GEORGIA Ite Board ti Entomology GEORGIA State Board of Entomology B U L LET INN o . 2 L-O CTO BE R, J9a6. Spraying to Control the San Jose Scale BY R . I. SM ITH, S t ate En tomo logist. C A PIT O L BUILDING Al'L AXTA , G A. : B Y R D P nINT I X O C O ~IPAX -. l OOG. GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY. ORGANIZATION T . G . H UDS ON, Cha irm an , Co m m iss io ne r o f Agri cult u rc , Atlanta . E x -Ojjicio JlEclllbcr . P . J. BERKi\IAN S , P reside n t of State H o rt icu ltu ra l Soc iety , A ugust a. E x - Ojjic io JlEclllbcr . J. J. CON N E R, Presid ent o f S t a te A gri cultural Soc iety , Cart ersvill e - Ex- Offi cio Jl f clllbcr . - .. R. 1. S i\lIT H, S tat e En tom ol og ist a nd S ec re ta r). o f tIIC B oard , A t lant a . A . C. LEWIS, A ssistant S ta tc Entomolo , an d F ebruary 1906. One tw o-year old orcha r d was sprayed tw ice, each t ime th or oughl y , according to th e st atement of th e man ager , and on April 21, 1906, when exa mine d by t he wr iter , 'was f oun d to have f ully 50 p er cent of th e scale ali ve. Th ese wer e smnll tre es th at could eas ily be covere d wi th the spray. Th e above r epo rts sho w such cont radietorv r esu lts, t hat we a re comp elle d t o wnrn f ruit gro wers aga ins t dependin g' t oo thor ough ly on this t reatment, W e kn ow in stances wher e th e Sea lecide treatm en t has been pronounced , by f r uit g rowers, as th oro ughl y successf ul. Our exper iments, backed by t he r esu lt of obser vatio ns ma de in large or ch ar ds, would indicat e t ha t sati sfa ct ory r esults may n ot be expec te d in the ma j or ity of cases. "Tar get Br and " Scale Destroyer. A soluble oil sp ray sold by the Am erican H or ti cul tural Dis- tributing Co., Martinsburg, ' V. V a., under th e above title, has 214 been us ed by severa l Geor gia or chardist s during th e pa st season. Th e Ta rget Brand Sp r ay is sp oken of by the manufacturers in th eir adver t isement in the following words : " Target Brand S cale D estroyer is a soluble mineral oil. Not a drop of cr ude oil u sed in it . When diluted it ha s a most agreeable odor and has th e a pp ear an ce of mille It ha s no caus t ic action and hence cannot injure han ds, body, clothing or spraying appar- atus. " Th e spr ay is r ecomm ended to be u sed at the r at e of 1 part Target Brand to 20 parts of water . Experi men ts wi th T ar get B r and Scale D estr oyer wer e made by the State B oard of E n tomology in Novemb er 1905, a t Thom- son , Ga. In our expe r iment s we tested t he sp ray at st ren gths of 1 to 5, 1 to 10, 1 t o 15 and 1 t o 20. 'I'hese t est s were mad e at the same time an d in the sam e mann er as t est s with Scalecide solution men ti oned above. Th e r esul t of t hese expe r iments show very little differen ce betw een Scal ecide and Target Brand so f ar as th eir effect upon the scale was concer ned. In or der to ma ke our r esults more conclus ive, we made spe cial effort t o examine lar ge or cha r ds in whi ch th e Target Brand spray wa s used on an exte nsive scal e. Our obser vations were made in or char ds at Columbus and F ort Valley. The r esult of these observations is given below. A t Columbus an orchar d of about 20,000 t r ees, owned by John Doz ier P ou, was sp r ayed on sever al dates betw een Decemb er 15th , 1903 and F ebruary I fi th , 190 G. Some p or ti ons of the or chard wer e given t wo sp ra yings, one in D ecember an d one in F ebru ary . Mt" P ou 's orc har d has been examined on four dif- fer ent occasions during th e pa st spr ing and su mmer by Mr. A . C. L ewis, assistan t entomologist . Twi gs from th e spr aye d trees have been sent hy M r . P Oll t o ou r office for examinat ion. The writer has also ma de a p ersonal examinat ion of the orchar d at Columbus in comp any with 1\Ir. Pou an d lUI'. L ewis. The resu lt of all these examina t ions ha s sh own that the Target Brand Scale Destroyer has n ot been success f ul in cont rolling th e scale, Th e followin g notes by Mr. L ewis will ser ve t o illustrate the condition of t he or chard, showing' that the scale was n ot proper ly con- troll ed by the Target Brand Sp ra y . F ehruary 3rd, 1\11'. Lew is r ep or ted as follows : " I examined a number of trees in differ en t parts of the differ ent blocks. Cou nts were mad e on from fo ul' to six trees in each separate block and t he r esults obtained r epresent t he av erage cond it ion of th e orchard. On un spray ed trees from 50 215 to 60 per cen t of the scale wer e alive, ta kin g both youn g and old scale into the count . Most of the youn g' scale were aliv e, that is, th ose in the half-grown st age. Trees sprayed twi ce, once in Decemb er 1905 an d again in F ebruary 1906, showed 79 to 80 p er cent of t he scale dead . Compare d with th e un sprayed trees this r esult shows that th e Target Brand Scale Destroyer kill ed only about 60 or 70 per cent of th e live scale." 'l'his report rep resen ts th e condi t ion of th e orchard F ebruary 3rd, 1906, In April, when the next examina t ion was made, count of the dead and live scale would hav e shown a mu ch less sa t isfacto ry resul t. .A portion of this orchar d was given a summer treatment in J un e, as the scale was in creasin g so r ap idl y t hat it was f eared many of the t rees would die before t he end of the season. At F ort Va ll ey the writ er has visited orc ha r ds sprayed un der di rect ion of the man ager of t he Unite d F r uit Comp any, and an orcha r d owned by G. H . English, both of which wer e t horoug hly treat ed with this sp ray. Resul t of the treatment in th e Unit ed F'r uit Company's orcha rd was very unsatisfactory. Th e first exam ination was made Apri l Dth, 1906. Th e av era ge result of this examination showed t hat not over 60 or 70 p er cent of the scale h ad been killed. Exam in ation of some individual t rees seemed t o indicate that t he sp ray had don e good work, but on other trees t her e was practi cally no indication that t he scale had been destroyed by any treatment. Th e writer made a second examination of the Unite d Fruit Company's orchard on August ~ 8th. Sp ecial exa minat ion was mad e of one two-year old peach orcha rd which had been severely prun ed back last winter and the t rees thoroughly sp raye d with Target Brand Scale Destroyer . Nearly all th e trees in this or chard showed mu ch live scale on th e new growth. In fa ct , some limbs wer e almost encr uste d fo r a distance of 10 t o 15 inches. As th ese trees were very small there was n o r eason why the spraying sh ould not h ave been thorou ghly don e. Exami nation ofa four-yea r old orchar d gave p r act icall y t he same r esults. One 1'0\\' of trees in this orchar d h ad been given two sp ray ing'S and even on those t rees the scale were abundant on t wigs of this year's gro wth. On Au gu st 28th th e writer a lso visited Mr. G. II. E nglish 's orcha r d whi ch h ad been sprayed with Target Brand. Thi s orcha r d was n ot as badl y infeste d as t he orchard of the Un ite d F'ruit Compa ny, and the r esult of t he sp raying appeared to be mu ch better . It was evident from these exa minations that the results of sp raying with this solutio n arc apt to be very cont ra- dictory and very unsati sfactory, Kil-O-Scale . K il-o-Scale, anot he r oil preparation, manufactured by the Th omsen Chemica l Co., Ba lt imore, Md ., an d sold by t he Gr iffithTurner Co., B altimore, Md., is sup posed to be mu ch lik e the t wo p reparati ons mentioned above. 'lYe made an expe r iment t o deter mine th e val ue of thi s sp ray in compar ison with Scalecide and Target Brand D estroyer . Kil-o-Seale was t est ed at Th omson, G,a., March 2n d, 1D05. Th e strength used was 1 to 20, as r ecommended by the manufacturers. On April Sth th e exa min ati on showed that about 50 per cent of the scale were ali ve. :JTay 25th, the time the second exam inat ion was made, the young scale were beginning t o move and the sprayed trees appeared to be almost as badly infested as t he unsprayed trees . Lat er exam ination showed that the sp rayed t rees were fully as ba dly in f ested as the un sp rayed t rees. I n justi ce to the manu fa cturer s we mu st say tha t we have been adv ised that they h av e improved the Kil-o-Scale p r eparat ion since we mad e thi s experiment. W e understand, h owever , th at the Ki l-o-S eale is a prepa ration mu ch like Sealccide an d Target B rand Sca le Destroyer, and we think t hat orcha r dists should make caref ul test of the value of all t hese preparations before using them f or spraying enti re orchards. The soluble oil prep arations as usually recommended for use, at a strength of 1 part of oil to 20 parts of w at er, have not , in my opinion fulfilled the claims made for them by the manufacturers. It is quite evident that these soluble oils might be used in more concentrated form and made to give good results. The expense of t he wash when used at a streng th sufficient to kill scale would , however, in most instances, debar its use. W e r eali ze th at the soluble oil sprays are much more conv enient to handle than the lime-sulphu r wa sh, an d that t hey would gladly be accept ed by fruit grow ers if good result s could be obtain ed from their use. It is ou r intention to giv e the soluble oil sp rays a f urther test this fa ll an d next sp ringvand if we get f avorabl e results we shall not hesit ate to make the Georg ia fruit gr owers awa re of th e fa ct. Other soluble oil sprays, aside from the ones mentioned above, are on t he market , but as we have not h ad an opp ortunity of t estin g them we h ave n oth in g t o say in r egard t o t heir bein g used except, as alread y menti oned, we think they shou ld first be t est ed in an expe r imenta l way. 217 PREP AR ATION AND APPLICATION OF LIME AND SULPHUR W ASH . Suitable boiling outfits for making lim e and sulphur wash mu st be provided. The form and capacity of th e boil ing outfit will dep end largely on the size of the orcha r d th at is to be sp raye d. Orcha rdists who intend to sp ray oyer five thousan d trees will usually find it most conven ient and economical t o provide steam boilin g outfits for boilin g' lim e and sulphur wash with st eam , Mixture sufficient for sp ray ing small orcha rds of from one to five t housan d trees ma y be made economically in iron kettl es set in a brick 01' ston e arch, as well illust r at ed in Fi g. 1. I n case only a f ew hund red t re es have t o be spraye d, the mixture fo r th ese trees can be made in open iron ket tles of any desired capac ity. Th e indi vid ual mu st judge whi ch boiling outfit will be most pra ct icabl e. Th e locati on of boili ng outfits must be given caref ul attention . In each orchar d it is desirable to locat e the boiling ou tfit in such a p osition th at th e spray mix ture will n ot have to be haul ed f or long distan ces. Sp ecia l attention must be given to tho wat er sup ply, which can be obtai ncd from wells or creeks. For the in form ation of or cha r dists who will have t o prep are boilin g outfits, figures and illustrations arc given herewith showing how boiling plants may be cons n -ncte d. Th e proper ap p lication of lime and sulp hur wash is absol utely necessary in or der t o secure satisfacto ry results. Fo r ap plyin g this wash good, ser viceable spray pumps with th e necessary hose, extension r ods and nozzles mu st be provided. A f ew trees ma y be readily sprayed by th e usc of a bu cket pump (F ig. 8) equipped with necessary length of hose an d suitable n ozzle. Such an outfit would n ot he economical fo r sp t'aying a lar ge nu mber of trees. Th e ordinary bnrrcl spray p ump " shown at Pi g. 9, equ ip ped wit h n ecessary length of hose, may be us ed for sprayin g quite exte nsive orch ar ds. 'I'he usc of wagon tanks holdi ng 200 01' 2;)0 gallons of mixture often saves time when tile mixture mu st he hauled fo r a long dist an ce. Doubl e cylin der spray pumps , as shown in P ig. 10, arc most suitable for attach ing to the 200 gallon wagon tanks. 'I'he va rious outfits and equipment n ecessary f or p reparation and application of li me an d su lp hu r wash are descr ibed more in detail in the following p aragraphs. 218 Fig. 4.-A convenien t and economical manner of constructing Lime-Sulphur boiling plant. S uitab le where steam boiling pl ants would be t oo ex pensive, Fig. 5 .-A crude boiling arrangement. Often used for small orchards but not recommended. 219 BOILING OUTFITS. Open Ket tle s : As sta te d abov e, common iron kettles may be emp loyed fo r preparing lime an d sulphur wash for spray ing a small number of trees. In certain cases wher e it is necessary t o avo id expe nsive outfits the open kettle may have to be used, but or dina r ily it is not the most economical meth od. Small iron kett les such as are of ten used fo r makin g lime and sul phur wash, are shown in F'ig. 5. W e would st rongly recommend t he use of a kettle of at least 25 ga llons cap acity, in order th at enough wash may be made at one time for 50 gall ons of t he diluted mixture. K ettl es in a Brick Arch.-A convenien t and cheap outfit f or boilin g lime and sulphu r wash is shown in Fig. 4. 'I'his cons ist s simply of two GO or SO gallon iron kettles set in a brick or stone f oundation with a suitable fire box and chimney t o insu re gett ing' a good drau ght in all kinds of weather. W ith an outfit of t his kind large qu antities of lim e and sulphur wash may be mad e, while the fir st cost of the outfit will be very slight . By usin g GO or SO gallo n kettles eno ugh mix ture f or 100 gallons when dil uted may be ma de at one t ime. I n this way it is possible t o prepare t he mixture fa st enough t o keep t wo or three sp ra y p umps r unning conti nuously. T he grea test disad van tage of boiling in open kettl es lies in th e f act t hat th e hot mix tu r e mu st be dipp ed up in pails and p oured into th e spray barrel or tank. Th e steam boilin g outfit, ment ioned in th e n ext p ara graph, does away entirely with all handli ng of th e hot mi xture. Whenever the iron kettl es must be used we st rongly recommend const r ucti on of brick or stone fou ndati ons. An yone who has attempted t o work aroun d an un protected kettle on a wind y day, an d ha s expe r ienced th e unpleasantness of ha vin g to dodge th e fir e and smoke, will t horough ly ap p reciate the convenience of t he bri ck 0 1' stone arch. Th e saving of fu el alone is an it em of considerable imp ortan ce. Ste am Boiling Outfits : Wh ere ver exte ns ive orchar ds mu st be sp rayed with lim e and sulphur wash it undoubtedl y p ays to construct a st eam boilin g plant. Th ese pl ants are built in many differ ent forms but all of th em cor respond more or less closely with th e tw o f orms shown in Figs. Gand 7. By usin g steam it is possibl e to boil lim e and su lphur wash more qui ckly and th orough. ly than in the open iron kettles. By th e use of steam large quant it ies of the mix ture can be mad e in a short t ime. In extensive orchar ds wher e it is necessary to run three of fou rspray pumps 220 a 3 H C'1 C'1 Fig . 6.- A sim ple sleam bo iling oul fit for prep aring lime-sulph ur washes ; E , boiler ; ss, s team pipes; gg, gal e va lve s; I , 2, 3 and 4, s o-gallon barrels ; x x , p ipes for drawing off m ix t ure a ft er boi lin g; F, large pipe ca rr yin g liquid fr om p ip es x x to wagon t an k o r spray-b arr el; a , lower en d of ste am pipe wit h cross-ar ms an d o ne-eighth inch ope nings for esca pe of steam; P, platfor m 6 feet a bove g rou nd ; j , pipe supply ing water from elevated t an k o r st ea m jet ; h, water h ose for carry ing clear water to I, 2 , 3 and -4. continuously, in order t o finish spr ay ing du ring the winter season, it is almost necessa ry to arrange th e p lant for boilin g with steam. The accompanying illustrat ions arc in tended t o sene as a gu ide to orchardists who have t o build steam boiling outfits. A gla nce at Figs. 6 and 7 and a compa rative st udy of t he t wo figures will enable almost an y one to underst and th e plan of const r uct ion. Th e p rin cip al differ ence lies in th e mann er in whi ch the steam is car r ied to the boilin g ta nks , an d t he way in wh ich t he water supply is arranged. Any steam boiling outfit must be const r ucted so as to encompass th e follo wing pr inciples. 1st . A steam boiler of sufficient hor sepower t o f urn ish steam for cooking the mixture in all th e barrels or t anks at one tim e. 2nd. Steam pip e connections prop er ly fitted and arrange d so as to insu re conven ience and economy. 3rd. The platform must be h igh enou gh to allow draw ing the prepared mixture directl y into th e sp ray barrel or ta nk. 4th. Ample wat er sup ply mu st be provid ed. Regarding the capacity of the boiler , it is gener ally est imat ed that one hors ep ower will be required for boili ng mi xt ur e in one 50 ga llon barrel. 'Where t he st eam boili ng outfit comp rise s six or eight bar rels a 15 horsep ower boiler will give ample st eam supply with sufficient sur plus power f or pumpin g wat er , etc. It is best to have the boiler larger than n ecessary as then it will not have to run to its f ull capacity. Portable steam boilers may be used, and also portable p latform , st eam p ipes, et c., or the boilin g pl an t may be sit uat ed close by boiler s used fo r runnin g cotton gins or other ma chin ery. Stearn pipes fo r convey ing st eam t o the ba r rels may be arranged by p lans shown in eithe r Fig. 6 or 7. I n Fig. 6 the ste am is con veyed above the line of ba rrels and conducted down in to each barrel th rough a h ori zontal pipe, at th e end of whi ch is ar ra nge d th e cross a rms for distribu tin g t he steam n car th e bottom of th e barrels. Fig. 7 shows how steam may be conveyed in a pipe ru nni ng close to t he bottom of the barrels an d st eam conveye d to each barre~ by a short connec t ion provided wit h a good gate-valve. W e prefer the latter meth od of stea m conn ecti on, as it requires less p iping an d th e hot stea m pip es ate not in t he way of t he workman as th ey would be with t he pipes r unnin g along t he top of th e ba rrels. A glance at the accompanying illust ra ti ons shows how t he steam supply may be controlle d so that the st eam can be turned on t o one barrel or any number of barrels at one t ime. It will be observed th at each 222 co C'I C'I ~. 11=~ --- ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ -'d: :C:: F ig . 7.- S t eam boili ng out fit : Showin g boil er h ou se, water tan k , wa te r su p ply (we ll or c reek ) pla tf orm , barrels fo r hai ling a nd arra ng e me nt of stea m pi pes , S, steam p ipes ; W , wat e r pipes ; G , ga te va lves ; R , p ipe s for d ra win g off m ixture ; :M, m ain outlet p ipe ; ss, ste am p ipes leading to ba rre ls ; A, pip e fo r d istributing stea m in ba rrel. p ipe lead ing to the barrels is fitted with va lve to con trol th e steam supply. This method results in great saving of st eam, for when a barrel of mixture is cooked and r ead y f or t he sp ray t ank the st eam may be turn ed off. " Then r ead y to draw the mixture into the spray tank, steam may be turned on for a f ew minutes an d th e mixture qui ckly ilCat ed to th e boiling p oint. The best plan is to dilute th e boiled mixture in th e cooking barrel and turn th e steam on for a f ew minutes before drawin g out th e mixture. The pl at form f or a st eam boiling outfit should be built six or seven feet above grou nd, or any convenient heigh t whi ch will allow of drawing the prepared mixture directl y in to the sp ray harrel or t ank. Th e heigh t of the pl at form must vary to corresp ond with th e form of spraying ou tfit whi ch is used . The wat er supp ly tank, as shown in Fig. 7 is very necessary. By havin g this t ank elevated to give a good wa ter pr essure it is possibl e t o fill th e barrels in which th e mixture is boiled simp ly by makin g use of the f orce of gravi ty. F ig. 7 ill ustrates how th e water supply may be ca r r ied to the main outlet pipe and f orced into t he barrels at any time. Th e outle t pip e is provided with a valve at each end . 'When these valves are closed the water ma y be t urn ed on from th e tank and t he val ves in t he p ip es leading t o the barrels may be opene d, allowin g t he wat er t o r ush in , forced simp ly by its own weigh t. One barrel or all th e barrels may be filled at one t ime. When th e barrels aloe as full as desired the wat er sup ply may be qui ckly turn ed off. After th e mixture is boiled in con cent ra t ed f orm it ma y be diluted by turnin g on water from th e sup ply tank. Thi s is the best arran gement, as it does away entirely with handling th e wat er in p ails. SPRAYING OUTFITS. Selecti on of su ita ble sp raying outfi ts is a matter of grea t imp ort an ce. T he questi on of what kind of pum p t o use is one th at must be determ in ed by the ind ividual. Th e decision, however, should dep end mainly on th e number of t rees that will be sp rayed. Besid es th e sp ray pump it self it is n ecessary t o provide ample hose, extension rods, etc . As a matter of informa tion, each p art of t he spray ing outfit will be discussed in the followin g p aragraphs: Bucket Pumps: A cheap but h andy sp ray pump for use in sp raying very sma ll orcha r ds is shown in F ig. S. This is what is called the bu cket pum p. Although not shown in the illus- 224 Fig. S. -Bucket Spray P ump. Should be eq uipped with at le ast IS foot len gth of h ose. Fi g . 9.- Barrel S pray Pump. No ti ce th e larg e Agi ta tor, a nd Air Cha mbe r. 225 tration, th e bucket pump should be provided with at least 15 feet of hose and a 5 or 6 foot extension r od t er min ate d by a suitable nozzle. It would sca rcely pay t o attempt to use a bu cket pump Ior sprayin g over 75 or 100 trees. , Barrel Pumps: Th e most serviceabl e and economical outfi t for sprayin g orchards of from 500 to 5,000 trees is the re gu lar barrel sp ray pump shown in F ig. 9. These barrel pumps ar e usually capable of furnishin g' pow er for two leads of hose, each hose provid ed with a doub le nozzle if desirable. These barrel pumps are often fitt ed in wagon tanks an d serv e their purpose admirab ly. Th e barrel p ump should be provided with a good agitator, as shown in Fig. 9, and should have an air chamber of sufficient size to insure getting a steady pressure. Double Cylinder Spray Pumps: :A pump of greate r p ower than th e barrel pump is shown in Fi g. 10. Thi s represents a st rong, durabl e pump su itable fo r att aching to wagon t ank s. 