DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMEN Vol. 2 ATLANTA, GA., MAY, 1932. No. 5 FAMOUS GEORGIA TREES SENATOR W. J. HARRIS STUDENTS CONTEST FOR FRIEND OF FORESTRY FORESTRY SCHOLARSHIPS Wesley and Lanier Oaks, Trees That In the death of Senator William J. Har- Examinations Were Held on April 23 Own Themselves, Largest Trees tn ris of Georgia, t he cause of forestry lost in Which Over One Hundred White State Among Noted Ones. a strong advocate. As a member of the committee on the acquisition of forest land for national forests, he was instrumental Vocational Agricultural Schools Participated. Brunswick has the distinction of having two of the most famous trees of Georgia, the Wesley Oak and the Lanier Oak. John Wesley is reputed to have delivered his first sermon as a missionary to America under a Jiveoak on St. Simons Island near Brunswick. The ancient oak, hoary with grey moss, is pointed out to thousands of visitors each year. The Lanier Oak is near Brunswick on the edge of a marsh. It is under this oak that the Georgia Poet, Sidney Lanier, wrote his famous poem, "Marshes of Glynn." The first tree in the world to own itself is a large white oak located at Athens. This tree has the unique distinction of having a tract of land around it deeded to itself. The people of Athens see to it that this tree's rights are respected. The second tree in Georgia given ownership to the land it occupies is the Oxford Oak at Oxford, Georgia. It is a magnificent white oak and the people of Oxford in extending the national forest area in Georgia and other States. Senator Harris was interested in all phases of forestry development. It was through his efforts that a special appropriation was obtained for forest research work in the mountains of North Georgia, a project in which the Appalachian Forest Experiment Station at Asheville, N. C., cooperated with the Georgia Division of Forestry and the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station. Senator Harris was also instrumental in establishing naval stores research work in the South. At the annual meeting of State Foresters held last year in Georgia and Florida, Senator Harris was in attendance and made the Georgia portion of the foresters' tour, showing a keen interest in all that was said and observed. He was held in esteem by all the State Foresters and Federal Foresters. His removal is a distinct loss to forestry. An examination to determine who among the students of vocational 'agricultural schools of the State are entitled to attend the forestry camp this summer, was held April 23 at county seats. The results of the examination will not be known until all the examination papers are carefully graded and a check has been made on each contestant's home project work. Interest in the forestry camp has grown since the first was held and after those who attended reported to their schools how they enjoyed it. Students who stood the best examination and did good work on their home projects, will win first and second prizes of $50 and $25 offered by Dr. Charles H. Herty. The Jist of questions used in the examination is as follows: 1. Name 4 major jobs handled in your forestry school program. 2. Name 10 important speoies of trees found in your community. are giving it the right to complete its life 3. Name uses of each of the 10 lead- unmolested. ing trees in your community. Thomasville boasts of the largest liveoak in the State. It is a mammoth tree with short trunk and great outstretching branches. These branches are as large as the trunks of mature trees. An oak that has gained wide publicity is the Lincoln Oak near Albany. Its fame grows out of the fact that the tree has grown into the shape of Lincoln's head. On the road from Albany to Radium Springs a silhouette of the tree reveals the Lincoln features. A number of trees have been planted on the State Capitol grounds in honor of notables of Georgia, mainly governors. In parks of a number of cities and towns of the State, trees have also been planted in honor of leaders. 4. Describe different kinds of firebreaks. What kind is best suited to your section? 5. Give chief reasons why forest fires should be prevented? Give chief reasons for fires in your community and what you think could be done to prevent them. 6. When should pine seed be collected and how should they be kept until planting time? 7. Tell how to make and operate a tree seedbed for growing seedlings. 8. Describe methods of planting pine~ in old fields; care of seedlings; tools used; soil preparation; spacing; depth of planting, etc. 9. What general rules should be followed in thinning? 10. What species of trees are most Perhaps there are other . trees that de- durable in contact with the soil? serve to be listed among Georgia's famous 11. What trees are used extensively trees. If so, the Review will be glad to make mention of them. SENATOR WILLIAM J. HARRIS Friend of Forestry for producing veneer? (Continued on Col. 1, Page 2) 2 FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW Forestry-Geological Review Published Monthly by the DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT State Capitol, Atlanta. C. A. WHITTLE, Editor. Bonn ell Stone, Oxford, Development Agent Forestry Division B. M. Lufburrow, State Forester ......Atlanta E B Stone Jr., District Forester, .........:..................................Gainesville H. M. Sebring, District Forester........ Macon C. B. Beale, District Forester.. ... .Waycross W. D. Young, District Forester..... .......Rome Jack Thurmond, District Forester, .................... .............................. Savannah C. N Elliott, District Forester........Augusta H. D. Story, Jr., District Forester....Albany W. G. Wallace, District Forester.. Columbus Mrs. Nellie Nix Edwards, Clerk........Atlanta Mrs. R. S. Thompson, Stenographer, Atlanta NEW STATE TREE NURSERY, ALBANY, GEORGIA, RECENTLY ESTABLISHED Geological Division S. W. McCallie, State Geologist......Atlanta R. W. Smith, Asst. State Geologist, --- ------ --- -------Atlanta G. W. Crir.kmay, Asst. State Geologist, ALBANY TREE NURSERY GETS UNDER WAY was extended to the nursery, and a rapid transformation of an old field into a modern nursery is the result. ...... ..:...