9 8 A iSJfl IJoo H Si S3 Ndi PTq B ill uaiiai I I I iii A SCHOOL LEADERS MANUAL Program of educational development for Georgia PART IV LIBRARV Of E0 ev Issued by EDUCATION PANEL AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BOARD Athens GeorgiaAGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BOARD of GEORGIA Name of Member Ivan Allen T F Abercrombie Charles L Bowden W N Banks Cason J Callaway M D Collins Ryburn G Clay Mrs Frank C David Judge Blanton Fortson Charles B Gramling Robert Groves Alfred W Jones Tom Linder Wiley L Moore Walter R McDonald Henry Mclntosh W H McNaughton J L Pilcher Robert Strickland M King Tucker Wilson Williams Address Atlanta Georgia Atlanta Georgia Macon Georgia Grantville Georgia Hamilton Georgia Atlanta Georgia Atlanta Georgia Columbus Georgia Athens Georgia Atlanta Georgia Savannah Georgia Sea Island Georgia Atlanta Georgia Atlanta Georgia Atlanta Georgia Albany Georgia Cartersville Georgia Meigs Georgia Atlanta Georgia Waynesboro Georgia Atlanta Georgia Officers of Board Blanton Fortson Chairman L Vaughn Howard Executive Director Education Panel Bulletin No lkJf il October 1944 EDUCATION PANEL Members Address c o I cn IS o c k 3 a S o O n V E 3 O u u s a r E a o u of LU a z Of CO M D Collins Chairman Mrs Frank C David Wilson Williams 0 C Aderhold Director Athens Georgia Atlanta Georgia Columbus Georgia Atlanta Georgia Written in Collaboration by 01 o a u c o Z O z CO a z O CO 0 C Aderhold Paul Carroll Sam demons Johnnie V Cox Charles Hudgins J E Greene Claude Purcell R D Pulliam T E Smith W A Stumpf R H Tolbert Nell Winn PREFACE The material presented in the School Leaders Manual is meant for limited circulation at least for the present The idea of preparing the manual emerged gradually and resulted from the efforts of the staff of the Education Panel to formulate clearly its tasks and to devise effective ways and means of achieving desired outcomes The manual is in four partsi 1 Introduction to Educational Planning and Development in Georgia 2 Planning the Program of the School 3 Planning the Program of County and Local School Administration and 4 Basic Data Needed in Educational Plaining The size of the finished manual suggested the desirability of binding each part separately The leader in making preparation for initiating a program of educational planning should have copies of the four parts The primary purpose of the manual is to provide suggestions for leaders in carrying on educational planning on the county and local levels It also con tains some information which will be helpful in working with planning groups An examination of Parts II and III will reveal however that it does not contain a blue print of an educational program for any county or community It does contain a detailed outline of appropriate procedures to use in getting groups of profession al and lay people to do their own planning Members of the field staff of the Education Panel will use the manual as a guide in the twelve to sixteen selected counties It is expected that its use in these spot counties will give a basis for further revision and refinement of procedures It is hoped that in its revised form the manual may be of value to principals and other educational leaders in carrying on local planning and develop mental programs The manual was developed by the staff of the Education Panel in cooperation with several groups and individuals Those giving considerable assistance to the staff werei iLO jBBBBB 1 The members of the Workshop of School Leaders held at the University of Georgia during the summer of 1944 The membership of the workshop was made up largely of principals and teachers from the sixteen selected counties This group worked with the staff for a period of approximately six weeks in developing a point of view and procedures to be used in county and local planning 2 The supervisory staff of the State Department of Education worked hand in hand with the panel staff during the workshop period and certain members of this staff have given advice and assistance throughout the process of writing the manual 3 The staff of the University of Georgia assisted during the workshop period and certain individuals have been called upon to make specific contributions to the development of this publication Many others have assisted either directly or indirectly The State Health Department the Panel on Business and Commerce and the Public Works Panel of the Agricultural and Industrial Development Board along with many writers in the field of education The Panel staff has endeavored to give due credit to authorities in education where they have drawn upon them for information in published form iijattttmimrtekiaiiix TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Page i Chapter XVI PART IV BASIC DATA NEEDED IN EDUCATIONAL PLANNING Basic Data Needed in Educational Planning Illustrated By Data Based on Heard County Georgia PART IV BASIC DATA NEEDED IM EDUCATIONAL PLANNING 1I n tINTRODUCTION It should not be difficult to justify the use of basic factual data in educational planning The very concept of planning presumes that critical reflective thinking will be brought to bear on the projected solution of present or anticipated problems Access to and use of comprehensive and accurate factual data are absolute prerequisites to successful planning Such data are necessary in isolating and clarifying the problems which need solution Basic pertinent data are equally needed in projecting proposed solutions to the problems discovered and in testing the validity of the proposed solutions It is recognized that the various tables and the related textual comment which comprise Part IV of the Manual do not include all of the basic data needed in educational planning It is believed however that all of the types of data presented in this section will be valuable when properly analyzed and interpreted in locating and solving significant educational problems in a given locality An alert leader will recognize the limitations of the kinds of data presented here and will know when where and how to secure needed supplementary information In preparing this section of the Manual the Panel staff has considered it to be particularly appropriate to place special emphasis on the types of data obtainable from the 1944 School Census schedules It is hoped that not only the key counties selected for special study but also nil other counties in Georgia may be encouraged to utilize the School Census data in educational planning at the local level Particularly in the key counties it is proposed to supplement the School Census data with information from other sources e Federal Census reports State Department of Public Welfare State Department of Public Health etc As examples of the kinds of data which the research staff of the Education Panel will be able to furnish for each of the key counties Part IV of the Manual presents a series of tables giving detailed objective information about various types of conditions in Heard County Georgia Most of these tables are based on the 1944 School Census of Georgia although considerable use also has been made of Federal Census reports and other sources As a matter of policy the textual comment on the tabular materials has been Brief and restrained It is felt that local professional and lay groups under the guidance of the leader should determine for themselves the significance of the data for educational planning in that locality Interpretations and re sulting action programs derived in this manner should have maximal local ac ceptance and lead to maximal developmental improvements If and when the field staff in its cooperative work with local professional and ly groups finds a need for types of data not included in Part IV of the Manual a decision should be made concerning the best ways and means of secu ring the needed supplementary information Whenever such a procedure is feasible local groups should be encouraged to collect analyze and interpret these supplementary data If however the needed data are of such a nature that the research staff of the Education Panel can best provide it such ac tion will be taken Before attempting extensive planning on any point represented in the Manual the leader should analyze the possibilities of the data represented in Part IV and secure the most complete information that can be furnished For example if the leader is developing planning procedures on The Age Groups To Be 2 LoReached by the School he should study Tables I II III and IV in order to determine both the age distribution of the present population and what the trends may indicate as a probable future distribution A knowledge of these facts will enable the leader to aid in planning in several areast l The building and equipment facilities which will be needed 2 the personnel of various types which will be required and 3 the kind of program which may be developed to care for the needs of all age groups to be reached In a similar manner the basic statistical data should be considered in re