'I'he working p art of the pump does not extend into the tank, wh ich is an advant age on account of th er e being less liability of the pump becomin g ru sty an d cor roded by the mi xtu re. As shown in t he illustrati on, th e sp ray mixture is d ra wn up t o th e pum p t hr ough a la rg e suc tion pipe. A good bra ss strainer is attached t o t he end of th e suction pi pe to debar an y fo reign matter wh ich would clog the sp ray p ump . 'Ye have f ound by exper ience tha t the doubl e cylin der spray pump is ope rated almost as easily as th e bar rel pumps. At th e same time it is possibl e to keep up a greate r pressu re . Th e doubl e cylinde r pumps cost marc th an th e barre l p umps, but not enough more to debar th eir usc. Wher ever wagon t anks are used we think it advisabl e to usc th e large spray pumps, both no account of getting a greate r pressure and on account of th e pump bein g more du rabl e. Wagon Tanks: W agon tank s holdin g' 200 or 250 gallons a re rapidly coming into usc. Orcha rdists who h ave 10,000 or 15,000 t rees to spr ay have f ound it impracticnble t o depend on th e 50 g-aJIon spray barrel s. 'I' hcso 50 gallon barrels hold so litt le mixture that much tim c is lost in drivin g back an d forth Irom the orchard t o the place wher e the mixture is bein g made. Th e usc of 200 or 250 gallon tanks result s in mu ch saving of both tim e and lab or . Th ese 'ragan t anks may be purcha sed at a cost of $18.00 or $20.00. Th e saving in t ime resulting from their use will usuall y more th an pay fo r their cost th e first year. Extensive orcha r dists who have been dep endin g on 50 gallon 226 F ig . lo .- Double Cylinder Suc ti on Spray Pum p . S ui tab le fo r att ach ing to W agon Spray Ta n k s. ~ :",: ~~ :: (.1 F ig . 1 1, - Wagon Spray T an k . T h is t ank ma y be fitted to a ny wagon . Usually built to h old 2 0 0 t o 250 gall ons. Th e Agitator should alwa ys be secured . barrels will undoubtedl y find it to their advantage to chang e to th e lar ge wa gon tanks. Power Spray Pumps: Power spray pumps are now bein g used by many of the large or cha r d ists , an d th eir u se is coming t o be mor e and mor e univer sal. Fig. 12 illustrates one f orm of gas oline power sprayer, an d Fig. 13 sho ws another form. W e would prefer the low t an k, as it woul d be best f or drivin g over r ough land. Compressed air p ower sprayers are bein g manufactured an d used by some orcha r d ists. In Georgi a the cheap n egro lab or ha s been largely r esp onsibl e f or keeping orchar dis ts f r om adop ting the p ower sp rayers. The illustrations shown herewith represen t sp r aye r s that hav e been used with gre at succes s, and we believe their adop tion by orc har d ists in Geor gia would be a d visable . Hose: 'I'he mistake is often made of atternp tin g to use too shor t hose, wh ich often r esu lts in loss of both time and material. Regardless of what kind of pump is used, wh ether barrel, sucti on, or pow er sp r ay pump, it should be equipp ed with at least 25 f oot lengths of hose. The one -half in ch sp r ay hose is most commonly u sed . Thc or dinary -l-pl y, one-half in ch hose can be purcha sed f or from 10 to 12 cents a foot. A mor e durabl e, better quality hose of t he same size usu all y costs f rom fo urteen to sixtee n cents a f oot. Pract ice has sho wn t hat th e h igh p r iced hose is chea pe st in the end. A wire wound hose is now bein g sold by some man ufacturer s, and has p roved t o be quite ser viceable. The wire wou nd hose is of cou rse somewhat heavi er, bu t it does n ot wear out by being dragged along t he ground and will stan d a g reat deal of ab use, such as being run over by wagons and being step pe d on by mules or hor ses. Th e p rotect ion fu r nished by the wire also preven ts the hose f rom ki nkin g, an d also mak es the hose cap able of stan d ing a mu ch hi gh er pressure. Extension Rods : No sp r aying outfit is comp lete with ou t a good ex tens ion r od. Th ese r ods ma y be cut an y conven ien t len gth, six or eight feet bein g th e lengt hs most generally used. Bamboo covere d r ods are bein g sold by n early all dealers, but they are n o bett er than th e r od made from one-f ou rth in ch gas piping, whi ch ca n be cut out by a blacksmith. An extension rod with stop-cock and elbowed j oint is shown in Fig. 14. Fig. ] 5 sho ws more clear ly 'how elbow is made to t um spray at ri ght an gles t o th e r od . Fi g. 12.-Gas oline Po wer Spray er. Will ea si ly furnish powe r for 4 leads of hose. Fi g. 13.-Gasoline Power Sp rayer-Showing Low Sp ra y Tank. 229 Stop-Cocks: Th ese are necessary to avoid wasting material in moving from tree to tree. W hen ever the nozzles become clogged the stop-cock is alm ost a necessity. It should always be us ed behind th e exte nsion r od (see Fig. 14 ) , on the end of the hose wher e it is easily operated hy the spray m,an. Fig. I4 _-Extensio n rod, fitted wit h Stop -cock, and Elbowed Joint at ext rem ity . Fig. IS.-E lbow to turn sp ray -s-Ver mo rel Nozzle. Particularly val ua ble when sp raying larg e tre es. 230 Nozzles: The selecti on of nozzles is somewhat a matter of taste, but shou ld depend lar gely on t he form of spr ay pump and on the size of th e trees to be sp rayed. Nozzles throwing a flat spray would be valuable if they could be manuf actured so as to wea.r with out leaki ng. Th at is, without all owin g the mixture t o run back over the nozzle an d hose while sp raying is bein g done. l\Iost of the nozzles throwin g a flat or fan-shap ed sp r ay are undesir abl e on account of t he f act that th ey soon commence t o leak. In practi ce we have found it best t o usc the Vermorel type, wh ich is sho wn in F ig. 16. Thi s nozzle throws a r ound or cone-sha ped spra y . Th e fineness of th e sp ra y depends lar gely on t he size of t he opening in the cap of the n ozzle. F or sp ray ing lime an d sulp hu r wash the cap shou ld be p r ovid ed with a hole of about one-sixt eenth in ch diam eter , or slig htly lar ger , which allows t he mixture to come out with considerable f orce. For spraying large trees it is often economical to use the doubl e Verm or el t yp e, sho wn in Fig, 17. F ig. 18 sh ows the Mistry nozzle whi ch has recen tly come into use. The manufacturers of thi s n ozzle claim it to be sup er ior to th e old Ver morel on account of its throwing a more mist-like sp ray. F or li me and sulp hur spraying we believe the old Vermorel ty pe of n ozzle sup er ior t o the n ew Mistry. Lime an d sulphur wash should be applied with considerable force, h en ce it is not desirabl e t o use a n ozzle makin g a very fine spray. ""r'! 7 2 Fig. 17. - Double Vermorel No zzle for sp raying large trees, 231 Strainer and Funnel: Lim e-su lphur wash should always be strained before goin g into th e sp ray t ank. Unless well strain ed the mixture is liable t o clog th e very best spr ay pump, result ing in mu ch loss of tim e an d patience. Fig. 19 r epresents a combin ati on stra iner and funn el, easily mad e by any one. All th at is r equired is a good substantial wooden pa il, a pi ece of one and one-ha lf in ch iron pipe, and a wire net tin g to t ack in sid e th e p ail. An auger hole is made in th e bottom of th e pail , the iron p ipe screwed into this hole; and the netting t acked at a slight an gle about midw ay of th e p ail. By havin g th e n etting set at an angle the mixtu re will run through rapidly. A st rainer of this description, or one similar in design , is a ver y important addit ion to a spr aying outfit. Fig. 18 . - M i s~ry No zzle. Fig. 19 - Strai n er a nd F un nel. (From Conn. E xp . .Stati Bul. No. B O.) 232 WHEN TO SPRAY, AND HOW OFTEN, This is a qu estion that has p uzzled th e m inds of all in vestigators , a n d on e t h at is n ot y et f ully set tle d . 'Whe the r it is best to sp r ay in f all, winter 01' sp rin g', d ep en ds somewha t on circ umsta nces . In Georgia it has been fou n d t ha t sp ri n g ap pl ication of lime-sulphur wash is most effe ct ive, t hat is, sp l'ay ing a f ew weeks bef or e t he buds ope n in s p r-ing. It ofte n h app ens , howev er, th at orc h a r ds arc t oo lnr ge to be sp rayed d u r ing t he last f ew weeks bef or e gro wt h COil! 1\1cnccs in sp rin g', hen ce fa ll and win t er applicati ons a rc n ecessa ry. Orc ha rdists must d ecide t he q uest ion in accordanc e with t heir indi vi du al cond itio ns, T he d ecision sh ould be d epend en t some what on th e probable weath er conditions, la bor, size of ore luu-d, exte nt of inf esta ti on wit h sca le, etc, Ol'cllal'ds vcl'!J bw71!J ill/ cslcd tci llt. Sa n J osc scale sllO alcl bc s[J}'(/ !J C(Z i u.ice, OIiC C in. [al! 0 1' curls] iciulcr aiu! again in sp ri us] bef ore t h e lnuls 0ll C/1. It is well -n igh imp ossible t o coye r e Y~ r) p ort ion of t he t rce a t on e sp ray ing-t houg h t hat should by all mean s be th e ai m- h en ce where crchu rd s are bad ly infest ed it is advi sab le t o spray tw ice eac h ) ' CHl' unt il th e scale is wel l in cont ro l. Th orou gh nppli cnt ion of lime-sul phur wash, cover ing th e trees f rom top to bot tom , is ueccssury if good r esults a re t o be expec te d . T oo oft en orcha rdis ts sp ray their orc ha r ds with ou t p ropel' r egard to t hor ough ness, and t he res ult is t hat t h ey fa il to get good r esults a n d t hen t h ink t ho wash is r esp onsibl e. Lime-sulphur wash docs n ot sp rea d easily l ike oil emu lsions, a nd g reat ca re in spra y ing is ucccssury if good r esul ts a rc to be obta ined , On windy days it is almost imp ossib le to cover a t ree on all sides with a ny mixtu re, a nd on such d ays t he lime-sulphur wash has it s ad vanta ge beca use it is ensv to see at a gla nce wha t p or tion of th e t rees h ave been covered . The white colore d wash will show f or itse lf . Frcqu cntl v it becomes n ecessary to sp ra y one sid e of th e t r ees one d ay a nd wuit unt il t he wind blows from an oth er di rect ion befor e fini sh ing t he s p ra y ing. 'Wh en sprayi ng orch ar ds to ca nt rol th e Sa n Jose sca le it is impe r a tive t hat all t r ees be sp rayed . 1\ot simply t he t rees t hn t sho w infestation , but eve ry t ree in th e i nfested or char ds . It is fa lse economy to spray only t he trees vi sib ly i nf ested . F re- qu entl y t rees m ay be sligh tl y in fest ed , so sligh t as to be over- looked by th e average or cha r d ist. If such trees a re lef t wit hout sp rayin g t h e sca le ma y in crease so rap idl y d m -in g a singl e 233 summer that the trees will be ser ious ly in j ured before the following winter, Fall Spraying : Sp rayin g in fa ll just after the leav es have ab ou t all f al len is ad visable in large orcha rds a nd in orcha r ds bad ly infest ed , wher e two spmy ing's arc n ecessa ry . Orcha rds slight ly infest ed ma v be ,'p l',lye d once in fa ll. Th e r eason why we do not rcconn ucn d un ivcrs nl fu ll s p I'1 1 ~'i ng' is because of th e fact t ha t th e m ixt. m-e is usual ly washed orf qui te t horoughly by the winter ra ins an d st orms, leaving th e trees un p rotected in spring . I n case a f e\\' scale escape t he sp ray th ey mny comm ence to breed a nd increase in enr ly su mmer, and th e you ng sca le arc not hin dered from set tl ing down as t hey would be wher e the trees a rc sp rayed in sprin g, and t he wash conseque ntly ad her ing du ri ng t he ca d y sunu ucr mont hs, F all spraying in large orch ar ds of ten becomes nccessary on aCCO\1 nt of the d ifficul ty of gett ing th e work all done d uri ng late wint e r and spring'. In such cases it would be ad visable to spr ay tho least in fested p or t ions first, leuving th e wors t inIest cd p ort ions t o spr ay in sp r ing . 0 1' in case it seems p ossible to spr ay some port ions of th e orcha r d t wice, spray th e W01'st infest ed portion in fa ll, and r epeat t he sp ray ing of t hese blocks in sp r ing short ly bef ore th e buds open. By fa ll spraying' we mea n sp l'a,\'ing' fro:n t he ti me the leaves al l d rop, that is, abo ut th e last of Oct ober, to th e first of D ecem be r, Wi nt er Spraying: Du r ing December and Junu ary mny be cons idered th e t ime of win t er sp rayi ng'. D uri ng these months the weather is so liable to be bad, eithe r sto rmy o r windy, or both, t hat it is d iffi cult to d o good spraying, l I owever, in lar ge orcha rds it is often necessary to spray cont inuously f!'O m Novemher to the t.ime the bud s commence to open. Wi nter spraying is ther efor e often neccssnrv, and in ord er to get th e best r esults it woul d be advisabl e t o sp ruy at such t imes only th e slight 0 1' modera tely infested por-ti ons of th e orcha r d. If 11 winter sp ra ying is f ollowed t he sa me day hy heavy ra ins it will often be n ecess ar-y t o sp ray th e trees a second ti me. Th e second sp r aying' sho uld be delayed until sp r ing', if p ossible, as better r esults may be expe ct cd at tha t t ime. Spr ing Spr aying : By sp ring sp ray ing we mean s prayi ng du rin g F ebrua ry and up to the tim e th e buds commence to ope n. I n this conn ection it should be stated t hat spruyi ng may be 234 continued until th e blossom buds actu all y conuncnco to op en , and a f ew in stan ces are on r ecor d wher e sp rnyi ng wh ile the tre es were in bloom h as been p racti ced. Thi s is 110t ad visable, nor would we r ecomm end sp r ay ing lat er t ha n one week bef or e the buds fir st commence to sho w th e p ink color. The ad vantage of sp r ing sp raying lies largely in th e f act that th e wash r emains on t he spraye d trees during the ea rly summer months. As soon as t he f oliage exp ands th e li mbs arc part ially protect ed fr om th e washin g r ain s, which helps to make th e wa sh adhe re t o the t re es, L im e-sulphu r wash docs not kill scale immedi at ely, as is usu all y th e case with oil emulsions, h en ce it is desirable to have t he wnsh r emain on t he t rees for th e lon gest t ime possible. It seems th at the ac tion of t he lim e-sulphu r wash is extended over t wo or more month s. Some n early grown f emal es ma y escape d eath at th e fir st sp ray ing ; yo ung ar e d evelop ed by these f emales; t he youn g attempt t o seek a pl ace to settl e down an d if th ey find th e limhs cover ed with Iime-sulphur wash th ey arc unable t o find a sui ta ble locati on . E ven if some youn g sca le find a p orti on of bark f l'ce from wash the r ains and d ews acting on th e wash on some por ti on' of t he limbs will carry enoug h lim e-sulphur solntio n t o t he yo ung scale t o cause th eir death . This ma y seem a f ar-fet ched statement to some, hu t in no better way can we ex plain th e und oub tedl y prolonged aetion of the lim e-sulphur wash . PURCHASING SPRAYING EQUIPMENT, B efore purch asing sp ray pump s f ruit growers would be wise to get ca ta logues fr om a number of spray pump compan ies. For th e con venience of f ru it growers, and others who desire to purchase sp ray ing machin ery , we list below th e nam es oj' '1 number of mnnufncturers and deal ers : Manufacturers of Spraying' Machinery, Goulds M anufnctm-in g Co.. Sen eca Fa lls, N, Y . Th e D emin g Co., Salem, Ohio, Morrill & Morl ey , B en ton U arbor. l\li eh . F ield F or ce Pump Co., Elm ira , N. Y., l\[y u 's Pump Co., Ash lari d. Oh io. Th e L en ox S pr ay er Co., Pittsfield , Mnss. 'IV. II. Owen, POI't Clinto n . Ohi o. "Wallace Mach in ery Co., Cha mp aian , Ill. Friend Mnnuf' nctm-in n Co" Gasport, N . Y . Hardi e Sprnv Pump Mfg. Co., D etroit, l\[ieh. '1Vm. Stahl , Quin cy , III. 235 Ro chest er Spray Pump Co., R och est er, N. Y . Spraym oter Co., Buff al o, N . Y . E. C. BrO\n1 Co.. R och ester; N . Y . Sy d no r Pinup & 'Well Co., Hi chm ond, Va . Geor gia Dealers in Spraying' Machinery and Equipment. Beck & Gregg H m-d wa re Co., A tl an tn, Ga . Cot ton Stat es B eltin g & S up p ly Co., At la nta, Ga. , and Savanna h . Ga . l\[all m',\' Mill S up ply Co., Ma con , Ga. P . J. B erck ma ns Co., Au gu sta, Ua. ' Ye und er stand that th e fol lowing dru g comp a n ies, and indi v idual j obb ers will han dl e s ulphu r fo r sprayin g purposes. S u lphur ca n be obta in ed h om th e pmti cs nam ed below at th e lowest reasonable p ri ces. Georgia Deal ers in Sulphur. J no. B. D aniel, Atlanta , Ga . J acobs P hnrm ncy , Atl anta, Ga . L amar & R an ki n D ru g Co., "~ tl a n t a , Ga . B erckman Bros., Augu sta , Ga. J . B . Dav enpor t Co., Au gu xta , Ga. ' V. 1J. Willn et Seed Co., Augu st n, Ca . Columbia Dru g Co., Sava rm uh. Ga . L ippman Dru g Co.. Sa va n n a h , Ga . J . P. Shup tr ine, Snv unnu h, Ca . Solomons & Co., S avnnna h . Ga . Mall al'y xr. n Sup plv Co., -:\[acon , Ga . DI '. J . B. George , Gnincsvi lle, Ga . w. IT. Hurt-is, ( Crystall ine S ulph ur}, Fort Va lley, Ga . C. .J. H ood, Commerce, Ga. Matthews & N eely, Bai nbrid ge, Ga . J. A. Smit h Mfg. Co., Ga inesville , Ga. Thomas Drug Co., Columbus , Ga. V ald osta Drug Co., Val dosta , Ga . Most of th e ab ove n am ed wholesal e drug compan ies dea l in lime. Limo may us uall y be obtai ned from local dea lers, but buyers sho uld be ca reful t o get th e p rop er gra de of lime. 236 GEORGIA State Board or Entomology BULLETIN NO . 22.-DECEMBER, 1906. "BLACK ROOT" DISEASE OF COTTON This bulletin contains a report on investigations and experiments conducted in 1905-1906 BY R. I. SMITH and A. C. LEWI5 CAPITOL BUILDING Atlanta, Ga. GEORGIA State Board of Entomology BULLETIN NO. 22.-DECEMBER, 1906. "BLACK ROOT" DISEASE OF COTTON This bulletin contains a re por t on in vesti gations and expertments conducted in 1905-1906 BY R. I. SMITH and A. C. LEWIS CAPITOL BUILDING x: Atlanta, Ga. GEORGIA STATE BOARD Of ENTOMOLOGY. ORG ANIZATION n. T . 1 1l' 1 ) ~ () X . CltailIII<111. ('Ollllll i:-;:l'a Lu r-id u drnwi n g s how ilJg d i I- f'e ren t s/;q,!;PS of " Ilia d, i-oo t" f ungus . .. " " . , . . . " . . " . " , 25 4 i"i- ).;e lllatol]e Gu l ls 0 11 k IJ O\\'1I co wpea 25 6 Fig, G- I I'olJ Co wpea t-ou ts fl'pp f'ro ru ).;Pllla tode ga l ls "" " " "" " " . " " " "" , 25 6 F ig, 7-)';il l'og plI tixill g nodul es II1ll1l pI'OllS OIl lH'nllll l roo ts " " "" " " " , . " "" 25 7 F ig , S- Y ;\I'ie(y tes t, sliow i IIg ('Olllp;\1'a t ive resistu nce of ); a li\'e Grv en SeeI] n IJd .1a cks on COttOIlS " " . """ "" " , 262 Fig , !l- Y;\I'iely tr-st, sh()\\,i llg comp.u-ut ive J'('sis t u n c o f C. R. ).;o , 14~ ;\1!J ;\'a ti ve Gi-er-n Rpe(] Cot toll:-: " "" ."" , . " , 2G4- F ig . 10-Hpsll lt o f p l:lIl t ill g s(' le l'1 l~ l ] and 11 11 se lected 1'('1' 1] of E x eels ioJ' Cott on . , , , , , " 2G9 Fi g , I l -He :-:1l1t o f pl un tiu g sel pe( pll S ('('(] o f I] i Ir('J'(~1I 1 vu i-ieti e s " "" " " " " " " ' " 2G9 PAGE: S G~ DL\RY AX I l RE CO~ DIKXI)A'I' IOXS 2-!:J IXT IW Il LJ CT IOX 2-!3 I nv est igu t iou Couunc u ce d in IDO-! 2 -~;:; I'u rpose of t he InYc:> ti ga ti on : ~ -LG , DISTRIBI;TIOX ~ ,L!l XX;"T .\L L n S ~ (J( '(' .\ PI O);EII BY 1\L.\ CI\: HOOT :2-! ~ H Cn\' TO HI;COG); IZI ; BL"\ CK HO OT 25 0 E x tc r n u l SYlllpto lll~ 2::;0 l ilt- PI-Ha l SYlllp tUlll~ ~:) :! uoor ~rl{l~E (: ~\ 1: 8 1': ()1~~ l~L ~-\(~l~ :2:;::.t Dcscript iou of F ungu s ~ ::;:} Life HistOJ'Y ~;):1 :xE~L\TO llE " ' OIDI S , Hplation of to 1\lad;: Root 2;);) Co w-pens A ITed e(1 by :Xeuln tod es :237 XITROGE); FIXI); G );OrnlLES , d i flu re u t f'ro m );eIII a tod es 207 EXPElHj IE);TS CO); Dl; C'l' E ll J) CHlXG Hl0 0 and 1flOG 25 8 :Xon-EIl'ed of Ft-t-t il izers . . .' , :23S Te~t~ j lalle of' Vm-iou s Furti lizers :208 F e Jti Iizers used in Expcri llIen t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Date of Plantin g 2GO Effect on Bl a ck R oot Disease 2Gl V ru-i etv Tests of Dill'e!'en t Cot t on 2Gl Shm-t Stapl e 01' U pla n d Cotton s 2G 3: Long Staple Cottons ~{j3 Spe cia l 'I'ost of .Iu ck son and U . S. Xo. 148 ~{j5 Se lec ti on of Se ed From Resi stant P lants 2GT P lanting Seed From Se le cted Sta lks 2GS L ist of Vari eties and S e lections ~70' Value of Con ti n ued Se lect ion ~71 Hyln-idiz in g Experiments ( Cr oss in g Vari etie s ) ~71 Rota tion of Cl'OpS 272 Elred of COJ'll and Iron Cow pea s 273: Valuable Crops for Rotation ~74 DISTHIB UTIO:X OF RESIS'l'A'X'l' COT T ON SEED . . ~75.. BULLETIN OF THE Georgia State Board of Entomology. DECEMBER. 