DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPM -r~~ Vol. 2 ATLANTA, GA., NOVEMBER, 1932 No._ll I STEPHENS HOME TO G. Woolford, president, Atlanta, and G. UTILIZING THE DEAD BECOME STATE PARK Ogden Persons, vice-president, Forsyth, of the Georgia Forestry Association; B. M. CHESTNUTS OF GEORGIA Lufburrow, state forester; and, later, Bon- Stephens Monumental Association Of- nell Stone, development agent of the De- Blighted Trees Suited to Number of fers Liberty Hall, at Crawfordville, partment of Forestry and Geological De- to Department Forestry and Geo- velopment, visited the Stephens memorial and reported favorably on the proposition Uses for Several Years After Killed -Salvaging This Forest Asset Is logical Development for State to of making it a state park. Important. Maintain as Park. About thirty years ago a fungous disease Liberty Hall, Crawfordville, Georgia, CHINESE CHESTNUTS THRIVE of Asiatic origin was found on chestnut has been offered to the Department of For- IN SOUTH GEORGIA trees in Bronx Park, New York City. estry and Geological Development to ad- Since that time this destructive disease minister as a state park, this department has spread throughout the range of the being the authorized agency for handling Blight Resistant Trees Five Years Old chestnut in this country and has already state parks. The home of Alexander Stephens and surrounding area of twelve acres is owned by the Alexander Stephens Bearing Nuts - Promising Tree killed most of the trees of this species. Crop for Coastal Plains. About five years ago its appearance was first noted in Georgia. All of the Monumental Association which offered to state's chestnut area is now infected, with turn over the property to the state at the Five years ago 160 Chinese chestnut only a few scattered trees in the Pied- meeting of the Commission of Forestry and seedlings were planted experimentally at mont area thus far escaping. Geological Development held on October 7. the Bamboo Experiment Station of the Chestnut trees in commercial quantities The offer was accepted and control will be United States Department of Agriculture are found in the northern or mountainous assumed by the department as soon as a near Savannah. These seedlings are re- part of the state, in probably all of the deed of conveyance to the state has been ported to have made remarkable growth, following counties: Rabun, Habersham, executed. varying from 10 to 40 feet high, and are Stephens, White, Union, Towns, Lumpkin, The home of the noted statesman and already bearing nuts. One bur displayed Fannin, Gilmer, Dawson, Forsyth, Chero- vice-president of the Confederacy, has by D. A. Disset, scientist in charge of the kee, Pickens, Murray, Whitfield, Catoosa, been preserved in the condition in which it station, had seven well developed nuts. Dade, Walker, Chattooga, and Gordon. was left by Mr. Stephens at the time of These nuts are to be planted to see if this The most attractive present demand for his death. The furnishings, library and high rate of productivity can be carried chestnut wood is from the tannic acid- mementoes constitute memorials of rich over into the progeny. paper mills in North Carolina and Ten- historic interest. A beautiful monument The Chinese chestnut is highly resistant nessee. The chestnut wood carries a com- has been erected to Mr. Stephens on the to the blight which has already destroyed paratively high percentage of tannic acid. property and above his grave on the prop- most of the native chestnuts of this coun- The fibre, after the acid is removed, is erty is a slab dedicated by the Old Guard try. In cooperation with the United well suited to making paper board, so that of Georgia in 1913. States Forest Service and the Georgia Ex- with this dual purpose, the chestnut offers Plans are on foot to have eight acres periment Station, the State Forest Service advantages in these channels possibly and a large building owned by the United of Georgia has been introducing, this va- greater than any other. Daughters of the Confederacy adjoining riety of chestnuts in the mountains of Thus far the tannic acid-paper mills the twelve acres mentioned, conveyed to north Georgia. Seedlings were grown at have not provided a market for more than the state and the whole made into one the mountain branch of the Georgia Ex- a small area of Georgia's chestnut belt. memorial park. The building on the prop- periment Station and planted in that re- Whether they will do so in time to salvage erty owned by the U. D. C. was erected for gion. the dead chestnuts of Georgia is doubtful. the purpose of establishing a Junior col- The planting near Savannah, in a region Therefore, it is well to also look to other .lege in honor of Alexander Stephens, and that has not grown the native chestnut, markets. is to be reserved for such use when the has developed unexpected and very prom- Chestnut lumber is still in wide demand college is established. ising results. The further progress of where light, durable wood is desired, such It was through Mrs. Horace M. Holden, the Chinese chestnut under coastal plain as caskets, cases, rough lumber over which wife of Judge Horace M. Holden, Atlanta, conditions will be watched with great in- veneer is placed, and for short dimension that negotiations were instituted to trans- terest. Thus far, it is reported, the Chi- stock for a wide range of uses. The saw- fer the Stephens memorial to the state. nese chestnuts at the Bamboo Experiment mill should, therefore, still be regarded as Mrs. M. E. Judd of the Commission of Station have been free of insects and an important avenue for marketing dead Forestry and Geological Development; T. disease. chestnuts. 