--- ------------- ---------Atlanta Mrs. Blanche Ransom, Clerk............Atlanta Quick Work by Forestry Division H. trict M. Sebring and Foresters, were H. D. Story, Jr., Disactively in charge of Research Division, Savannah Charles H. Herty..............Research Chemist Starts Crop of Slash and Longleaf the work and deserve much credit for what Pine Seedlings. has been accomplished. Eitel Bauer, ex- George C. McNaughton ..........Asst. Research perienced and highly-trained forester, was Bruce Suttle ............... ....... ....Plant Engineer The first of two new State tree nurseries employed on April 1 as superintendent of W. T. Allen ..... .. ......... ----- ----- -------- -Chemist .T. B. Osborne......._........ ...... ..Plant Assistant was planted in the latter part of April at the nursery and will hereafter be on the Albany. The Division of Forestry had job while the district foresters resume their STUDENTS CONTEST FOR FORESTRY SCHOLARSHIPS much work to do to get ready, but the regular duties. preparation was carried forward rapidly The splendid cooperation of the City of and efficiently. The problem of water was Albany through the activity of the Chamber (Continued from Page 1) the first to solve. The City of Albany dug of Commerce, and particularly through the a six-inch well to provide water. president of that organization, J. A. Davis, 12. What is meant by "DBH"? What The Division of Forestry installed a and Dougherty County, has conhibuted is the length of a standard log ? pump, an overhead sprinkling system, pre- much to the undertaking, for which the 13. Describe the use of a "BiltmurE> pared 90 seedbeds covering a little over Department of Forestry and Geological De- stick" in estimating board feet in a stand- an acre of land; removed Johnson grass velopment is very grateful. ing tree. 14. What do rings in a tree trunk in- dicate? What do the light and dark spots roots, planted the seed and erected a pumphouse and the first unit of a packing, tool The establishment of the mountain nursery near Blairsville is progressing with of a ring represent? and work house; an electric power line the prospect of completion in early May. 15. Describe work on your home project; (a) Size of tract; (b) Thinning Blister Rust Quarantine How Dogwood Got Its Name done; (c) Number of trees planted; (d) Firebreaks constructed. Plea of the Barren Place Forested! Life! My breast once bore old Nature's smile. Georgia favors increased effort to restrict the white pine blister rust. State Forester B. M. Lufburrow has asked State Entomologist Manning S. Youmans, who is a member of the federal quarantine board, to exert his efforts to restrict this serious disease and keep it from spreading into Geor- A very astringent concoction used to be steeped from the dogwood and used to wash mangy dogs. That is how the tree probably got its name. The bark of the flowering dogwood yields quinine.- Service Letter, Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters. Beasts, with craftiness, hid their forms In my dense growths, and waited long, With patience, for their prey. They shelter found From nature's blast, and wildest storms; And birds here msde their song. gia. It is the hope of the state forester that G: Clinton Smith, Athens, Tenne ~se'!, the white pine can be used to some extent supervisor of the Cherokee and Nantahala at least to replace chestnuts of the moun- National forests in Tennessee, Georgia and tains, now disappearing as the result of North Carolina, was a recent visitor at the blight. office of the Department of Forestry and The blister rust has spread from Pennsyl- Geological Development. I weak'ning, wait, vania into seventeen states. Maryland, For men to come, with knowledge gained; Virginia and West Virginia in the south The Sahara Desert is moving south- 'Twas in ignorance, that they wrought. My hurts alone, I cannot heal; have been reached. It is a serious disease that spends one period of its development ward at the rate of three miles a year, Nor cannot voice my plea. on gooseberries and currants. The removal as the result of deforestation. Wide open! Bare! of these berry plants from the forest and _All wounds agape, with canker fraught, I mutely voice what earth can feel. for at least 900 yards distance from white pine trees is advised as a protective mea- . No one can afford to pay taxes on -Mrs. Ina Wycott, Atlanta, Ga. sure. idle lands. Grow trees. FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW 3 FOREST STAFF CONFERENCE effectively by patrolmen was discussed. AIRWAY PILOTS RADIO REVIEWS FOREST FIRE woRK This, it was thought, would vary with the FOREST FIRES IN GEORGIA sections of the State. Temporary Patrolmen During Fire Season Rendered Valuable Service As the result of interest aroused by patrolmen, new Timber Protective Organizations will probably be formed. Favorable Service Appreciated by Department of Forestry and Geological Devel- -Recommend Continuation. reactions occurred among citizens quite opment-Will Prove Helpful. generally from contacts made by patrol- A meeting of the staff of the Division men. Patrolmen were mature, capable The American Airways, Incorporated, of Forestry of the Department of Forestry men, some of whom had been employed at has offered to report all forest fires ob- and Geological Development, was held in much higher salaries, but were temporarily served by pilots in Georgia to the Forestry the first district at Dalton on April 5. The out of work and glad to receive employ- Division of the Department of Forestry chief purpose of the conference was to dis- ment. Twenty men were used for about and Geological Development. This service cuss fire control work, particularly by the three months after the first of the year, on is to be rendered free of charge. new work undertaken this year, represented patrol duty. In making the offer to the State For- by fire patrol work. Each district forester is compiling com- ester, Milt Saul, of the Southern Division All district foresters were present and plete data as to the number of fires fought, of American Airways, Incorporated, says: State Forester B. M. Lufburrow directed number of miles traveled, number of con - "These pilots would be glad to