1906. No. 22. Published by th e Ge org ia St ate Board of E nt omolog y, Atl ant a , Ga :, and sent free of charge to ali res idents of th e St ate who ma ke req uest for same . "BLACK ROOT" DISEASE OF COTTON SU ~BL-\' l{ Y .A:KDH E C O~Bm N D.A'l'I O N S . " Bla c k root" d isease of cotton is due to a fungus that lives in the roots and stalks o f the plants, cutting off the food supply by c log g in g the water ducts. . . The fungus lives dur ing winter in the so il 'in the decay ing cotton . roots and sta lks and p rob a bly al'so in the form of loose spores in the so il. . Great care' should be exercised to keep the soil from infected fields from be ing washed by ra ins int o ot her fie lds . Many cases have bee n obse rved whe re t he d ise ase w as spread in t h is m anner. The disease is carried from one field to another on the tools used for cultivating . . To avoid this danger, separate tools should be p rov ided; or el se the tools used in d iseased fields shou ld be d is infected befo re bei ng taken to other fields. Corrosive s u b li m a t e , 1 part in 1,000 of water, or 4 per cent. formal in solution may be used as a disinfectant, The cotton " b la c k root" d isease is evidently firmly establ ished in m a n y parts of South , a nd some pa rts of Middle Georg ia. Each year the d is.eas e is sp r ead ing " int o new territory and beco ming worse in the fields alr eady infected. A g radual spread of the d is ease must be expected unless all cot- ton plante rs use eve ry pr ecautio n to prevent spread ing the so il of d iseased fields . The disease in a field may be materially lessened if all diseased plants are dug up a nd bu rned. Where large areas of cotton are stunted the sta lks s ho u ld be plowed out, ra ke d and burned , in the fal l as soon as the cotton is gat hered . In t his way the cotton roots and stems conta ining the " b la c k root" funqus, may be de - stroyed . If allowed to rem a in on the land the r oot s and stems will rot, and t he spores of the fun g us wil l be liberated in the so il . In fields where " bla c k root" first a p pe a rs in small areas all the diseased plants should be pulled out and burned as soon as they are discovered. Fung ic ides, suc h as Bordeaux m ixt ure, Copper carbonate, Sul- phur, Lime-su lphur m ixture, Carbo lic ac id , and Formalin, or ap- plications of Lime or Kainit, to the so il, in experiments conducted by Prof. W. A. Orton , failed to control or even materially lessen the black root disease. Experiments' covering the last two seasons indicate that the dis- "e a s e in Georg ia cannot be controlled by the use or disuse of com- mercial fert il izers, or by the appl ication of large amounts of lime or tobacco dust to the so il. Date of planting, whether early or late, does not appear to affect the black root disease. Late planting seems even to be object ionable on account of the reduct ion in yield. Variety tests of cotton have shown that certain varteeles are somewhat naturally resistant to black root. Jackson L imbless seems to be the most resistant, but other var ieti'es, such as Red Shank, and Boykin , show some resistant tendency. U. S. No. 148, is ne xt to the Jackson in res istant qualities. Experiments in Georgia have. already shown that the resistant: quality of certain var ieties may be strengthened by careful selection of seed from the best plants. This may be practiced by aU cotton growers. Cr;ossing the Jackson Limbless and native cottons has resulted in securing several resistant strains of cotton that will be tested carefully during the next two or three: years, Selection of seod from resistant plants in fields where a lar9& per cent. of the cotton dies from the black root, is ono of the belrt practical methods of getting res istant strains of cotton. This also may be practiced by cotton growers. . Our experiments have shown that seed from resistant plants should not be planted in one fie.ld continuously year after year without rotation of crops. . Annual selection of seed is necessary for two reasons: 1st, inorder to keep the strain as pure as possible; 2nd, in order tokeep from planting ' the seed from stunted and diseased stalks. Itmight even be advisable to have a seed patch isolated from other cotton. Nematode worms, which infest the roots of common ecwpeas, melons, and other crops, a re a great aid to the development of black root disease. The nematodes attack the cotton roots, producing galls, and the black root fungus enters through the gallsHence it is not adv isable to grow any crop on coUon la nd thatwill tend to Inc rease the nematodes. S~d from resistant cotton should not be planted on land in which the nematodes are abundant, without first sowing two or three crops of nematode-resistant plants to decrease the numbers of these worms. Rotation of crops is adv isable for two distinct reasons: 1st, to reduce the black root fungus in the soil , by planting some crops on which the fungus cannot grow; 2nd, to reduce the number of nematodes in the land by planting some crop not affected by the nematode worm. Common cow peas are ba Iy attacked by nematodes. The Iron cowpea is quite resistant to the nematodes, and also to the cowpea wilt disease. We strongly advise the substitution of Iron cowpeas for the common varieties. Peanuts, Velvet bean and Hairy vetch are good crops for rotation to reduce the nematode worms. They also have the' advantage of being gatherers of nitrogen by means of the n itrogen-fixing nodules. In all cases we have examined, the peanuts are found tohave more nodules on the roots than the cowpeas on the same soil. All investigations ind ic at e that " blac k root" must be fought by combining several principles dealt with in these pages. Our experience and the experience o f investigators in other States, goes to show the va lue of rotat ion of crops and th e select ion of seed . Th is is true whether b lack root is present or not. Many cotton planters who do not have the black root to fight would find it to their advantage to follow many of the principles ment ioned and discussed in this bulletin. 244 "BLACK ROOT" DISEASE OF COTTON BY R. I. SMITH and A, C, LEWIS ]~TH O]) U CTJ O)\ , Th e cotton gro w ers in SOlll h G eOl'g ia who h a ve lus t a por ti ou of tll(~ il' cotton <':I'OP on uccouu t of t he "bla ck roo t " dis, ea se w ill ha rdl," n eed a ll i ntro d uction t o t h is se r iou s d i-awha ck t o sur-cossf'ul co t luu I!:I'o ,,-illg, T he d ise a se is n o t cou flnpd to SOll th Ge m'l!:i a e llt i n- lv, a s w il l h e se en f'rom j] 1( ~ l\Ia p p a ge :.!-l :S. wh ir-h ~h o ,,- ~ t lu- kn own occ u nc n ce of t he diseu se in Gc m'g ia . It is n o t uu couu uou for co tto n g rO\\'cn ; in Xm-th (; po l'l!:i a to lu-l iev t h u t t he ir cottu n is h e ill g d all la g cd hy thi s (li spisease . . . . .. . .. . . .. .. ... . . . . . " " 258 3. f la te of P lan ti IIg .. . . .... . . .. . . . . . . . .. . " " 2GO 4 , Variety T es ts to D c term in e R elntiye Resi s, ranee . . .. . . .. . . .... . . ... . . .. . . " " 261 El . Se lect io n of Spl' d f'ro m P la nts R esistant to " blne k i-oot " . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " 2{)7 H, f ie ve lo pm e n t of Res istu n t Vari et ies by co n , tiuued S(' ledion . . . . . .... . . .. . " " 26S 246 7 . Crossi ng Variet ies to inc rease- if po ssible - th eir R esi stant Qu al ities ... .. See p age 371 S. R ota ti on of Cro ps to Reduce Damage from "black root" " " 373 ~. Di stribu tion of Resi stant Cotton Seed t o P la nters wh o cou ld a ss is t us in Det ermi ning t heir true Value . . . " " 275 'I'h e effect of fer tilizers t oward preventing "b lac ~ r oot" w as tested in !fJ05 at Zell obee, Ga. Whil e the r esult was Dot encouraging , t he work is re po r ted in this bulletin . Nega- tive r esults a re often of value by showing the u selessn ess of some meth od s, a nd sho u ld prevent plant ers from wasting m oney on s uc h exper iments. Our effo r-t to secure res istan t st ra ins of cotton has a lready s hown encourag ing r esul t s. Cotton pl an t er s a re u r ged t o study t he r esults r ecor ded in thi s bull etin , as th ey a re of g re a t importan ce. 1t will be no ti ced by r eadin g t he foll ow- in g pa ges t ha t t he effor t ha s been ma de to improve t he qua l- ity of a ll cottons whil e ge tt ing stra ins resist a nt to th e bl a ck, ro ot. U nless both t hese poin t s a re borne in mind , our en- (lea VOl' S mi ght be of no va lue wha t ever. It is a well known fa ct th a t cotton yields readily to improvem en t by selection, a n d in t he matter of getting cotton r es istan t to t he bla ck ro ot, t here is a goo d oppo rtun ity to imp ro ve t he cotton in quali ty at the sa me time. Geo rgia cotton gro wers will r eceiv e t he full ben efit of the w ork whi ch ha s been don e a lready, a nd t he wor k t hat will be done in t he f uture by t he State B oard of En t omology . 1' " ,,'i it" d i>'l'a,; !' , ,I'; i t i,; ';Ol li plillll''; ( 'a l it d , j ,; Ill l'.\' k IlO '" 1I 10 0 ('('11 1' i ll I Ill ' f'ol l nw i m; ~ t a t p,; : Xort h ( " 'I'olill '1. ~ o llth ('al,tdilln . F lol' i d a. ,\I ahailla. ,\ 1" ], :l 1l:--::1:--: c! lHi ( ~ (lll l gi n . III (f l'o l ,!! i: l \\'1' k llo\\' t h ;: t t lu- d i'; I ': l ~p ()(',' Ill''; i ll' th p 1'0 110\\' i ll ;!: ( " ;ll l: t il'';: B :'I'I'i ('II , I: i ll1l, I: I'tll lk ,;. ( 'a! l!oli ll, t ' !llItt ahoo .. 111'1' , ( 'ol l pl i l l, ( 'n ! II :i ,h i a . ' j :o l: l,I', I l o lI g-liI ,!' t ,' " l': a l' l,\', 1':I1iIl g- luuu , l h u-i-is , 11o ll ,;t 11 11 . L t'I' . Luw n rlr-. :'I la l' o ll , :'Ilal' i o ll . :'l it: . ]) u l1'I'I ' . :'I IolI l g-Olll"I',I" :'I1 1I:'I' O;!:I'p, l ' il' lT l' , l 'u lu sk i. J:all :lo lph . Hi ..II II IOII<1. ~; ( , lt l p,\' , ~tl' \\ ' al 't, ~l1 l lll l'l ' . T :I1111 11. T u ruu l l . '1'1' 1" J'I'I I. 'l'homns. \ \ ' a,; h ill ;!:lolI , " '1'11'; (1'1' , .u u l "' o" il l. ", TI Il ' I I' ';I'Pl ll'; g-oo :! l'I ' a ~oll 10 111' 1il" 'p 1h a t i ho hl. u -k 1'( lIl t O('('UI''; ,, !~ O 10 ,I g-I''' :ll p l' Il l ' 11';'; ('xt l'i11 ill ur-u rl v a l l t hl' co u u t i.- III' ~o lli h ( i p()I'g i a, a n d i ll ~t" Il ( ' 0 1' t lu - :'I li d d lt' (iI'OI' g i a ('o ll llt it''; 11 01 l i,; t l' d n ho v . T ill ' :II " 'lI l1lp ,l ll ,,'ill g- ilia I' do l'S 11 0 1 b,\' n nv II lp ;lll'; i nd i ru t r- t h full <'XI('1I1 o f t hp h l.n-k rno t d is r-us . lm t w i ll ;!: in~ '; 01 11 1' i n d ic a t l.m of H II' d i s tri h n t i on . Ti ll ' a nu uu l 10';'; 10 ( i po I'g-i a ('(Ii tun g'l'o\\'PI''; en us ed d i1(' '('11 ," bv 1he "hl;wk r oo t " eli ,;('a ,;(' is r-x t rr -uu -lv lun-d 10 -e st i u uut- a<'t 'II I'alp l,\', T h<'I'c i,; l i t t le douht. ho weve r , bu t j h al t ln- ]0 ';'; is g-I'pa l p]' t lum is gp ]Il' !'a l l,\' s u pp osed . For ti lt' ,\'pal' I !IO-l 1I 0ll , H. S. :'II i l lr-i-, o f C OI Il Ill!JU';, Gu. est i uurtcd t he 10';1' Oil h is p luutut io n u t Z {'ll o !Jec a t f'ro ru $ 1000,00 t o $lijOll,OO. In HHI:i ::\[1', Howe ll, (If Vi cnn n . OH .. p la ced hi s loss nt t he su mo HIlIO UIII , Durin g t he pa s t t wo years we h a ve see n 1I111ll,\' co t.ton fields of wh ich Iroui oue to five a er~ W N C kill ed . and t he re tun ind er of th e field s st unted so n", * Distributi on of t he " bla ck root" was de termined by personal 'i n ve s t iga ti o ns , in a majority of th e co u nties nam ed , an.d a lso from -co r r e s no nden ts wh o se nt s pecime ns of di se a se d pla nt s to be Iden, otifie d, 2Hl to red uce t he yIe ld about 2iJ to 50 per cent. T here ca n be no doub t but t hat t he a nn ua l loss to t ile cotton gro we rs amoun t s t o t en s of t ho us a n ds of doll a rs. 'I'he di stressing fea t ure of t he disease is th a t it is annuall y becoming more severe and wi despread . Ne w fields a re becomi ng infected ~cil year . 'rile ver y fact t ha t cotton gro wers a re not a ll ~ware of the ser ious ness of t he di sea se a nd allo w soil from in fect ed fields to be carr ied by cultivatiou to un-infected field s, has help ed to ha st en t he sp re a d of th e disease. In view of t he ab ove fact s it see ms of prime impor tan ce to p lace rel iable information in t he ha nds of a ll cotton growe rs. A u n it ed effort on t he part of t he cotton planters will t end t o lessen th e li alril i t y of s pre nd ing t he d isease. '1.'0 0 muc h stress can not he placed on t he necessity of combating t he black r oot wh ich t hreatens t he life of Geo rg ia's sta p le cro p . HO W TO RE COGSIZE BLACK R OO'1.' . Th e nam e ill a ma nn er expla ins t he na ture of t he black r oot disease. Besides t he above nam e it is f' rcque n t ly ca lle d' " wilt" d isease, a name a lso some what sugges ti ve. Afteronce being recogn ized t he " blac k r oot" is readil y di stingu ishor! fro m ot her d iseases t o wh ich cotton is subjec t in Georg ia. EXTEUXAL S Y )IPTO:\IS. Th e first ou t wa r d symptom of black roo t is generall y a, wilting of t he leaves. Sometimes only one or two leaves wilt at first . Th e reason fo r t his will be underst ood by readin g t he descript ion of t he gro wth of t he fun gu s ca using t he disease. Pla nt s first show signs of d isease wh en t hey a re abo ut six week s old. It has been found t hat it requires ab ou t s ix weeks for t he fun gu s t o develop in theplan t en ough to retard it s growth. )Ian y of t he you ng pla nts di e wi thin a few days after t he first outwa r d sy mptom s of t he disease ap pear. Badl y a ffecte d plant s wil l' hav e ma ny of t he leaves wilted , t he gro wth, of th e pl ant will be retarded, and before t he pla n t rea lly di es all t he lea ves. will be wilted or fall en. Affected pl an ts look ver y much as thou gh they were su ffer ing from lack of water , whi ch is virtu ally th e cas e. Frequently on ly a few leaves on the ~50 1'1: IlI wi ll wi lt al 111'':1 HI\(l if w r-n t he r co nd it ions arc f u vora b le indu c iu g r api d g ro wt h of t he pl an t t he diseased p lan ts IIIay rev ive 01 ' pnrt in lly r el'o\, pr , and ag-ain s h ow ev ide nc e of 1111' d is euso d u r- ing th e n ex r rlrv p er-iod . SOlllet i mes pl an ts hevo iu e hadl y a tl'el'l l'd HI III lo,:e n em-lv a ll th e ir leaves . Sueh plnnrs lIIay at ti mos t ln -ow out new shoots f roIII t he sta lk neal' th e g-I'01l1ll1. and thp,: e sirle s hoo ts muv p t-odur f'rui t. Genera lly , hOWl'\'PI', th e fr-u it on th e s ide sh oots nev er runtu r es as the p la n ts (li e 01' become so w onken ed hy t he di se a se t hat t hey a r e p ra ct icall y wotth less. F i g , ~- C o tto n p l ant d y i n g f ro m " bl ack r oo t " dt soa so. F r om P h oto b y Wilru on N e w e l l. I n the co u r se of t ime pla nts k i llr-d hy th e hluvk r oot lose a ll t he ir leaves , a n d t he s m u ll h ruu c-l u-s all rh -op off , lea \'i ng on ly t he bl uckeued stern stan d in g-, In w nlk in g t hrough an affe ct ed fi eld in Se pt ember OJ' Octob er ruanv of t hese d ead cotton sta lks lIla y he seen, B y cou nt ing t he nu mber of d ead sta lks in a s ingle ro w on e ca n eas ily est imate the extent of th e d am a ge, Man y plants t ha t are n ot kill ed outrig ht hy t he bla ck r oot are often mu ch stu nted 251 III gTo \\t h ~ () tha t thpy ate not hal f ns ta ll us the }u:a1 rhy 1'1 <1111 :-: CJ:::::) ~ b 1':- ~( "- A.C.L . c c. ;r / Fi g-. 4-C:11l1('l':t l ur -Irl n d rn w in g s s h o w in g di fferen t s t rures o f t h e " b l a ck r o o t " f ung u s : a, m v c ot tum : h . m tc r o c o ntd in . 0 1' !-' l H ) rt."'~ : c . on e s p o re g Cl'ln innti ng; d . f rOI11 c rOSR sec tio n of cotton s te rn s ho w in g m y c el iu m in w a t er d u ct. .A. h . n n d c . f rO I11 c u lt u r e on aga r . th e seed of higher plants. Later on, when the stem is decayed som ew ha t, so th a t the fungus ca n r each the surface, ex te r na l con id iu are produced. 'l'he ex ter na l conidia always follow th e iuternu l., and hav e never been found wh ere th er e wus n o internal mycelium. Th ese external conidia, whi ch are ye llow, are always found in rows beneath the ep ide r mis, or in crev ices of the roo ts a n d stem of the diseased plants, S omet imes t hese exter nal spores are so numerou s a s t o gi ve th e ste m a ye ll ow color. When the bark is peeled 011' t he ye llow color, ca u sed by the numerous spores, is di scernibl e t o th e naked eye . With the aid of a on e in ch Codd ington hand ma gn ifying lens the spore bodies may be see n di stin ctl y , In t his manner cotton planters hav e som etimes been conviuce d t ha t the cotton plants really have a fungus growth all th e roots. Th e perfect fo rm of the fun gu s, t he P eri th ecia, are found on t he dead cotton stems and r oots of t he pl ants late in th e fall. In thi s perfect form t he fungus lives in the soil throu gh t he wiutet-, to gether with the other two forms. In all three form s t he fun gu s may be distributed by cul t iva 1ion even rlurin g th e win ter seas on . H EL ATI OX a I" :l'IID L\T ODE \\'0101 :'; T O' BLACK R OOT. )I eu ti on will be made a t vui-ious t imes in this Bulletin , of th e presen ce of nem a t ode worms, produ cin g galls on the l'OO t S of ceit niu pluu ts . It ha s been found that t he nemat odes play a n irnp ortnnt part in rela tion to the " blac k root" di sea se. )l em a tode WOI'ms are very smuII-al most mi cr os copi cWOI'III S. th ut a re presen t in cer ta iu soils, produ cing galls I ~p c F ig. ;j ) on t he roo ts of cer ta in plants. Plants, su ch as CO Ill III OU cow-peas, melon s and cu cumbers , are badly a t t ucked a t: t imes. Sug ar ca ne, okra, ca bba ge, colla r d an d oth er fi eld a nd ga r den cro ps arc a lso atta ck ed by nem atod es. Cot to n of most vnri et ics is atta cked by thi s gallproducing worm , a wl t he presenc e of nematodes on t he r-oot s of cotton has been found to in crea se t he tenden cy to hlur-k root . Th e re as on for t h is is du e to the fa ct that the fllllg'us (';Illsiug hlur-k root is oblige d to force an en t rance t hl'ollgh th e cottou roo ts , :111(1 th e galls produ ced by nemarol!ps oll'et: a Iuvoruhle und eas y en tra nce for th e fun gus. 255 ~ "ec o --:--<--.... S }- :.J 2- It has been found repeatedly that cotton affected by nemarod es d ies worse f1 '01l1 black r oo t 1hall e ot1 (JII IIIHle r simi la r r-ond it ious 11 0 1' at!.wI.(,t! hy (1Il ' u etuu t od e \\ ' Oi 'W " . T h e eonlIe eti oll he t wet-n nc uuu ork -s a lll l ld :I("].; I'UO!. \\' a .~ nut at fit's! u n derstuod. Prof', \\' , .\ , Orrou ('a il ed u tt e n t io n to t h is fa d ill h is hu lle ti n ;\0, 1" Oil " Co ! tu n \ \" i lt ! li ,..:e: u.;e," men t io ll('t! (' 1,;('\\,h(' I'p, ( 'lI d (' I' i-o t u t iou o f' Cl'0\l,;,- page :!,-t-\\'il l IH' f'on n d a l ist o f I hc ('OllIIlIOIl \l lall l ,; l in h le to Il l' u t t nc k ed hy nei uu tu des. Ti ll' ('OllllllOlI eO\\' p( 'a hu s of'rcu IH'('II e h ' Il'g ('(] wit h in (' I'pa~illg t he hla ck i-oo r. t ha t: is, muklug i t wors e in land w lu-r ('ottO Il f'ol lowr -rl t lu: ('o\\'\ll';1. FI 'Olll t lu - u bov stu t eIlIpII( i t ,;11011111 he 1lI1l]('I,,;tood that th e eO\\,-\l('a uunor 1'1'0- d l1 ( '(~ t lre hl .u -k i-uo t. lI('i l h l'I' ('all th e n eurn rmh-s . hil t th \l I'(' ~(' I H ' (' o f 1I('lIl;1to l!P'; f.l \'O!'';. alld I'pal l,\' u ids. rh f'u ruru s t o g a in ('III I'a ll( '(' io t lu- l'ot t un I'o o t ,;, F ig'. -;-- X i trog"l 'll J' i x i n g X(l tl ll lC's ve rv 1I 11 IlH~ I' () lI S o n pean ut r oo t s. ( F'ro rn I,h o l n h , ' A , C. L c wi s .) ] )I F F E Hl'; :'\ C E ]\ E'I' \\ ' EI'; :,\ ::\ I'; .\I .\TOllES .\ :'\ 11 ::\ IT I: l ll:I';:'\ FI XI :'\(; ::\om: L ES , Th ga l l,; of tlu - 1I1'1 1I. llocl(' \\' 0 ]' 11 1'; 11 111 ,;1 1I 0t h e m isru ko n f'ur t lu: ::\ i tl' o g ('n tlx ing 1I011I1IP,;. thai al 'p f'ouud Oil (h I' J'oot~ 257 o f co w-pea s n n d ot lu-r L cguuuu ous pl a nts, '1'he n it r ogen fix ill g n od u lr-s ;I1' P(' ;II' 1111 the ~ i d e;; o f t he r oo ts a~ li t tl e rou n d IIl1j('('(,:, ; I~ \\'(,11 il lust m u-d in F ig . I , Th ey d o no t ca ll ~(, laj'ge knots 011 ti l l' roots a~ d o t he n cm u t ode \\' Ol' 1I1~. l ~ ee Fig, :J.) HEl'OHT 0 -:\ j,:Xl' I,: lt i.\IEXT:-; CO -:\ l l CCT E l l u uu i xo 1~ )() ;-) . \-:\1 l I !lOli. :-;O Il J(' ro t run gl'tl\\,( ' I '~ ilold 1 11 i h o pi n ion that the co n t in u r-d :l lI t (' :-.:("e~ "',;\,(' 11';(, of couuncrc in l ferti l ize r s ha s bee n 1 '(' ~ l lll ll ,; i ll l l' ill a g r ('a t u u-as u r c r Ol' t ho ';('\'I'l'i ly o f the " bl a ~k ro u t " d i,..l';;,'(' of ("o t t OIl. III lielll'g ia it i~ a wel l know n fa et th a t 1I 10! C' (' /lill ll H-IT i .l: fl 'I" i l izo t- i~ u sed th a n in all Y o t h(' \' :-:on l h ('I'li ~~Ia t(' . K lI o \\ ill ;:; t h is 10 ln- th e l' a~e we dee me d it ;llh i ~ : : II I (' to 111;l! ,( ' . : (",:1'1 '1'11 1 l<',;t of v.u -ion s fel't ilizcl's to d(' I<' I' lI l i ll l ' t hr-ir l'l'i: : 1illll 111 th 111:I('k I'oo t d i';l'a ~(' . ,\ s it u i lu t: t l ' ~1 i: a~ ll:'('ll 1:I::dl' h,\' 111 (' 111'; ( co t t o n p lu n tcrs ill :-:01111 1 (':;; .rll u.r- \..-il l" i: \"TIlI II> :--: !:II\" t lu rt I or t i li zvrs ha n ! pl'a('li (" :, : :,'" 1111 ('01l1H'I 't; " 1I wit l: 11i(' h l.u-k root. hu t ill G p OI' gia. ,," 1';: 1' : 1'; \ , (' ;::'(' ; :\': ;~ j ' l'. 1: 1(' 1(''; ( l i as 11('\'(' 1' h cf'o r e It ( ,( 'n 11.:;::I' , '1' ]1(' j',' !' t:lizl' !' I'Xp','!'ii:;('lIt \\';:~.; l'o; ldll l'l ('ll a t Ze llobcc . U a .. OIl l l o u. I~ . ~'" ~,L illt i.' l l::t lll ;; t i o :l. 1-'I'I, ti l::.t': " <:f 1:;;"t'\'I'('nl gT;!I~:S alld 1IIix(' <1 in <1 i i r( ' I ' (~ ll j j! l'o p o !' l i O l! ~: \\ -1' 1'(' 11,'1'<1 ill 1 11(' , (',;1, Tilt' n i m w u s to II S ( ~ fe r1 i l i z (' \',; iii ; ;lllll il 11:<, 111110111111' m :i1;!i ly n Sl' d i ll G l'o l'g ia . : ! lI d :;1 t i;1' ~;l!!:( ' ,;,,': ' \" \(,,; t rl'l,tili z (' I' ~ o f 11l 1 1l ~ t I;l 1 f OJ' III I1!:\{' i(pp t 1tl f. i p'~: ~ I;; . II T il~' Ii ..-~: , ~ ~i\'l'!! ':1 I ,'t' t'\.::tI\Y~ll g' tahlp ~h() \\' t llat " th :ro t t ll ll i \'iug :l .-1 mix r- d fl'! '1i l i zl' l' i s a ho u t IH'1' ('('ul T h i s \\'0111 11 in rlir-nto : 1 I H'Ul' fi i of fi Pp!' r-n t. i ll f'a vru: o f t hr- uufr-i -li l izod p1:l1s. l Ia d w s h nwn l hr- f ~g- I! I ' I 'S 1 p P1 '!' ~01 I1 i ll i' t h .\i(' ]rl 1'01' :t tT!' \\.!' wo n ld hu vt- sho wn i h :tf ti ll' f!'!' fi li zp<1 p l :tls, ill sp i l l' o f ha \' i ll g :t sl ig-ll ll y hi g-I I('I' I ll '!' ('('11 1. o f p l u n ts k i l hd . yir>](] (><1 1I1 00'e r-ottn n ppl' a(TP. Uud r-r 1'l'('SPlll r-on d i l io ns ill (; l'ol'g-i:t ';'T he pe r cent of co t to n t lm t d io rl o n ouch plo t w a s d e t er m in e d by act ual c o u n t a s ill th o " ;tri pt,' t os t ,~ i "e n on pa;.;c 21; :;. t R e a d,' mi xed Icrt i li xe r c o n t:t i n i n.~ P ho s. Ac id . 