lation to each other unit which may be chosen for development by the local groups Clearly it would not be practical nor even desirable to indicate in the Manual gll f the ways in which each of the various kinds of data could be used In the planning process there is no satisfactory substitute for local initiative and ingenuity in every type of planning activity Perhaps an additional comment should be made concerning the tentativeness of the material in Part IV It is recognized that for some local planning groups the types of data illustrated in this section may be seriously lacking in scope and in richness of detail On the other hand there well may be other local Planning proups that would wish less comprehensive data or information pre sented in a simpler or otherwise different form To the extent possible we shall make adaptations in the scope and the form of materials in keeping with locally sensed planning needs As would be expected in a rough experimental tryout of a procedure which Part IV clearly is there are variations from standard form in the nomen clature and format of tables etc which would not appear in a finished document meant for general circulation If in its present tentative and un finished form the material in Part IV in a restricted circulation is found useful in stimulating critical thinking concerning the types and uses of basic data needed in educational planning by local groups it will have served well its initial purposeCHAPTER XVI BASIC DATA NEEDED IN EDUCATIONAL PLANNING ILLUSTRATED BY DATA BASED ON HEARD COUNTY GEORGIA Unless he has already done so the reader is requested to examine the Introduction to Part IV of the Manual before reading the brief textual comment accompanying the tables dealing with the Heard County data The tables as well as the accompanying comments have been roughly grouped under the following major headings l General Characteristics includ ing age population trends mobility etc 2 Education 3 Occupations 4 Value of Resources and Income Housing 6 Health and Welfare and 7 Selected Characteristics of Households The critical reader perhaps will infer that the characteristics of Heard County as herein presented are those of a typically rural county in Georgia It is highly probable that analyses of similar data for other counties will reveal a different pattern of characteristics To prevent confusion on the part of the statistically critical reader a brief comment should be made concerning the methods used in computing the first quartiles medians and third quartiles for certain of the data dealing with year intervals For example in computing the first quartile and median in column 2 of Table VI the year interval 09 years was broken down by separate years since it was found that the 773 cases were not uniformly distributed throughout the nineyear interval but tended to pile up at the lower end of the distribution Obviously the first quartile obtained by the method employed is more accurate than would have been obtained on the assumption of a uniform distribution throughout the entire interval GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS A distribution of selected population groups 1944 Considering the total population of Heard County Tables I and II the median age for whites is 248 years and the median age for Negroes is 188 years For heads of house holds the median age for whites is 414 years and for Negroes is 469 years The corresponding median age for mates of heads of households are as followst whites 443 years Negroes 387 years For persons in the household other than heads and mates the median ages by race and sex are as follows white males 137 years white fcoales 173 years Negro males 111 years Negro females 126 years It is interesting to note that the median ages of chil dren away from the parental home is approximately four years greater among whites of both sexes than among Negroes Age distribution of persons under ten years of age There are no significant race of sex differences in the age distribution of persons under ten years of age in Heard County Georgia 1944 All the distributions are slightly shew ed the median ages in all cases falling above five years Table III Population trends by race disregarding age From 1910 to 1920 there was a slight increase in the general population among white persons of both sexes Table IV At each of the three census periods since 1920 whites of both sexes have shown an appreciable or marked decline in population the most notable decrease occurring from 1940 to 1944 The number of white males and females in 1944 was roughly onethird less than in 1910 Among Negroes of both sexes there has been a marked and generally consistent decline in popu lation during the 34year period the periods of most rapid decline being 5 from 1920 to 1930 and from 1940 to 1944 The Negro male population has de clined nore rapidly than did the Negro female population There were nearly twice as many Negroes in Heard County in 1910 as in 1944 Population trends by age groups The data in Table V indicate that among whites of each age category below thirty years there is a marked decline in population from 1930 to 1940 and from 1940 to 1944 The rate of decline is most rapid for persons under five years of age For the age group above 30 years there was an appreciable increase from 1920 to 1930 but a marked de crease from 1940 to 1944 If the present trends continue it is clear that the white population of elementary school age will be much smaller during the next decade than in the two proceding decades Among Negroes the trend in population is less consistent and less marked than in the case of whites In general however there has been a slight or Parked decline in the Negro population from 1940 to 1944 in the age groups under twenty years of age For most of the age groups the Negro population remained relatively stable or increased slightly from 1930 to 1940 Population mobility of heads of households and of nates of heads For these population groups there are three types of data on nobility Tables VI and VIIj 1 Number of years residence in present home 2 number of hears residence in Heard County and 3 number of years residence in Georgia Negro heads 22 years and mates of heads 21 years have lived in their present home for a shorter period than have white heads 41 years and white mates of heads 26 years More than 25 percent of heads and mates of heads of both races have lived in their present homes less than one year Seventyfive percent of the white heads have lived in their homes less than 167 years but in the case of Negroes 75 percent have lived in their present homes less than 59 years There are no appreciable race differences in the median number of years which heads and mates of heads have lived in Heard County The medians for these groups are as followsi White heads 367 years Negro heads 352 years white mates 306 years Negro mates 286 years The median number of Vcars residence in Georgia for each of the four population groups are as follows White heads 449 years Negro heads 434 years white mates 399 years Negro mates 366 years It is clear from the above data that among both whites and Negroes the average head of a household has lived in Georgia most of his life and has lived in Heard County for only a slightly shorter period On the other hand it appears that among both races a pro nounced amount of population mobility exists within the county as indicated by the fact that more than 25 percent of heads and nates of heads have lived in their present hones less than one year Population nobility among household members other than heads and nates The data on the mobility of this group are of two types l Locale of previous residence in Heard County in other Georgia County in other states and 2 number of years spent in last previous residence in Heard County in other Georgia County in other state Tables VIII XI According to the School Census data approximately four out of ten persons of each race and sex have had no previous hone in Heard County Eight out of ten Negroes and seven out of ten whites have not resided in any other Georgia county Only about one person out of ten of both races and sexes have ever resided outside of Georgxa Among persons who have had a previous residence in Heard County the median length of such previous residence was 14 years for whites and 23 years for Negroes Among persons who had a previous residence in some other Georgia county the median length of such residence was 18 years for whites 21 years for Negroes Among persons who had previously resided in some other state the median length of such residence was 36 years for whites and 456 years for Negroes It is interesting to note that among both sexes of both races Alabama was the state of previous residence for more persons than all other states combined It is clear from the above data that members of households other than heads and mates have generally had a very limited back ground of previous residence This finding is partly accounted for by the fpct that well