radio the discussion. Detailed reports were made ferences held, and other data showing what reports of fires from the planes immediate- of the various activities of the patrolmen, the patrolmen did. The reports are not ly if you will designate proper parties to and of their effectiveness in creating in- complete at the time the Review goes to receive these reports. This service, of terest among timber owners in fire control the printer. course, will be gratis on the part of the and the help they rendered in organizing ~merican Airways. Officials of th e com- and directing fire fighting. The April issue of American Forests pany feel that the advantages of forest It was the unanimous opinion that the carries an interesting and beautifully illus- fire control at the earliest moment is mu- temporary patrolmen had performed worth- trated article by Charles N. Elliott, district tually advantageous to the State and to the airplanes. Continued fires add to the difficulties of airplane operations on the line." The American Airways has double daily service over the lines between Atlanta and Birmingham, Atlanta and Montgomery and Atlanta and Chattanooga and, of course, to points beyond. Speaking for the Commission of For- estry and Geological Development, Bonnell Stone, Development Agent, says that the offer is gratefully acknowledged and that t he service will prove of great help in in- forming the Forest Service of the presence of fires so that district foresters can more quickly organize efforts for their suppres- sion. Details are being arranged to obtain reports at the State Forester's office at the State Capitol, and State Forester B. M. Lufburrow will relay the information to district foresters. (Above) : Beautiful H om e of Mrs . M. E . Judd , near Dalto n, where Foresters w ere entertained. (Below ) : Group of Distric t F orest er s. while service. On account of the fire sea- forester at Augusta, the title being, "Feath- son coming earlier in South Georgia it was ers of the Okefenokee." Mr. Elliott visited thought that patrolmen should enter t he the swamp with T. N. Burleigh, of the U. S. field before the first of the year. Biological Survey last November, to study The question of territory to be covered bird life of that region. MRS. JUDD ENTERTAINS COMMISSION AND STAFF At her beautiful home near Dalton, on April 5th, Mrs. M. E. Judd entertained members of the Commission of the Depart ment of Forestry and Geological Development and members of the staff of the department. This was on the day following the quarterly meeting of the Commission in Atlanta, and a day when a m eeting of the forestry staff was held at Dalton. It was a delightful occasion, with a charming hostess entertaining at one of the most picturesque sp ot s in Georgia, made beautiful by nature and by the art of landscaping. A delicious luncheon, a visit to the terraced and sunken gardens, where flowers and shrubs grow in profusion, an inspection of the forests, and the camaraderie of congenial spirits made the event one to be cherished in memory by all who were privileged to attend. 4 FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW THIRD DISTRICT C. N. Elliott, District Forester SIXTH DISTRICT Jack Thurmond, District Forester out 126 fires; put up 275 fire signs, and gave out 200 leaflets and other information to many landowners who are trying to Augusta Savannah protect their timber in sections where their land is scattering. Burke County Interested Unprotected Timber Severely One of the most important things that Interest has been aroused recently in Burned these men accomplished was to gather in- Burke county in timber protection. Short- The sixteen counties in Southeast Geor- formation on the cause of fires, and it will ly after Mr. Bonnell Stone, Development gia, which comprise District Six, and which be surprising to some to see a report which Agent for the Commissi_on of Forestry and are sometimes referred to as the "Flat- shows the causes on a percentage basis. Geological Development, talked with Colo- woods," have an average of 85 per cent Turpentine men caused 70.6 per cent of nel John J. Jones, of Waynesboro, the dis- timber land, or nearly three million acres, all fires, and stockmen 22.1 per cent. Other trict forester visited Colonel Jones and of which 110,000 acres are under organized causes include railroads, campers, smokers found him intensely interested in the for- protection as administered by six timber and lightning, and were 7.3 per cent. These mation of a Timber Protective Organization protective organizations. men encountered all kinds of people, both for that county. In a report submitted by the District woods burners and men who are trying to Through the cooperation of Colonel Forester of the Sixth District, at the last protect their timber, and this question Jones and J. L. Bolton, VocationalTeacher meeting of district foresters, it was shown was asked each of them: What can the in the Waynesboro High School, a meeting that 67.8 per cent of all unprotected land Forest Service do that will be of most help? is to be held shortly in an effort to form in his territory had been burned over, but What type of service do you need? There a Timber Protective Organization. now since the first of April, approximately were nine different answers. Four hun- 80 per cent of the area has burned. Due dred of them wanted a more severe law Milledgeville Planting The Forester of District 3 assisted in making an experimental planting at the Georgia Industrial School in Milledgeville. The seedlings planted on the farm at this school were the remainder of the season's crop of seedlings grown at the Forest to the powder dry condition of the vegetation and very high winds, which are unusual for that season of the year, a fire can travel faster than a man can walk. Fires have even burned over many acres which were burned during the fall fires of 1931. passed and enforced to punish woods burners, and only one man wanted nothing at all. These patrolmen accomplished a great deal and 90 per cent of the landowners want them again next year from November till May. School of the State College of Agriculture. During mid-April this season, this section The number was