2 FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW Forestry-Geological Review sections, afford an outlet for good such as the chestnut will produce. posts Published Monthly by the Shingles from sound chestnut timber are Vocational Forestry DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT State Capitol, Atlanta. C. A. WHITTLE, Editor. Bonnell Stone, Oxford, Development Agent very desirable. Chestnut also makes excellent crossties. From the foregoing discussion, it may be seen that there are opportunities for Club Reports Camp Students' Future Plans Mr11. Nellie Nix Edwards, Treasurer, Atlanta salvaging chestnut trees. The best avail- The thirty-nine students of the Voca- able market may not be the same in every tional Forestry Camp who received certif- Foreatry Division B. M. Lufburrow, State Forester......Atlanta E. B. Stone, Jr., District Forester, community. It behooves the timber owners to investigate their marketing possibilities icates of vocational forester pleting six weeks' training in after comforestry in -------------------------------------Gainesville and to proceed to develop the most promis- camp, were sent a questionnaire by the Ed- H. M. Sebring, District Forester________Macon ing as soon as a revival of business opens ucational Manager of the Department of C. B. Beale, District Forester______Waycross W. D. Young, District Forester____________Rome lack Thurmond, District Forester, up the various channels through chestnut wood can be sold. which Forestry and Geological Development. The questions asked sought information as ---------------------------------------------Savannah to the future plans of these boys, most of D. N Elliott, District Forester________Augusta THINNING TURPENTINE whom have completed high school courses. * H. D. Story, Jr., District Forester____Albany W. G. Wallace, District Forester..Columbus Mrs. R. S. Thompson, Stenographer, Atlanta Geological Division S. W. McCallie, State Geologist__ ____Atlanta R. W. Smith, Asst. State Geologist, -------------------------------------------------Atlanta G. W. Crickmay, Asst. State Geologist, TREES Some data on the cost of thinning average pine forests to 200 trees per acre for turpentining purposes are given by James G. Osborne, forester, on the Ocala National Forest in Florida. The diameter breast high of trees removed varied from Asked if they intended to go to college, 34 replied in the affirmative, 4 no and 1 doubtful; but several of those who expressed a purpose to attend college indicated that they saw no way to finance the cost of a college course. In fact, in answer to the question "Is your family able Miss M---a--r--g-a--r--e-t----G--a-n--n--,---C--l-e--r-k--_--__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-A--Atltalannttaa 1 inch to 5 inches and the number of trees cut per acre varied from 222 to 883. to finance you through college," all except 4 said "no," two others saying "partly." Research Division, Savannah One stand of pines was 25 years old and Undaunted, a number of the boys have Charles H. Herty______________Research Chemist George C. McNaughton __________Asst. Reroearch Bruce Suttle__________________________Plant Engineer W. F. Allen________________________________________Chemist the other 35 years old. The 35-year-old trees were harder and required more time to cut for any given diameter than the sought loans and means of working their way through college. How many have succeeded in their efforts, is not now known. J. B. Osborne________________________Plant Assistant younger trees. The 1926 trees cut averaged An effort will be made to check up on 2.40 inches diameter breast high. The aver- this and report later. Chestnut trees to be sold to the sawmills should be cut as soon as possible, for after the bark drops from the dead trees, the wood begins to check or split severely, and too, the longer the dead trees are left in the woods, the more the insects bore into them. age cutting time was 6 seconds per tree. Other than chopping time, time per tree spent in going from tree to tree, etc., amounted to 8.64 seconds per tree. The labor cost per acre in thinning 25-year-old trees with wages $1.00 per day of eight hours, was 10 cents per acre As one would expect, most of the boys intend to specialize in forestry in their college course. Out of those intending to go to college 20 will elect forestry if they go to college, 3 will specialize in agriculture, 2 in agricultural vocational teaching, 3 in agriculture or forestry, and 6 uncertain. Chestnut is well suited for mine props because of their resistance to rot. Coal, copper, zinc, iron and other mining com- when 200 trees were removed, for 400 trees, 28 cents for 600 cents for 800 trees and 68 cents 17 cents trees, 43 for 1,000 All who can not attend college would like to have non-technical forestry jobs and those who specialize in forestry in college panies operating in the south could use a considerable quantity of chestnut and trees. Thinning increases the rate of growth intend to forestry. devote themselves to technical would doubtless prefer able species of trees. it to other avail- of the trees left on the ground and the more rapidly the tree grows the more gum Six students expressed their intention of entering the lumber or wood-working Chestnut has always been a favorite it produces. The time for thinning, of business, five expect to engage in naval species for telephone, telegraph, and elec- course, is in the fall and winter. At that stores production, two expect to engage in tric wire poles. Resistance to