10 per ce nt, P o ta sh , 2 p er cent, a n d :\' it r og c n 2 per ce nt. 25D t he use of fet-ti l izer is necessa ry. Ilence t he loss in y iel d per acre fr om la ck of ferti lizer would u nd ou btedl y mor e th an offset t he d i fl'ere n ce in th e pel' cen t. of pl a n ts kill ed by bla ck r oot. Ref errin g to t he a bo ve t a ble it will he not iced t hat lime wa s a pplie d to one pl a t: at: t he r nt e of 1.800 pound s per a cr e. Thi s appli eati on wa H mad e becau se :1 few cotton pl anters hav o been under t he impre ss lon t ha j t he soi l wh ere bl a ck r oot is ba d, is la ck in g in lim e. As ehem ica l nn nlvs is ;" show ed th nt th e so il was re a lly finite deficient in li me. th e e x pe r-ime n t of ap ply ing- lillie t o t he Roil was tJ'ied. bu t it wa s foun d to he of no va l ue to wm-d prcv en t ing t he black r oot di sea se. Lim e as a fer tili zer used on Ro ils like t he sa mple obt nin ed from Zell obee, would, we think. he a dv isnhle. Lim e is one of th e n ecessarv plant foods , and its arld ition to land deflcie nt in lim e might in cr eas e th e yield of r attan to a marked exten t . R y in crea si n g th e yield it would indirectl y he of value in conne ction wi th th e cont r ol of bl a ck r oot. bu t onl y bv wa v of In cr ensin g th e yield in sp ite of th e di sease. Parti es who nrc inter est ed in t he 11SP of lim e as a' f('l't il izor n)'c ref ei-red to Fn r rne t-s' Bul let in N o. 77. of th e U . S . D ept. of Agri .. wh ich II1ny 1)(> obtn ine d. free. hy nppl~'ing to th e Secretary of Agl'i cnlt111'p, 'Ynshin g-t on . n . C. nATI': OF P L A N 'rI N fl. Mrmv planter s hav e thon aht th at late planted cotton is less injm-ed hv bl a ck r oot th nn om-lv pl anted cot ton . This opini on had heen fin ite prevnlr-nt n1110ng- nl nntors nt Buena Vi sta . Ga .. nntil -me of t llf'i)' 1111 I11hp1'. 1[1'. .T. n. Simons. had a la t e pla n to d field in 1fl Ot t hnt di ed "cry ba dlv. 1[1', Si mon s' ex per ience is pm-t iculm-l v in t erostirur on account of t he f nct th at hc no t only pl nn tr-d Int o. bu t planted on ln nd th at hail b r-en in other cr ops dm-inn lfl02 and lflO~. M)'. Simon s' field wa s nln ntt-d on .Inne ~)'(1. lflO4-.following a cro p of winter rvo. O" P)' flO pe r cent . of hi s cotton di ed *A chc rm ca l a n nlvs ls of th e s oil f'rnm 7:ell oh ee , Ga .. wa s m aI e f o r u s J)\" Dr. Ed c a r B \"(~rh a rt. ch e m ist of th e Ge org-ia GeoJo g-i ca l 8 111"\"(>\ ' . show ing- t hat th e so il w as apparent ly d efi ci en t in li m e (C aO) , Dr. B\'erh art fo u n d t h at t h e soil co n ta ine d o nly .047 p er cent of lim e . whi ch is a ve ry s m a ll per ce n t compared to m ost of the so ils in Oeo r sda. 260 f'ru m b lac k r oot . 'l' h is COII,' iIH:ed ~1J' . ~i IIlO Il S u u d othe r p lan ters u r ouud 1:111'11 a V istu t hut 11 0 ben efi t cou ld be deri ved f'roiu la te pl an t in g, T o tes t th e val ue of lute pl un t iug an ex p ei-imeut wa s u u ul r: a t Zel lol w(', in ! !IO:-., O n e lie ld o f co t ton wa s plan ted on A p i-i l I l:' t il, n n d u nnt hc r 01 1 .1 II lie. ;)tlt, 1:0Ul p la ts w er e o f th e s n me "al' jet ," of co t tu n , n ud ho th re ce ived eq ua l .n uou u ts of 1'( ~l'til i z('1' a nd t ho s u me cu l ti vn t iun . O vc i- 7;) pel' ce n r, of t ile co t t oll d ied Oil bo th pla ts. Til e pe l' ('('n L k i llerl ily hl. u -k 1'OOt w .ts dpl el'llIi lled by CO II III of t il( ~ cot ton plu n ts. u nd 1I0! by t ile yi eld . 'l'uk iug l ite yi eld i n t o co nsir lo r u t iuu. i t w as fuund tlu i t t ile e. u -lv p la ll l('d li('ld PI'o:l llceil 0 \'(' \' t lue e t h nes as mu ch cut t un as the late plnlll ed fiel d . l lou co i t "'('['11 11' t hu t la ll.' pl u n t iug wuu l d IIl1 t ill' p r olil al deevcu if i t i1 n pp ('lI('d ( hu r n 1('1'1' 11 IIIId'('I' of p l u u ts di('d 1'1'0111 b l.uk I'O(I!, Y ,\ I :I ETY ' 1'l:sT s 01-' I l ll,' I-'E B I'; :,\ T COTTO :'\S. /'; ,I'//cr;/I/( 'I/I Cuu d ucl cil u t I ' ; (' I II /(( , ( / a ., ! !)()(; . F rUlI1 n il x pet-i mon t coIHIIIC !< 'll ill ! ! )II l) by l'n,r. \ Y. A. O I't UII. Pn thulogist of t he Llurea u of P lu n t l n d ustrv, \\' ns ltingto n . Il . C., it h ns bee n deu ron sn-ate d t hat d itlc re n t vmi eties o f cotton q l'," gTe:l t l," in suscc pt i bil i t v t o th e bla ck r oot d isc-a sp. 111 t h is t est th e Ju ck sou p roved t o be t h o m os t i-osistn ut o f th e u pluud co t to ns, As stat e d ill th e iu t ro d u ctio n , om ' lu -s t p lun of invcs ti gut iou in cluded th e te st ing of .Inckso n cotton, whi ch we se cure tl 1'1'0 11 1 \\' n"lt in g t on . ) In lly pl an ters d o n o t li ke t he .Iiu-kson vu r le ty, w h ich is u l iuib less u ud c luster cotton, he nc e 0 11\' Ilrs t ctl'ort w ns to fin d o u t if any o t her vnr iety of'totton con Id be Io u u d t h u t w ould s how a s III u ch n a tu ra l r es ista n ce to bl a ck root a s t he J a ck son cotton . S ee d of a s many vm -ieti cs a s it wa s po ssible to obtnin , were secu re d and p lan t ed under s im ila r con d it ion s a t Vi en n a , G a. The r esul ts nr e g in .'n in th e f ollowin g t ah le. Th e pel' cen t . of pl an t s kill ed 01' badl y in j ured by bl a ck r oo t w ere deter, min ed by a ctual co u nt m ade as foll ow s : 261 t .:J Co> t .:J Fi g . S-Vnrie t y T est , s ho w ing co m parn t tv e r es ista nce t o Bl nck H oot. Two ro ws o n lc ft, N n t iv o G ree n Sced ; on r ight J n c k s on co tt on . (From photo by A. C . L e wis.) A few days after th e cot to n had been chop ped out to a sta nd a cou nt wa s mad e of th e number of sta lks in eac h plat. On Sep tem ber :!Sth a coun t wa s made to determine th e st a lks alive a t t hat da te. Sta lks near ly dead or bad ly st unted, enoug h to be of no va lue, were counted as dead . Y .\ H I I-:T Y T E ST S II OWI X G CO ~ I l'.\IL\ Tl Y E HE SI STA;,\ CE T O DL.\C K H OOT. Ttrc Jigllres dowtc llie nu tn bcr of pI al/ Is ou t o] 1,000 lli al suruincd, Sho rt Sta ple o r Up land Cotto ns . Jackso n , S el ec t ed seed ':' S15 U. S. P la nt Bre e d ing xo. 14 8* 710 U. S. Plant Breed ing No . 146':' 205 Red Shank 55 5 Boykin 450 Baughan's SelecteJt 445 R o w.l e n . . . 410 A ll e n Big Bo ll 36 0 Mix ed S e ed from Gin 360 Storm Proof 355 W ill e t' s R ed L e af 360 King 's Im proved 350 King, E arly 33 5 Native Green Seed 275 Nor th Georgia Be edt 255 Excelsior .. . 215 Peterkin . . . 190 Rus s ell Bi g B oll 100 Lo ng Staple Cottons. :\Iitafifi . . . 8S0 Boyd's Pro lifi c 44 0 Cla rkesville . . . 300 Ounce Boll 30 0 Griffin .. . 110 Fi-om th e a bove figures it will be seen t ha t the Jackson and U. S . Plant Breedin g No. U S wer e t he most resistant of th e upland cottons . Th e U. S. 1'0. 14S cot t on originated in a selection made by Prof. " ' . A. Orton in Alabama, in l!lOl. Since that time it has proved itself able to r etain t he resistan t qua lity, wh ich hel ps to show the va lue an d r esult of cont inued selection. (More will be sa id about selection in t he follo wi ng pages.) Seed furni sh ed by Bure au of Plant I n d u s t r y , Wash., D . C . t SeeJ furni sh ed by E. C. Bau gh an , 'Wo odbury, Ga. t N o rth Ga. Se ed from Adairsville to s e e if Ga . seed wou ld be at all resi s t ant. 263 r 2G4 F I'O II I t hp !,[,1"1I J I ~ o b t at Zel lobee, one a cr e of Jackson cotton with or dina ry fertilizer, y ielded 1,133 po un ds of seed cotton. Th e Jackson has ofte n been kn own to mak e as high as a ba le to t he a cr e, Cons ider ing th e a bove, we believe it a dvisab le to con tinue ex pcr iment iug wi th t he Jackson, bu t at t he sa me t imc we sha ll endonvor to im prove on t h is cotton by se lection an d cross ing wi th ot her vari eti es. Tuk en as a wh ole, we t h ink t he re su lt of t he vari et y tes t has gi ven so me pro mis ing resul ts , By pluntin g seed of n utu r ully resis tan t vuri ett es on land not t oo badly affect ed wi th the bla ck roo t fu ngus, and by a nn ua l se lecti on we may mak e t he ("ot ton even mor e res istn nt. Th e nematode worms mus t of cOIII'se he ta ken in to cons idera t ion, bu t t heir numbel'S ca n he redu ced by plan tin g t he propel' cro ps , as discusse d under t he head ing," Rot a t ion of Cr ops ." (See page ~ 72 . ) S EL ECTI OX 010' S E ED F I W~ I H E S I S'L\ X T l' L A X T S, E xa mina t ion of a badly a ffe ct ed a r ea wh ere nea rl y a ll t he cot ton di es fro m t he bla ck r oot. will show t ha t most of . t he remainin g st alks a re mu ch st u nte d in s ize, hut that a few plant s a re appa ren t ly t hr ifty and resistin g t he disea se to a marked extent. Of t wo s ta lks in a single hill , one may {lie whil e t he ot her may be t hr ifty a nd mak e a good y ield of cotton. It is evident t hat both t hese pla nt s mu st be exposed, to a gre a te r or less degree. t o t he fung us ca us ing th e d isease. S ti ll one pl an t may di e wh ile t he ot her does n ot SUCClll 11 h t o th e di sease fr om so me in her en t ca use. In or der to dem ousn-nt e wh a t t he resu lt would be if seed selecte d fr om t hese resist an t plant s were pl an t ed on " blac k roo t " soil, a Im-ge n umb er of select ions wer e mad e in 1!J05 fr om fields in variou s part s of t he Sta t e. Res ist a ut pla n ts of severa l varieti es of cotton were selecte d . F r om o ne t o t en pl an ts of ea ch variety wer e selected, and eac h sta lk wa s gi ven a se parate number. Notes wer e mad e on th e cond it ion of ea ch stalk a n d the s ur r oun d ing cotton , I n exp la na t ion of t he reason wh y severa l sta lks of eac h variety of cot to n wer e selected , a n d t he seed from eac h ~Gj sta lk kept scpu rn te, it lIIa y be stated t hat ce rt u in pl an t s ' a re ex pected to have t he p ower of trn n s ml tting t heir r e- sista ut qu u li ty . whil e ot her pl an t s mnv not. Th e r esul ts giv en bel ow w ill s ho w t he va lue of se vern l se le ct ions fro m ea ch vu r lerv . H all on ly one or t wo s ta l ks be en selected , or h a d t he see d f'rom all se lec te d s ta l ks hee.!1 m lxerl toge t her, t he :I\'pl'age resu lt would n ot h uv e b eell ueru-lv as good as t he res u lt obtn in cd f'roiu cei-tu in indi vi duu l sta lks . In t he s p r illg- o f ]!)(JG t he see d of t he selected sta lks we re a ll plnn tc d at V ic n n u, (l a. , Oil t he pl a n rntion of ~rr . Ed , H ow ell. S<,('d o f t he su me \':I1'iPl y f'ro ui uu sel cc ted sta l ks ( See V ru-ietv T ps t , p a ge 2G I ) we re p la nted s ide by side wi th t he i'plede p el' cen t. by t he att ac ks of t he woollv aphi s, A llowin t; t ha t 1,000,000 t r ees in t h e s ta te a r c atta ck ed hy t h e ap his, a nd s u p po si ng t ha t ea ch tree, if i n firs t class cond itio n, would he worth :j;1.00-\\'h ich is a vcrv lnvv est imate - it is a s imp le m utt er t o est ima te tha t t h e Lj p el' ce n t. d um ugu ca use d h~' t he wooll y ap hi s am ou nts to $150,000, Th is mn v so u nd like a n enorm ous figure, but a ca r efu l slll '\' ey of t h e a p p le orc ha r ds of the st at e wou ld 1111d oub tcd lv j usti fv th e st at emen t. So m u ch of the dam age ca use d b,\' woo llv a p h is is uuu oti ced and un su sp ect ed t hat a t first t hon gh t t h e a bove sta t cm en t lila y seem u nreason uble, Ilu t let eve rv in d ivid ua l who ha s appl e t re es, ex a m in e i n t o con d itio ns and t hen co ns ider t ha t n cml v everv on e has a fe w trees. a n d it may after a ll a p pea l' tha t t he loss occasioned hy thi s in sect is n ot ove r -cs t imn tc d . T he nurseryr neu su fl'er g re a t ly t hrough loss of t r ees i nf ested by the woolly a p his. U n d er t h e presen t nursery i n spection la w of Georg-ia a ll n urs er-v t r ees v isib ly affected b~' t he woolly a ph is must he di scard ed a n d bu r n ed when du g, 'W h ile ins p ecti n g uurset-ies durin g t he la st f ou r y ea r s t h.: wri t er h as h a d a m p le op p ort u u it v t o observ e t h e d a mag e from wooll v aph is in t he nurser ies, a n d uu d ouhted ly t h is loss is grea te r than is ge uera llv sup p osed . Eveu th e n ursery men t h ems elves probahly do not r eal ize how mu ch their t r ees are du uiagv d, 01' a t leas t weak en ed , by th e atta ck of th is in sect. Object of this Publication. I n Oc t obe r , l !lO-t a bul letin was p ublish ed by t he 130,11'( 1. Bull etin Xo . 1:3, " So me Com mon Appl e In sect s, " in whi ch S th e woolly aphis was mentioned togeth er with r emedial measures, I n that bullet in it was r ecommended to use tobacco dust as a direct r emedy fo r infest ed apple trees. Th e exp eri ments r ecorded in this bulletin will show conclus ively tha t our form er r ecommenda tions- based main ly on r esults obt ained by entomologists in Ohio an d l\Iissouri-are n ot entirely applicabl e to Geor gia conditions, however well th ey may succeed in th e st ates n amed. Tobacco du st does not seem to be of mu ch va lu e as a direct r emedy, as we have been led t o sup pose, tho ugh, as will be mentioned, it is of valu e as a fer tili zer an d probably may be profitable to use as a p reventi ve measure. Our expe r iments show that kerosene emu lsion is the most efficient r emedy and that tobacco du st is, at th e best , doubtful, hence this bulletin is inten ded t o r epla ce that part of Bulletin No. 13 whi ch deals with the woolly aphi s, and to r ecor d the actual r esults of ou r exper iments in 1905 and 1906. The report of the r esul t of exper imen ts with mat eri al s that pro ved to be of little, if any va lue as a r emedy, should be valuable to apple growers, simply to show what exp eriment s have been made, in order that in dividuals may not waste tim e and mone y in making th e sam e exp er iments. ]'01' this r eason this bulletin must contain mu ch t hat is of inter est only as a warning to orchardists wh o are p ossessed of an exper imen ta l turn of mind. General Plan of Experiments. As al read y menti oned, th e first exper iments against the woolly a phis wer e mad e in 1905. Th e original plan of th e exp erim ent calle d fo r th e t esting of all the remedi es that have commonl y been recommended, such as, tobacco d ust, t obacco stems, wh ale oil soap, carbo n bi-sulphide, etc ., and also a tes t of ker osene emulsion at varyin g strengths, mi xtures of tobacco and kain it, toba cco decocti on, etc . I n short, t he plan was to t est all r emedies that seemed to possess any possible mer it. H ow t horoughly the exper imen t was planned the r eader may j ud ge fo r h imself . 'When the experiment was commen ced in 1905 it was expected that the work woul d be contin ued in 1906, as we di d not wish to base r esult s on one year 's work only . A ccordingly the wor k was continued fo r two years. The r esult of the first year 's work was r epor ted by H arp el' Dean , Jr. , a t t he meeti ng of the State Horticultural Society at Macon in 1905, 9 but in his pap er M I'. Dean was care f ul to state tha t th e I'epor t should n ot be taken as final. Fortnn a tcly t he gen era l r esult s of the tw o years' work coinc ide so closely t hat it seerus j ust as well to r ep or t all the work t ogether . Accord in gly in th e f ollowin g p ages th e r esult of di ffer ent t r eatm ents test ed both in 1905 and 1906, wh er e the r esults wer e th e sam e, will be t r eat ed as one expe r imen t. Th e exp er iments wer e condu ct ed in both midd le and nor th Georg ia , th us providin g for the chanc e of en counte r ing di ffer ent con dit ions d ue to locati on . Genera llv sp eaking, it is believed tha t t he r esult of t he expe r iments r ecor ded may be depended upon absolu tely , ma kin g allowa n ce on ly for va rying cond it ions. EXPERIMENTS AT M ORROW, GEO RGIA , IN 1905. W e ar e indebt ed t o Mr. J. C. IT. Sneed, of :\ 101 '1' 0 \\' , lo r allowing us to ma ke expe r iments in his apple orchard . and in a p or ti on of a block of apple trees in hi s nurser y. Th e con diti ons fo r 'yor k at this place wer e very favorable. Th e app le or char d contained t r ees varying in age f ro m six t o t en year '>, showing all degrees of in festa tion wi th wooll y aphis. A p ort ion of the n ursery stock was very badly infest ed on account of bein g near the ap ple orchar d, and so locat ed that t ile ap his had probably sp r ead f rom the orch ar d trees t o the nursery st ock. Exper im en t'> were commence d in th is or cha r d May 11th, 1905, and observ ations made during that summ er and the 01lowin g sp r ing, 1906. Th e materi als t est ed wer e: Tob acco du st alon e ; tobacco d ust and kainit mixed in equal parts ; to bacco ste ms ; ker osene emulsion; wh ale oil soap solut ion an d carbon hi-sulp hi de. The mann er in whi ch t hese m ateri als wer e applied will be mentioned farther on . EX PERIMENTS AT C ORNELIA, GEORGIA , IN 1906. In or der tha t we might encounte r di ffer en t conditions an d also f or t he p u rpose of getting gr osslv infested t l' ('('S t o wor k on, ou r expe r iment in 1906 w as established at Cornelia. W e ar c indebted t o Col. O. 13. S te vens and Mr . S. R. Chr ist ie for th e use of an or cha r d at Cor nelia in whi ch t o ca r-ry ou t am' exper iments. This orch ard consisted of trees av en ! ing about ten years old. In t his or chard a t est was made of' all th e materi als used at Mor r ow the p r evious y ear and in addit ion common sal t an d t oba cco decoct ion wer e t r ied . Th e 10 tests of tobacco dust , an d tobacco du st and kainit mi xed , wer e dupli cat ed in an orc ha rd belonging to Mr. Ethan Philb r ick, of Baldwin, to whom we are also grea tly indebt ed. Th e exp eriment at Cornelia was commenced March 25th, and fini shed during April, 1906, except for a secon d treatm ent with tobacco dust, an d tob acco du st a nd kainit, mad e J uly 12th, 1906. When selecti ng t rees fo r the exper imen t it was in all cases necessary to examine the trees and leave out th ose n ot act ua lly infe sted with woollv aphis in orde r th a t th e final r esults might be f ully dep end ed up on , I nfested t rees wer e deter mined by r emoving the su rface soil an d exa mining t he r oots. .- .- , , .. (~ " :::..'. :r: FIG. I. - Showin g a 3-foot circle of soil removed to prep are apple tree for treatment with some appli cation to destroy the Wooll y Aphis. (From Pltoto) orig inal. 11 REPORT ON RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED DURING 1905 AND 1906. ( T he result s of the two )'ears 'lc ork ar e combin ed as [ar as poss ible in ord er to av oid too m uch rep etiiion.) It should be underst ood at the outse t that the experiments recorded herewith are inten ded for findi ng a mean s t o dest roy the r oot inh abiti ng form of th e woolly aphis, and that th ey have no direct connectio n with th e aerial f orm occurring on the t wigs and branches. F or meth od of destroyin g the latter f orm see p age 40, It should also be clearly understood that th e experiments were planned with a view of find ing a direct remedy f or the woolly ap his , with du e regard t o the effect of th e treatmen t on the t rees themselves. Ri ght her e it may as well be admitted th at some ap ple growers and others will probably be afraid t o follow th e r ecommendations in r egard 1.0 t he use of kerosene emulsion, for fear of its effect on t he life of th e t rees. In anticip ation of such complaint we can only say that we have wat ched closely f or dama ge t o th e t rees and none has been observe d, except wher e so sta ted. , Ve suggest, however, t hat the orchardists remember that our experiments wer e made whi le the t rees wer e growing or in th e spr ing when they were about t o commence growth, and that we would not advise th e use of ker osene in any f orm on the r oots of dorm an t trees. Exp eri ence with oils on peach trees f or the San J ose scale has shown that dorm an t trees are someti mes injured when gro wing trees show no ill effect f rom the oil treatment. P reparing Trees for T rea t m e n t. All the materials tested were app lied to the trees in p ractically the sa me manner . That is, the trees were prepared f or th e applicat ion of either tobacco du st, or any of th e dry preparati ons, or for liquid materials in th e following manner : Th e soil was r emoved from about the base of the t rees, in 12 a circle varying according to th e size of the trees, to a depth of two or three in ches, or enough to partially expose th e in fested roots. As the trees were prepared th e exten t of th e in fe station was noted and r ecorded and this fa ct was t ak en into consideration in determining th e r esult of th e various treatments. As already mentioned, only infest cd trees were used for the experiment. Wh en trees were found on whi ch the aphis wer e not present, or present in very small numbers, such trees were not in cluded in th e t est. In that way we eliminated any chance of er ror because of treating n on-infest ed trees. In the f ollowin g r eport it may be under sto od, unless otherwise state d, that th e t rees before bein g treated wer e prepared as above. In all cases after th e trees wer e t reate d with a certain material the soil was r eplaced. That is, when tobacco dust was used it was spr inkled evenly in the ope ning about the trees and the soil filled in on t op to th e normal level. 