more than half of these groups are less than twenty years of ape It is also partly accounted for by the fact that the general cultural pattern in Heard County allows for considerable mobility within the county but less mobility within the State and only very slight interstate mobility Population mobility among 1ohildren away from the parental home The data on the mobility of this group are of two typest 1 State of present resid ence and 2 Number of years lived at present residencelTables XllXiv Seven out of ten negroes and eight out of ten whites away from the parental home reside somewhere in Georgia The whites who have moved out of Georgia are distributed over twentynine states Nearly half of the whites who left Georgia reside now in Alabama The remaining outofstate white migrants tend to be concentrated more heavily in the South than in other sections The Negroes who moved out of Georgia are distributed somewhat uniformly among thirteen states although more have moved to the adjoining state of Alabama than to any other one state The median number of years lived in present residence for each race and sex is as follows White males 2S years white females 25 years Negro males 39 years Negro females 26 years Relationships of other persons to heads of householdb For both races members of households other than heads and mates of heads are likely in four cases out of five to be children of the head of the householdTable XV Prts A and B Grandchildren occur in Negro households about twice as frecuently as in white households Among both races there are comparatively few nonrelatives living in the household The proportion of relatives other than child grandchild or parent is about the same for both races Practically all of the persons listed as away from parental home are child ren of the head of the household Number and types of severe handicaps among selected population groups Accordinitothe data provided by theTS School Census the number of persons who have handicaps severe enough to interfere with work or school is re latively small The ratio of severe handicaps is somewhat smaller among children away from home than among members of household except heads and mates Table XVI Parts A and B The relatively few handicapped persons are rather uniformly distributed among the six categories of handicaps listed on the Education Census schedule EDUCATION Years of school completed by selected groups of white persons 19 The iodal amount of education for heads of households and mates of heaas of household is the seventh grade whereas the modal amount of education for children away from home is the eleventh gradeTable XVII At every level of schooling below the ninth grade there is a smaller percentage distribution of children away from home than of either heads of mates of heads of households For example 55 percent of heads of households and 3 percent of mates of heads of households are illiterate whereas only9 percent of children away from home are classified as illiterate Also the rate of college attendence is roughly three times as great among children away from home as among heads or mates of heads of households 7 The relatively low educational status of other members of the household is due to the fact that this population group includes a high percentage of children who are too young to have entered school or at least have not lived long enough to achieve their probable final level of academic attainments Years of school completed by selected groups of negro persons 1M The median amounts of education for the several population groups are as follows Table XVIII Heads 5 grades Mates of heads 59 grades others in household H3 grades all members of household U7 grades and children away from home 58 grades It is to be noted that in each of the five population categories Negroes are notably retarded educationally as compared with Whites Grade status of persons enrolled in school 1M Among both races females have reached a higher median grade status than have the males Table XIX This sex difference in grade status of school enrollees is particularly out standing in the case of Negroes where it is found that Negro females have achieved a median grade status 38 grades twoce as great as that for Negro males 19grades The median white female enrollee 55 grades is only 6 grade more advanced in school than the median white male enrollee 49 grades When the median grade status of the two races are compared by each sex separately it is found that the median white male enrollee has achieved a grade status U9 grades almost three time fcs high as that of the median Negro male enrollee 19 grades and that the median white female enrollee has achieved a grade status 55 grades roughly one and onehalf times as high as that of the median Negro female enrollee 38 grades The enroll ment rates in Junior and senior highschool grades for both races and part icularly for Negroes is much lower than might be desired Trends in Illiteracy Persons over ten years of age who are unable to read and write are classified in the Federal Census as illiterate During the 3 years covered by the four census periods cited Table XX the illiteracy rate among Negroes has declined from 371 percent in 1910 to 73 percent in 19UU The period of most rapid decline in illiteracy among Negroes was from 1920 to 1930 At each of the four census periods whites show an appreciably lower illiteracy rate than do Negroes There was however an increase in illiteracy rates among whites from 1930 to 19UU whereas the illiteracy rate for Negroes showed a consistent decline at each successive census period Trends in school attendence The gross number of persons attending school increased by nearly onefourth from 1920 to 1930 but declined sharply from 1930 to 19U0 and declined slightly from 19U0 to 19A Table XXI When school attendence is expressed as a percent of the total number of persons between 7 and 20 years of age these are the ages on which the Federal Census data are based it is found that the percentage of such persons attending school increased from kkk percent in 1920 to 30 percent in I9UU that is during this 2Uyear period the rate of school attendence almost doubled Trends in number of teachers and schools The number of white persons 519 years of age per white school in Heard County increased from 37U persons in 1910 to 1621 persons in 190 an increase of U33 percent during the thirty years lable XXII The corresponding increase among Negroes was 192 percent Among both races there has been a marked tendency to increase the size of the student population of schools but the trend is more pronounced in the case of whites Among whites the number of persons 519 years per teacher increased sharply from 1910 to 1920 remained stable C 0wBM LP 8 from 1920 to 1930 but declined sharply from 1930 to 1940 Among Negroes there is a marked and consistent increase in number of persons per teacher from 1910 to 1930 but a marked decrease from 1930 to 1940 The average number of Negro teachers per school has remained relatively constant during the 30year period indicating that nearly all of the Negro schools have been oneteacher schools Among whites the average number of teachers per school has increased 438 percent during the three decades Apparently most of the consolidation of white schools occured from 1930 to 194o Reasons for nonattendance in school 1944 Among both sexes of both races less than onethird of the general population was enrolled in school in 1944 Tables XXIII and XXIV Among persons not enrolled in school fewer than 8 percent were of legal school age Among persons of legal school age who were not enrolled in schoolthe reasons given for such nonenrollment are fairly uni formly distributed among eight reasons listed on the school census form It is noted that disinterest in school ranks relatively high among these reasons for both sexes of both races White nonenrollees stated that they were out of school in order to help support the family less frequently than did Negro non enrollees OCCUPATIONS AND EMPLOYMENT Employment status of persons fourteen years of age and over 1940 In the Federal Census of 1940 Table XXV persons engaged in homemaking activities are listed as being not in the labor force Consequently comparsions of data on occupations obtained from the 1944 School Census and the 1940 Federal Census are difficult to make It is interesting to note however that according to the 1940 Federal Census only 87 percent of white females fourteen years of age and over are listed as being in the labor force whereas l45 percent of Negroe females are so listed Among males fourteen years of age and over 809 percent of whites and 877 percent of Negroes are listed in the labor force It is to be noted that a considerably higher percentage of the white general population than of the Negro general population is of employable age ae defined by the census Among persons listed in the labor force it is found that the modal oc cupation for both vhite males and Negro males is employers and ownaccount