decay, and time the turpentine workers are idle. one or the other of these lines. lightness recommend chestnut for this Eighteen students indicated their in- purpose. pole size A great amount of chestnuts of is to be found in the coves and CROSS TIES CONSUMED tention to do farming if they could not go to college, six of these expressing their on the mountain slopes of north Georgia. -TREE SPECIES USED intention to devote themselves to agricul- While many poles have been cut in this ture after attending college. All who re- region, they have usually been from the In 1931 the number of cross ties pur- main on the farm intend to practice for- more accessible areas. Pole prices have chased was 46,096,935 compared with 85,- estry on their farms and render community not justified the expense of harvesting and 662,513 in 1929; according to the U. S. forestry service so far as possible. hauling chestnut poles from the more re- Department of Commerce. Steam rail- mote mountain sections. Pole buyers have roads took 43,737,809 of which 9,242,595 From Martha Big Talk not undertaken to organize the develop- were treated. Electric railroads used 2,- District Forester C. N. Elliott, Augusta, ment of the chestnut pole supply in north 359,126 of which 753,529 were treated. received recently a letter from a student Georgia except in a few instances. More The remainder were switch and bridge ties. of Pierre Indian School at Pierre, South pole buyers is probably the chief need. The number by tree species for steam Dakota. The letter is as follows: Local initiative in this particular may be railroads and electric railroads is as fol- I am in the fifth grade in the well worth while. lows: Oak 16,909,321, Pines 10,837,121, Pierre Indian School. We are study- No organized effort has been made in Douglas fir 3,368,980, gums 878,354, cy- ing about forests. We would like for Georgia to convert dead chestnuts into press 3,204,655, hemlocks 1,002,565, ce- you to send us some material about fence posts. No timber is more desirable dars 1,390,906, maples 572,913, chestnut your forests. for posts, for very few woods will last as 141,387, beech 219,173, larches 399,341, Thank you. long in contact with the soil. Areas of birch 687,156, redwood 261,319; not speci- Your friend, this country, particularly of the prairie fied and other species 6,233,664. MARTHA BIG TALK. FORpSTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW 3 VOCATIONAL STUDENTS got from the excursion. sites for school forests and will join the VISIT PAPER PLANT Dr. Charles H. Herty, chemist in charge of the research plant, was present, took state's vocational teachers in making white schools 100 per cent active in the the the boys through the plant and explained vocational forestry work. Twenty- five Students of Forestry, each step in the production of paper from The new vocational agricultural schools Georgia Industrial College, Barnes- the wood to the finished product. He thus far listed this year and their teachers ville, Go to Savannah to Inspect Paper Research Plant-Or. Herty Explains Paper Making. showed them that pines, gums and other woods of Georgia are capable of making excellent white newsprint and book paper. The proof of it was presented in samples are as follows: Clarkesville High, Clarkesville, H. A. Inglis; Johnson Corners High, Lyons, J. H. Sims; Ocilla High, Ocilla; Mystic High, of high-grade paper. Ocilla, K. N. Phillips; New Branch High, Twenty-five students of Georgia Indus- Dr. Herty told the students something Lyons, J. C. Richardson; Preston High, trial College headed by F. B. White, voca- of the history of the development of the Preston, T. E. Ritchie; Cohntta High, Co- tional agricultural teacher, went by school idea of making white newsprint and book hutta, C. R. Wilcox; Mt. View High, Ma- truck to Savannah, October 1, to study the paper from southern pines, how misconcep- rietta, L. T. Hagood; Alpharetta High, Al- production of paper at the state research tions of the adaptability of the pine have pharetta, P. L. Elkins; Seventh District A. plant. They carried tents and camped been dispelled, and how the research paper and M. School, Powder Springs, G. L. two nights, and also used the opportunity plant is working out answers to technical Blackwell. to study south Georgia trees and bamboos grown at the Bamboo Experiment Station near Savannah. The Chamber of Commerce of Savannah problems of how to produce paper economically from pines. He led the young agriculturalists to expect a new market for their pines and various hardwoods. District foresters are making surveys school forests and management plans be carried out by the schools. of to and individual citizens saw to it that the The visitors were greatly impressed with boys had a full program of entertainment, Dr. Herty's words, and went away feeling TAYLOR COUNTY including sightseeing and free admission that they had been honored by an opporto a football game. The G. I. C. boys tunity to meet Dr. Herty and to witness FORESTRY MINDED were immensely pleased not only with all an epochal - step in the development of they learned but with the pleasure they Georgia's great forest resources. County Agent W. A. Lundy of Taylor county is in the market for 100,000 seed- lings to plant in the spring. A number of land owners in that county contemplate putting idle lands to growing trees. Taylor county not only .has a county agent pushing forestry but an agricultural vocational teacher at the Butler High School who is teaching forestry, establish- ing students' home forest demonstrations and otherwise promoting tree production. As mentioned elsewhere