'I'he same plan was followed when liquids wer e us ed; the aim being to get the material as ncar as possibl e to the infest ed roots. T OBACCO DUST TREATMENT. The toba cco du st used in the exper imen t was obt ain ed from a firm in Virgini a who sell large qu antities of du st to f'ruit grow ers to be used as f ertilizer, and as an ins ecti cid e. The material cost about $lG.OO a ton deliver ed in Atlanta. Tobacco dust was used at both Morrow and Corneli a. At th e latter pla ce a doubl e appli cat ion was made, fir st in March 1906, and a second tim e in July. At Morrow th e dust was applied only on ce, in May , 1903. Both orchard trees and nursery sto ck wer e used f or the exper imen t at Morrow, but only orchard trees wer e treated at Corn eli a. On account of the great variation in the size of the trees it was found to be difficult to use a given quantity of tobacco dust per tree ; instead , varying quantities of dust were used on trees of various sizes, and also varying quantities on trees of about the sam e size. Th e trees were prepared for treatment in the manner previousl y mentioned, that is, by r emoving the surface soil in a circle varying in diameter with the size of the trees, and with the amount of dust us ed. The soil was remov ed en ough to nearly expose the surface r oots. In some cases a circle three fe et in diameter was opened, and in oth ers only two f eet , whil e oth ers had the soil r emoved in 13 cir cles of fo ur 0 1' five feet in diam eter. T he var iat ion IS shown by the f ollowin g : A t M O/,/, Oll; , Jla!J, 1905, 10 t rees t rea ted as [ollou:s: Tree 1- ;) po und s t obacco du st , III 4 foot cir cle ,, 2- 2 '~ ,, ,, ,, 2 ', ,, " :1- 3 " " " "3" c " 4- 3 " " " "5" " " 7 ;) - " " " " 4: " " " G- 1 0 " " " " ;) " " and in ot her p ropor tions. Th e abo ve figures show th at tobacco du st wns tested in all conceivable propor t ions. JII aII instances the d ust was evenIy distributed in the opening', am] th e soil replaced on t op t o the n or ma] level. Nu rserv stock was trea ted at :'1101' 1'0\\' with toba cco du st ill the fo llowing ma nner : '1'\\' 0 I'OII"S each 50 feet long wer e selecte d. A Inrrow II'o r i lllll , men ti oned a bov e, t he spots a rc rou nd a nd bro wnish a nd t hey in crease in size cent rifuga lly , Soo ner 0 1' 'la t er othe r fun gi a lso attac ks t he lea Yes, gen eral ly differen t spec ies of A lt er n aria, B eforc lon g t he lea ves beco me black fro m t he hyp ha a nd spores of t hose fung i, a nd t hen occurs t he stage whi ch is usu a lly ca lled " Black Rust " by F ig. i. Cotto n Lea f s howing d isease co m mo nly ca lled .. Blac k Ru st . ,. (Co p ied fr om P rof. At k inson 's Bu l, 4 1, Ala . Agr. Ex p, Sta. ) t he cotto n plant ers. Oth er fu ngi ma y a lso attack t he leav es a ndc a use some what different sy mpt oms . Wh en t he Ce rcospara st age of S p haer cl /a g ossypiua- A tl.:. , is present in grca t er ubund nn ce t ha n t ho. ot her fun gi men t-ion ed abo ve we ha ve a nother ty pe of t he disease. Wh cn t his fun gu s first a t tacks th e leaf it causes lit tl e round red spots whi ch in crease in size cent rifug a lly. In t ho la t er stage of the disease t he spots becom e br own in t he cent er with a red bonier) and in many cases t hc cente r dr ops out, This rend ers t he leav es ra gged and perforat ed so t ha t t hey appeal' mu ch as do peach leav es that hav e been a t ta cked by th e sho t-hole fung us. 64 "REDRUST "OH. HED LEAF BLI GHT A ND I\ED SPID ER Quite fr equen tl y in t he latter par t of t ho season , during J uly and Augu st , t he cotton fields may be r ed 01' cri mson with a tinge of ye llow lik e t he forest trees in t he fa ll. This condit ion of t helea ves t he farm ers genera lly ca ll" red rust ." T his t rouble is usu ally found on ligh t , sa ndy soil t hat ha s been in cot t on for a nu mber of ye ars , This condition of t he lea ves was ob serv ed in a number of fields of cotto n along t he G. S. & F. Ry. sout h of Macon. Th e writer exa mine d some of t hese crimson leaves ta ken from a cot t on field ncar Vienna . Th ey failed to show a ny fungus 01' bact eria presen t. Some leaves t hat h ad abou t t he sa me a ppearan ce. tak en fro m a field neal' Wood bu ry , were exa mined with t he sa me result. B ut at Woodb ury in on e field where it was t hou ght t hat t he cot t on h ad t.he red ru st , t he red spid er, 'l~ ' lr(l nycll1t s g1o " ('1' i B ks.. was fou nd to be t he cause of t he lea ves curling up and t u rning red . Th is sa me spide r was a bo found in a cotton field nea l' Ch ip ley. In t h is field . on abo ut tw o ac res. t he d am age wa s q uite severe, ca using m an y of t he sq unres a nd leaves to d rop off. Th e spiders being sma ll a nd staying on t he un der side of t he leaves had escape d t he noti ce of t he owner. Th e red spider may be cont rolled as a rul e, by du stin g t he plant s with fl our of sulphur, put t in g it on with a blow-gun in t he evcning 01' morning wh en t he leaves a re damp . 0 1' a limesulphur solut ion mny be used if a sp ra y is desired. This may be mad e by usin g five p ounds of sulphu r an d five pounds of lime to ] 00 ga llons of w at er . Prep ar e by boilin g t he lim e a nd sulphur in 20 ga llons of wat er for one hou r, and t he n dilu t ing to ]00 gallons. Ap ply t he mi xture whil e slightly warm. Kerosene emulsion is also used agains t t hese in sect s with goo d results. Bu t are mu st bc used in makin g t he emulsion, a nd it must not be used at a st reng t h stronger t ha n ] 0% 0 1' t he plants ma y be injured . ( F or d iroct io n s f or m aki ng k erosene E m llis ioll scn d f or Bil l. 1D. ) In usin g a ny of these spra ys it must be rem em b ered th at th o spide rs arc wor king on t ho und er side of t he lea ves, and t o be effect ivc t he spr ay mu st come in cont ac t with t hem . This m ay be very easily a ccomplishe d by usin g an elbow on th e end of th e exte nsion rod . Pot assium sulphide solut ion, usin g one ounce in t hree ga llons of water , is a very eff'ec t.ive r em ed y for red spider. Th is che mica l is sold und er t he com mon nam e " Li ver of Sulphu r " an d ma y be secured fro m most druggists. G5 If one has plenty of water a nd a goo d st rong pump t he in sect s may be wash ed off with water. This is t he met hod generally used by gree nho use men in fighting t he re d spider. ANGULAR L EAF SPO T . Th e disease called Ang ular L ea f Spot derived its n am e fro m th e sha pe of t he diseased spots t hat a pp ea l' up on the lea ves. { Fi g. 8 . Ang ula r Leaf -spot D isea se on cotton lea f. (Copi ed from P rof. At kin son 's Bul. 4 1, Ala . Ag r. Exp, Sta .) Th ey at first a ppeal' as wa t ery green spots. but soon t urn br own an d lat er bla ck. Th ey grow in various shapes, bu t a re usu all y bounded by t he vein let s of t he leaf , hen ce t he a ng ular corne rs GG that give t he m t heir n ame. Th ey gro w in size, finally coa lesce a nd for m a very irr egu la r net work of disea sed spots a ll over t he lea ves. In the cours e of t ime many of t he di seased areas d rop out, giving t he leaf a very charac t erist ic appeara nce. F rom t he writ er 's ob servations it appears t hat t his is a stronge r parasit e t han t he other leaf fun gi described in th e pr evi ous paragraphs. So metimes t he disease is found on young green leaves on both young and old plants. Bu t t his may be due to t he fa ct t ha t t he pl an t s ar e not in a heal th y condition, t ho ugh t hey appear t o be so. Near ly gro wn or ma ture lea ves ar e most lia ble to be affect ed . Very fr equ en tl y t he disease is found on t he cot yledo ns or seed lea ves, but docs not app ea r until other leaves ha ve form ed ab ove . At such time the cotyledons have per form ed th eir wor k, hence t he disease does little or no da mage, as it, does not appea r to attack the ot her leav es at t his t ime. Th ese disea sed spots arc filled with ba cteria and sometimes with a fun gu s, P scn d onras m alu acca r n IIl -SllI i t II . Prof. Atkinson" found bacterin in th ese spots, but failed to produ ce t he disease by inocul nt ing th e leaves with t he bact eri a . Th is, he t ho ug ht, wen t to show t hat possib ly t he ba cteria were un able to enter yo un g , health y leaves ; but old lea ves, or leaves on a wea k plant, t he fun gi and ba ct eria wer e a ble to enter a nd disease. This is probab ly t he case wh et her t he ba ct eria or t he fun gu s happens to be t he first to attack th e lea ves. And last we mu st not fa il to me ntion that sometimes on th ese " ru st ed " lea ves t he cotto n a nt hracnose fungus is found . Hence in t he effort to keep t he cotto n plant s heal th y so t hese facultati ve fun gi will not be ab le to attac k t he m, we ar e also dealin g a blow to the an thracn ose fungu s. In fact , we may be d est royin g one of t he princip al pla ces wh ere t he anthrac nose fun gus is growing and mu lt iplying before it attacks t he bo lls. These diseased leaves forming as it wer e an in cubator where the anthrn cnose fu ngu s is being p ropagated . SOME OBSERVATIONS ON COTTON RUST . ( T h c t cr m ": COt/Oil R u st" i s h ere u sed 10 inclu d e a /I m inor diseasesjn sl m cnt io n cd v. During t he su m me r and fall of H)06 t he wri t er , whil e traveling over t he Stat e in vesti gating bla ck roo t a nd cot to n anthra cnose, had a good chance to mak e some ob ser va t ions on cotton ru st. In making these invest igat ions a lar ge number *llu l. 4 1, A la. Agr. Exp. SIn. 67 of fi elds were visit ed in di fferen t sect ions of t he St a te , t hus givin g a good opportunity to comp a re co nd itions in t he d iffere nt co u n ties . This trouble wa s found to be quite gen eral t hro ug ho ut the St atc, esp ecia lly on ligh t sa ndy soils, and also on land t hat h ad b een in cotton .contin uo usly for a number of years. Ncar R oynold s in T a yl or coun t y onc field was seen wh er e all th e cotto n was affect ed excepf in a n area of a bo ut one-h alf acr e in t he middl e of t he field , The o wne r in formed the wri t er t hat t h ree y en rs ago a st ra w st ack st ood th er e. Th e cotton on t his ar ea wa s very gree n at t hat time, Septe mber 10, whil e t he rest of t he field had sca rcely a grce n leaf . The cott on on t h is ar ea wa s also much ta ller a nd would yi eld mor e per a cr e t h a n t hc rest of t he field . I n th is sa me n eighborh ood onc field was b ad ly aff ect ed. wlii lo a fi eld just acro ss t he road, on t h e sa mc ki nd of land , was in good cond ition , Th c field in good condition h ad be en in oat s t he yea r before , t he ot he r ha d been in cot t on co nti n uo usly for no tc llin g h ow m an y years . Th e ow n er di d n ot know h ow many ye a rs it h ad bccn pl an t ed in cotton , Aro und L u mpk in , in Stewa rt cou n t y, it was noti ced tha t wh er e old fe nce row s or old t errnc es h ad b een p low ed up a nd pl unt cd in cotton t he r ust wus n ot n ea l' so se ve re as it was in th e rest of th e field , This sa me cond it ion of affairs wa s also observed in several other co u nt ies wh ere thc ru st. as a rul e. was quite gc nera l. In Rand olph cou nty , a ro u nd Cole m a n . wh er e the ru st wa s very severe on t he sa ndy soil t ha t had been in cotton for a numbe r of y ears, in t h e cotton field s that h ad been plan t ed a fte r oats or co rn t h e ru st was not near so destructive. I n D ooly coun ty, near Vienna. in on e field se veral s m a ll a reas were affe ct ed very severely, while t he rest of the field wa s fre c from ru st . Upon investigat ion it was fo und th at on t hese arcns where t h e cot ton was affect ed wit h ru st thc soil wa s p eb bly a nd sh allow with a hard clay su bsoil close to t he su rf ac e. Th ese a reas could n o dou b t be re cla imed by in cr easin g the d ep th of t he soil by prop er p lowing an d hea vy a pp licatio ns of barnya rd ma n ure, in connection with a com p let e fert ilize r. R EM EDI E S FOR COTT ON R U ST , These leaf t ro u b les men ti on ed a bove ar e ca used p ri marily fro m a weaken ed con dit ion of t he p la n t , wh ich m ay be due to imp roper sup p ly of p la n t food 01' p oor mech ani cal con dit ion of (is th e soil, hen ce it foll ows t h at t he rem edy lies in su p p ly ing th ese wants. Th e obser vati ons mad e in Alabama by Prof. Atkinson , a nd those made in Georgia by t he wri t er , all go to prove t hat the abo ve st at eme nt is t ru e. We are gla d t o say t h at ex p eriments already mad e in Alab am a h ave sho wn th at t he se t rou bles may be ca n trolled in a lar ge measure by usin g a fer tilizer ri ch in potash . 0 1' if t he soil is d eficien t in humu s potash with barny ard manure 0 1' co wpe ns sh ould be used. In these experime n ts mad e hy th e St a ti on *a t Auburn , Al a ., a nd in differ en t par t s of th e State by th e fa rme rs in co-opera t ion with th e Experiment St atio n, it, was found t hat th e app licati on of t he following fertili zer ga ve verv good resu lt s : Muri ate of Pot ash Cott on Seed Meal Acid ph osph ate 50 1bs . 120 lbs. 240 1bs. This formula represen t s t he amount used p er acre . Alm ost as go od resu lt s were sec ured by su bst it uting 200 pounds of Kaini t for t he 50 pounds of muri ate of pot ash in the above fer ti lizer . " Yes, " so me on e will say, " I used a com plete fertili zer and my cot t on ru st ed . " This may be t rue , bu t p robably th e fer ti lizer was exha usted or all used up a bout t he tim e t he cot.to n beg an to ru st. On t he loose, sa nd )' soil of South Georgia \\' C t hin k it would be ' a good pl an to apply th e fer tilizer in two applicat ions . Use part of t he fe rt ilize r wh en planting and make t he last app lica ti on abou t t he tim e t he bo lls begin t o form . This would s up ply th e plan t with food wh en it needs it most , t hat is, when the bolls ar e forming. The resul t would be to keep the plant s in a health y condit ion, for a lon ger time than where all t he fe rt ilizer is applied at on ce. The writer believ es t hat t he rust last ye ar wa s du e in so me cas es to t he poor mechani cal cond iti on of th e soil. And of cours e if t he soil wa s in suc h cond it ion so t hat t he food sup ply co uld not be used , or s uch t hat t he plants soon su ffered fr om drough t , three or four applica ti on s of fert ilizer would not prevent t he ru st . We recomm end t hat in t he fall 01' winter t he soil be t u rned ove r goo d and d eep with a turning plow . W e believ e man y of th e diseases and poor crops could be preven t ed by t his meth od . ' The m eth od n ow used by many planters of bedding in th e cot ton witho u t a t first turning over the soil, ca nno t but pr oduce poor results if continued yea r after yea r. *L'u tt OIl Itu st , BuB. 09, Ala . Agr. E xp , St atlo n . 69 In connec t ion with t hc deep plowin g a nd pr op el' app licat ion of the nece ssary fertilizers rot at ion of crops mu st be practiced if t he best resu lts are to be sec ur ed , T his will im pr ove t he mechanical and che mica l cond it ion of t he soil, a nd also red uce t he number of nematod e worms in t he soil. ( Fo r a d escr iptio n of Nc nratodc ..corm s sc nd for Bu l. 22) In a nu mber of field s ex a mined last ye ar, where t he rust was bad, t he nematod e worms wer e a lso very num erou s on the cotton roo t". II. is a well kn owllf act,.tha t t he presen ce of t he nem a t ode WOl'nH on th e roo ts of a ny plan ts ca use injury to a grcatc r 01' Ic., s ext ent. On such land , of course, crops mu st he a void ed t hat tend to increase t.he nern uto dc wor ms. T hese crops a rc: T he co m mon co wp ens, melons, cucumbers, suga r cane, cabbage, ok ra , ('01lard, potato , t o mato , su nflowers, gourds and peach trees. Instead of t he co m mon va riet ies of cowpea plant t he Iron co wpea or th e Soy bean. Th e for egoing remarks and suggest ions all poin t to th e fad. t hat t he cotto n gro wcr of to day , his cro p bein g men aced lJX bla ~ k root, cotto n ant. hru cnose a nd cott on rust, mu st. in ord er to raise cotton successfully and profitablyI practice rotation of crops 'a nd selection of seed. 70 SPECIAL NOTICE. Cott on g \"()wel's may ma ke it. greatly to th eir udvnntnge, hesirles being of assistance to t he State B oard of E nto mo logy , by send ing speci me ns of diseased plants and repor ti ng a ll ca ses of inj ur y to cotton . W herever cotton fields are affe cted by disease of any kind, or attac ked by insects, we would li ke to recei ve speci me ns of plant s or insects, or both. A let t er of ex pla nation sho u ld a lso be se nt un der se parate co ve r giving suc h informa tion reg arding t he in jury as may be of ass istance in helping us to sugges t a rem ed y. It is ag ainst the po st al regul at ions to send let t ers in packages, unless let t er po stage rate is paid . Foe th at re ason , spec ime ns of cott on or oth er p lants, mai led alone, sho uld be plain ly lab eled with n a me a nd a dd ress of sender, and a let t er of expla nation sh ould b e mail ed at t he sa me time. It is of t he utmost importance t h at the cotton grower s of Georgia shou ld be cons tantly on t he lookout for all cot ton insec ts . This is particularly t rue on account of t he Mexi can cotton boll weevil whi ch m ay reach Geo rgia in a few years . If this in sect is di scov er ed wh en it first reach es Geo rg ia, p rom p t action may prev en t its sp reading over a la rge area , as it has done in T exas a nd L ou isian a. We desi re to urge cotton gro wers to collect all in sect s which , in any way re semble t he bo ll weevi l, and se nd spec imens to t he B oard of . E nt om ology to be ide ntified. An yone de sirous of obt aining a bulletin giv ing illustrati ons an d descripti on of t he boll wee vil , m ay get sa me up on request . I njuriou s insect s or d iseases a ffectin g cro ps othe- t han cotton will be glad ly recei ved and give n ca reful attentio n . All spec imens of disea sed pl an ts, in sect s, an d lett ers of inquiry sho uld be addressed to t he under sign ed . R esp ectfully , R. 1. Sl\HT H , State Entomologist. 71 NOTICE. The bulleti ns of the Georgia State Boa; d of Ento mology, which are of present pra ctical va lue, and still ava ilable, ar e mentioned below. (The numbers not mentioned a re either out of date or exhausted.) . App lication for a ny of th ese numbers should be ad dressed to the State Entomologist, Atlant a, Ga. Bulletin No. 6-The Peach Leaf Curl and its Tr eatmen t. BulletinNo. 9-The Cotton Caterp illar. Bulletin No. ll-Fumigation of Nurs ery Stock. Bulletin No. 12-Mexican Cotto n Boll Weevil. Bulletin No. 13-Some Common Insects Injurious to th e Apple. Bulletin No. 14-Ex periments With the San Jose Scale in 1904. Bulletin No. 15-Cyanide Method of Fu migating Nursery Stoc k, Bulletin No. 16-Cot ton Boll Worm and In sects Injurious to Corn and Truc k Crops. Bulletin No. 17-Peach Inse cts. A treatise on the impor- t ant Peach Insects in Georgia. Bulletin No. IS-Pear Blight Disease in Georgia, and Pear Leaf Blight. Bulletin No. 19-Insecticides and F ungicides. When and How to Spray. Bulletin No. 2o-Part I. Report of State Entomologist for 1905. Part II. Crop Pest Law and Regula tions. Bulle tin No. 21-Spraying to Cont rol the San Jose Scale . Bulletin No. 22-Black Root Disease of Cot ton. Bulleti n No. 23-The Apple Woolly Aphis and Green Apple Leaf Aphis, with remedies. (jeorgia State 60ard of Entomology Bulletin No. 25 November 1907 PROCEEDINGS (jeorgia State Horticultural Society PUBLISHED JOINTLY BY STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY = == = = AND = == = = STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY 73 OFFICERS P . .1 . 13 ERCK:\lANS PRESIDENT. Aug usta VICE-PRESIDENT S. l st Congress iona l Distri ct-H. M. H OP KIN S 2nd Congressiona l Distri et -l\I. 13. JONES 3rd Congress iona l Distri ct-C. W. W ITHOFT 4th Congressional Distri et-G E O. W. SH E P P AR D 5th Cong ress ional District-CHAR LES DECKNER _ 0 6th Cong ressiona l Distri et-R. E. PARK 7th Cong ressiona l Distr ict-G. H . :\IILLER 8t h Congressiona l District-Z . T . WALKER . Uth Cong ressiona l Distri ct -v-I . C. WAD E 10t h Congressiona l District-DR. NEIL :\lclNNIS Ll t h Cong ressiona l District-D. M. HUGHES Louis ville Thornasv ille Fort Vall ey T a l l a p o os a Atl an t a :\la eon Rome ..Whi t e Plain s Corn elia .. Au gu st a D an vi li e J.B. WIGHT SECRE'L \ R Y TREAS UR ER. LOUI S A. BERCKM AN S . Cai ro , Ga Augu st a STANDING COMMITTEES Dr. ,J. P , H. Brown L. A. Bor ckmans . J B . Wig ht. A. D. Williams H erbert C. "White R . C. Ber ckrnans H . 13. Chase G. H. :\riller ON NEW FRUITS . .. . . ON SY N ON Y:\lS . . Au gu st a Aug usta . Ca iro Ya t esville . DeWi t t Augusta Huntsvi lle , Ala . R om e 74 ON O R N A ~IE NT A L AN D US E FU L TREES. ' Cha rles Dec knc r . Alf re d Cu t hbe rt. . H. C. Ber ckman s . H . ~1. H opk ins . B . \V. H un L_ . Atl a n t a Augusta Au gu sta Louisv ille Eatonton N . L . \\illek Cha rles S. Bohl er Cha rles D eckn er Jno. A. Co bb __ . ON VE GET.-\BLE CU LTU R E . . .. Au gu sta Augu st a . At la nt n Am eri cu s ON P ~\ C K I NG OF F Hu lTS A N D VE GET ABL E S. C. \V. \Vi th oft )1. B. J ern igan )1. B . .Jones 1. C. \ Va d c . . . . .. Fort Va lley Whi t e Pl a ins Thomasv ille Co r n e l ia ON TlL \NSP OR'L\TION OF FHUlTS AND VEGET.-\B LE S. .Joh n T. W est. . . . . )I oscl ey Ha le . _. . Geo . W hit e , J r W . C. St n ff'ord , T hom son F or t Va lley . Sparta Barn esv ille Du d lcy M. Hugh es __ . Jno. T. West. Geo . Gilmore C. T . H oocl . W. H . F elt on , J r ON LE GI SLAT IO N. . .. ... .. . Danv ille T ho mson W a rt hen Co m me rc e Ma con Prof. Alf red Aker m a n ON F OR ESTRY __. _. E . L. W o rsham . _. A. C. Lwis . _ . ON BIOLOGY . __ .