estimated by Professor suffered more from fires than for any Convicted for Woods Burning Bishop Grant, of the college, to be approximately 100,000. The planting was late, other time during the season. nating outside of T. P. 0. Fires origilands have At the last term of court, which ended April 13, in Hinesville, Liberty county, the slash pine having growing tips. caused patrolmen lots of trouble. Water one man was tried and convicted for burn- The planting was done by the school boys of the Industrial School under the direction must be hauled for and bays are dry. miles, as all streams ing the woods. He was caught in the act, prosecuted by the landowner and received of Mr. R. E. Power. Mr. Power is an Aus- Homes, barns, turpentine stills and other a sentence of twelve months in prison. trian by birth and is in charge of the land- property have been destroyed by men who Twelve more men are to be tried in the scaping and plant cultural work at the say they are trying to "secure" ,their prop- next term of court. school. He says that his ancestors have erty by "protective" burning, but who have In Soperton, Treutlin county, two white been foresters for 400 years in Austria and had their fires turn on them and destroy men were caught, convicted and sentenced that he is the first to wander from that everything in their paths. If there had to one year each on the Prison Farm and line of work. The school has already been no firebreaks constructed by T. P. O.'s that is at least two less woods burners for forested several of its barren hillsides un- in this district and no fire pumps purchased, that county next season. der the direction of Mr. Power. with which to fight fires, the damage would have been greater; even several small towns SEVENTH DISTRICT would have been destroyed. Jefferson County T P 0 Millions of turpentine faces have been Forester of District 3 visited the Kiwanis destroyed by operators who raked and C. Bernard Beale, District Forester Sayannah Club in Wrens on Thursday, April 21, and burned their timber, the fires burning the made a talk to that organization . about faces, regardless of raking. Firebreaks, establishing a T P 0 in Jefferson county. fire pumps and organized fire protection High Winds and Drought Cause Major Fires Like several other counties in that section, are the only way to stop fires. Every oper- Persistent high winds and drought caused much of Jefferson county burned over ator and landowner is requested and urged several major fires of huge proportion dur- the last few months, and the landowners to come to see, or get in touch with his ing the first part of April. These .are the are now interested in protecting their wood- nearest district forester and organize to first serious crown fires covering large ed areas. control fires. At least 75 per cent of the areas that have occurred in South Georgia fires which occurred this past year can in many years and it has severely taxed School Forestry Work be prevented next season. Firebreaks give the resources of fire crews to control them. Competition in several schools in the one a place to go and fight a fire when it While fire breaks have been of value in Augusta District was keen during the past starts. Have you constructed any on your checking the intensity of these fires, the scholastic year and the forester is going to land? accompanying high winds have thrown fire have a tough time in choosing the school for brands several hundred feet ahead of the the first place in his district. The choice, however, will depend wholly on the amount Forest Patrolmen Effective fire, thus causing the original fire to spread with tornado-like velocity. Since all ponds and quality of work done by both teachers Three forest patrolmen (temporary) and bays are dry, there have been no nat- and pupils. The Georgia Forestry Asso- worked in District 6 for two and one-third ural barriers to halt the progress of these ciation prize, as well as the prizes offered months, beginning January 20 and contin- great conflagrations, and it has required by Dr. Charles Herty, have stimulated much uing until April 1. During this time these hard, continuous effort on the part of fire interest in the forestry program in voca- men patrolled over 2% million acres; con- crews to hem in such fires with roads. tional schools. tacted 750 land owners; fought and put Time after time it has been necessary to FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW 5 resort to backfiring as this has been the MEMORIAL TREES PLANTED CHEMICAL FOUNDATION only opportunity for checking and securing such fires. ON CAPITOL GROUNDS COMPLETES GEORGIA GIFT It has been through the ready response of citizens to these fires that it has been One to Honor George Washington, the Sum of $50,000 for Paper Research Donal- possible to prevent them from covering Other Governor Russell. Mrs. M. E. ed to Department of Forestry and Geo- more area than they have. Many people Judd Presents Specially Valuable Trees logical Development. are learning the technique of fire-fighting of Incense Cedar Family. who before have never fought fire. By The donation of $50,000 by the Chemical next season, there should be available a Mrs. M. E. Judd, Dalton, donated two Foundation of New York to the Depart- great number of experienced fire-fighters trees of the species Libocedrus decurrens ment of Forestry and Geological Develop- in this district, who will, because of this for memorial plantings on the State Capi- ment of the State of Georgia, for use in season's work, be prepared to cope with tol grounds, one to honor George Washing- the paper research plant established at fires more efficiently. ton, the other Governor Richard B. Russell, Savannah, was completed on March 30. Jr. The trees are specially valuable and John L. Kane, of New York, representing Camping on Okefenokee Fire belong to the incense cedar family. They Francis P. Garven, president of the Chemwere planted on the east side of the Capitol ical Foundation, brought to Governor Rich- Hamp Mizelle; patrolman for the Bruns- square, near the junction of Hunter Street ard B. Russell, Jr., receipts and vouchers wick Peninsula Company's lands along the and Capitol Avenue. covering sums