J. S. Green, a prominent citizen, is offering $25 in prizes for the best student essays on forestry. Group of Students Studying Forestry at Geor g ia Industrial College, Barnesv ille, Starting on Interesting Trip to Savannah to Visit Research Paper Plant. POLE DEMAND, 1931 -TREE SPECIES USED PAMPHLET DESCRIBES VOCATIONAL FORESTRY CAMP the winning essay of John Noland of W alker Park, as follows: "What a wonderful thing to bring together in one group the Five species of trees provided the 2,418,366 poles used in 1931. The number of boys from every county in the state who poles used shows a decline of 47 per cent A pamphlet entitled "The Vocational are most interested in forestry! It will as compared to 1929. Forestry Camp" prepared by Paul W. mean much in the building of citizenship Pines lead with 1,123,071 poles. Others Chapman, Director of the Division of Vo- and in creating the desire in all of us to are western red cedar 743,765, northern cational Education of the State, and is- be of greater service to our fellowmen." white cedar 301,951, southern white cedar sued by that division, has appeared. 17,054, southern red cedar 11,025, chest- The .introductory statement of the publication is: "Georgia has developed a unique and practical method of teaching NEW SCHOOLS PLAN FORESTRY PROJECTS nut 187,056, cypress 15,3 15, Douglas fir 7,057; all others 12,072. Of the total of 2,418,368 poles used in forestry to farm boys. Perhaps the most 1931, 2,036,400 were treated and 381,966 interesting feature of the plan is the Vo- Rural Consolidated High Schools of were untreated. Most of the pine poles cational Forestry Camp. This schoolcamp, which is held annually for a period of three weeks during July and August, is an intensive training course in practical Georgia Join 100 Per Cent in Co- were taken from southern forests and operative Work With State Forest 1,076,962 were treated or about 96 per Service. cent. forestry designed for those boys who have demonstrated through their knowledge and While some rural consolidated schools Forestry Essay Prizes accomplishments that they have a special have discontinued their vocational agri- J. S. Green, naval stores operator and interest in forestry." cultural departments and automatically progressive citizen of Butler, has offered The pamphlet describes the school-camp ended their work in forestry, others have $25 in prizes to public school students of plans of practical courses, field work, ex- inaugurated vocational agricultural teach- the county for the best essays on forestry. cursions, athletics, entertainments, awards, ing. All of the vocational agricultural W. A. Lundy, county agent, is planning the and closes with a statement taken from teachers in the new schools have selected contest. 4 FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW FORESTRY QUESTION BOX trees, showed an average yield of 24.08 FIRST FOREST FIRE pounds per tree. The average yield of oil has been 33 1/3 per cent. The average price FIGHTERS ORGANIZED of oil has been around 15 cents a pound. Each tree, therefore, produced approxi- Has southern pine been used for mak- mately $1.20 worth of oil per year. An Lee County, Under District Forester ing rayon? acre of 63 trees, at this rate, would yield H. D. Story, Jr., Forms First of Only in an experimental way. The Her- $72 in oil each year. The grower, however, cules Powder Company has made excel- would ordinarily sell nuts to an oil mill New Forest Protective Organization. lent artificial silk from fiber of pine stumps and could not get the full oil value. But from which naval stores products had been the oil mill market will doubtless offer a Lee county has the distinction of form- extracted. An exhibit of rayon from this price that would make growing tung oil ing the first of the newly authorized For- source was made by this company at Rome nuts profitable. est Fire Fighters organization. The or- during the annual meeting of the Georgia How high up would it be advisable to ganization signed up 5,465 acres, sub- Forestry Association in June of this year. prune young pines? scribed $100 for fire fighting equipment Red spruce is the wood most generally Not more than half the height of the and members agreed to help each other used in producing rayon. Since it has pine. Greater pruning will slow up the construct fire breaks and to fight fires. been demonstrated that pine fiber is adapted to rayon production, perhaps it will be looked to as a future supply of cellulose material for this purpose. growth. Pruning is now recognized as a profitable practice in improving the quality of logs, also in improving conditions for turpentine faces. Officers of the organization are P. A. Price, president; H. G. Tison, vice president; J. T. Hooks, secretary-treasurer. Other initial members are J. E. Workman Which are the better seed, those from and George Larsen. District Forester a young or from an old pine tree? Pines and Perfumes Story reports that he has prospects of add- Planting records show that seed from young, thrifty trees give a higher percent- The Pines are of interest and importance in that they are the source of num- ing several new members tion. to this organiza- age of germination than seed from old ero,vs aromatic oils which find their way This new type of organization is to sup- trees. The seed from weigh more also. young trees usually into the perfume industry either in the original condition or as the basis of syn- plement the tion already Timber Protective Organizain existence, particularly to What should I do to control an outbreak thetic chemicals which have odor values. meet the needs