- __ _. ' _. __ . , Ath en s _ _ __ __Atl ant a _ _ __At la nt a 75 ROLL OF MEMBERS OF THE GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Ak erman , Prof. Alfr ed And rea e , Au g Ber ek m a ns , L. A. Berekrn a ns , P . .T Ber ckm uns, :'Ifrs. P . .T Ber ckmans , R. G Berckma ns, P . .T . A., ,Ir Boon e, H . L Bohl er , Chns , S Br own, Dr. .T. P . H B ro wn , Da vi d . . _. . . .. __. _. Ca rlt o n, :'Ifrs . H . H Ca rr olI. .1. S Chase, H . IL Cla r k, .T no. \\' Cob b, .Jno. A Cob b , :'I[rs. Lama r Cut hbert , Alfred . . D ee kn er , Cha rles Farmer, L. R F elton , W . H. ,Jr F or t , J. P . . Fl emin g, J as, L Fugga zzi, :'II Gil mo re, Gco H al e, :'I[oscley Ha t ch er, :\[ . F H amm a ck , \ V. D H eik es , \ V. F H enderson, W. J Hi ckman , T . [ H opkins , :'II. H H ow ald, F . E ., :'II. D H ood . C. J . Hu gh es , Dud ley :'If H unt, B. W At hen s :'Iia t his Augustu -\ugu st u Au gu sta Aug usta Au g usta Valdost a Au gu sta Augusta Alb a ny . At hens :\ t Ia nt a Hu n ts ville. Ala . Augusta Am eri cu s Athens . Au g ust a :\ t Ian t a Loui svi lle Ma con Ath en s Au g ust a Cinci n nat i, Ohio \Va rt he n F ort Vall ey .. Ma con Colema n Hun t svillc, Ala . . Dav isb o ro Au gu sta Louisville Atlan t a Co m me rce Da n vill e . Ea t o nt on 76 J ern igan , :'II. B Justi ce, J . G J one s, :'II. B Lewi s, A. C Ma gid , L. B :'II ille r, .J. C . Mille r, G. H Me Inn is, Dr. Neil , Mu nr oe, .I. 1" Xl u u roc, Mrs, J . F Park , n. E Pressley , A. F Purdy, A. F R ugg les, F . A Rumph, L. A Shep pa rd , Geo. W Smit h, R. 1., E nto mo logi st Smit h , C. T D hl, Geo . Von H erff , D3) \a ssa u Street , West , .Ina. T . Wade, I. C . Wa lker , 7-. T . Willia ms, A. D Whi t e, H . K W igh t , J . B Will et , N. L Wh it e, Geo., Jr W ith oft , C. \V W hitney , C. E W hal ey , T hom a s Whit e Pl ai ns Ma rcus ..T ho masv ille At lanta T allulah Fa lls Rome Rome . _August a Experi m ent Ex peri me nt :'II a eon Augusta Augusta .. _Da wson . Marshnllville . Ta llapoosa . R al eigh , N . C. Co nco rd . Augu sta New Y ork Th om son Corn elia W hit e Plains Ya t esv ille Spa rta Ca iro Augusta Spa rta Fo rt Valley .' Au gu sta Ma y field HONORARY MEMBERS Alw ood , P rof. W . B. , " a . P oly t ech n ic Inst , Blacksburg, Va , Bailey , Prof. L. H ., Dir. Corne ll Exp . Sta Itha ca , N. Y. *l3us h, Isad or Bu sh bcr g, l\10 *Crayt on, H on. B. F Ander son , S. C. F u rn a ss , H on, B. F " Brow nsv ille, N eb. *Gray, Prof. Asa : __Ca mb rid ge, Ma ss. Green , Mrs. C. C Ala . ~ _CJa yton, H al e, J . H ~ _ Sout h Gla stonbury, Conn . H ex a mer, D r. F . :U., 52 Laf a yet t e Pl a ce Ne w Y ork , N . Y J oly , Chas., V. P ., Nat'! H or t , Soc . of Fra nce Pa ris , F ra nce *J\Ieehan, T homa s Ger ma nto wn , Philadelphia, Pa. Mun son , T. V Dennison , T ex . Newman , P rof. J. S Cle mso n College, S. C. P earson , T . G Gr een sbo ro , N. C. Qui nn, P . T Newark, N. J . *Si m s, Col. R. :lL Colu mbia , S. C. *St ra y m a n . D. J Leav e nw or th , K a ns . *T hu rber, P rof. Geo rge Ne w Yor k, N. Y. * Wilde r, H on . :lfarsh aJl P Bost on , Mass. *D ecea sed. 7S PREFATORY Owing t o th e disast ro us fr eeze of last Ap ril whi ch dest roy ed the ent ire fru it crop in man y p ar t s of Geo rgia, t he exhibit ion of frui t s was conseq uen t ly ve rv limit ed. Th e St at e Experiment ul St at ion's exhibit of peaches, gra pes and ches t nuts was, however , exc ellent , corr ect ly nam ed a nd reflect s credi t to it s efficient hort icult uri st., P rof. H ugh N. St a mes. - Th e att enda nce was, un fortun at ely , sma ll, m nny members failing to be presen t owing t o t he unu su al warm weath er, but ever y p ap er pr esen t ed was of a high order. Th e presiden t was re-elect ed] as also t he ot her officers. Cornelia was selecte d as t he next p lace of meeting] d uri ng t he second week in Augu st , 1908. The Count y Court H ouse wa s ge nerous ly give n over for t he sessions by his H on or ] Judge W . F . Eave . E very f ~l ci l i t y for t he comfort of t he audience wa s affor de d . A tro lley ride ove r t he E lectric R ailway belt was given by th e h om e members on the eve ning of t he first day , a nd on Thu rsd ay aft ernoo n t he member s were dr iven to t he h all of the Ri chm ond Count y Agricu ltural Society] wh ere an elnborn t e b arbecue dinner] t end ered by t he member s of t he Club was great ly enjoye d . Aft er wa rd s in ca rriages t he gent lemen a nd lad ies wer e driven to " F ru it lund" , t he hom e of t he pr esiden t , where a re cept ion wa s tenderetJ to t he mem bers and where a friend ly farewell ende d a most pleasan t re un ion . NOTE.- In t he death of Col. Jo hn 11. St ubbs , t he Societ y h as lost one of t he oldest an d original cha rte r members. H e was t he first man wh o suggeste d t he orga nizat ion of a State H ort icultu ra l Societ y ] an d t o his untirin g efforts t his was accomp lished . H e was in fai ling hea lth at the time of the last session , a nd passed fro m life on Sept umbel' 16t h. Suit ab le resolut ions up on his life an d goo d wor k will he present ed at t he sess ion of 1905. PROCEEDINGS Th irt y-F irst Annual Meetin g of the Georgia State Horticu ltural Society at Augusta, Ga., Au gus t 7 and 8, 1907. At 10 :4.'5 a. m , t he mcc tin g wa s ca lled to o rde r by Preside nt P . J . B orckmun s. of Au gu st a , Ga . R cY. R ich ur cl Wilkinso n , p ast o r of S t . J nmc s :\lcthod ist Church of Augu st a , inv ok ed t hc di vine b lessi ng up o n t he me rnb ers a nd t hc proceed ings of this mccting . Ch a rles P . Pressley, E sq ., on beh alf of the Ch a m be r of Co mrner ce of Au gu st a, a nd t he cit izens in ge nera l, welco med t he mem be rs t o Augu sta , a nd assured t hem t hat t he ho mes of Au gu st a were op cn t o th em a nd its cit ize ns read y t o se rve t hem in a ny possib le way . H e h op ed t hei r session wou ld be pleasant a nd bcn eficia l, a nd t h at the me m ber s migh t ret u rn to t heir homos wi t h feelin gs of h appiness o yer t heir b rief stay in Au gu st a , MI'. J. B , Wi gh t , Sec ret a ry of t he So ciet y, respo nding t o :\1 1'. P ressley ' s re m a r ks, said t he members great ly a pp rec iated the warm wel com e ext ende d to t hem a nd t he friend ly spirit of hosp it ali t.y e xp re ssed. H e regr et t ed t ha t so fe w mem bers wer e presen t this m orni ng a nd h op ed ot hers would co mc in during t he d ay . H e also menti on ed t hat t he Soc iet y had rece ive d no fi nanc ia l su pp or t fro m t he State of Georgia, and t ha t , in view of t he wo rk done by t he Soc iety for the wel far e a nd nd vance me ut of t he wh ole Stat e he did not t hink t he Legisluture had give n t hc Societ y t he recognit ion a nd su p po rt it wus ent itle d t o, Secreta ry W igh t read a let t er fro m :\11', H . H. Xl u rp hy , Su pe rin t end en t a t t he Com me rc ia l Clu b at Au gu st a , ex t e ndi ng t he pri vilegcs of t heir club rooms t o t hc me m be rs of t he Society du rin g t he ir visit t o Au gu st a , H e a lso reud a n inv it a ti on fr om t he so Ri chmond Count y Agricu ltural Club to thc members of the ~o ei ety to att end a ba rbec ue dinner at th e Agri cu lt.urul Club hall on Thursd ay , Au gu st 8t h . T he PRESID E NT : "Ge nt lemen , 1 regret t hat. 1 feel ca lled upon to coincide wi t h our Sec ret ary i n hi s regret t hat our a udien ce is so sm all, bu t 1 a m very pleased to welcom e t hose of vo u wh o are her e. As the Sec ret.ary ha s st uted , I t hiuk our St at e has not a ct ed as genero us ly t o us as it sho uld . a lt ho ugh we hav e not fa iled, yea r after yea r, t o bri ng our pleas before our legisla tive body . We hav e receive d no fi nan cial a id from t hem ; in deed, t he on ly t hing wh ich we h ave received , t hanks fa t he u nite d effort s of the Societ y , a nd whi ch ha ve benefited t he St ate more th an nnyt hin g else, ha s bee n t he crc nt ion of t he State Board of Entomol ogy. Th is Board h as don e a grea t deal of good, and t he aid whi ch t hey hav e given t o all of you is in culculub le." THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS ,V cmbcrs 0./ the Ceorg ia State H ort icultura l Society: T he p rivi lege of a d dressi ng , during t he period of t hir t y yea rs , th e same org ani zatio n of ea rnest workers enlist ed in the m a t erial a nd ed ucatio nal progr ess of o ur st a te , ha s sel do m been allot cd to o ne man. It is th er efore, that at thi s, o ur thirt y-fir st a n nua l reunion , it becom es again m y since re pleasure to greet you a nd t o re nde r y o u a n ac cou nt of t he dut ies with whi ch you have entrusted m e. . As stated in m y last an nua l address of HJOG, t he gl":l true. t hey g;et t he nat ural ice up t here, whi ch is a decided ad va nt age. Co\. WAD E: Wh at p rice did t hose peop le g;et for t hei r pea ches '? Mr . WITH OFT: The ye ar I was t here t hey got S ~ , O O a bushel. Th ey woul d set bu sh el basket s on t he floor, put ot her s over t hem , a nd set ot hers on t op . T he P R ESIDE NT: H o \\' many t iers '? Mr. W ITH OFT: Three. I think . .-\11 g; ro wer:> in t his St ate wh o ha ve shipped for t he last few year s will ag ree with me. th at if yo u loa d a n Arm our cur t o t he m aximum, yo u ca nnot do it an d carr y it t o any dist an t point. Co\. WAD E: Th ere a re a lot of t hese C. F . T, ca rs t hat a re built t hat you ca nnot load t o t he maximum. P rof. R ogers was ca lled to t he floor t o ans wer q uest ions regard in g m att ers referred t o in his addre ss. Co\. W ADE : I not on ly feel t hat we ar e indebt ed t a P rof. R ogers for the point s he br ou gh t out , bu t I t hink t he Society should take so me a cti on in regard t o one or t wo of t hem. These schools th at h av e bee n st a rte d, I don ' t wish to mak e an y reflect ion on Gov. T err ell, but most of t he schools I know of are controlled by p oliti cian s who run polit ies of that kind . I hope a resolu ti on will be drawn up pla cing t his Societ y on record in th at resp ect. 1\11', R OGERS : I agree wit h Co\. Wade t hat t hese schoo ls should not be used as a mean s of p aying politi cal deb t s or fa vors orthat professional p oliti cian s sho uld in a ny way direct t hem ; bu t I mu st say th at some of t he most ext re me views again st t heir bein g m ade a gricult ura l schoo ls hav e been advocat ed and pr essed by farmer s on t he differen t boards, I kn ow on our b oard t here is a ma n who h as la rge agri cu lt ural int erest s a nd conside ra ble farming int er est s, and he h as becn most persist en t in demanding th at , no mat t er what else is taught , t he lit erary feature mu st be t au gh t ju st as in an y ot her school in t he St at e, I believe t hat any ma n wh o has mad e a success in his own business and who is possessed of su ffi cient men t a l for ce to kn ow that in order to do a t hing he must get a man wh o und erstands his job , t hey will ma ke as good trust ees as will the pr ofessional far me r unl ess he be a lead - 98 er in that line. T he av erage farmer would ma ke a poorer trust ee than would a suc cessfu l merc ha nt or a successfu l doct or, or if need be, a successful lawyer , if he was not too mu ch of a p olit ician . If y ou ca n get a ppo inted t o t he t rusteeship of t hese sch ools yo ur best and st rongest farmers a nd t hose who are going in advance of presen t -d ay ide as, t he n it would be well and good to have t hem all fa nners. Bu t it would be bet t er t hat yo u h ave a mer ch ant who is a leader in h is line of business than t o h ave a farm er wh o is not a lead er in his. Mr . FORT : Wh at has been don e by t he t rustees of t he college of whi ch you ar e a trust ee rela ti ve to t he indu stri al trai nin g of t he st udents ? :iIII'. R OGERS : Th e truste es of t hese schools h ad a t hree d nys' session in At lan t a, at which all t hese ma t t er s were discussed, an d we decided for t he present and u nt il t he schoo ls are t ho roug hly equipped, to on ly requ ire eac h st ude nt to work as much as is necessar y for practica l work. More wor k will be given t he st u dents who have not t he means to pay t heir way, for wh ich they will be paid 10 cents an haul' for each hour's work , both boys and gir ls. T he t est of paymen t for t his time will be whet her or not it is work of profit. If t here is a ny profit to t he school or t o t he fa rm, eit her in t he ma intenan ce of t he school or im pr oveme nt of the fa rm, t he n it sh all be p aid for. If t here is no p rofi t , bu t it is simply practi ce work, teaching t he st ude nt to be m ore skillful in t he application, t hen it will not be pai d for. Only th ose st udent s who prefer it will be req uired to do t he profitab le work or t h at for which t hey will be p aid . ?Il l'. FORT: My own view of an agricultural school is that, un less t he st ude nt is required t o do a grea t deal of actual work wit h his own hands, t he schoo l will be a failure. A farmer mu st kno w h ow to plow an d t o hoe. The great t rouble at our schools has bee n t hat t he st udent di d no t do sufficient pract ica l work. ?Il l'. ROGERS: Wh en he h as p assed beyond t he p oin t of pr nct icc, when he h as rea ched t he poin t I sho uld te rm " perfett ion in it " , it could no longer be called practi ce. If a boy goes out t a lay off row s, and yo u p ut a rul e on t he m and find t he rows arc correct, t hen there is no need t o h ave hi m practi ce any more on that , an d yo u can pro ceed to t ea ch him som et hin g else. g!J Mr. F ORT: Now, t.ako just onc vogot ab lo, say t o muroes. H c could n't learn to grow to mat oes unl ess he had taken p a rt ill diggin g t he hole, staking t he m, etc . ~[ r . RO G ERS : I believe t he nveragc fa nner of Georgia t oda y wou ld m ak e more pr ofit fr om his fa rm if he wou ld cu rt ail his working hou rs by half a nd devo t e t he ot her h alf t o st ud y . I will sa y t his, I d on't fear havin g any st ude nts t here who will not wor k ; t he only fear I huvo is t hat we will not ha ve work eno ugh for t hem to do. Onc h undred boy s could culti vate a t ho usa nd acres of la nd . I know t h at in a ny school where I ha ve chargo of boys t hcre will be no t rou ble in gct t ing t he m t o work . I ca n get up as mu ch en t hu siasm in digging a dit ch with a crow d of boys as lot s of men ca n at a gnme of ba seb all. I know t hat fro m oxp orionc c. The SECR E T AR Y: I would lik e to mcn ti on th a t t he ra ilroad s ha vo very generously offere d to t.ako us bac k homo for one cen t a milo if we have 100 members presen t , but as there are so few presen t I see no hope of OUl' being ab le to obtain t his red uced ra t e. T ho PRE SI D ENT : I hav e h ad conside rab le corre spo nde nce abo ut t his m at t or wit h t he r ailroad s a nd asked t heIII if t hey could n't give us tho sa me rn t es t hov did last year, a nd t hey said t he Commission wou ld not alla w it ; t hat we h ad to ha ve 100 me mber- p re sen t 01' pay fu ll Iare. Before we adjo urn, I wou ld suggest t hat t he T reasu rer is here uud will be glad to inte rv iew a ny of t ho members wh o hav e no t alrea dy seen him . AFTERNOON SESSION. Th e P resid en t anno un ced t hc a ppo int men t of t hc Iollowin g commit ccs : Com mitt ee on Audi t ing Treasu rer 's Accou nts-e-J . L. Fl cm ing, D r. Neil )[ cInn es, n. 1. Smit h. Comm ittee on R esolu t ions- H ugh N. Starn es, 1. C. Wa d e. Z. T . Wal ker. We will n ow h av e a p a per from Mr . F ort on th e subject of pr ot ection of frui t t rees fro m cold an d frost . 100 PROTECTION OF FRUIT TREES FROM COLD AND FROST. Ih J OII X P . F OIlT, )1T. AIRY , G,\. 1/1r , President and Mem bers of the State Horticuit urul S ociety: In my lon g ex pe rie nce as a frui t gro wer, 1 hav e give n t his sub ject t ho ug ht am i att ention . If it wa s w it hin m y p ow e r t o s U ~l!:est to y o u a p ra ct ical a nd eco no m ica l plan b y w hich a fru it, gr ower co uld so pro tect. his t rees fr om frost an d cold , b y wh ich he co uld hav e his t rees t o bear frui t eve ry y ear, it would ce rt a inly b e so met hing wond er fu l uml gr ea t. Bu t I huv o n o s uc h remedy t o give you. Nei ther do I beli ev e it is best t hat ther e s hould be any suc h co m plete p ra ct ical remedy for reason s th a t 1 will her einaft er giv e y ou. 1 con sider it best a nd prop er th a t I sho uld inf orm yo u wh ere I gr ow frui t , so t hat y ou m a y hav e a bett er unde rstandi ng of t he value of any obse r vut ion t hat I m a y hnv e ma de , so fa r as it ma y rela t e t o y our own b usi ne ss as a fr uit grower. The i m po rta nce of a lt it ude a n d clim at e rc la t ivc to fru it gro win g ha s nlways been known , a n d I can sa fely sa y t hat it s importan ce e xceeds tha t of any ot her co nside rat io n. I g ro w for co nuncrc inl purposes in t he co u nt y of Habun , in t his Stat e , a p ples a nd che rr ies. T his orc ha rd is ~ ,50 0 fcet a bo ve t he se a lev el. I gr ow cher ries , a pples a nd poac hes in Ha b ers ha m co unt y , of t his Sta te , 1. 700 feet a bo ve t he sea lev el. I g ro w pea rs a nd figs in t he co unt y of D oug herty, in t his St nt c, 175 fee t a bov e t he sea lev el. Non e of t he se o rc ha rds arc very la r ge , hut t hey arc a ll eo m mere ia l or cha r ds a nd a rc ca re d for with ex pe ct a t ion of profit t here fro m, It is ge ne ra lly agree d an d co n ceded , t ha t a fruit tre e sho uld he u pon well d rain ed soil n nd t ha t t he a p ple requ ires a m or e fer t ile soil t ha n is req ui re d for eit he r t he peach , ch er ry or plum . It is univ er sally kn own t hat eleva t ed pos it io ns a rc fr eer fro m fro st t ha n lo wla nds up o n t he a cce pted t heory th a t as t he atm osp here bec omes cold it see ks lowla nds and bott om s , where t he fr ost is m ost se ve re. T her e a rc b ut few co un t ies in t his Sta t e bu t ha vc ee rtai n locnlit es wit hi n wh ich t here is oft e n fr ui t wh en ot her local it ies ncar t he m fail. Th er e were t wo s uc h loca lit ies in t he co u nty of Ba ldwin, thi s St ate , in whi ch I was b orn a nd gre w up t a y oung man 's es t a t e. T hey were kn own as )[cCombs )[ oun t a nd S m it h' s Mou nt. As a college b oy at old )[idwa y , in Bald wi n , I had t his p hen om en on p resent ed to m e a nd it wa s m a ny y ea rs aft erw a rd s bef or e 1 un der st ood it. The q ues t io n was , " W hy were t hese t wo sit ua tio ns fr ee fr o m fr ost wh en sit uat ions ncar 101 t he m we re k illed b y fros t ?" T here is a r idge runn in g in a se r pe n ti ne course t hrough t he e n t ire Stat e of Ge orgia, fr o m t he co u nt ies of Wh it e and H abersh a m in t he n or th ea s t. t o t he cou nt ir-s of Clin ch a n d W are in t he Sout hea st. Th is elc va t ed plat eau d ivides t he wa t ers t hat flow in t o t he ..\ t la n t ie a nd th e Gu lf. a n d fro m whi ch flow t he Chatt a hooc hee an d Savanna h in t he N o rt hen st t o t he head wa t ers o f t he Se wan ee a n d St. :\Iary 's t hat ta ke t he ir cou rse t o t he G ulf a nd At lan t ic, t he el ev a t ion co mmen cin g a t' 2,2 00 feet a nd e ndi ng a t 100 fee t abo ve t he se a . This a rea or d ivid e m ay b e ca lh ] a t her mal b elt. an d ma y be sa id to be in a grea t mea sure fr ee fr om frost a nd may for t h is rea son be te r m ed a frui t bel t. X early te n y ears ago I plan t ed a pea ch orc ha rd upon an elev a t ed port ion of thi s di vide in H abersh am r-ou nt y. I too k th e p os iti on wh en 1 plant ed th e o rcha rd , t hat it wa s fr ee fro m th e clcs t ru et iv e inroads of fr os t. I ha ve nev er change d my opi ni on , an d t im e a nd ob se rv at io n hav e eo nfinn ed it. W it h t he t her m on w t er from :lO t o :32, a nd icicl es for m in g , my or chard ha s e n t irel y es en pod d cst ru ct io n by ha v in g th e fru it k illed by fro st. B ut t horc is a fn ct or t hat I ba d t o t a ke int o r-o ns ide ra t ion w he n I had hope d t ha t I mi ght coun t upon a fru it cro p nearl y e ve ry y ear. Th is imp ortan t fact or was cold winds. :::0 far as my reco llec t ion se r ve d m e, t he (lest ru e- t io n of a frui t, crop in y oa rs go ne b y cold winds wa s as unusual a s a d es t ru ct io n by ha il a nd wa s not t ak en in t o co ns id c ra t ion . W ith in the la st t e n y ears t here has been co ld s u flicic u t t o d est r oy th e frui t cro p ove r t he e n t ire Sta t e of Georgia a s en rly as t he l a th of F ebruary, a n d aga in up on th e lf t h . This was ca used by th e wa rm went her oausin g life in t he' Iru it bu rls bef ore t he cold . . .\ ga in as la t e a s th e li th o f April a gr ea t p o rt ion of t he f ru it b u rls wa s dr-s t roy e d a ll a lo ng t his t her ma l bel t , :111<1 t h is pas t sonso n , as la t e as th e 11th u nd I :Hh of April t he co ld winds ha ve a ga in d es t roycd neu rl y t he e u t irc fru it cro p in t h is sa me lo cal it y , The b r-s t. po sit ion s r es is t r-d t ill' cold wit h t he t herm omet e r a t fro m 20 to a o. b u t at 25 to 2 i d l'g reps t he fruit wa s a ga in d cs t roycd o n t he 13th of A p ril th is yea r . IDOi. Bu t it, is e x pc ct e rl t hat 1 s pe a k t o yo u up on a reml'd y fo r t h is g rea t cnla m it y fo r th e fr ui t g ro we r , if th ere is a ny , I have a bs olu tely n o s ugges t io n to ma ke or re me d y to o ffe r for t he F vhru nry f reeze , whe n t he re is lif e o r sa p in t he b ud . a nd we have weather fro m zer o t o t en d eg rees a h ov e. a s I have not ice d since I ha ve bee n a fru it gr ow er . In s uc h a n in s t a nr-c t he d est ru ct ion is co m plet e. Th e fruit, t ree ha s no p o wer to prppare in t he spri ng for a no t he r cro p o f fr u it buds. Th e f rui t grower mus t a bi d e wi t h p a ti en ce and ho pe for a not her yea r. X e xt is the bui lding of fires in th e orc ha rd , a pra ctical remedy for t he f ru it grow e r to prevent d est ru et io n fr om cold or fro st s, As far a s m y n -cnlloct iou goes. th e first , person to pu t in p ra ct ice t h is t heory was :\Ir. C ha rles P ea b od y . wh o gr e w fru it ncar Colu mbu s, Ga . This wa s before t he wa r b et.we r-n th e Sta t es , u nd t he fir es we re kep t u p by h is sla ves, :\Iy recoll e ct ion is t ha t. he malic a s u ccess, o r a p art ial s uccess, in t his a tt em p t. :\Iy ow n ex pe rie n ce has been u nsa ti sfactory in the ma tt e r o f m akin g fires . or s mu d ge fires , as a rc usu a ll y m ade, I ha ve read 102 t.he U. S. Gov eru mcn t B ullctins upon thi s s ubjc ct , and fr om th cir cx pe ri mcn ts I ha v e no very gr eat op inio n of t he s uccess in a p ra ct ical wa y for t hc fr uit grower. The cold or frost t hat d ocs t he da m a ge usu nlly occ urs in a very short s pa ce of t im o, and t he n so me t i m c duri ng t he nig ht as s ho wn by t hc t hc rm ometc r. Thc slightest inat tcntion during t h is s ho rt peri od of t i m e at which t he frui t is d estroy ed rend ers y ou r wo rk futi lc. T o bu ild fires in a n or d inary or chard wi th t hc e xp cct a tio u of wa rm ing t hc a t mo sp hcrc so as t o p rev en t injury t o fr ui t b uds, would, be a p t t o dest roy th c t rees. Th c e ffect of ord ina ry s mo ke fr om fo rest wood ha s been ve t-y mu ch d iscu ssed a nd ha s prov en \' cry in effcct ivc , so fa r as my e x pcri cn se ~o es . I ha ve upo n t wo occa sions nt t orn p t cd t hi s r emed y with n o a ppa ren t res ults. T his y ear a neighb orin g Iru it grower in H nh crs ham county att empt ed a log-hea p firc u po n t he wind wa rd side of his or chard , and clai mcd t o hnve p reserv ed his frni t t o so me e xte nt . I ex n m ine d his orc ha rd , a nd a s my o w n in d ivid ua l o pin ion , d o no t t hink t hat his fires had a ny ben efic ia l e ffect, up on his or chard. I con sid er ed t hat t he sit.ua t io n wus th e ca us e of t hc sm a ll cro p of fru it he had. I had a ll or cha rd with a simi la r sit ua t io n t hat wi t hst oo d t he cold as well as hi" . an d bct tel', a s I had ma rc frui t t ha n he had ove r t he sa me a rea. " ' he n t he t cmpera t.ure a rri \'cs at3 ~ dcg. F nhr. , a ft er t he fru it t rc e is in bl oo m o r has y o ung fr uit upon it, we may com-ed o t ha t the fr ui t is k illed in a ll un fuvo ruble local iti es. Wh er c t he sit ua t io n of t he orc ha rd is su ch t hat up on a fr ost y nig ht , wit h t he t hc r mo m ct.or at 32 d cgs., while fro st is for m ing in a ll t he lo wla nds and u po n some of t he uplands , fr uit may be co nside re d sa fe w here t here is su fficie nt a gita t io n in t he nt.mos phc re in t he orcha rd ca use d b y cold air se t t ling in t he lowl an d s , m a ki ng a b re eze 01' draina ge of t he upper cu rren ts of a ir t o t he lo wla nds, t h us preven t ing fro st, fo r fro st docs n ot fo rm o n " win d y pla ces " 0 1', as we us uall y sa y , "The wind is to o hig h for fro st toni gh t ." I n se lec t ing a sit e for an orc ha rd t his q ues t ion sh o uld b c cons ide re d abov e a ll ot hers . Thoro arc very m a ny s uc h position s in a gr eat m an y p o rti ons of Geo rgi a . T hese posi ti on s a re cs pc ciully p rc vulc n t a lo ng t ho plat eau whi ch I ha \'C men ti on ed. I ma y ca ll it th e head wa ter s of t hc st rea ms tha t d iv id e t hc dra in age of t he Gu lf and Atlan ti c. There a rc a fell' po siti on s al on g this divid e and po ssibly at ot her places in t his Sta te, where frui t will sur vive wh en t he cold wind has rea ched a p oi nt of fr o m ~ .) to ~ i d cgs . F uhr. T hese posit io ns ha ve a parti a l p ro tec t ion fro m nor th erl y winds an d wh e re t he con figura t io n of th e ea r t h's s u rfa ce is s uc h t ha t w her e a grea t v olume of cold a ir is m ing led in d ispla cing th e wa r mer a ir in t he sou t he rly lowlands , t ha t t he press u re is s uc h as t o c~ usc a viole nt a nd con t in ued agita tion of t he cold ai l' in some narrow a nd ele va te d local it y , so as t o provou t co ng oaling t hc ti ssu es of t he y o un g frui t . Suc h po si tio ns can be foun d a nd I ha ve noted t he m t h is year in a p ra ctical wa y. S o mc of m y orc ha rds so sit ua t ed have b orn e fru it , w hile others not so sit uated ha ve fa ilcd e nt ire ly . T he en tire frui t cro p of H abersh a m a nd a dj oin in g co u nt ies ha.s b ee n d estroy ed ex ce pt in t he fell' orc ha rd s so sit ua ted . These Iavorcd p ositions are b u t fell' . 