already expended on the edge of the Okefenokee swamp, reports The Libocedrus decurrens is a rapid grow- project and a check to cover the balance, that he and a crew of men are camping ing conifer attaining large size. Its foliage also a report to State Auditor Thomas Wis on a fire just inside the swamp. The only is somewhat similar to that of arbor vita. dom. The State officials accepted the gift, method of fighting this fire is by trenching No species of tree now growing on the thanking the Foundation for its splendid into the deep muck. By constant trenching Capitol square will be more beautiful, and contributions. Mr. Kane expressed the and watching, Hamp hopes to keep the fire perhaps none will be more unique and hope that the undertaking would prove suc- from "backing" out on the "hill" land, and striking. Trees of this species growing on cessful and create millions in wealth for thus save some splendid stands of pine ad- the estate of Mrs. Judd at Dalton attract the South. He stated that the Foundation jacent to the fire area. much attention and praise. had supreme confidence in Dr. Charles H. It is estimated by Hamp that several The two trees were planted according Herty, who is in charge of the research weeks will pass before the fire ceases to to instructions of Mrs. Judd, with the ap- project. be a menace to the high pine land. proval and appreciation of Governor Russell The State has set up $20,000 for the and under the direction of Development plant for 1932 and will contribute a like Tree Nursery Research Agent Bonnell Stone, of the Department of amount in 1933. Forestry and Geological Development. A contribution was made by the Commission of the Department of Forestry and Several other memorial trees have been planted from time to time to governors and FIERY DAYS IN BROOM SEDGE Geological Development at its April meet- other notables of the State. The tree plant- AND WIREGRASS LANDS ing, to research work on tree nursery prob- ed in honor of George Washington was in lems in which the Division of Forestry, the line with the tree planting carried on over C. N. Willet, Augusta, Ga. Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station the whole country in celebration of the and possibly the Federal Appalachian For- 200th anniversary of the birth of the The damage and losses of 1931 through est Experiment Station at Asheville, will "Father of His Country." forest fires and the setback to our coun- cooperate. try's forests, are beyond all computation The research work will deal with nursery problems of Southern species of trees and Cooperative Turpentine Studies and the tragedy is that these fires were deliberately set and with a purpose by farm- Southern climatic conditions on which At the April meeting of the Commission ers, cattle owners and by men in general very little work has been done. Botanists of Forestry and Geological Development, who, just naturally do not like to see, in and pathologists of the Experiment Station an arrangement was made whereby coop- the spring of the year a tall jungle of dead will handle important phases of the work. erative studies will be made of factors in- broom sedge or wire grass covering the Important scientific contributions that may fluencing grades of turpentine produced by terrain. And of course the extra heat and add to the best nursery practices, are ex- a modern steam 'still. This work is to be dryness of the season has turned every fire pected to be the outcome. done by the Bureau of Chemistry and Plant into a conflagration that has gone beyond Industry of the United States Department all former boundaries in the matter of du- Ashe, Pioneer Forester, Dead of Agriculture, which has a laboratory at ration of fire and area as covered. Lake City, Florida. This research work is The autoist today, traveling along the William Willard Ashe, of the United expected to develop valuable information Carolina coast, in South Georgia, and FlorStates Forest Service, died March 18 at in the production of naval stores products. ida, goes along a smoky, fiery pathway or Washington, D. C. Mr. Ashe was known else beside a blackened terrain. One can to many Georgians and was a contributor to a bulletin issued by the Georgia Division of Forestry, on cellulose. He was Warm Springs Foundation's Forest Fire Warnings see, today, for miles through the forest. All grasses, seedlings and underbrush have been burnt. All living seeds in the ground born at Raleigh, N. C., entered forestry The Georgia Warm Springs Foundation have been killed. Through large areas half work in 1892. He was a leading authority has placed signs on its property that are grown trees have been killed. on forestry in the Southeast. At the time so good that they are reproduced here. Fires that destroy all other grasses do 9f his death he was senior forest inspector "Do not throw away cigarettes or match- not injure the roots of broom sedge and of the Eastern National Forest Region. es, or light any fires. Please help to bring wire grass and these two grasses, thus made For several years Mr. Ashe was closely good timber to maturity. Help the com- permanent on the land and which are prac- associated with State Forester B. M. Luf- munity to "Keep out forest fires." tically worthless as cattle feed, and incite burrow when both were in the Federal serv- "Please do not pick the wild flowers or all of our forest fires, might rightly be ice, and Mr. Lufburrow feels that a most break the shrubs. Let our visitors enjoy called the two greatest plant devils of the valued and intimate friend has been lost. them, too." South. 