workers Among persons in the labor force females of both races are likely to be doing their own house work White males not in the labor force are more likely than Negroes not in the labor force to be in school Principal occupations 1940 Analysis of the data in Table XXVI reveals that among both white and Negro males the most frequent occupational classification is farmer and farm manager In both cases this classification includes rough ly onehalf of the labor force If other types of farm work ie farm labor erg wages and unpaid are added to the above classification it is found that 769 percent of the white males and 776 percent of the Negro males are en gaged in some type of farm work Among the males of both races there is a notable dearth of professional and s eniprofessional workers as compared with national averages Among the females there are relatively few persons listed in the labor force Professional work is the nodal occupation of white women in the labor force 263 percent Among Negro women in the labor force domestic service 389 percent and unpaid farm laborers 265 percent are the most prevalent form of employment Principal occupations of white persons 1944 The data on occupations Table XXVTI Part A obtained from the 1944 School Census of Georgia differ from the 1940 Federal Census in two respects l The occupational classifications do not coincide and 2 the 1944 data are broken down by selected population 9 groups Nearly all of the heads of households nates of heads and persons away from parental hone are listed as having a principal occupation however anong nenbers of household except nates and heads only about three persons out of ten are listed as having a principal occupation The nodal occupation of heads of households is agriculture 628 percent but the nodal occupation of nates is honenaking 857 percent Anong persons away fron parental hone the nodal occupation for fenales is honenaking but anong males about an equal nunber are engaged in agriculture 295 percent and in manufacturing 296 per cent It is obvious that there is a tendency anong both nale and female per sons away fron parental hone to engage in a nuch wider variety of occupational activities than did their parents The drift away from the parental pattern of occupations is mainly into manufacturing the professions and government service Menbers of households other than heads and nates when employed tend to choose the occupations followed by heads and nates of heads of households Principal occupations of Negro persons 1944 The pertinent data are shown in Table XXVII Part B As was the case anong the whites the nodal occupation anong Negro heads of households was agriculture 765 percent and the modal occupation anong the Negro nates of heads was honenaking 867 percent Anong persons away fron the parental hone there was a tendency to drift away from the parental patterns of occupations but the tendency was not nearly so pronounced in the case of Negroes as was true in the case of whites Among the Negro males away from hone manufacturing is chosen as an occupation about twice as frequently as anong heads of households but agriculture was chosen only about twothirds as frequently anong nale persons away fron hone as for heads of households Among Negro females away fron hone honenaking occurs only about twothirds as frequently as in the case of nates of heads of households but employment in personal service occurs among female persons away from home about ten times as frequently as among mates of heads of households With the exception of the population category entitled other members of households in which category less than onefourth of the persons are employed the rate of employment for the various population groups is relatively low It is of interest to note however that among Negro persons away from home the pro portionate number listed as having no occupation is about twice as great as that for whites VALUE OF RESOURCES AND INCOME Value of farm lands and machinery 190 The data for Table XXVIII were taken fron the 190 Federal Census Agricultural Reports for Georgia The data show a relatively large but decreasing number of small farms In the period 1930 1940 there was a marked decrease in the number of whiteowned farms with a corresponding increase in the size of farms The value of both white and non whiteowned farms is considerably less than the average value per farm for the State These facts indicate in general a large number of small unimproved farms of ownerresidents Figures indicating total and per farm value of farn lands and machinery vary considerably between 1930 and 1940 These data however have little neaning until they are equated in terns of the index of money values for the respective years The value of inplenents per farm indicates a large degree of cultivation by hand of nonmechanical devices HOUSING Housing general characteristics 1940 The da S rtsus xeatfts 1940 Housing in Georgia The data for Table XXIX were taken from They show in general that 10 housing units of the county are snail in serious need of Repair and are devoid of many conveniences found in modern rural hones Sone factors indicative of the absence of conveniences nay be seen in the snail number of hones with electric lighting refrigeration devices nodern nethods of heating and cooking running rater indoor flush toilets bathing facilities and accessible outdoor water supply Lack of conveniences is indicated by the high percentage of hones equip ped only with the simpler devices WELFARE Nunber of persons receiving public assistance Table XXX shows that the ratio of dependent children served by the Childrens Bireau is only onefourth as great as the average for the State as a whole The ratio of crippled children receiving aid from the welfare departnent is roughly only onethird as great in Heard County as the average for Georgia On the other hand the number receiving oldage assistance is approximately 70 percent more than the state average the nunber receiving surplus commodities is a little nore than twice as great as the state average and the number reoeiving aid for the blind is three tines as great as the state average Apparently a relatively large nunber of people in Heard County are receiving oldage assistance and a relatively snail number of children are receiving publicwelfare funds Receipts for public welfare purposes It is clear from the data in Table XXI tteTpmsatoTard County for aid to the blind for oldage assistance and to parents of children attending C C C canps fairly closely approximated the average for the entire State When expenditures are expressed as a rate per 1000 persons in the general population it is found that Heard County received substantially less surplus commodities but substantially more public assistance than the state average Morbidity and mortality rates The data cited in Tables ai and XXXIII were compiledbyThe Georgia Department of Public Health and cover the decade 1934 43 The 194143 rates arc based on the1940 Federal Census Expressed in terms ofthe average annual number of illnesses reported per 100000 general population the morbidity rates far connon reportable diseases in order of frequency of oc currence are as follows u Table XXXII Measles 442 influenza 298 whooping cough 142 pneumonia 86 typhoid 64 malaria 52 diptheria 39 tuberculosis 31 dysentery 29 pellagra 26 syphilis 7 scarlet fever 5 poliomyelitie 3 typhus 1 The corresponding averagedeath rates per 100000 general population for five categories of mortality in order of frequency of occurence are as follows1 Table XXXIII1 Heart diseases 88 Cancer 42 diabetia 9 dysentery 6 pellegra 1 SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSEHOLDS Characteristics of households as to size classes of members etc Excluding children away fron home the average size of white households 41 persons and of Negro households is 51 persons The typical white household has one nale child and one female child at home Table XXXIV as well as one male child and one female child away from home Table XXXV As contrasted with white households Negro households tend to have more male and female children at home but fewer male and female children away from home In both white and Negro households there are relatively few nonrelatives and relatives other than children although there are proportionally more of each of these groups inJ i c LO 11 Negro than in white households The ratio of fulltine and of parttine employ nent is somewhat higher in white households than in Negro households which is due perhaps in part to the fact that Negro households have a considerably higher percentage of persons under twelve years of age but a snailer percentage of per sons above twentyfive years of age than do white households Severe handicaps to work or school are reported for 13 percent of the white population but for only 10 percent of the Negro population Table XXXIV There is a markedly lower rate of children in the armed services anong Negroes than anong whites Table XXXV This circumstance nay be due in