103 On e ot her o bs ervat io n in reg ard t o making fires for fro st p rot ect ion , In my opinio n t he fires s hould be made up on th e s out he rn side of a n orchard or u p on t he side by whi ch a colu m n of warm a ir a rising from t he fire w ill cause a su ct ion ac r oss t he or cha r d , t hus making an a rtifi cia l breeze , to preve nt t.h c frui t fro m co ngea ling . I will n o w a ns wer t he quest ion as p rop osed in t he first part. of my remark s upon t h is im port an t s ub je ct. as t o why I t h ink it best t ha t t he frni t cro p sh o uld be in so me y ea rs ,lest roy cd , I will ans wer it by th e si ngle word, " cu rc ulio." Th is s ma ll bcet lc is one of th e ord er of coleopt era . Prof. H iley , t he g rcat en to m olog ist , sa ys t ha t it has bu t o ne cy cle, or on c brood d u ri ng th e seaso n. T h is insect is t he pa ren t of t he worm t.ha t attacks th e plum , peac h , che rry , a nd so me t imes t he apple. I am in clin ed t o t h ink t hat with a s uc cess io n of frni t cro ps for se vera l y ears , providing t hi s in sect wit h ca nt inn ou s b rc edi ng pla ces. t ha t t hey would b ecom e so numer ou s a s t o a n nuall y d est roy t he frui t cro p. W e hav e no co m plet e rem edy for thi s in sect, wh ose di s cu ssi on is so me wha t for eig n to th e s ub jec t b ef ore us. In a brief su m ma r y of t his m ntt cr, I wou ld sa y t hat t he p osition of t he orc hnrr l is a pa ram ou nt fa cto r a s t o t he prev en ti on of destru cti on by cold. Th e ne xt , if fir e is nind e, it sho uld be to form a n a rt ificia l breeze t o p rev en t co nge a ling of frui t bu rls . T he sa p is so me t imes retarded in a b rok en lim b of a fr ui t t ree so tha t it will b ear frui t w hen ot her portions of t he t ree b ea r no fr uit , b ut I kn o w of not hi ng pra ct ica l to suggest in thi s line. I a m try in g a plan to prot ect my fig o rc ha rd from cold tha t ha s n ot s u fficie nt ly pr ogr essed t o bring b efor e y ou , Some y ears h ence, if I am s uccess ful, for pra ct ica l purposes , it m ay b e tha t I may give my experi en ce in regard to t his grea t fru it , t o t hose ha ving an int er est, in t he s ubject. T his s ub ject is no t p rop erly concl ud ed wit h ou t a s hort di scu ssi o n of wind breaks. I hav e see n in the northern p orti on of thi s St a te t he fru it up on a peuch t ree prot ect ed from destructi on by cold by a railroad ban k p r ot ect in g it from t he nor th wi nd . I ha v e a lso se en fig trees prot ect cd by ho uses fr om th e nort h wind from bein g ki lled, b ut t he danger is so great of th e curr ents of ai r becoming ca l m t hat I would hesit at e t o recom m end t he p lan tin g of a n or chard to be prot ect eel from cold by a wind-b rea k , bu t wou ld prefer t he fr ee curren ts of air cont inuously flo wing t o prev en t co ng ea lm ent. In th e so ut he r n p orti on of Ge org ia , compri sing tha t la rge a rea of ou r St a te below wh er e t h e wa t er s fa ll ov er t he gra n it e form ation , b ei ng a ll t hat por t io n of Geo rgia so uth of a lin e dra wn fro m Aug usta to Columbu s, I co nsider a wind-brea k of prime importa n ce, and I believe fr uit sho uld a lwa ys b e plant ed , wh ere practi cab le, with thi s end in view . U pon o ne occ a sion my pear cro p in Doughert y wa s preserved fr om cold t ha t would ha ve k illed t he fruit by a thick et of den se pine wood s immedi ately nor t h of it. I t hin k it wou ld oft e n pay to m ake 104 an a rtificia l wind -b rea k in t his sect io n whe re non e exis ted. The su b ject is a great a nd v ast one. :\ man is m ad e t o s ub d ue a nd overco m e t he eart h. H e ca n a ch icv o su ccess b y r-ou t rollin g wi t h his ha nds and brain t he gr ea t for ces by wh ich na ture ha s s ur rou nde d him . T he PRESIDENT: T his sub ject is of t he greatest import an ce to us, espec ially on acco unt of the disa st er wh ich has befa llen (JUr frui t crop t his year. ?Il l'. R . C. B ERCK?lIANS : Did v ou find wher e yo ur or chard was p rot ect ed by a body of t rees t ha t yo u escap ed fro st ? ?Ill'. FO R T : I did in Dou gherty Count y, Georgia. Severa l y ea rs ago one of my orcha rds made t he onl y crop of pear s I had; it was prot ect ed by a hea vy gro wt h of pine trees. Xl r. R . C. BERCIOIANS : Wa s th e di rect ion of the wind from t he br eak? ?Ill'. FOnT: Ther e was a very thi ck gro wt h of sh o-t -leaf p in e in a northerly dir ecti on . I h av e three pear orcha rd s. Th e ot he rs wer e destroy ed ent irely . I made a fine crop in that orch a rd whi ch I attribute d to t he wind-break . Th ey were LeCont e and Ki effer pears. ?Ill'. R. 1. SMITH : What ti me of t he year were t he pear s in the ot her orch ards destroyed , do y ou suppose? Mr. FORT: It was in t he ea rly part of t he year. It was t hat celebrated Easter freeze ; I for get t he dat e and the year. l\Ir . ROGERS: Have you eve r made any exp erime nt s as t o the effect of late pruning, as t o whet her it, hast ened or ret a rded the fruiting of the trees? Mr. FORT: No . This year, in my orchard th at I mad e a few peaches from , I noti ced a large lim b broken from a t ree, be ing held only by a littl e b ark ; the limb fell downw ards, a nd it was full of fru it. I was very mu ch st ruck with it. The sap had been retarded in this limb . ill r. SMIT H : W as that retarded by pruni ng or somet hing else? illr. FORT: No, it had been broken previously. The PRES IDENT : W as it tou chin g t he ground? Mr. FORT : No. It was held by a small am ount of b ark. Mr. Phi lbrick, a gent lema n who ha s ju st shipped a car load of ]0 5 frui t to New Y ork, and sold it for S:3.00 pel' crat e, and for p art of his ca r load he got S:3 .50, mad e fires in his orchard, and he wa s the only one who shipped a ca r load of frui t. I ex amined it with a great deal of care an d t alked wit h him abou t it. My own opinion was it didn't have any t hing t o do with saving his fr uit, for t he reason t hat on the side of his orch a rd where he mad e those fires he had hard ly' an y frui t at all; some :300 y a rd s fr om \vher e t he fires were he h ad a very good crop . H e cla imed t h at t he hea t from t he fire wen t up a nd t hen ca me clown aga in. H e is in doub t him self a bo ut it. Mr. J ONE S : What do you t h ink his fire wou ld have been wor th if it was on a high hill'? l\Ir. F ORT : Well, \"h ere Mr. Philbrick h ad his best peaches it was just ju mping off a pr ecipice. I t ho ught t he cold ail' was filling up t ha t ar ea. Y ou see, he is abo ut 1.600 feet above sea level. I didn't h av e an y fire in my orchard an d I sa ved my frui t ; I h ad abo ut 400 trees from which I shipped :300 cra tes of very choi ce pea ches. Col. WADE: You said you wou ld bui ld th e fire on t he south side. H ow would yo u get t he heat over to t he nor th side'? Mr . FORT : I wouldn't dep end on smoke at all. If you will read t he Gov ernmen t repor t s, t hey me rit ion abo ut a tractio n en gine in which they h av e a fire and rush it backw ard a nd for ward through t he orcha rd a nd t hey seem to t hink t hey prote ct t heir orchards in that way. I doubt whether t he smoke it self h as t he p ower to preve nt fro st. We all k no w that frost will form sometimes when t he t her mometer is 320. T he t her momete r mu st be 320 befor e t he re is an y fro st at all. T o get t he exa ct te mpe rature the thermomete r sho uld be pu t on the ground. Col. WADE: Th e only point I wan t ed to br ing out was in regard t o your st ate me nt abo ut the fire. I live very near t o him , and Mr. Philbri ck and I h ad t hat questi on very t horoug hly discussed. I went down and exa mined that or chard pret ty t hor ough ly and all of t he orc hard that has much fr uit on it lies on t he knoll of a hill, and the fire was built on t his side, and MI'. Phi lbri ck's idea was that as t he heat of t he fire wen t up t he air caug ht it and brou ght it down. H e is emphat ica lly of t he opinion t h at the fire save d his peaches. MI'. P hilb rick shipped a car loa d of 106 pea ches ; t he re were so me seco nd grade peaches in t he ca l'. I have received a t elegra m from him in regard to t hat ca l', which says t hat for t he ext ra fa ncy pea ches he receiv ed 83 .;j O, a nd for fan cy 83 .00. H e t old me he had conc lude d t he fire hall sa ved him at least one car loa d of pea ches worth about Sl ,500, a nd the fire cost perh ap s S50. All t he peach gro\\'e rs a round t he re sa y t hey are goin g to be prepa red to ha ve fires if t he necessity a rises next wint er . )11'. Ph ilbrick believes he is ahead t hat ear load of peaches. I n t he orc ha rd nex t to his, jl r. F or t h as no peach es . T he orc ha rd t his side had q uite a lit t le cro p of pea ches. Th ose are expo sed point s. MI'. F ORT : Arou nd my hou se my t rees wer e heavy laden with Iruit.. It is in a simila r sit uat ion where t he at mosp here was pressed together like a cat aract , They are ludeu wit h fr ui t now. I brough t so me of it wit h me and it is here now . P rof. H U GH ST ARNES : I was un fortu nat e enoug h t o miss t he first p orti on of MI'. F or t 's remar ks, b ut I wnn t t o ask if I u nd er st ood y ou correct ly as to t wo poin t s. One was if t he protective effect of t he sm ud ging was du e to the di rect hea t of t he fire ? MI'. FO R T: K o, sir. Th at was ?III', Phil b rick's t heory and Mr . W ad e's t he ory . Mr . WAD E : No ; we say t he fire ra ised up a nd wen t ov er onto t he ot her side a q uart er of a mi lo away . Prof. ST AR N ES: You spoke of a cold s mo ke. As a m ut t er of fa ct , it mak es not t he slightest differ ence wh et her t hat smo ke is 10 degr ees below zer o 01' 100 degrees ab ove. It is not the hea t of t he s moke t hat is ben eficia l, bu t it form s a ca no py ove r the orch ard . Mr. FO RT : If you could mak e s mo ke eno ug h to mak e a clo ud it wou ld p rot ect t he t rees. Prof. ST AR N ES : Th at is t he id ea ex act ly . The heat of a fire it sel f wou ldn' t be felt 30 feet a way from t ho fi re. Mr . RO GERS: As I under st and , yo u would ad vocut o t he use of pin e t op s or sa w d ust or somet hing t hat wou ld mak e m or e s mo ke a nd not dep end so mu ch on t he heat of t he fire, Mr . FORT : I ha ve s m udged my pear orchard in Sout h west 107 Georgia wit hout any serious effect. ::'III'. Phil bri ck m ade a fire bu t he dared not pu t it in his orchard . Th e PRESID E NT: R eferr in g t o yo ur view, _how is it t hat t he F re nch and E nglish garde ners use smoke to pr ev en t t he killin g of t heir fruit s'? ?II I'. FORT : Well, as I say , t hey hav e to h av e smoke cnough t o make a ca nopy over a small viney ard, wher eas in a lar ge orchard you woul d hav e t a h ave tar ca ns at a di st a nce of every 20 feet. If y ou will rea d the Gove rn ment rep or t s y ou will find how un sati sfact ory t hat h as been . ?II I'. R.. I. S?lIIT H : Do yo u kn ow if ?III'. Philb rick 's fires eve r gave mu ch smoke '? ?II I'. FORT : H e used h a rdw ood fires. H e had no lightwood at all. Col. WAD E: H e did ha ve a smoke. H e pu t ker osene oil on an old st ump and pu t dirt on t hat. ?III'. F ORT: I hav e t hese trees near my hou se whi ch wer e filled wit h fr uit. 1\Iy cro p on t ha t hig h land was entire ly prot ect ed with th e t he rmomete r at 28. Th en the t hermomete r wen t to 26, and t ho se t wo degrees were eno ug h to destroy it . MI'. R. I. 8 MITH: Th at orc ha rd was not prot ect ed by a wind-break or a nyt hing of t hat sort? MI'. FORT : No , sir . If I were to plant a n orc hard again, I wou ld p lan t it on my t he ory and mak e a wonderfu l crop with seasons like we h av e had t his season. No one can m ak e a crop in Georgia wh en t he t her mo mete r goes down to zero. I don't wish y ou gent lemen t o t hink t hat I kn ow how t o contro l t he wind an d t he wav es. I am in t he fru it growing busin ess to the very utm ost limi t of my mean s, a nd 1 want to m ak e a living out of it , and I give yo u my experien ce for wh at it is worth . Th e PRE SIDENT: The next p aper on t he program is on "Forest Devast ati on a nd Time t o Call a Halt ," by Prof. Ak er man , Professor of Fo rest ry, State U niversity, Athen s, Ga . lOS FOREST DEVASTATION AND TIME TO CALL A HALT. Gentlem en of tile Georgia H orticulturat S ociety : The t ex t fr om wh ich 1 am to prea ch th e gos pel of for cst perpetuati on at t his m cetin g is ' ' F ores t D cvas t a t ion : Time t o Ca ll a H alt. " Wh e re is my t ext fo un d? W hy , that q uest io n rem in ds m e of old Uncle Bo b an d his t ext. Old U ncle B oh was a d urky t ha t lived i n my oid h om e cou nt y of Bart ow . U ncle Bah h ad been a great s in ne r in his d ay, but late in life he got relig ion a nd he h ad e ve n becom e a prea ch er. On e Sun day o ne of his whit e neig hb or s m et him in t he roa d . "Good m ornin g . C ncl e Bob . H ow (10 y ou d o '?" "Goo(l m ornin ' , Cup 'in Ch olley. Goo d m ornin ' , "[iss Liz n, I 'se tolab le fur o ne of Illy ag e, tha nk yo u , snh . Ho pe y ou 'se a ll well a t de big hou se? " , ' We a rc well , Bah . t ha nk yo u . W here a rc y ou going '?" , ' l'se on de way t a d e ch u rch over a t d e cros s roads. I 'se gwin e t o preach d ar tOllay. " " W h a t's yo ur t ext , U ncle Bob ?" "Well , sa h , my t .ext fur t oday is, ' H e d ut t u rn s a car d and he dat drinks a drap , a n d he d a t cus ses a word is in dan ger u v hell-fire, exc cptiu' he r ep ents a nd gi ts Iurgivncss.' " , ' W he r e is your t ext fou nd , U ncle Bo b ?" ' W h a r do I find my t ext, Ca p 'iu Ch ollcy ? W hy hi t s Irum d e Bible, sall ." " I do n ' t bel iev e it is in t he Bible, U ncle B ob . I n ev er sa w it. W hereabo uts in t he B ible d id yo u fin d it?" . U ncle Bob sc ra tc he d his old whit e wool in perplexity. T hen he sa w lig h t. " H its di s way, Ca p'in Cho lley , You ca n't find it in no partic ular place, b u t by li beral in t er pr et at ion , h it s all t h ro ug h d e B ib le." And so, by a li t tl e libera l- m ind ed int er pretation , m y t ext for t his meeting is found in th e con d it ions wh ich prevail in alm os t a ll part s of thi s cou ntry. " F orest Dev a station : T ime to Call a H al t! " Why t he cost of lu m b er a nd ot her for est product s h as become a lmost fab ulously h igh ; th e fl ow of wa t er in m any of ou r stre a ms ha s b ecome irregu lar; the lower cou rses of our st r ea ms a rc filling up with silt, sa n d and debri s of va rious ki n ds; wa ter powers arc affe cted, a nd n av iga ti on is re ndered u nc ertai n . With su ch conditions conf ron ti ng us, it is in deed time t o ca ll a hal t . 109 Bef or e go ing furth er wi th th is disc uss io n, let us pause fo r a mom ent 10 in quire into t he me ani ng of for est dcv ustut ion. It means t he wasteful or sho rt-sighted usc of t he forest, or t he d estru ct ion of t he fo rest t o n o purpose. The co m m u nity t hat clears land o n whic h to build a cit y do cs n ot dcv a st a t c t he forest ; b ecause t he land is m or e useful as bui ldin g sites t han as fo rest, a nd it is th e best. of eco no my t o t urn it into bui ld ing s it es. Th e far mer wh o cle ars a field , pr ovided t he Ia nd is goo d and lies well , d ol's not dcv nst at o t he for est wh en he clears it . The lumberman w ho dol's his wo rk carefu ll y . a v oid ing wnste , a nd prot ect ing ag ainst fire. do es n ot d ev a st at e t he for est. On t he ot her hand , if t he farmer clea rs m or e land t ha n he can p ro pe rly cult iva t c , 01' if he clears land th a t lies in s uc h a way as t o render it s cu lt iv ut ion impra cti cable, or if he clears la nd th at will yi eld less return s in field cro ps th an in for est cro ps, t hen lu- dcvnxtnt cs t he f'o ros t . An d th e l u mborm nn who wa st es his t i mh er hy in j udicio us or crudt - loggin g mot hod s, o r wh o se t s th e wood s a fire. dcvust nt es th e Ior ost . T akin g th e t crm th en t o mean t he wa steful or sho rt-sigh te d usc of t he Ior est , let us di scu ss so ru e of t he res ul ts of Iorost d evastati on . One of t hese res ult s is th e presen t sca r cit.y of lu mb er , a nd ot her for est product s. ' Ve Arn cri cun s ha v e heen pr od igal of o ur na tu ral resources. Like the y oung mun in the parab le , we ha ve s q unn d cr cd our patrim o ny; a nd, hut fo r th e immen se na tu ra l resources of t his co u nt ry , we wou ld lon g a go ha ve heen red u ced to hu sk s. Indeed, in t he ca se of ou r forest resources. we hav e a lmost rea ch ed th a t stage. ~Iy fa t he r burned bl a ck wal nu t cord wood: and I hav e t o re sort. t o y ellow birch , staine d u p in imit at ion of che rry a nd mahogony. Only t he lea ves of a on ce ample su pply remai n an d t he prices of eve n t hese in fer ior g ra de s a rc so hi gh t hat a poor man can ' t build a h om e. I d o not m ean to sa y t hat t he presen t hi gh prices a re d ue to sc a rc it y a lo ne . T l\e high pri ces of la b or a nd mill su p plies und oubt ed ly co ntri b ute tot he h ig h pri ce of lu m ber a nd ' ot he r for est products , b ut t he prin ci pa l facto r is scarcity of trees to cut, a nd n ot of m en an d m ills 10 cu t th em. So me have go ne so fa r a s to predi ct, a t im be r fami ne in Hl or ;'iO ye a rs ; a nd indeed , th e in di cations arc in that di recti on . During t he pa st 60 years, the ce nter of t he l u m b er industry ha s dri ft ed fro m New E ng lan d to t.he L ak e St ates a nd from the Lake States to t he So ut hern a nd P a cific States. 