6 FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW FORESTRY QUESTION BOX fourth, book paper, 1,474,000 tons; fifth , As will be noted, the growth of sweet gum fine paper, 593,000 tons. These figures centers in the Southern States, and next were for the year 1929. to the oak, sweet gum is the most promi- nent hardwood in the South. This, of What Is the Annual Potential Timber Growth of Young Trees? The annual rate of potential growth of timber of all species of trees now too small to cut for cordwood in the United States. is estimated at 3,590,000,000 cubic feet. Which Side of a Plank Should Face Outward? The bark side. It holds paint better and finishes better. If a board has a tendency to sliver the slivers curve inward instead of outward. course, indicates that storax production should center in the Southern States. Georgia has opportunities for producing storax of which it has not yet availed itself. Very little production is reported from this State. While this is apparently not the time to launch into production, it is a Of this amount the Southeast is credited good time to get information that will en- with 1,070,000,000 cubic feet. Other divisions are as follows : New England, 160,000,000; Middle Atlantic, 185,000,000; Lake, 815,000,000; Central, 250,000,000; Pacific Coast, 915,000,000; North Rocky Mountain, 190,000,000; South Rocky What is the Difference in Strength of Wood When Green and When Dry? Dry wood is as much as two and onehalf times as strong as the same wood in the green, or natural growing state, says the Forest Service of the United States. able producers to start right and develop products of high quality so that Georgia will be able to successfully compete in the markets. An illustration is given by Dr. Gerry as to the suggested method of chipping sweet Mountain, 5,000,000. gum trees. From the article, the following Thus it will be observed that the South- GUM OF SWEET GUM statement is reproduced: east is decidedly the leading section in po- NEW USES NEEDED "As far as woods methods are concerned, tential timber production. it is an icipated from present knowledge Present Demand Amply Supplied - How Many Crossties Are Used Annually by. Forest Competition Severe. Railroads of the United States? that in storax production, as in naval stores, methods of wounding that conserve the health and vigor of the trees will se- In 1929 the number of crossties used In a recent article in the Louisiana Con- cure the most successful and sustained was 95,521,000. Due to treatment for servation Review, Dr. Eloise Gerry, of the yield of storax. To this end such methods prolonging the life of ties, the annual con- United States Forest Products Laboratory, should be considered as pruning, and col- sumption is being reduced. For the five- Madison, Wisconsin, sounds a note of warn- lecting storax from the bases of the year period ending 1915, there was an ing against chipping new sweet gum trees, branches or as low as possible on the main average of 261 ties used for replacement for the reason that dealers report a con- trunk, chipping twisted or badly deformed annually per mile of roadbed; in 1929 the siderable surplus on hand at present. trees, or trees with decayed hearts, and five-year average was 180 ties per mile Standardization of storax, the gum of operating on stands which are shortly after- annually. the sweet gum, Dr. Gerry says, is needed ward to be cut so that there will be a to compete successfully with storax from minimum of infection possible through the How Much of the Forest Area of the United Central 9merica and the Orient, which scars produced. It is significant that in States Is Burned Over Annually? is sold at low price and is in greater favor the tests conducted by the Forest Products About 9 per cent, or 45,000,000 acres. than American storax. New uses, she says, Laboratory in Louisiana in 1920, more sto- Over 41,000,000 acres, or 90 per cent of are needed to enlarge the demand. rax was produced from trees with com- this area is in the Southeast. Much of the The botanical range of red gum, or sweet paratively small streaks or grooves cut in area of the Southeast is burned over an- gum, is shown on the accompanying map them, than from girdled trees where a large nually, under the erroneous belief that made by the United States Forest Service. surface was exposed." fire improves pasture, kills boll weevils and snakes, and because turpentine operators think it a good way to protect cupped trees, not realizing that better results at cheaper cost can be obtained by using methods em- ployed by Timber Protective Organizations of Georgia, and similar organizations in other states. What Was the Original and What the Present Area of Forest Land in the United States? The original forests embraced 800,.000,000 acres, or more than half the land area of this country. The present forest area is approximately 506,000,000 acres, of which about 496,000,000 acres are classed as the area having commercial possibilities. The commercial forest area has increased in recent years through farm land passing back to forest land. WILES 290 What Are the Leading Products Into Which Wood Pulp Enters? Boards for cartons and other package forms are first in rank for consumption of wood pulp, amounting to 4,385,000 tons. Second in importance is newsprint (newspapers) which amounts to 3,813,000 tons; third, wrapping paper, 1,586,000 tons; ~BOTANICAL. RANGE: ~ SCATTtfH:O LOCAL. .PROOUCTION - GRtA.TEST COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION Geographical Distribution of Sweet G'um. (Inset) : Method of Chipping Sweet Gum.- (Courtesy U. S. Forest Service). FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW 7 at Lewitson in Jones county. The not im- MINERALS OF GEORGIA portant clay operations at Dry Branch in Twiggs county were opened in 1897 by Brief Accounts of Occurrences and Developments of the State's Leading Minerals Payne and Nelson, followed by mining of the Georgia Kaolin Company in 1900; in 1902 by the American Clay Company and Reported by THE DIVISION OF GEOLOGY the Atlanta Mining and Clay Company. The Butler Clay Company in Taylor county began operating in 1896. Golding CLAYS OF GEORGIA W edgewood pottery in England. Sons Company and the Albion Kaolin "Sholes, in his chronological history of Company began mining in Richmond Article 3 Savannah, states: county. "'1741-Porcelain clay was discovered Wilkinson county came into prominence Clays mined in Georgia have an annual in or near Savannah by Mr. Duchet and as the chief producer in clay in 1910 when value of $1,000,000 to $1,500,000 and the china cups made. The trustees gave him Edgar Brothers Company beg?