part to the notably lower educa tional attainments of Negroes than of whites as revealed in another section of this report Tables XVII XX It also theoretically night be due to a higher incidence of diseases among Negroes than anong whites although the avail able data do not warrant racial comparisons on this point Status in family of heads of households Among bqtfc whites and Negroes slightly more than nine outof ten Households are headed by fathers and slightly more than eight out of one hundred households are headed by mothers Table XXXVI The proportion of households headed by grandparents is slightly higher among Negroes than among whites Socioeconomic characteristics of households Selected indices of the socio economic status of households are presented in Table XXXVII Approximately one half of the white families own their homes although only oneeighth of the Negro families own their homes No Negro family reported an inside toilet and only 66 percent of the white families reported inside toilets Nearly onetenth of the white hones have running water although only one Negro home in two hundred has running water Of the comparisons made the biggest discrepancy between white and Negro hones is in the proportion having electric lights Whites 449 percent Negroes 81 percent Approximately four out of ten white hones have dally newspapers although less than onetenth of the Negro hones have dally newspapers Alnost threefourths of the white hones have radios although only about onefourth of the Negro homes have radios Roughly nine out of ten white homes and three out of ten Negro hones have family gardens 51be of homes Inspection of Table XXXVIII reveals that the modal white family lives in a fourroom house whereas the modal Negro family lives in a threeroom house The median number of rooms per house far the two races aret Whites 48 rooms Negroes 40 rooms When it is recalled that the typical Negro household 51 persons is considerably larger than the typical white household 41 per sons the comparatively smaller houses of Negro families becoce all the more significant Obviously the ratio of rooms per person is significantly smaller for Negro than far white families There is also considerably less variation in the size of Negro homes P E 75 rooms than of white hones P E 95 rooms Military status and employment status Among both whites and Negroes there are relatively few heads of households or mates of heads of households in the armed services Table XXXIX Of white children away from home 326 percent of the males and 12 percent of the females are in military service Of Negro children away from home 273 percent of the males and 4 percent of the feamles are in military service Females of both races are notably less likely than males to be in military service It is also noted that Negroes of both sexes are less likely than whites to be in military service Except fa the category other3 in house hold there is a very high ratio of fulltime employment among both races In the category others in household it is noted that whites have considerably higher ratios of fulltine and of parttime employment than do Negroes This circumstance nay be due in part to the finding previously reported Tables I and II that the median age of white children at home is considerably higher than that for Negro children at homeAge Distribution of White Persons in Heard County Georgia By Selected Population Groups Data from School Census of Georgia 19 Age Intervals tT 8089 4022 6069 505 404 3039 2029 1019 09 No Data Heads of Households Both Sexes Ho j 3ft 2ir 262 Grand Total forking Tot qi Med fc3 PE 200 80 5 lipT H4T 5O 123 2 i4 116 187 206 227 173 579 74 Mates of Heads Households Both Sexes No 2 T0 I 229 T79 11 993 991 111 2 O lid 178 248 230 150 Others in the Household Male No 0 21 18 13 JO 5T TW 573 Female No 0 6 X6 ITT 9 23 T9 l04 1306 i iUL 138 28 2T 25 6T 178 339 iJ 1321 1316 O ALL 219 T6 i 19 21 18 18 9 Total Population Children of the Household Away from Home Both Sexes Male No 23 316 430 540 135 380 3Q 620 553 T167 894 0 No 6 22 9o 113 129 14 4762 125 248 442 158 138 243 187 0 0 8 BY 203 412 TWg 3 27 0 52 173 351 female No 8 m 382 23 10 Tip 258 325 393 678 3 4 158 23 39 1079 1070 2CT 320 395 71 0 7 TTT iL2 332 192 1 8 ion a Includes all members of household other than head and made of head The data in this column include the total white population of the county It excludes duplications which might be involved by including children away from homeJ i k X c tH i A f 11 tit II Age Distribution of Negro Persons in Heard County Georgia By Selected Population Groups Data from School Census of Geor gia 1944 Age leads of tousehold Mates of Heads of Household Others in the Total Household Populag tlon Children of the Household Away from Home 3oth Sexes Both Sexes Male Female Male Female No No No No Ho No No l 90 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3089 3 7 1 2 2 3 6 3 0 0 0 0 7079 37 91 1 3 5 8 6 8 49 23 0 0 0 0 3069 55 134 25 72 3 5 5 7 B8 42 0 0 1 4 3059 82 200 51 147 3 5 3 4 139 66 6 22 6 22 4049 82 200 80 231 4 6 6 8 172 82 30 lli 28 103 3039 86 210 91 633 10 16 23 32 210 100 78 29J 84 309 2029 61 149 85 246 57 89 114 161 317 JL51 130 481 12b 472 1019 1 2 5 14 263 kx3 262 370 531 253 20 75 2U 74 09 0 0 0 0 289 454 285 400 574 273 3 11 a 11 No Data 2 5 8 23 1 2 2 3 13 6 0 0 i 4 Grand Tot 409 998 346 999 637 loo 708 996 2100 999 267 yy 271 999 Working Tot 407 338 636 706 2037 267 270 01 346 294 50 52 91 234 23b Med 469 387 111 126 L88 285 ybV Q3 492 491 171 ia3 368 361 661 PE 73 98 66 70 L36 63 6a Includes all members of household other than head and mate of head The data in this column include the total negro population of the county It excludes duplications which might be involved by including children away from hornedJ i ry Ill AGE DISTRIBUTION OF PERSONS UNDER TEN YEARS OF AGE BY RACE BY SEX HEARD COUNTY GEORGIA DATA FROM SCHOOL CENSUS OF GEORGIA 1944 8 2 Males No w T8 31 Grand Total dL Med 03 PE s 5J 29 ML 33 22 21 2U3 10S 122 117 104 151 129 921 WHITES FpnifllfiR Both Sexes No 3 5L 60 50 3L 21 SI il 2 L2 L1 11 124 13 n 12 122 12 TCS 998 No 26 left To lo4 108 101 112 113 50 esff JL 57 Id X6 107 106 11 11 121 111 125 126 HE 997 NEGROES ALL CLASSES Males No Ji 35 I 28 3 19 2S9 M 78 22 125 104 118 107 J5 J 118 TO 6T6 1002 Females No JL 18 JL JL 1 29 11 28F il JL ri 109 ia 109 106 102 102 189 1470 a 999 Both Sexes No 48 m 31 88 81 i i 75 21 117 84 113 JLLJ 2iii 99 I5i3 141 15 1000 Maleg Females Both Sexes No 80 J 80 El 88 JK 101 8 IE 21 109 107 109 116 120 101 138 WT LOOO No 83 15 86 g 8 IE 4 14 13 77 21 No iia 101 1274 117 11 11 115 130 52 1001 JL63 152 171 JJL 121 158 200 194 W HE il 215 111 104 116 116 118 108 136 132 5V9 1000r IV POPULATION TRENDS IN HEARD COUNTY GEORGIA BY RACE BY SeT MB CENSUS PERIODS 1910 1920 1930 19 AND 19M4 POPULATION RATES USING 1910 AS BASE YEAR 19H0J i c i POPULATION TRENDS FOR SELECTED AQE GROUPS IN HEARD COUNTY GEORGIA ACCORDING TO RACE AND SEX FOR THE CENSUS PERIODS 1930 1940 AND 1944 DATA FROM SCHOOL CENSUS OF GEORGIA 1944 AGE AND RACE GROSS POPULATION 1940 POPULATION RATIOS USING 1930 AS BASE YEAR YI POPULATION MOBILITY AMONG WHITE PERSONS OF HEARD COUNTY GEORGIA AS INDICATED BY THE NUMBER OF YEARS THAT HEADS OF HOUSEHOLDS AND MATES OF THE HEADS OF HOUSEHOLDS HAVE RESIDED 1 IN THEIR PT HOME 2 IN HEARD COUNTY AND 3 IN GEORGIA DATA FROM THE SCHOOL CENSUS OF GEORGIA 1944 NO OF YEARS 90 3089 7079 6069 5059 4049 039 2029 100 L019 09 No lata NO YEARS RESIDENT IN PRESENT HOME No Heads 1 Mates NO YEARS RESIDENT IN HEARD COUNTY 20 41 76 126 773 rand Total Working Total Ql Med Q3 PE 11 1154 1143 9 41 167 76 No 1 1 4 17 36 66 87 109 669 9 999 Heads No 1 7 25 51 75 110 719 25 53 108 Mates No 4 46 55 51 75 172 176 119 111 723 6 993 987 8 26 120 56 999 100 94 134 149 153 103 87 216 48 1154 1106 161 367 530 185 187 42 1001 65 96 T No 8 65 97 136 176 156 110 213 33 137 177 157 111 NO YEARS RESIDENT IN GEORGIA Heads Mates 79 159 193 216 212 104 51 215 78 995 960 125 306 447 161 100C 33 52 1154 1102 520 449 536 130 2 7 68 138 No 187 183 90 44 68 45 999 16 90 1671 140 184 206 166 69 77 43 995 950 255 599 508 1285 1 1 16 91 141 185 247 167 69 78 43 999J lcVII Number of Years 90 i 8089 7079 6069 5059 4049 3039 2029 1019 09 POPULATION MOBILITY AMONG COLORED PERSONS IN HEARD COUNTY GEORGIA AS INDICATED BY THE NUMBER OF YEARS HEADS OF SoUSEHOLDS AND MATES OF HEADS OF HOUSEHOLDS HAVE RESIDED l IN PRESENT HOME 2 IN HEARD COUNTY 3 IN GEORGIA DATA TAKEN FROM SCHOOL CENSUS OF GEORGIA 1 No Years Resident in Present Home Mates Heads No 1 j No T 0 0 2 No Data 5 No Years Resident in No Years Resident in Heard CountyGeorgia Heads No Mates Heads No o o No No Mates 0 l4 34 0 t1 y J 19 17 36 334 42 3 9 88 15 I 43 26 64 10 56 1X37 f 33 67 r 61 27 819 12 Grand Totaj 4Q9 I 99 9 Working Total Ql Med 03 P E 4o4 r 22 59 25 298 78 861 59 36 6 346 344 8 21 48 20 1000 68 164 149 144 88 166 47 63 6 29 32 39 951 71 5 78 95 136 182 69 37 20 49 409 iooo 1 68 17 389 170 352 501 165 346 73 72 1991 61 174 178 3 9 18 52 46 133 176 149 1071 14 196i 