of land owners who find of bark beetles in pines? While turpentine as such is not of any it difficult to organize 10,000-acre units, Cut out the infested trees, remove the use in perfumery, the alcohol "Terpineol" the minimum called for by the Timber Pro- wood, burn the limbs and debris left by and its esters, prepared from it are of the tective Organization plan. the tree. Since beetles usually attack weaker trees, it may be well to stimulate growth next spring by fertilizing trees around the spot where the infested trees were greatest importance. Terpineol is the basic odor of lilac, lily, narcissus and many other plant perfumes, and is one of the triumphs of the chemist in the industry for The Division of Forestry hopes that the new plan will prove popular especially in parts of the state where land holdings are in comparatively small bodies. removed. Barnyard manure or sulphate of its fragrance and cheapness. ammonia, or a complete fertilizer may Various pine needle oils are employed be used. as aromatic sprays for theatres and hos- How should I prune a large oak tree? pitals. Naval Stores Returns, September Cut off the limbs that are encroaching on the roof of your house by removing them close to the trunk. Also cut off dead limbs and thin out other limbs that you Cypress tree branches yield a fragrant oil which contains "Cypress camphor" as a constituent and used as a fixative in various scents.-Robert Glenk, in Conservation Review (La.). -Show Increases According to computations of the Carson Naval Stores Company, Savannah, which appear in the Naval Stores Review, think can be spared. Do not cut off all limbs the naval stores producer enjoyed an ap- and the top, leaving a stub. If the tree is not killed outright by this severe treatment, Oak Moss preciation per unit at the still in the value of his output in September over August it will not last long because decay will us- In the Louisiana Conservation Review of $34.63 as compared to $29.04 for Au- ually set in in the stub and the new limbs Robert Glenk, Curator, Louisiana State gust, a gain of 18 per cent. September will have such poor connection with the Museum, in an article on perfume yield- was the first month this season showing a trunk that they are likely to be stripped ing plants, has this to say about oak moss: net return to the still greater than for a off by a storm. "Oak Moss, a lichen of the Parmelia corresponding month of the previous Paint the wounds made in removing family, grows abundantly on the live and season. limbs. A creosote paint is preferable. water oaks of the South. It has a char- Which will produce more heat, pine or acteristic odor which is extracted by pe- hickory? troleum ether and is in great demand for the composition of heavy bouquets and Naval Stores Demonstration According to the Forest Products Lab- perfumes. The natural products range in On October 4 and 6, were demonstration oratory of the United States Department of Agriculture, pound for pound, pine wood price from five lars per pound. dollars to twenty-five dol- days tion at at the naval stores Olustee, Florida. experiment staA number of gives off more heat than hickory. A cord of hickory, being heavier than pine may "It may be interesting to know that this visitors lichen formed part of the funeral equip- nessed including some Georgians methods recommended by witthe give off more heat than a cord of pine. Most resinous woods, like pine, have a higher heat production value per pound than non-resinous woods. ment of the early kings and was an article of commerce in Egypt five thousand years ago. It was used as an ingredient in bread making and in the form of pulverized oak United States Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, which yielded over three gallons more turpentine per charge than ordinary methods. How much oil will a tung oil tree produce and. what would it be worth? Tests made by the University of Florida over a period of ten years on full bearing moss was used as a hair powder in colonial days, imparting both tint and odor to the coiffure of the ladies and the wigs of the gentlemen." Naval stores operators are invited by the station to bring their production problems to its attention. The office of the stations is located at Lake City, Florida. 5 FIRST DISTRICT W. D. Young, District Forester Rome Milton County Forest Survey Statistics of the old Milton county sur- vey show that the present timber stand of the area amounts to 80,066,380 board feet for all species, and 11,668 cords of pulpwood in addition. The area surveyed, excluding the Ros- well district, the town limits of Alpharetta and of Mountain Park, amounted to 83,394 acres, of which 46,550 acres are in culti- vation, 36,517 acres in forest, including merchantable timber and restocking areas, and 327 acres of grazing land. Three timber types were considered in making the survey: pine and hardwood type; pine type; hardwood type. The pine-hardwood type, which has a SECOND DISTRICT E. B. Stone, Jr., District Forester Gainesville greater acreage than either of the other two, has a total acreage of 12,982 with Enormous Tree Removed From North board foot content of 35,921,194. The amount of pine in this type is 53 per cent Georgia Forest and that of hardwoods 47 per cent. Some idea of the value of the forests of The pine type has an area of 9,546 acres North Georgia was very forcibly brought with a total board foot content of 32,370,- out through the cutting and sale recently 486; 82 per cent pine and 18 per cent of an enormous yellow poplar or tulip tree hardwood. on land of the Pfister and Vogel Company The hardwood type has an area of 4,806 in Towns county. acres with a total board foot content of This tree is one of the largest and, as 11,774,700. Eighty-seven and one-half per far as we know, the largest tree of which cent of the volume in this type is in hard- any authentic record has been kept. This woods and 12 1h per cent is in pine. tree grew near Jacks Gap north of the The area restocking embraces 9,183 Blue Ridge in a deep, moist cove, the site acres out of the total forested area of on which this species of tree usually occurs. 