-n operations. supply is practically inexha ustible. The fifty pounds st erling to encourage him in Uses of Clays: Georgia kaolins are used great thickness of the clay beds and the his enterprise.' for fillers, white ware and refractories. purity of the clays themselves are prob- "Minton states that 'As early as 1766 The alluvial clays and shales are made ably not duplicated anywhere else in this American clays from Georgia, Florida .and into heavy clay products. As fillers, clay country. Georgia clay is highly valued the Carolinas were being sent to England enters into the manufacture of paper, paper wherever clay is used in this country. in considerable quantities. Th ese clays were coating, rubber, oilcloth or linoleum, paint, Locations: Clays are developed commer- regularly imported and used by Wedge- paint pigment, plaster and plaster products. cially in widely different parts of the State, wood until the clays of England were avail- kalsomine and crayons. the most important deposits being the sedi- able.' For white ware, Georgia clay is used in mentary kaolins that are found in the "The discovery and use of the English making high class pottery, table ware, elec- Coastal Plain, along the Fall Line between kaolins ended the mining of the sedi- trical porcelain, floor and wall tile, and the Piedmont Plateau and the Coastal Plain mentary kaolins of Georgia for over a cen- sanitary ware. extending from Augusta to Macon to tury. An American pottery and w:hite ware Use in refractories include fire brick. Columbus. Mining operations have been industry gradually developed around two The various clays of the state are suited carried on at Dry Branch, Twiggs county; centers, Trenton, N. J. , and East Liverpool, to making fire brick for high, intermediate, Lewiston, Gordon, and Toombsboro in Ohio, using at first local clays and then moderate and low heat furnace duty. Wilkinson county; Hepzibah, Richmond domestic primary kaolin and imported Eng- The alluvial, or river-terrace clays of county; Carrs Station, Hancock county; Butler, Taylor county; Stephens Pottery, Baldwin county; and Gibson, Glascock county. A white clay occurs on Sweetwater Creek near Kelly's mill in the northern part of Sumter county, and clays have been dis- covered in the northern part of Randolph and the souther n part of Stewart county. Deposits are exposed in cuts of the Central of Georgia Railway between Hatcher and Georgetown in Quitman county. The crystalline areas of the Piedmont Plateau contain a number of widely dis- tributed small deposits of primary or resid- ual kaolin s. Among those of greatest promise are deposits n ear Union Point, Dallas, Porter Springs, Holly Springs and Jasper. Bauxite and kaolins occur in Floyd. Bar- tow and Chatooga counties of Northwest Georgia, most of them being near Rome Typical Clay Mine on Border betwee n Coastal Plain and Piedmont Reg ions of State. and Cave Springs. Impure kaolin derived !ish kaolin. The use of English kaolins as middle Georgia, are used in the manufac- from Knox dolomite has been utilized in fillers in the manufacture of paper be- ture of building brick and structural tile. Walker county, and at Aragon in Polk came firmly established. The shales of Northwest Georgia are made county. Clays are also found under the coal deposits in Dade and Walker counties. Alluvial clays found along streams of Middle Georgia are finding commercial use. "Not until 1876 was the mining of Georgia sedimentary kaolin revived. In that year the Riverside Mills of Augusta leased into building brick, structural and roofing tile and sewer pipe. - - - - - -- George I. Martin, teacher of vocational History: Smith, in Bulletin 44, of the the Morgan property, nine miles southwest agriculture at McPhaul Institute, Sylvester, State Geological Survey, says: "The sedi- of Augusta in Richmond County, and for won the honor of being master vocational mentary kaolins of the Coastal Plain of ten years mined kaolin , carted it to Au- teacher of the entire south for last year, Georgia have been known since colonial gusta, used a portion of it in their product, announcement of which has just been made times. Legend has it that the governor of and shipped the rest to northern and east- from Washington. Among the projects in thP. Province of Georgia learne d of the sec- ern markets. which Professor Martin ranked high was ondary kaolins near Augusta and Macon "The next kaolin mining was in 1880 by forestry. and had some of the clay brought to Savan- J. R. Van Buren, of Griswoldville in Jones nah, presumably by Indians in canoes down co unty.'' If the market for timber is not the Savannah river and the Ocmulgee and In 1883 J. W. Huckobee opened a clay right, one can wait, and the tree grows Altamaha rivers and shipped to the famous mine on the Central of Georgia Railway in the meantime. 8 FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW NEW INSULATING FIREBRICK Plant Pines in Open Areas of LOOKING TO FUTURE IN. FROM ,GEORGIA CLAYS Hardwoods Pines grown in association with hard- DEVELOPING FORESTS Light Brick with High Fusion Point, woods improves the quality of pine timber, The Waycross Journal-Herald recently No Appreciable Shrinkage as High according to findings of the United States carried an editorial based on an address as 2,600 Degrees F. Forest Service. The hardwoods with their delivered by District Forester C. Bernard broad leaves create a density of forest Beale before the Waycross Kiwanis Club, An important development in the use of shade that keeps down limb formation on from which the following outstanding ex- Georgia clays is announced in the April tree trunks, thus eliminating knots and tracts are taken : issue of Technical Review. The discovery making clearer lumber. "This is a system of forest cultivation appears to open up an important new use Timber owners having hardwood forests that looks to the future. It has in mind a . for Georgia clays. The following is taken may well plant in the open spots the species section wherein there are always trees; a from the article in the Technical Review, of pine best suited to the region. section wherein every timber owner has an prepared by Fredetick H. Norton: "For many years there has been a de- NEW RESIN PRODUCT annual income from his trees; a section wherein forestry represents. a continuing, mand for a refractory having a resistance Abalyn is the name