20 M 25 99 409 34 49 68 74 197 214 77 20 61 999 15 223 58 43 24 346 329 1318 286 420 141 384 31 4 434 568 127 322 69 1001 259 366 482 111ic VVIII POPULATION MOBILITY AMONG WHITS PERSONS IN HEARD COUNTY GEORGIA AS ZS BY THE NUMBER OF YEARS MEMBERS OF HOUSEHOLDS OTHER THAN HEADS AND MATES OF HEADS HAVE RESIDED DlIUST PREVIOUS RESIDENCE IN HEARD COUNTY 2 IN LAST PRE VIOUS RESIDENCE SOME OTHER GEORGIA COUNTY 3 IN LAST PREVIOUS RESIDENCE IN OTHER STATE DATA FROM THE SCHOOL CENSUS OF GEORGIA 19 NO OF YEARS 90 8089 7Q79 6069 5059 9 3039 2029 1019 09 No Data Grend Total Working Total 9zL Med PS LAST PREVIOUS RESIDENCE IN HEARD COUNTY Males No 0 0 10 12 53 676 55 1308 6 lU 17 T Female No 1 2 8 9 Ul 122 1000 o 0 0 66 667 562 1321 759 6 UO 17 Total No 1 2 10 50 99 Mai os 15 26 119 133 lll6 2129 1013 6 lU JtP 1 1 2 j6 10 511 U2U 1000 No 0 LAST PREVIOUS RESIDENCE IN OTHER GEORGIA COUNTY Females T No I 11 25 223 995 1308 J3 a 2 9 19 208 761 1000 0 19 51 22 To 0 99 1321 392 si 16 16 1 Total 3 6 2U 261 703 999 0 19 58 618 192 2629 705 7 18 5 19 LAST PREVIOUS RESIDENCE IN OTHER STATE Mr 67 0 0 0 J 22 255 999 T Femayes NoT i J 1206 1308 102 10 50 163 78 i2 2 2 18 922 1000 0 0 Total tor 11 163 1120 1321 201 8 21 63 28 0 Jl J J 1 123 8U7 998 2326 1 0 2 2 6 86 885 26291001 303 9 Li 152J iNO OF YEARS 90 8089 7079 6069 5059 U0U9 o9 2029 1019 09 No Data Grand lotal Working Total Or Med fci fE IX POPULATION MOBILITY AMONG NEGRO PERSONS IN HEARD COUNTY GEORGIA AS SS BY THE NUMBER OF YEARS MEMBERS OE HOUSEHOLDS OTHER THAN HEADS AND KATES OF HEADS HAVE RESIDED l IN LAST PREVIOUS RESIDENCE IN HEARD COUNTY 2 IN LAST PRE VIOUS RESIDENCE IN SOME OTHER GEORGIA COUNTY 3 IN LAST PREVIOUS RESIDENCE IN OTHER STATE DATA FROM THE SCHOOL CENSUS OE GEORGIA 19 Males LAST PREVIOUS RESIDENCE IU HEARD COUNTY females No 26 2 si 9 M Ki 262 i2l JZ5 7 16 531 Ull 1000 2 16 No Total No si Males LAST PREVIOUS RESlliiWCE lU OTHER GEORGIA COUNTY Total No 31 jOi 8 ili 291 708 Jill uu 5L1 Uil 1 1 12 57 Jli 1000 29 JL 18 55i si 2 U2 SltL 135 792 8 2ii Uil 12 81 999 U2 isi 52a i21 31 71 32 Females No No 1 si ii 127 1 1 li 8U6 91 997 602 70 8 18 128 850 2 2 25 23 106 7 is 66 29 998 llHl 135 19 128 8U8 LOOO 20 7 21 68 2sL LAST PREVIOUS RESIDUE IN OTHER STATE Males No 2 2 2 2 Ji 6 596 637 Ui 10 2U 52 936 1002 71 Jal Females No I Total No 1 JL 11 MU 668 70 8 HO 32 65 93 1 J 1 1 12 6U 126U 999 135 kS 9il 1001 97 isL 81 21 M 81 JhZ f i is i l i U try I i i 1 r i i 4i H Li li iv i l M 1 i it Potation Mobility Among White Person of Heard J y VaA hv thp State in Whlnh lumbers of Households Other Than the heaa or the Mate of the Head Last Resided Datafrom the School Census of tteorpia 1944 STATE Alabama California Florida Idaho Illinois Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Mississippi New Jersey New York North Carolina Ohio Oklahoma South Carolina Tennessee Texas looming No Data TOTAL MALES NO 152 12 1120 1508 1 9 1 1 1 5 1 5 1 FEMALES TOTAL wo i NO 116 162 2 9 856 1128 1001 1521 125 514 2 4 119 7 21 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 7 1 2 5 5 1 855 2248 1000 2629 2 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 5 1 0 2 2 5 0 855 999 These persons presumably have never resided outside of Georgia1 f MJlip 4 lllt XI Population Mobility Amon Colored Persons In Heard County Georgia as life Zl by th7 fltlte in Which MpmbPr of Housed nttar Than the Head or the Mate of the Head Laat Resided STATE Alabama Florida Massachusetts New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Tennessee No Data TOTAL MALE NO 35 55 5 2 8 FEMALE NO 35 593 931 668 637 1001 708 m 49 1 1 1 1 1 TOTAL NO xz 70 52 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 944 1261 938 998 1345 1001 These persons presumably have never resided outside of GeorgiaXII PQPUMTTQli MOBILITY W HEARD COUNTY GEORGIaaS IKDIGftXED Y THE NUMBER OF YEARS CHILDREN AWAY FROM ROME HaVE RESIDED IN THaln PRESENT RESIDENCES BY RaCE BY SEX DATA FROM THE SCHOOL CENSUS OF GEORGIA 1944 NO OF YEARS 30 8089 7079 6069 5059 4049 o39 2029 1019 09 No Data Grand Total forking Total 9d Med Sz2 PE No WHITES Male 0 T i 8 Female No 0 0 0 1 0 Total No 0 0 22 102 180 III 82 1171 1092 28 123 1 3L 2L 60 iX 662 LP 1001 25L 81i Jl 1079 1054 58 5 15 6 16 5 l46 J5ri ja 1001 js NEGROES Male No 0 0 J Ji 162 J2I 1522 221 2l46 26 101 17 ii 150 706 M 521 0 0 0 T 4 No Female T 0 0 10 28 M 18 2il 249 12 9 138 fcl 12J 105 28 J2 iJ Total No J5 1000 21i 10 2JJL 261 9 26 31 0 11 55 103 786 2 ALL CLASSES Male No 0 Female 12 J9 5 JJ 922 Jl 28 z531 11 105 47 i5 22 9i ib4 Ji i 252 1 No 0 J2 23i 208 1 1 6 22 351 100 l44l 1341 li5 Ssit 144 21 1 Total No 0 18 14 5L 75 661 1026 JSSL 292 185 56 211 iU J2i J5 i252 i25JL 64 J5r9 1979 26 ji 1000 2791 2656 33 68 111 39 1 C 6 18 1A i4i JP 48 J9s y imr mtirYri I t kb kkhufo hiiini r i XIII 3TATE Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Dist of Columbia Florida Georgia Illinois Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Massachusett s Michigan Mississippi Missouri Montana New Jersey New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Pennsylvania South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia Washington No Data TOTAL XIV natii from tha School Upnsus of Georgia iwmj STATE MALE MtrTT TOTAL XV RELATIONSHIP TO HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD OF SELECTED Se POTUlItION GROUPS HEARD COUNTY GEORGIA DATA FROM SCHOOL CENSUS OF GEORGIA 1944 RELATIONSHIP TO IEAD OF HOUSEHOLD Child Grandchild Parent Related Data Other Relative Not No Total Male MEMBERS OF HOUSEHOLD EXCEPT HEADS AND MATES No 1076 87 21 823 5 67 Female Nol 1051 795 8 88 16 69 27 L308 67 21 2 38 6 52 121 30 28 91 22 iooii32i yeT Total nil 2127 15 156 59 809 6 59 22 209 57 2629 79 22 2 999 PERSONS AWAY FROM PAKBNTJU HOME Male 1171 997 1 1174 1000 Female No 1172 994 Total 4 1179001 2353 2 mil RELATIONSHIP TO HEAD OF HOUSEHOLDOF SELECTED NEGRO POPULATION GROUPS HEARD COUNTY QEOKUIA DATA FROM SCHOOL CENSUS OF GEORGIA 1944 RELATIONSHIP TO ffiAD OF HOUSEHOLD Child Ward Grandchild Parent Other Relative Not Related No Data Total MEMBERS OF HOUSEHOLD EXCEPT HEAPS AND MATES PERSONS AWAY FROM PARENTAL HOME x XVI TYPE OF HANDICAP Hearing Vision Arms Legs Mental Other NUMBER AND TYPES OF SEVERE HANDICAPS AMONG SELECTED WHITE POPULATION GROUPS HEARD COUNTY GEORGIA DATA FROM SCHOOL CENSUS OF GEORGIA 1944 MEMBERS OF HOUSEHOLD EXCEPT HEADS AND MATES Male No 2 No Data or Not Handicapped 1276 Total JS 4 5 Female No I 9 j 976 1308 11001 1290 1321 4 4 1 Total No 11 3 i5 j 4 19 14 976 2566 99812629 3 4 Male No 3 2 7 5 976 1162 CHILDREN AWAY FROM JARFNTAL HOMES Female No 3 3 2 3 1000 1 1174 990 I06T2 1070 1079 2 2 Total No 2 2 1 992 X 1 2 2 1 1 2232 1001 2253 1 991 999 KIIMBFR AND TYPES OF SEVERE HANDICAPS AMONG SELECTED Se SpUUTION GROUPS HEARD COUNTY GEORGIA DATA FROM SCHOOL CENSUS OF GEORGIA 1944 TYPE W HANDICAP Hearing Vision Arms Legs Mental Other MEMBERS OF HOUSEHOLD EXCEPT HRAD3 AND MATES Male No I No data or Not Handicapped Total 0 625 5 Female No 6 tZ 6 2 981 6371 1000 702 708 0 3 Total No 00 j 3 992 1001 4 0 3 1527 1545 4 987 1000 Male TfoT CHILDREN AWAY FROM PARENTAL HOMES Female 262 267 7 a4 7 981 999 No 269 0 4 4 0 993 271 tLOOl Total No T 531 538 4 0 J2 4 987 100 3XVII Years of School Completed by White Persons in Heard County Georgia By Selected Population Croups Data from School Census of Georgia 1944 Amount of Education Illiterate Nursery School Kindergarden 1st Grade 2nd Grade 3rd Grade 4th Grade 5th Grade 6th Grade 7th Grade 8th Grade 9th Grade 10th Grade 11th Grade 12th Grade 1st Year Col 2nd Year Col 3rd Year Col 4th Year Col 5th Year Col 6th Year Col 7th Year Col 8th Year Col No Data Grand Total Working Total Ql Wed Q5 Probable Error Head of Household No 63 0 27 35 60 Tof Tot a 55 Mate of Head of Household No 30 Tof Total 30 23 30 52 117 88 109 229 149 72 59 72 101 76 94 198 129 14 19 36 84 91 81 190 146 62 51 62 17 14 13 0 L154 L132 22 1 97 54 14 Other Members of Household of No 50 19 36 85 92 82 191 147 89 15 12 3 11 2 19 996 15 17 0 0 13 52 73 87 18 993 980 58 77 92 17 98 54 90 180 157 167 151 Total 19 68 59 64 168 195 186 146 152 111 183 57 64 74 71 55 58 42 3 15 17 6 7 1 0 13 100 20 12 13 11 720 70 2 8 5 5 4 12629 L909 38 67 95 29 274 999 All Members of Household ToT No 143 Children Away From Home Total 29 0 221 211 263 352 347 385 605 46 44 55 No 21 13 31 38 441 321 224 344 10 52 43 23 31 0 755 4776 4C2i 49 74 96 19 74 73 128 119 81 127 92 67 47 72 2 166 299 249 218 198 439 11 9 5 6 1 158 999 19 67 84 16 75 49 242 204 72 93 14 21 ToT Total 9 2 0 6 14 17 57 53 74 133 111 97 88 195 8 30 37 7 33 2 1 22 997XVIII YEARS OF SCHOOL COMPLETED BY NEQRO PERSONS IN HEARD COUNTY GEORGIA BY SELECTED POPULATION GROUPS DATA FROM SCHOOL CENSUS OF GEORGIA 1944 AMOUNT OF EDUCATION HEADS OF HOUSEHOLDS MATES OF HEADS OTHER MEMBERS OF HOUSEHOLD ALL MEMBERS OF HOUSEHOLD CHILDREN AWAY FROM HOME J iXIX Grade Status of White and Negro Persons Enrolled in School During the Academic Year 194544 Heard County Georgia Data from School Census of Georgia 1944 WHITES NEGROES Males Females Total Males