36,517 acres, approximately 70 per cent. The tree was 69 inches in diameter at a Practically all areas restocking are coming point 4 'h feet from the ground, and the back to pine, most of which is loblolly. total board feet scale was 8,931 feet. On The r eport and map of the area will account of the fact that the tree was what soon be finished, after which a more de- is known as curly veneer material it tailed article on the findings in the county brought a price of $30.00 per thousand can be published. board feet, making a total value for the Lookout Mountain T. P. 0. Has Good Record tree of $267.93. Monster North Georgia Mountain Yel;ow Poplar. Below, the Standing Tree ; above, Cut into Logs. Yellow poplar or tulip tree, the techni- (Courtesy U. S. Forest Service.) cal name of which is Liriodendron tulipi- ------------------- A visit was made by the District Forester fera, is the only reJillaining species of the T. P. O.'s Get Ready for Fire Season to the Lookout Mountain T. P. 0. during the last few days of October. The patrolman, 0. C. Green, stated that the T. P. 0. had a very successful protection program last fire season. family widely distributed throughout North America; and the only other species of this family, which is a small tree, grows in Asia. The fall fire season will soon be here and preparations are being made to prevent and control forest fires. The local timber protective organizations During the fire season from October 1st, Owing to the fact that this most valuable have thoroughly repaired their telephone 1931, through May 30th, 1932, only four species has a power to resist disease and lines. Trails and roads have been re- fires were r eported on the Lookout Moun- occurs usually on moist sites where it is paired so as to make the forest more ac- tain T. P. 0. of 12,500 acres. This speak s not so apt to be injured by forest fires it cessible to fire fighters, and tools and well for the efforts of the patrolman as has managed to survive over many thou- equipment have been overhauled and well as the local landowners and tenants sand years. placed at points where they may be se- who cooperated with him in keeping fire The yellow poplar reaches its best de- cured in case of need. out of the woods. velopment in the mountains of north Several protective units are in process Mr. Green says that he belic;)ves that he Georgia, and since the inauguration of fire of being formed and an effort will be will be equally successful this fire season. protection throughout this region it is be- made to extend the State's cooperation to ginning to extend its range and is rapidly more land owners this year than ever be- Vocational Schools Visited occupying old fields and other suitable fore. All vocational schools in District One sites so that it is continually adding to the All those who use the woods are re- will be visited by the middle of November. wealth of the forests of this region. quested to use every caution in preventing District Forester Young has been delayed The photographs give some idea of the the escape of fire, as many fires are in making visits to the schools on account enormous size of this tree. The produc- caused by the carelessness of hunters and of working on the map and report of Mil- tion of timber of this size and quality is other pegple who travel through the ton county, which is about completed. one of the direct results of fire protection. forests. FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW 7 of his pasture and is situated 2% miles from Eastman on the Rhine road. It was cultivated eleven years ago and since then SEVENTH DISTRICT C. Bernard Beale, District Forester several acres, flanked by gradual, wooded slopes on each side. The basin formerly held water, but due to failure to maintain a good stand of slash pine has gotten started. The trees are too close together Waycross the dam in recent years, has been dry. The basin has been cleared of stumps, in many places and if some are thinned regraded, und the dam is now being re- out the remaining trees will develop more Model Fire Truck for Hazzard's Neck built at the upper end. rapidly. A completely equipped fire truck has There are quite a few old boxed, veteran W. D. Hillis, county agent at Eastman, been assembled by the Georgia Forest longleaf trees on the area. A large number, and H. M. Sebring, District Forester at Products Company and will be used on due to annual fires, had become infested Macon, are going to thin the tract this their Hazzard's Neck tract in Camden with the Dendroctonus beetle and died winter and use it as a demonstration plot, county. during the past year. Under the direction since it is located on one of the main The truck was designed by Karl Meschke, of the district forester, all diseased and un county roads. The owner has agreed to forest supervisor. Its equipment includes a desirable trees were marked and subse protect the land from fire and prune the hand lever pump, a 250 gallon tank for quently cut into cordwood. The thinning trees left standing. water, a reel containing 75 feet of hose, yielded 175 cords