. This members in that organization. Out of the estimated 25,000 acres burned community has thousands of acres of in this district, it is estimated that less abandoned land reverting to young pines that they realize will be a valuable source SIXTH DISTRICT than a thousand acres have been burned through accident and incendiary burning. of income within the next ten to twenty Jack Thurmond, District Forester Over 95 per cent of the land that has been years. Savannah burned this fall has been burned by turpentine operators and landowners them- FIFTH DISTRICT H. M. Sebring, District Forester Macon Indigo Forest Fire Fighters Formed selves. It is probable that after January 1st, the amount of accidental and incen- On December 6, 1932, a meeting at diary burning will increase, but it is an- Berryville school in Effingham county was ticipated that the greater part of the acre- Falling Creek Fire Fighting held and the Indigo Forest Fire Fighters age burned during the next quarter will was organized, which includes 14 members be on turpentine operations, raked, and Organization with 4,500 acres of timber land. many of them purposely burned. Farmers and timberland owners met De- W. B. Reiser was elected president of cember 13 at Liberty school in the western the organization and L. V. Cauley, the part of Jones county and formed the Fall- county agent in Effingham county, secre- Pierce Area Organized ing Creek Fire Fighting Organization. Six tary-treasurer. The organization assessed An area of 13,000 acres has been signed landowners, owning jointly 4,000 acres, each member 74 cent per acre and raised up as the Pierce County T. P. 0. W. J. were present at the meeting. Officers $33.00, which will be spent for five-gallon Rich is president and A. E. Davis is sec- were elected and committees appointed to fire pumps to use in putting out fires when retary. get others to join the organization. B. R. they start. The members plan to put in firebreaks Jarrell, Sr., was elected president; F. S. All of the land included in the organiza- over the area and secure some fire fighting Cline, vice-president, and T. H. Taylor, tion is practically in one block and all the equipment. The area covers the northern secretary-treasurer. The land listed in the landowners in this little community are part of Pierce county and approximately organization lies in Jones county along members, and are determined to aid each 50 landowners have signed up.