Fema es Tot a 1 GRADE STATUS No ife rjxfcfl No J No No i n 1 TV No 1 Ui urade 1 Grade 2 71 73 135 139 78 47 152 91 149 120 145 115 yl 53 2y 1 173 DO 43 2Lu 139 96 156 Grade 3 56 106 6 121 118 114 34 111 37 119 71 115 Grade 4 57 109 4 82 99 95 37 121 40 129 77 125 Grade 5 62 118 47 91 109 105 26 85 27 87 53 86 Grade 6 56 106 62 121 118 114 21 69 25 81 46 75 Grade 7 40 76 43 84 83 80 12 39 19 61 31 50 Grade 8 37 70 39 76 76 73 6 19 11 35 17 28 Grade 9 34 65 38 74 72 69 4 13 4 13 8 13 Grade 10 17 32 3 62 49 47 6 19 6 9 Grade 11 7 13 1 23 19 18 1st Yr College 3 6 5 6 6 6 2nd Yr College 3rd Yr College 1 2 1 1 4th Yr College No Data 12 23 8 16 20 19 22 72 33 106 55 89 Grand Total 525 998 514 1001 1039 999 306 999 310 999 616 999 Working Total 513 506 1019 284 277 561 Ql 28 29 28 8 21 9 Med 49 55 52 19 38 34 Q3 72 79 76 49 58 54 PE 22 25 24 20E 19 23 XX TRENDS IN ILLITERACY AMONG SELECTED RACIAL GROUPS IN HEARD COUNTY GEORGIA FOR THE CENSUS PERIODS 1910 1920 1930 and 1944 Description ALL CLASSES Total number persons 10 years old and over Number illiterate Per cent illiterate WHllTsS Total number persons 10 years old and over Number illiterate Per cent illiterate NEGROES Total number persons 10 years old and over Number illiterate Per cent illiterate 1910 7625 1581 207 5039 622 123 2586 959 371 1920 7708 l4oi 182 54l6 637 118 2292 764 333 1930 6588 378 57 168 34 1643 210 128 The 1944 data were obtained from the 1944 School Census of Georgia Data for 1910 1920 and 1930 were obtained from the Federal Census The 1940 Federal Census does not carry data on illiteracy 1944 54o4 254 47 4945 3881 143 37 1523 111 73XXI TRENDS IN SCHOOL ATTENDANCE AMONG PERSONS FROM SEVENTEEN TO TWENTY YEARS OF AGE HEARD COUNTY GEORGIA FOR THE CENSUS PERIODS 1920 1930 1940 and 1944 Persons 7 20 Years of Age Number Attending School Number Not Attending School Per Cent Attending School Per Cent Not Attending School Per Cent of persons attending school at each census period expressed as a per cent of attendance in the year 1920 Persons 720 years of age at each census period expressed as a per cent of 1920 3894 1729 2165 444 556 1000 1000 3295 2898 2153 1850 1142 1048 653 638 347 362 2193 1755 438 800 200 1245 1069 1015 846 744 537J iXXII TBENDS IB NUMBER OF TEACHERS AND SCHOOLS AS RELATED TO THE NUMBER OF PERSONS 519 YEARS OP AGE BY RACE HEARD COUNTY GEORGIA FOR THE CENSUS PERIODS 1910 1920 1930 nd 19 Persons 5 19 rrs of age 1910 WHITE I NEGROES Number of Teachers Number of Schools Number of Persons 5 19 Years of age Per school Number of Persons 519 Years of age Per teacher Average No Teachers Per school 160 51 J2 2Li 286 Jl 600 22 22 ii 7Q 10 ALL CLASSES 2060 73 61 JM 282 12 1920 WHITE m 55 31 NEGROES 657 U5U 15 901 25 20 Ma ALL CLASSES 361 1L jm SO 51 586 193Q WHITE telf lU 205 NEGROES 51 22 118 h Vk2 27 1019 ALL CLASSES 20 19 521 5l0 11 362 JI Ul 190 WHITE 2107 ALL N3GRQES CLASSES ih 21 88U 59 19 1621 285 51 105 26 20 521 U02 13 3152 100 21 1371 Si JttiI i c XXIII Reasons for NonAttendance in School Among Negro Persons Heard County Georgia Data from School Census of Georgia 1944 REASONS NOT IN SCHOOL MALES No FEMALES No J Nob of Legal School Age Completed High School Help Support Family Married 646 935 3 14 20 9 4 4 Mentally Handicapped 1 1 Physically Handicapped Disinterested in School 3 5 13 16 20 School Failure 12 Discipline 1 No Data 6 11 Total Not in School Total Population 1944 691 999 997 1103 Per Cent of population not in School 693 719 Per Cent of Total Popu lation in School 307 281 XXIV TOTAL No 21 25 13 2100 707 293 Reasons for NonAttendance in School Among White Persons Heard County Georgia Data from School Census of Georgia 19441 JL 751 947 1397 941 3 14 4 1 4 17 5 1 9 793 1000 1484 999 REASONS NOT IN SCHOOL Not of Legal School Age Completed High School Help Support Family Married Mentally Handicapped Physically Handicapped Disinterested in School School Failure Disciplinary Problem No Data Total not in School Total Population 1944 Per Cent of Population not in School Per Cent of Total Popi latlon in School MALES No FEMALES Noj TOTAL No 1709 927 1755 931 5464 929 777 785 781 223 215 219XXV EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF PERSONS FOURTEEN YEARS OF AGE AND OVER BY RACE BY SEX HEARD COUNTY GEORGIA ia40 WHITES NEGROES ALL CLASSES DESCRIPTION Mais Female IN LABOR FORCE No 2 No Wge and salary workers Enplcyers and rwn aecount workers Unpaid family workers J1L 1035 141 197 i 79 616 Ji Type of work not reported l On public emergency work NYA etc Seeking work HE 78 38 JL 1 No Male 71 i 202 04 202 202 106 U92 il 22 159 JJ 46 J lS U5 1 10 IX 4 Total in labor force 11679 qqq 178 1000 IK NOT IN LABOR FORCE Own housework In School Unable to work Others 197 13 49 121 306 72 182 1215 I 649 1 3 6 r3T 1000 243 j 130 35 JJI 215 44 51 Total not in labor force 395 i1000 1870 j 999 93 BSOUS Total populationall ages Number 14 yrs old and over 12074 2951 2048 11261 Per cent of total pop over 14 yrs old Per cent ever 14 yrs old who are in labor force Per cent over 14 yrs old who are not in labor force 6S2 i soq 191 687 87 3k J5J jz3 591 2L1 601 Female Male Female S77 No No No 69 j 589 j 533 227 148 502 60 265 1362 247 58ll 43 16 105j 67 227 il JJjil li T 11L 82 34 1 34 999 2344 j i5 i5 14 XT 32 I 434 81 T91 628 1LJ 21i 1000 100c 295 looo 232 50 121 20T 1649 324 TEX 127 132b i 808 610 123 I 121 T88 2601 Tf51 ii 176 999j 256I 1000 Ji222 2S32 07 2856 658 145 828 855 172 663 4 io3 897 J iXXVI DISTRIBUTION OF LABOR FORCE ACCORDING TO OCCUPATION BY RACE BY SEX HEARD COUNTY GEORGIA 1940 WHITES NEGROES ALL CLASSES OCCUPATION Mali Fern Wri ale 1 4 Male Mn 1 t Female No Male i Female No 1 Professional Nfi 24 Ik 14 Iw 42 M 263 9 79 24 10 51 187 SemiProf essional 1 6 1 4 Farmers Farm Mgrs 966 561 24 150 324 493 6 53 1290 542 30 109 Props Mgrs NonFarm 54 31 6 38 54 23 6 23 Clerical Salesetc 24 14 15 94 24 10 15 55 Craftsmen Foremenetc 56 33 3 5 i 59 25 Operatives etc 65 38 24 150 5 8 70 29 24 88 Domestic 3 19 3 5 44 389 3 1 47 172 Service NonDome stic 55 32 3 19 3 27 55 23 6 23 Farm Laborers Wage 223 129 1 6 146 222 12 106 369 155 13 48 Farm Laborers Unpaid 136 79 30 188 106 161 30 265 242 102 60 a9 Laborers Except Farm 43 25 1 6 41 62 84 35 1 4 Occupation Not Reported 75 44 10 62 29 44 9 79 104 44 19 69 Total 1721 1000 160 1001 657 p000 113 998 2378 999 273 1001 xxni Principal Occupations of Whj te Persons of Heard County Georgia Classified hv Selected Population Groups by Sex Data from the School Census of Georgia 1944 Principal Occupation Heads of Households College student Forestry Miscellaneous Bus and Repairs Homemaking Govt Services Profess ions No Both Sexes i 11 40 Personal Services Wholesale and Retail Trade Transportation Communication Manufacturing Agriculture No Data or No Occupation Total 1U 40 T 02 iA 31 Mtes of Heads Households of Both S exes No Al 35 10 131 I1 43 1154 i 120 23 628 37 999 0 0 15 S 101 331 0 JL JQ 1X 1 11 8 0 102 JL J 1000 Members of Household Except Heads and Mates Male No J 10 l i 5 1 12 5L 238 2il 1308 8 4 Female No 11 0 11 154 8 H2 2 1 6 US 182 in 999 24 0 110 932 1321 0 3 18 a 0 IPl 211 Total Popu lation Both Sexes No JL 42 S1 loUq 1 Persons Away Prom Parental Home Male No X a 9 U 219 46 21 147 J35 1041 1897 4776 J0 9 JL 31 85 JO 20 IE 66 13 JL JL 11 Female No 25 80 11 ia JL1 218 iaj 311 3 346 1174 Ul JLl 12 2qJL 295 1 1000 SbT 64 65 16 iO 0 Al 511 11 bO 24 10 249 I 17 1079 11 22 1 231 6 16 1999XXVII B Principal Occupation of White Persons of Heard County Georgia Classified fry Selected Population Groups By Sex Data from School Census of Georgia 19 Principal Occupation College Student Forestry Miscellaneous Heads of Household Both Sexes No Bus Repairs Homemaking Gpvt Service Professions Personal Services Wholesale and Retail trade Transportation and Communication Manufactur i ng Agriculture No data or no Occupation Total 0 T 10 T5 10 n 13 12 Mates of Heads Both Sexes No 15 313 12 U09 105 73 L2 999 500 0 T 20 15b 86 Other Members of Hous ehold No Male i Female A ii Isl TJ 5Jl 26 999 22 s6 522 637 2 135 819 999 No o J95i o 8 All Members of Household Both Sexes No 0 6h J535 o 7 10 83 117 5JL8ILiL 70S 999 10 J55 15 5 169 H 1 11 20 il 502 239 1091 2100 Li 1000 Persons Away From Parental Home Mai No 0 2SL Female No il 30 25 J 5A li 6T 12U X 26 J Ul 228 TT5TT 16 26T 60 997 153 59 20 16 271 22 56T5 22 217 26 53 1000i u XXVIiI Value of Farm Land and Machinery Heard County 190 Item Number of farms Land area acres All land area in farms Average size of farms acres Value of farm land and buildings Value of land and buildings per farm Value of implements and machinery Value of implements and machinery per farm Number of farms white operators Value of farms white operators Value per farmWhite operator Number of farms nonwhite operators Value of farms nonwhite operators Value per farm nonwhite operator STATE VALUE FES EARN land and Buildings J2 178 13260 128916 73 s 2562559 1166 217327 12U 1337 2118 95 158 U11 Wo64 1080 2259 2211 1657 19260 1959 902 2005992 1211 123s 1710 856 i4o6 319 265136 760 1715 132U 192640 