of wood and around 60 20 feet intake hose sections with intake negroes were given work over a period of SIXTH DISTRICT Jack Thurmond, District Forester Savannah Oconee T. P. 0. Growing The acreage and membership of the Oconee Timber Protective Organization bas practically doubled since it was formed two years ago. In 1930 the area strainer, six 5-gal. back pumps, six fire swatters, hoes, axes, shovel, a western fire "swamping'' tool, keg for drinking water, one back-firing torch, a field telephone set, and a first aid kit. The truck can comfortably carry a crew of eight and many more in an emergency. It has the disc-type wheels, with extra-size low pressure tires, and on a recent trial was able to successfully pull through every mud hole. two weeks, during this operation. A fur ther release thinning is planned during the winter. The purpose of this development is to provide an outdoor recreational spot for the use of civic organizations. Jim Harley president of the Kiwanis club, has been pushing the project for several years, and it is largely due to his efforts that the present work has been begun. under protection was 10,000 acres with A stream 30 to 40 ft. is thrown by the seven members. On October 5th a meeting pump operated by two men. The truck is of the T. P. 0. was held in Uvalda nine new members admitted, making total acreage 17,000. All members of and the this painted a bright yellow and an electric siren gives the alarm all over the forest area, concentrating all forest employees at VOCATIONAL STUDENTS' FOR ESTRY CONTEST AT FAIR T. P. 0. plan to begin work on their fire- the scene of the fire. breaks on or about November 1st in order to have them completed by January 1st uRevenuers" Reported Bum Woods First Trial m Tree Identification at when the fire season comes. in. Solid plowed During a trip through the wild, sandy, State Fair at Macon Proved Pop- firebreaks have been used by practically scrub oak ridge country of the Satilla all the members of this T. P. 0. and they river drainage area in southern Coffee have been very effective as well as easy county recently, the district forester stop- ular Feature of Judging Contest Large Number Participated. to construct and maintain. Breaks of this ped a native for information. He was a type can be plowed with mules and made from 10 to 15 feet wide at a cost of $3 to $5 per mile and maintained after the first year for as little as $1.50 per mile by freshening them with a heavy harrow. strapping young fellow_:_a disciple of Paul Bunyan-who, with his plodding steer, was headed for the river swamp to "snake out" veneer logs. When asked if the land burned over Vocational agricultural students from 59 high schools of the state participated in their annual judging contests at the state fair at Macon, but whereas the contests have hitherto included seeds, plants every year, the native replied "Sometimes and livestock, this year tree identification Chatham County T. P. 0. Formed every year, then maybe not in three or was introduced at the suggestion of M. D. On October 13th a meeting was held in four years." Volunteering further informa- Mobley, district supervisor of vocational Savannah and a Timber Protective Or- tion, he declared 'that the past spring a agriculture at Tifton. More than 170 boys ganization was formed with an initial acre- party of "revenuers" had located a whiskey from all parts of the state took part. As age of 17,000 acres and nine members. still in the midst of the brush and that in this was the first time tree identification State Forester B. M. Lufburrow and Dr. destroying the still, they had ignited it and was introduced, only 15 tree species were Chas. H. Herty, research chemist, attended walked off, leaving "fiahr" to get out used. Writing about this innovation, Mr. the meeting and made short talks before and burn over all the country around. It Mobley says: the business of actually organizing and election of officers was started. The land listed in the T. P. 0. is concentrated in northwestern Chatham county, near Bloomingdale and Pooler, and includes some of the best timber growing land in southeast Georgia. was his opinion that the "revenuers" had caused more land to be burned over than the people living thereabouts. Recreational Development, Winona Park "The Tree Identification contest was an outstanding success in the opinion of all the teachers of vocational agriculture. We will probably enlarge this phase of our contest another year by adding more species of trees to be identified." Mr. D. C. Newton of Bloomingdale was Under the supervision of L. V. Bean, H. M. Sebring, district forester at Ma- elected president of the T. P. 0. Mr. J. Waycross city manager, and through co- con, assisted in the contest and Develop- A. Carter of Bloomingdale was elected vice operation of the State Highway Depart- ment Agent Bonnell Stone and Educational president and Mr. Elliott Reed of Savan- ment, and the county road crew, Winona Manager C. A. Whittle were present and nah, secretary-treasurer. Park, one-time trolley car amusement re- very much pleased with the outcome. The All indications point to an immediate increase in acreage. The area under protec- sort near Waycross, is being again improved, through the sponsorship of the local boys made excellent records in identifying the leaves that were displayed. tion should come to about 35,000 acres. Kiwanis club. Firebreak construction work will begin The area occupies about thirty acres and Fred B. Merrill, State Forester of Mis- on November 1st. has an open natural basin in the center of sissippi, was a recent visitor in Atlanta. 