of a new liquid perpetual income. to heat of the same order as that presented rosin developed by the research laboratories "In contrast with this idea of taking care by a high-grade fireclay brick, while at the of the Hercules Powder Company. It is of the future is the policy of taking care same time having a degree of insulating described as a "resinous plasticizer for ni- only of the trees. actually being turpentined. power which would compare favorably with trocellulose lacquers and other products." Such a policy could be satisfied by raking the better types of insulation. The brick The indications are that it will find wide and clearing around the trees being turpenshould .not only have a high fusion point, application in the manufacture of clear in- tined and placing fire. in the woods to run but it should be resistant to rapid tempera- terior lacquers for metal and wood alkali- through the other trees and undergrowth ture changes and should show no appre- proof lacquers, leather lacquers, coatings on the land. ciable shrinkage at service temperatures for fabric and paper, non-drying inks, rub- "It has been proved beyond any shadow which may go as high as 2,600 degrees F. ber cements, adhesives, waterproofing com- of doubt in South Georgia that a forest "The problem of developing such a brick positions, transparent paper and similar policy of taking care of the present circum- has been carried on at the Institute for a products: It is insoluble in water and has stances only means a steadily declining number of years, and a product which a solvent action on practically all nat~ral forest. Year by year the amount of forest showed very interesting possibilities was and synthetic resins, rubber and drying oils in South Georgia has declined and the de- produced in small quantities. The mate- and is not corrosive. rial used for the brick was Georgia Kaolin, cline has been so rapid as to raise the question in many minds as to wheth~r turpen- which is a very pure form of white clay. New Treasurer tining may not be a disappearing industry. This clay has the high fusion point of Mrs. Nellie N. Edwards, who has been "In answer to such a question is the 3,200 degrees, F. A great many difficul- secretary to the State Forester and ac- absolute conviction of trained foresters ties had to be overcome in the development countant of the Department of Forestry that the income from turpentine, the in- of this product since the kaolin has a very and Geological Development, was made come from saw mills, and other timber in- high shrinkage in firing and must, there- Treasurer of the department at the last come can be made a perpetual, annual in- fore, be burned to a temperature at least quarterly meeting of the Commission. Mrs. come. These trained foresters have no as high as the temperature that it will re- Edwards was formerly connected with one doubt in their own minds that South Geor- ceive in use. Within the last year this of the leading banks of Atlanta and is an gia, above all other sections in the United brick has been placed in commercial pro- experienced accountant. States, can be made a section where there duction and most of the manufacturing H. M. Sebring, District Forester, Macon, are always trees to be turpentined; where problems have been solved. has backed his faith in the forests of Geor- there are always trees to be sawmilled; "The brick has a weight of about 1.7 gia by purchasing 1,400 acres of forest and where the timber owner may know that pounds, as compared with 8 pounds for a land in Telfair County. This property is money invested in trees will pay a hand- firebrick. Its thermal conductivity at in the Ocmulgee Timber Protective Organi- some interest every year. 2,000 degrees F, is 3 as compared with 15 zation and is, therefore, protected land. "Such a development for South Georgia, for the firebrick. One of the greatest ad- as Mr. Beale warns us, is and must be de- vantages of this brick is that it can be Recent Publications pendent upon the state of mind of the peo- sawed and filed into any shape with great "Florida's Forest Larid Problem," is the ple in South Georgia. If the South Geor- ease, which makes it possible to form in- title of a bulletin recently issued by the gians themselves believe forestry is purely tricate shapes for special furnace parts Florida Forest Service. J. J. Goulden, as- a matter of taking care of present commer- with very little expense. Due to the ex- sistant State Forester, is author. The pub- cial timber operations, South Georgians tremely porous nature of the material of lication treats especially of forest land in- and not outsiders will defeat the timber which the brick is made, it is rather per- come and taxes. fut~re of South Georgia." meable to gases, and usually the inside sur- "Stumpage and Log Prices for the Calface of the brick lining is coated with a endar Year 1930," is the title of Statistical Assembling Plant for Turpentine thin .layer of cement which seals the sur- Bulletin No. 37 of the United States De- Interests face pores." partment of Agriculture, compiled by Hen- The Turpentine and Rosin Factors, In- ry B. Steer. This publication gives valua- corporated, is erecting an assembling and Arbor Day Stamp Honors J. Sterling Morton ble data on stumpage and log prices for distributing plant at Valdosta. Large tanks the entire United States. are being installed. Turpentine will be "More Turpentine, Less Scar," is the stored in the tanks and transferred to tank In honor of J. Sterling Morton, through subject of Leaflet No. 83-L of the United cars and shipped from time to time as the whose efforts Arbor Day was established, States Department of Agriculture, Wash- trade demands. and as a memorial of the 100th anniversary ington, D. C., prepared by Dr. Eloise Gerry of his birth, the United States Postal Serv- of the Forest Products Laboratory, Mad- ice has issued a special stamp. These stamps ison, Wisconsin. Dr. Gerry has made many Burned and dry faces of turpentine went on sale at Nebraska City, former home valuable contributions to the naval stores trees can produce a flow of nothing of Mr. Morton, on April 22 of this year. industry of the South. but tears of the turpentine operator.