17239 1112 1821508 1376 120789 88 975 l51053 1579 119 281055 671 2223 Source l6th census of the U S Agriculture GeorgiaXXIX HOUSING GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS HEARD COUNTY 1940 Item of information Total number of dwelling units Occupied dwelling units Electric Lighting Kerosene or gasoline lighting Median number of persons per room Median number of rooms With radio With mechanical refrigeration With ice refrigeration With no refrigeration equipment No cooking with wood No cooking with electricity No using heating stoves No using open fire or grate Houses needing major repairs Flush toilet exclusive or shared Outside toilet or privy No toilet or privy Bathtub or shower exclusive or shared Homes without bathtub or showers No water supply within 50 feet Well or spring within 50 feet Running water in dwelling unit No 2173 1903 875 383 180 1703 780 835 43 582 316 132 71 152 81 1546 819 1843 987 15 10 243 79 1596 845 1245 659 47 25 1721 809 371 174 45 21 2057 969 144 66 1904 876 70 32 Source Sixteenth Census of the United States Housing GeorgiaBBSBSSwl EABLE XXX NUMBER OP PERSONS RECEIVING PUBLIC WELFARE assistance op various types m heard county and III GEORGIA Type of Assistance Heard County State Rate Per Rate per Number 1000of Number 1000 of casesPopulation CasesPopulation Dependent children served by Childrens1 Bureau 3 7 3678 27 Crippled children receiving aid 16 562 41 Children in School for Deaf 3 261 Girls in Ga Training School fr Girls 3 51 04 Students in CCC Camps 16 44 7043 51 Boys in Training School for 3ovs 0 2 05 No in State Hospital 5 1175 No receiving old age assistance 146 171 33425 J6 No receiving aid for blind 5 6 703 2 No receiving surplus commodities 367 426 66238 207 No receiving total public assistance 156 181 62861 201 All data are five year averages based on annual reports of Georgia Department of Public Welfare 19381943XXXI RECEIPTS FOR PUBLIC WELFARE IN HEARD COUNTY AS COMPARED WITH TOTAL RECEIPTS FOR THESTATE 1938193 TYPE OF ASSISTANCE Amount eceived for aid to blind Amount received old age assistance Amount received surplus commodities Amount received by parents CCC Camp students Amount received total public assis tance HEARD COUNTY Total Arat Received Ugg 10713 1173 3180 Rate per 1000 persons LL 12396 13172 3679 STATE Total Amt Received 161212 Rate per 1000 persons 3723U89 537333 1165169 520 119200 172003 3735 lqUS 23790 i 5260U38 i6739sss TABLE XXXII GROSS NUMBER OF ILLNESSES AND ILNESSES PER 100000 GENERAL POPULATION IS HEARD COUNTY GEORGIA BY SELECTED MORBIDITY CATEGORIES 193443 DATA FROM GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OP PUBLIC HEALTH 1l year Number 1943 1942 1941 1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 193E 1934 average Typhoid 2 2 9 7 10 10 3 8 8 3 62 Typhus 1 m 1 Malaria 4 23 1 2 4 6 5 2 8 Scarlet fever 1 1 1 2 5 Measles 92 20 8 2 117 180 419 Whooping cough 41 8 4 2 19 2 56 132 Diphtheria 5 1 4 6 9 4 5 4 34 Influenza 19 6 42 37 62 51 35 16 8 8 284 Tuberculosis 6 2 3 3 3 3 4 3 2 29 Dysentery 3 1 2 2 5 10 3 2 28 Poliomyelitis 3 3 Pellagra 4 2 1 4 5 3 2 4 25 Pneumonia 7 7 7 11 10 9 8 13 2 2 71 Syphilis 1 2 1 2 1 7 RATES PER 10 100000 year POPULATION 1843 1942 1941 1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 iy34 average Typhoid 232 232 1045 813 96 9 98 1 298 806 817 30 9 6402 Typhus 9 8 98 Malaria 465 2671 116 19 4 398 604 510 20 6 5164 Scarlet fever 9 7 9 8 99 20 498 Measles 10585 2323 929 19 4 1148 11 1854 0 44152 Whoooing cough 4762 929 455 232 186 4 192 J 576 8 14219 Diphtheria 581 116 465 58 1 83 3 398 510 41 2 3946 Influenza 2207 697 4878 4297 600 6 5004 347 9 1612 817 82 4 29821 Tuberculosis 697 232 348 348 29 1 39 8 403 306 20 6 3129 Dysentery Poliomyelitis 348 116 348 232 19 4 49 7 1007 306 T2Q6 2906 348 Pellagra 465 232 9 7 39 3 49 7 302 204 4i 2 2602 Pneumonia 813 813 813 1278 96 9 88 3 L79 5 1310 715 20 6 8595 Syphilis 116 232 9 8 19i 9 101 746 333S CABLE XXXIII GROSS NUMBER OF DEATHS AND DEATHS PER 100000 GENERAL POPULATION IN HEARD COUNTY GEORGIA BY SELECTED MORTALITY CATEGORIES 193443 DATA FROM GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH HEARD COUNTY NUMBER 1943 1942 1941 1 1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 10Year Average Bysentery 1 2 1 A 1 4 5 1 1 5 1 3 4 40 Canaer Biabetes 6 1 2 1 1 1 14 2 1 8 1 Pellagra Heart Diseases 7 5 6 9 11 3 10 12 7 84 RATES PER 00000 POPULATION 101 a 103 552 lysentery Canaer 697 116 581 232 465 671 106 1 393 497 101 510 204 310 103 4232 868 Mabetes pellagra Heart Diseases 813 116 583 232 697 116 104 E 98 5 137 I 29 i 1007 1225 724 98 8830 MSsSSmSSSESSi I03LE XXXIV COMPOSITION OF AVERAGE WHITE AND NONWHITE HOUSEHOLDS HEARD COUNTY GEORGIA 1944 DATA FROM SCHOOL CENSUS OF GEORGIA 1944 COMPOSITION OF AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD Male children at home Female children at home Relatives in household Nonrelatives in household Handicapped in household Employed fulltime Employed parttime Persons 02 yrs of age Persons 35 yrs of age Persons 612 yrs of age Persons 1518 yrs of age Persons 1924 yrs of age Persons 2539 yrs of age Persons above 40 yrs of age WHITES Total No of I Such Persons in County 1082 1056 454 63 64 2738 95 282 325 753 656 342 822 1666 Percent of Total Pop in County 227 221 95 13 13 573 20 59 68 158 137 72 172 349 NONWHITES Total No of Such Persons in County 507 583 237 33 22 931 22 199 202 411 292 225 346 454 Percent of Tot Pop in County 241 278 113 16 10 443 10 95 96 191 139 107 165 216 The total population in Heard County by race whites 4776 nonwhites 2100 The percentages in these columns were obtained by dividing the numsf such persons in each category by the total population of fjf JfS of the total white population in Heard County 227 percent consist of cnildren at home wLeas 241 percent of the total white population consist of male children at home Since the several oategorieB overlap it is ious that the sum of the percentage figures in a column will not equal 100 percent TABLE XXXV CHARACTERISTICS OF AVERAGE WHITE AND NONWHITE HOUSEHOLDS IN HEARD COUmf GEORGIA WITH RESPECT TO l CHILDREN AWAI FROM HOME AND 2 CHILDREN IN ARMED SERVICES 1944 DATA FROM SCHOOL CENSUS OF GEORGIA 1944 CHARACTERISTIC Total No in County WHITES No per 100 Male children away from home Female children away fron home Male children in armed services Female children in armed services NONWHITES No No per 100 Households 66 69 19 Less than one person per 100 households Actually only one female nonwhite is reported as being in the armed servicesQ 3SSSSSSSSSI M5S58S3 TABLE XXXVI STtfUS IN FATLY OF TH HEADS OF WHITE AND MONWHITE HOUSEHOLDS KiASD COUNTY GEORGIA 1944 DATA FROtf SCHOOL CENSUS OF GEORGIA 1944 STATUS IN FAMILY OF HOUSEHOLD HEAD Father other Grandparent Others Total HITES 1047 94 5 8 T15T 907 81 4 7 31 ONVTITES 363 4i 3 2 To9 088 100 7 5 999 ALL CLASSES l4io 135 8 10 T5oJ 902 86 5 6 999 TABLE XXXVII SELECTED SOCIOECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF WRITS AND ONEWrTE HOUSEHOLDS HEARD COUNTY GEORGIA 1944 DATA FROU SCOOL CEHSUS OF GEORGIA 1944 CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSEHOLD Home owned Inside toilet Running water Electric lights Daily newspaper Family radio Family garden 7JHITS8 No 566 76 109 518 483 826 1025 fi 490 66 95 449 419 716 838 NONWHITES 1 No 122 2 33 37 112 120 F 122 5 81 90 274 293 ALL CLASSICS No 688 76 110 551 520 938 1145 440 49 70 353 333 600 733BSSSSCTSj3aaas5BgsflbBa 3 F TABLE XXXVIII SIZE OF K0ME3 OCCUPIED BY SHITE AND NONWHITE HOUSEHOLDS HEARD COUNTY GEORGIA 1944 DATA FROM SCHOOL CENSUS OF GEORGIA 1944 NUMBER OF ROOMS 13 or More roons 12 11 10 9 it n R II It II It it II II It II 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 No Data Grand Total Working Total Ql Med Q3 PE WHITE No 3 5 18 47 154 252 358 262 45 4 16 1154 1133 39 48 58 95 3 4 16 41 133 218 311 218 7 3 18 1000 NONWHITS No ALL CLASSES 2 21 58 124 132 60 6 6 409 403 33 40 48 75 5 51 142 303 322 147 15 15 1000 No 3 5 18 49 175 310 482 384 103 10 22 1563 1541 37 47 56 9 X 1 2 3 12 31 112 198 308 246 66 6 14 999W3BSKBBM TABLE XXXIX MILITARY STATUS AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF SELECTED POPULATION GROUPS HEARD COUNTY GEORGIA 1944 DATA FROM SCHOOL CENSUS OF GEORGIA 1944 HEADS OF HOUSEHOLDS Nol T MATES OF HEADS OF HOUSEHOLDS Both Sexes Both Sexe Mala No OTHERS IN HOUSEHOLD No WHITES In military service Employed fulltime Employed parttime NONWHITES In military service Employed fulltime Employed parttime ALL CLASSES In military service Employed fulltime Employed parttime 10 1095 42 9 949 36 7 391 956 5 1 975 1 1 327 2 1 982 1 Female 4 365 279 No TOTAL POPULATION Both Sexes No CHILDREN OF HOUSE TOLD AWAY FROM HOME Fe males 30 23 3 0 13 8 1486 1951 44 28 945 6 1 72 2 110 3 5 475 33 0 173 5 3 244 17 3 362 23 0 154 6 3 516 29 Males 1 274 17 C 218 8 1 254 14 19 2797 96 4 982 13 25 3779 109 4 586 20 2 468 6 3 550 13 383 326 Jku 1115 950 273 932 73 249 0 456 1364 0 3ie 947 13 1055 0 1 244 1 14 3299 1 12 978 0 4 300 4 LO 962 1 UNIVERS L B R A i i t E S OF GEORGIAmmmomsms1