8 FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW The first use of Georgia limestone and MINERALS OF GEORGIA Brief Accounts of Occurrences and Developments of the State's Leading Minerals shale in the manufacture of cement began in 1903 at Rockmart in Polk county when H. F. Vandeventer organized the Southern Portland Cement Company. A second cement plant, the Piedmont Portland Cement Reported by THE DIVISION OF GEOLOGY Company, also in Polk county, was established in 1911. The greatest development of lime for LIMESTONES OF GEORGIA Physical characteristics of calcareous agricultural uses and burned lime for build- Limestone is probably used in more ways materials vary from loose shell marl of ing purposes, has occurred in northwest than any other stone. It is adapted to the coastal plain to the hard crystalline Georgia. Lime for applying to the soil has building, cement, paving, curbing, flag- marbles of the mountain section of the grown in importance as the benefits to ging, mortar, concrete, railroad ballast, state. crops have become better known and as roadbeds, furnace flux, for soil improve- Magnesium limestone occurs in Stephens, the growing of legumes that respond very ment, etc. Limestones are of sedimentary Habersham, Hall and Gwinnett counties in profitably to lime occupy increased acreage origin, the most common commercial form the eastern Piedmont section of the state. in the South. being calcium carbonate. Lime (calcium) is, however, associated with a number of minerals and is a prominent part of marble, dolomite, marl, etc. Occurrences-Limestone is found in the coastal plain as argillaceous and marl beds; in the Piedmont plateau in stratified beds, usually recrystallized into marbles, and in the Appalachian valley of northwest Calcareous materials in the mountains suitable for lime and cement are the Murphy' marbles which are found in Fannin, Gilmer, Pickens and Cherokee counties. Limestones of the Appalachian valley and Cumberland plateau part of the state are found in Polk, Floyd, Chattooga, Dade, Walker, Catoosa, Whitfield, Murray, Bartow and Gordon counties. The deposits most extensively used' in northwest Georgia are the Chickamauga limestone, dolomite and Bangor limestones. Among other uses to which lime can be put are the manufacture of sand-lime bricks, calcium carbide, calcium nitrate for water softening, glass manufacture, in the ceramics industry, paper manufacture, wood distillation, sugar manufacture and Georgia in stratified form, principally as Limestones and marl in the coastal plain tanning. calcium carbonate or dolomite. are found in Burke, Screven, Washington, Lime never occurs in nature except in Johnson, Wilkinson, Bleckley, Twiggs, combination with other substances, such as carbon, sulphate, silicate, phosphate, Bibb, Houston, Sumter, Schley, Pulaski, Dooly, Macon, Webster, Stewart, Ran- GOLD MINE OPERATIONS IN DAHLONEGA DISTRICT According to a press report from Dahlonega, Georgia, renewed activity is occurring in developing the gold deposits of that region. Dahlonega was a center of gold mining previous to the gold rush to the West nearly a hundred years ago, and once boasted a United States mint. The Crown Mountain property has been acquired by A. T. Leavitt, Ontario, and extensive operations are reported in prospect. The Topabri Company is operating in the old Auraria district and is reported working a promising body of hard ore. In the same district, the Betz property Limestone Mining Operation near Perry- this Deposit is Producing a Large Amount of Crushed Stone for Road Construction in Georgia. is being opened up in quest of a vein that had previously yielded good results. On Cane creek placer mining is pro- etc., and on account of the ease with which dolph, Clay, Calhoun, Dougherty, Lee, gressing on the Barlow property where in recent years nuggets weighing as much as it enters into combinations it is found in Crisp, Worth, Mitchell, Baker, Early, De- 80 and 24 pennyweight have been found. many common rocks. catur, Grady, Thomas, Brooks, Lowndes, Limestones are classified largely accord- Echols, Charlton, Camden and Glynn Renewed operations are also reported in ing to their chemical composition. A lime- counties. Dawson and White counties where con- stone very high in calcium carbonat'e with Development-The history of the lime in- siderable gold lias been obtained in the a small percentage of impurities is known dustry in Georgia extends back to early past, mainly through placer operations. as high calcium carbonate. Limestones con- settlements. Burned lime was used for taining more than 5 per cent of magnesium mortar and for soil improvement from the carbonate are known as magnesium lime- earliest days. Georgia limestone has been Wood Sugar Commercialized stones, and when magnesium carbonate used for road construction, cement manuattains 30 per cent or more it is called facture, railroad ballast, curbing, concrete The Deutsche Bergin A. G., which for dolomite. When alumina and silica range construction, fluxing for furnaces, mortar, the last three years has worked on the ex- from 15 to 20 per cent, the rock is classed etc., in increasing amounts as time passed. perimental saccharification of wood, is re- as argillaceous limestone. - The available supply of lime materials has, ported to have purchased a factory at Marble and other calcareous minerals however, been barely touched. The greatest Mannheim-Rheinau where the Bergius have high percentages of limestone and development of lime deposits has occurred process will be placed on a commercial in many ways serve the same purpose. in northwest Georgia. basis.