'We h ave go ne from th e Atlant ic to th e P a cific a nd from t he Gr ea t Lakes to th e Gul f. T her e a rc n o new t errit ori es to fa ll b a ck on. Ala ska and t he P hi lippines ha ve, it is true, so me sur plus t imber , but a s t he ir own industri es arc building up rapidly, t he re will soon b e little left t o sell to us . The sa me is true 'of Can ada . AIHI y et we go on cut t ing at t he ra t e of 40 ,000,000 feet a Yea r. T he deplorable t hing about the sit ua t ion is n ot t ha t we cut 40 ,000 ,000 ,000 a ye~r for u sc, bu t we have in t he pa st wa st ed and burned up a nd d estroyed in vari ou s wa y s milli on s of a su p ply t hat with care might hav e st ood the drain of 40 ,000,000,000 fo r gen erations to ,t a come. 110 Anot he r res ul t of for est d cv ust a t ion is ra pi d e r osio n . T hose of you wh o ha ve b een in th e m ountai ns kn ow t he habi t s of t he m oun t a in farm e r. H e clears a v er y s teep slope , cult ivat es it a fe w y ears , a nd wh en t he fres hn ess is go ne fr om t he so il, he clea rs a n ot h er pa t eh a nd a ha nd ons t he old la nd. In so me part s of t he co u nt ry , v eget a t ion soo n co ve rs th e abando ned slo pes a nd e ros ion is n ot g reat. F ortun a t ely th is is t ru e of t he wes t e rn slo pe of t he Sou t hern Appula chi un s : b ut eve n at b es t. t he re is co ns id e ra b le eros io n, a nd i n t he sou t he r n a nd east er n p ort ion s of t hese m ou nt ain s t he gullies a rc oft e n of ala r ming di m en si o ns. In Geo rgia an d in t he Ca ro li na s t hi s g ullyi ng not o nly occ u rs in t he moun t a ins b ut in the P ied m o nt R egi on wher e eve n m odera t e slopes a re cult iva t ed witho ut t e r ra ces. T o d en ude stee p slo pes cons t it ut es a m os t perni cio us ki nd of for es t de va s tnt ion . If o ur po pu lat ion we re ve ry de nse an d fa r m la nd r clnt ively sca rce, the re m ig ht be so me e xc use. But with ou r p resen t p op ul a ti on a n d a la rge area of a gri cul t ural n n d gra zing lands , ther e is no e xcuse for dev nst a t ion of s tee p slo pes , ex ce pt ign oran ce ; a nd ignoran ce is no excuse. The e xt c ns ive clearin g of s tee p slopes is acco m pa n ied by a cha ng e in th e characte r of m oun t ain st re a ms. T hey becom e to r re nt ia l. T hey arc a lmo s t d ry a p art of t he y ea r ; a nd s ud de nly t hey becom e roa rin g . de vour ing t o rr e nt s. I d o no t mean t o sa y t ha t t he clea rin g o r t he refor est at ion of a fe w ac res he re a nd t he re o ye r a wa t e r s he d will cha nge t he st re a m o ne wa y o r the ot he r; b ut I d o m ea n t o H:1Y t ha t ext e n siv e clearing will aeee nt ua t e to rrent ia lt e nd e nei es, a nd t hat a very lit tl e a d di t ion al wa t e r in a st rea m a t a crit ical t ime m a y m ea n a ll t he d iff cren co b et ween a ha rmless hi gh -w a t er a nd a d estru ct ivc flood . On e of t he wo rst fea tures of t his wh ole qu est ion is t ha t the man wh o sins m os t oft e n s u ffers lea st. T he loss of the m ou nt ain fa nn er t hroug h erosion is s ma ll in co m pa r ison wit h t he fa r me r m iles d o wn t he s t re a m wh ose b ot t.o ms a re wa shed o ut or co ve red , it m ay be, with sa nd , gra ve l. s na gs , a nd st u m ps. The only re ply t ha t t he m oun t ain fa r m er can make t o a n acc u sing civiliz ut ion is t he an sw er of Cai n : " I k now n ot ; n m I m y brothe r' s kee pe r ? " Tha t a ns we r d id not sa ve Ca in fr om a j ust. con dem na t ion n o r will it s hift t he g uilt fr o m th e ma n wh o den ud es s tee p m ou nt a in slopes. The cha nge d cha racte r of t he s t rea ms ha s a n im port a nt bearin g o n r oa d cons tru cti on . At a m eetin g in W nsh ingt on a y ear ago la s t Ap ril , t he la t e Sa m uel Spe nce r sa id t ha t his int e rest in for est ry was of a v er y p ra ct ica l na ture. The b rid ges a nd cu lve rt s a lon g p o rti ons of t he So ut he rn Ra ilroacl wer e p ro vin g u nequa l to t he e x t ra o rd ina ry highwa t e rs brou g ht a b o ut b y increa sin g fo rest d cvnst at.ion : an d he ha d beco m e a n a d v ocut c of fo rest reservation a s a m ea ns of check ing thi s loss t o his r oa d . T he eff ects u p on wa t er po wers ha v e bee n n ot ed o n m a n y s t rea m s. T he irr egu la r s u p p ly of wa t er int e rf ere s wit h t he o pe ra t io n of t he po we r plan t ; t he fill ing in of t he fo rebay wit h sa nd an d mud is p ra ct ica lly th e sa me t h ing as a dim inu ti on in s t rea m flow. On the ot he r ha nd , t he u n- III usuall y high wa t er in t he t ime of fres het , toget her with the logs a nd other deb ris br ought d own t he cha n nel , oft en ca uses co nsidera b le da ma ge t o t he plan t. The q uant ity of wa t er t hat passes d own t he cha n nel durin g the co urse of t he yea r is n ot half so im port a nt t o t he p ower pla nt a s t he regula rit y of flow . a nd t he forest cove r is an impor ta nt fa ct or in det ermin ing t he regu la rity of flow . Nn viga t ion is affecte d in t.wo way s ; first by ir reg ula ri t y of flow , a nd seco nd b y t he fo r ma tio n of sa nd bars a nd ot he r ob st r uct io ns. Si nce t he d ev elopmen t of ra ilroa d tra nsport a t ion , ri ver t ra nsp or ta ti on is not, of t he sa me im porta n ce as it form erly was , bu t sti ll it is of cons ide ra ble impor tan ce a nd dese rv es p rot ect ion. T he riv er co u rses not only s uffer fro m fo rest dova st at io n, b ut eve n t he harb ors al on g t he coast arc d nm ngcd . Ou r p oli cy t owards ou r ri ver s and ha rb ors has been s hort-s ig hte d . We denude t he moun t a in s of fo rest co yer a nd then we call on Congress to a p p ropria te large su ms for ri ver a nd harb or im pro vomont s. Mnny of t hese im p ro ve me nts a rc n ot, improvem eu t s a t a ll ; t hey a rc only pen a lt ies tha t nnt u re ha s imposed ; t hey a rc t he pri ce of for est dov ust a t ion . N ow , h ow do es t he for est coyer in ftucn ce t he flow of wat er u nd the ret enti on of t he soil in pla ce '! By coy e r is mean t t he b;'an eh es a nd foliage oye r head a nd t he a ccumula t ed t wigs , lea ves a nd hu m us on the gro u nd . Of t he t wo pa rts of t he forest coyer, t hat on the grou nd is in man y wa y s t he m or e imp or t an t. T ha t is t he reason wh y t he grou nd fire t ha t a ppa rent Iy d oes little d a ma ge ma y in rea lit y d o a v ast a m ou nt of d ama ge. Tha t is t he reason wh y t he lu m ber man wh o logs t he woods wit hout sett ing an y fires d oes lit tl e or n o ha r m . Ami t ha t is t he reason wh y th e ma n wh o se ts t he woods afire to im prove t he p asture for 11 fe w sc ra wny , ill-fed , wor t hlcss m oun t ain co ws, ma y (10 in ca lcu lab le harm . T he forest coye r b reak s th e impa ct of t he rain. It ret a rd s t he passa ge of t he wa t er to t he gro u nd. The folia ge mu st be sa t u ra t ed bef ore t he Iorest floor is reac hed . W hen t he foliag e is sat urat ed , th e wa t e r d rips gent ly fro m t he folia ge or trick les d own t he t ree t ru nks. T he lit t er a nd humus slo wly be come sat u rated and t hen t he wu t er is i m pa rt ed to t he soil. It sinks d eep int o the soil, in st ea d of r ushi ng off a long its su rfa ce. It slowly works it s way int o sp rings nnd wa t e r cou rses. The wh ole process is a ma t t er of com mon ob scrvat.i on. Any one who ha s ta ke n s helt er in t he wood s duri ng a s howe r is fam iliar with it. It has , howev er, been s ub jecte d t o t he closest scienti fic sc ru t in y and scie n ce ha s confi rme d co mmon se ns e. This b ri ngs me to t he sec ond part of m y t ex t , " T ime t o Call a lIa lt." It. is t ime t o ca ll a hal t in for est dcvnst a t ion ; mor e ucc urntcly, it was tim e t o ca ll a hal t tw o or t hrc e ge ne ra t ions a go. Wh en the first set tle rs ca me to th is coun t ry t hey brou gh t with t hem s ome id ea. of t he ca re of t he forest . H er e a nd t here t his id ea cry stu llizcd in t o law. F or in st an ce the set tle rs of E xet er, N ew H am pshire, mad e some p rotect ivc laws a nd t he (lee ds of t he P ennsy lva nia ns co nt a ine d 112 pro vision s a ga ins t clearing all of the la nd . T hese regulat ion s ha d li t tl e effec t. T hey arc int ore st in g on ly a s s ho wing the powe r of ha b it of t hought. Tho ea rly se tt lers began vcry soo n to rega rd t he fo rest as an ene m y . Th ey mu st get it out of. t he way if th e co u nt ry was to g ro w ; it m ust givc wa y to farms . t o past u res , t o b uildi ng s it es . T hey used as mu ch of t he t imhcr as t hey n eed r-d a nd dest roy ed t he rest . F or a tim e t h is attit ude wa s justified hy t he con d iti on s. Bu t by-a nd by the co nd it ions be gan to cha nge . It wa s no lon ger a lit tl e ha nd ful of struggli ng se t tl ers in a b o und less fores t. It was a st ro ng peop le. s pre a d ing fr om oce a n t o ocean . And th e fo res t. inst ead of s prea d ing fr om ocean to oce a n , as th e first sett le rs sup posed, wa s fo u nd t o he int er rup t ed hy t he va st t rceless regi on s of t he ce nt ra l west. But , alt hough th e co nd it io ns ha ll cluu igc d, th e a tti t ude of t he peop le was slo w t o cha nge. A hun d red yea r's of con flict wit h t he for est had so fir ml y flxe d th e idea in t he co m m o n mind tha t t he fo rest was t he ene m y of civi liza t io n t ha t it wa s n ot ea s ily crn d icatcd . E ve n at t h is la t e da y , I hav e m et mo re t ha n on e old cit ize n wh o would not h e co nvin eed t ha t t he for est is ou r fri end , a nd we o ug ht t o t reat it as a resou r ce an d n ot a s a n en emy. It wa s not u ntil 187 3 t hat th e old id ea b egan t o giv e way t o t he new . T ha t wa s a t lea st a q uart er of a ce nt ury a ft er t he time t o ca ll a ha lt luul been rea ch ed . If it was time t o ca ll a hal t t he n, how mu ch m or e . t he refo re , is it i m pera t iv e fOJ" us to call a hal t in t his y ea r of gr a ce, 1!l()7'? H ow can we ca ll a ha lt "? W hut ca n we d o t o wa rds co rrecti ng t his g rea t eco no m ic err or t hat has been m a d e a nd w hich is s t ill being made '? One wa y of d ea ling with t he pro blem , an d a very effectiv e wa y , so fa r a s it goes , is fo r t he States a nd the U n it ed Sta tes to acq ui re non -a gr icul tural lands a nd to usc t hem for g ro wi ng timber a nd t he p rot ect io n of o ur strea ms. At first t ho ug ht , t his m a y see m lik e her oic t rea t me nt. It see me d so to m e, for m y polit ica l philosoph y b egan w ith rest ri ct ed id eas as to t he s co pe of t he gove rn me n t , bo th St at e a nd Na t io nal. But wh ile t he m ere p ol ice fun ct ion of go ve rn me nt is a goo d po int to sta rt from , on e ca nnot tra ve l tha t road far withou t co mi ng to m any p oin t s of d eparture. W ha t abou t o u r State ra ilr oad "! " Tha t ab ou t ou r State U ni versi t y ? " Tha t a bo ut our publi c s chools? Li ke Thom as J effer son, w hen confron t ed with t he Louisia na Pu r ch a se, we a rc co nt inu ally lay ing as ide our t heory wh en confro nt ed with cri t ica l co nd it ions, a nd apply ing comm on se nse. Or s hall we sa y t ha t we sim ply a p ply our t heory with com mon sen se? 'Why n ot t hen in t he ca se of for est p erpetuat ion ? Arc n ot the for est al con d itio ns of t his cou nt r y gra ve en oug h t o warran t t he gove rn m en t s te p ping in for t he be ne fit of a ll t he peopl e ? T a ke t he t i me cleme nt a lo ne. H er e is a cro p w hich it m ay ta ke a cent u ry t o gro w ; wi th s ome s pe cies less ; with some slo w-g r o wing s pe cies , m or e. A cent u ry is a peri od of t ime longer t ha n t he business lif e of an y ma n; and therefore the individual is deterred from engag ing in t he business of timber gro w- 11:1 in g unless t he re is a lrea dy a part of a cro p on th e gro un d. X ow if the co m m u nit y need s t his cro p \\'hi ch it ta kes m or e t hnn a ge nerat io n to g ro w. is n ot t he go vc r m uc nt , as t he prop er g ua rdia n of t he cm u m u nit ys wel fa re . justi fied in pro vi d ing t he crop fo r t he co m m u nity '? Tha t is pla cing t he a rg ume nt on it s wea kest prop an d st ill it srn mls . If we add t o t his a rg u men t t he indi rec t bene fits of t he for est . t he e ffect o n wa t er flow . o n eros io n . on cl im a t ic co rn lit ion s, t he a rgu uu -nt in fa vo r of State a nd Na t io nnl fo rests is un nnsw crnbl e. So m uch for a rg u me n t. no w fo r p rc cerlent . Gr ea t Br it ain in Ind ia ha s re served G~ ,OOO.OOO a cres of for es t. J a pa n has re se rve-d :l 7,.I00,OOO a cr es ; Russia 30G,GOO.000 ; Ge rm an y II ,GOO,OOO ; Swe de n 1 ~ , ;iOO , OOO ; No rway 4,700 ,000 ; Au st ria 1,700,000 ; H ungary 3,300 .000 ; Fran ce ~ , 800 OOO ;It aly o wns only 400 ,000 hn t has pu t 10.000 ,000 und er gov cmmon t nl co nt ro l. The S wiss cant ons 1,.100,000 ; Canada 1S,700 ,000 . B u t we need not go beyond ou r ow n cou nt r y for preced ent . Con ue ct. ic utc l nd ianu , ?lIaryl a l1l1 a nd New J er sey . ha ve made beginn ings . w hi le s o me of t he Stat es ha ve m ade m ore tha n heg in n ing s. Xli chig un ha s :l!l,OOO ac res 1'1'se r ve d; ~ [ i n n e s o t a 4~ , OOO ; W is con s in ~ ;i4 ,O OO ; P enn syl van ia 8~O ,OOO ; New Y or k 1,43D,OOO; an d th e Unit cd Stat es has reserv ed LiO,S31 ,OOO acres, a n area four t imes th e size of Georgia . We la ck writt en a rgu mcnt a nd not preced ent. The St at e a nd Xut.ionn l fo res ts a rc fa ct s. Wh a! we need is m ore St at e Forest s a nd la rger Nut ionul for est s. An ot her wa y of ca lling a hull on for es t dcvast a t io n is t o pro t ect th e privat e owner fro m risk of loss hy t.heft. a nd fire. ' Ve ca n mak e it p ossib le for him t o h old h is timber. with rea sonable as su ra nc e t hat it will not b e lost. E ven t he m ost r igid stickler fo r restrict ed fu nct io ns of go ve rn me nt ca n not object t o t his fo rm of go vern me ntal ac ti v it y : for it is n oth in g m or e t ha n t he e xercise of t he Iu nda m entn l poli ce functio n , t he pr ot ecti on of life an d proper ty . The loss t hro ug h fo rest fires in t his co unt ry an n ua lly a mo unts to m illi on s of d ollars, a n immen se su m t ha t no o ne ca n esti ma te . It is all t he m ore d epl orable beca use m ost of it is prev ent able. The ex pe rie nce of Europ e, of Canada , of so me of the St a t es , a nd of t he F ed eral go ve rn me nt in th e Na ti on a l for est s , sho ws t hat t he risk fr om fire can be reduced t o a m inimum , whi ch lift s t imber g ro wing from a mere gamble t o a bu si ness ba sis. Probably o ne-te nt h of t he a n n ua l loss, if ex pe nde d in t he enforce me nt of fo rest fire la ws , wou ld prev en t !JO per cent. of t he loss. Anoth er way to ca ll a hal t is t o m od ify t he t ax laws wh ere they arc b urd en some, of the fore st owner. I n so me States they arc n ot o nly burden some, b ut t hey a rc . a ctua lly confi scatory. T hat may app ea r to be an ex a gge ra t ed st a te me n t; b u t wh en Mich igan ha s G,OOO ,OOO ac res of t ax-title lands th ro wn back on th e Sta te , it cannot b e ca lled anyt hin g else but confisca tio n. T he Am eri can lu m ber m an is , gen erally s pe a king , nei ther a knave n or a foo l ; he wou ld no t ha ve t hrown t hose lands ba ck on t he Sta te if th e St a te had not for ced him t o. 114 D o n ot und er st and me to be nd voc nt ing t ho exe m p t ion of woodl and s fro m t u xa t ion . So me of t he St a tes hav e exem pt ed woodl ands , under ce rt a in pres crib ed con di t io ns ; but t h oug h I lov e t he for est a nd wish to sec it p reserved , I must sa y th a t I a m op po sed t o a ny suc h radi cal legis- lati on . The Iorcst d ocs not need rel ief in th e for m of ex em pt ion : it need s relief in th e fo r m of fa ir ass ess m ent. The m eth od of assess me nt as pres cribed in mo st of the Sta t es is mul t ipl e assess me nt. It p rescri b es t he assess me nt of t h e lan d , a nd t he a ccu m ula t ed an n ua l gro wt h st a nd in g t her eon. The p ri n cipIc is t he sa m e as if a far m er 's land wer e a ssessed with t he cott on crop on it a nd to thi s wer e a d de d th e cr ops for m an y y ea rs pa st. Sup pose , for ex a m ple , t hat a m an had t wo fields, a nd in t h e y ea r I S70 he plan t ed one in co t t o n a nd t he ot her in p in e. Su pp ose t he assess ors sh ould assess his cot t on land eac h y ea r at so mu ch per ac re, a nd a d d to it t he va lue of t he cro p fo r t he y ear , plus t he cr op for t he pa st y ea rs, as sh own by records. By 1n0 7 t.ha t fa r m er would b e a ssessed o n t he land plus :37 s uccess ive cot t on cro ps , or a t half a b ale per ac re as foll ows : Land 8 ~O . OO IS} Bai l'S of cot to n -. -.__ D~5 . 0 0 SD-Li .OO Wh o could co nt in ue t o gr o w cott on wit h a n a ssessmen t of 8\)45.00 p er a cre? Bu t t hat is ex ac t ly w ha t h a pp en s in th e case of t he ot he r field whi ch wa s plan t ed in p in e in 1870; fo r t he a ssesso rs pu t d o wn t he land a s worth so mu ch a nd ad d t o it t he va lue of t he :~ 7 y ear old crop of pine a nd ne xt y ea r t hey will a d d to it th e va lue of a as year 01(1 cro p of p ine, a n d so o n t o con fisca t io n. T he on ly t hing th a t has sa ve d any of our for est s is th a t t he enfor ce me nt of t he laws has been la x. If th e officers had d on e t heir l it eral sworn duty , t here would hardl y b e a tree on t he cont ine nt, for lik e t he Turks, we p ut a t a x on t rees. F ort unnt ely th e officers have b een ign oran t , ge ne ra ll y , of t he law 's req u irem ent s , a nd ha ve m ixed ign ora nc e with m er cy in it s execu t io n. Bu t st ill ma ny a dev ast a t ed fo rest b ears eloq ue nt te st imo ny to t he fait hfulness and in t elli gen ce of our t a x assesso rs. Ther e is no ob jectio n to t a xin g t he land on whi ch t he for est cro p g ro ws. It ough t to b e t a xed . Ther e is n o ob jecti on t o t a xin g t h e an n ual g ro wt h. It ou ght to b e t a xed . But t here is a se rious obj ect io n to taxi ng t he acc um ula te d a n n ua l gro wt h . It leads to prcm nt u rc cuttin g, t o dev ast a ti on , a nd eve n to a ba nd on m e nt. T o pu t a t a r iff on t he in crea se of wealth at it s sou rce , is t o k ill t he goo se t ha t la y s t he golde n egg. An oth er th in g t hat ca n be d one to ca ll a hal t , a n (I t h e m ost i mp o rta.n t th in g, is t o ed uc a te t he la nd ow ners in t he p ro per m an a gem en t of t heir wood lands. This is one of t he m ost coge nt a rgu me nts for Statc a nd Nation al for est s ; t hey will fur n ish obj ect lesson s in for es t m an a gem en t. In a ddit ion to thi s ed u ca t io nal for ce, ot her effor ts ou g ht to be m ad e 115 t hrough ou r Stat e B oa r ds of F orestry , wh ere su ch exis t; t hroug h ou r Uni vcrsit ies t hat have cha irs of for estry ; t hro ugh t he for est associa tio ns; th rou gh th e press in eve ry legi tima t e way ; in e \'ery o pen pulpit we ou ght t o p rea ch t he gosp el of for est ry , for t he bulk of th e woodl ands of t his country a re, nnd r h ope alw ays will be, in t he han d s of pri va t e owners, nud t ho privat e o wners m ust b e rea ched. U po n th eir ut ti t ude t owa rd s t hei r woodla nd s de pe nds in t he la rg est m eas u re the solut io n of ou r forest p rob lems. T here ha ve been t ho se who sai d t ha t t he Am eri ca ns would n ot m ak e goo d so ldie rs been use t hey d id n ot obey unless t hey under st ood . H ist or y ha s proved t hat th e Am eri ca ns hav e m a de th e best so ldie rs , hccuusc of t he very fa ct t ha t t hey u nd ers to od , and under s tanding, t he y obey ell with a will. In th e sa me way so me ha ve been s ke pti ca l of ou r a b ilit y to deal with our forest p ro blems , because t he p eo ple, t he co m mo n peo ple a s t hey sa y, o wn th e lands an d t hey d o not brook int erfer ence wit h t hr-ir rig ht s as owners. Bu t I bel ieve t his sa m e priva t e o wner wh en th e law prot ect s his p roperty fro m t heft , fire, anti unjust assessmen t , a nd w hen he u nd erst a nd s t he nat ure of th e problem s wit h w hich he has t o Ilea l. will , of h is o wn vo li t ion , d o m or e t o wards t hei r so lu t io n t han a ny a mo u nt of go yprnm ell t al interfere nce . Xlnke it p ossibl e for him to do his du t y , an d wh en he u nde rsta nds he will do h is d u ty , I n co nc lusion , t he forest a l co nd itio ns wh ich co n fro nt u s t od ay are se rio us: and t hey d eserve t he se rious t h ou gh t of e ve ry goo d cit ize n, We huvc sin ned a nd we hnvc beg u u t o su ff'er. B ut I huv e an a b id ing fa ith in t he so be r se cond t hou g ht of the Arn eri cn n p eop le. The in d icati on s of rep ent an ce a re at ha nd . a nd I bel iev e t hat b efore it is c vcrlastingly too lnt e, we Am eri cans will repe nt indeed. a nd b rin g for t h fru it s meet. for rep enta nce, Th e P R E SI DE KT : It may be t ho ught t hat t his p ap er is on a matt er fo reig n to hort icu lt.uro, but when y ou analyz e t hc qu est ion you will find it is closely a llied to horti culture , F orest .cult ure is not under st ood in thi s p art of t he count ry. Our forest s are being an nihi lat ed with ou t a ny roc upe rnt.io n. A great man y Stut es a re a lmo st depr ived of t im ber, All of you kn ow t her e wns a time when we could buy lum ber at, a very sma ll figu re . T od ay lumber is worth from t wo to four t imes as mu ch as it was fiftecn years ago. Aside from th at , t hese heavy rainfalls wash nwny t he soil. As :\1 1". Fo rt sug gested, t he fore st trees a re ab solut ely necessa ry for t he pr otecti on of our or cha rds as wind -b reaks . Anot her t hing is, with t he timber a ll gone , wh at will t he orchardist s do for bo xes and frui t crates '? They ar e now m aking boxes of pine, and so me of t he peop le who ha ve been buying pea ches packed in pine boxes object t o it beca use it has a resinous tast e. 116 Ther e ar e on ly a few va riet ies of wood t h at are nvai lab le for carrying fruit a long di st nnce. Therefore t he sub ject P rof. Aker man ha s discussed is one that deserv es great conside rnt ion . We are thankfu l t o the Stat e U nive rsit y for haying him in th e fa cult y . W c hope that aft er :t whi le we will have ref'orestnt ion i nst ead of deforest ati on . Wc ha ve t h ree-qu urt ers of an hour before adjo u rnment. and t ho a ni}: paper we have for t oda y is one b y :'11'. Soule, who is n ot pro scnt , so if uny gen t lcmun here wh o is on t he pl'Ogmm for t omorrow and wh o desir es to reut l hi s pap er now , we migh t hea r fr om hi m . As you kn ow. we will ha ve b ut onc sess ion to m01'1'O\Y, and will hav e to adj ou rn abo ut hal f-p ast one o' cloc k in orde r to attc nd t ho ba rb ec ue t o lJe give n b v t he Ri chm ond Cou nt y Agri cultural Club . :'11'. Wi ght, would yo u like t o re ad y our p ap er now '? :'11'. WI GHT : Y es, sir; I am willing to do so. THE NURSERY SHARK. By J . B. WI GH T. Every bu sin ess ha s it s parnsit cs, a nd it ma y be t ha t t hc nursery men hav e mor e than thcir fair s ha re . " Y ou as k, \Vha t is a nursery sha rk?" " By t hcir fruit s yc shall kn ow t hc m." A few years ago Sou t h Georgia wa s v isi t ed by somc tree peddlers wh o so ld t housa nd s of R ussia n mu lb erries a t onc d ollar eac h , or tcn do llars per do zen, It wa s rep resent ed as a wond erful t ree t hat ripened it s fru it in a b u nd a nce fro m sp ring u nt il fro st s of a ut u mn ; it bore a be rry t ha t solve d t hc hog q uest ion , a nd madc glad t hc prea cher 's hea rt , beca use of t he wonderful chicke ns tha t grew a nd fa tt en ed on it. These were sha rks of t he first wat er . Then ca me th ose selling a ma gnificen t new pea ch, a see dling t hat would not only pr oduce t ru e, bu t was immune t o t ha t, d iab olical pest, Sa n J ose sca le. Those were o ffered for thc very low price of cight y cents eac h, with cut rates by t he d ozen or hundred . And a gr ea t many su ckers were swa llowed b y t hcse sha rks . In t hc course of time t her c enme a not her , selling pecan trees bearing new a nd wonderful nut s , t wcnt y-five of whi ch would wcigh a pound, a nd t hc trees would begin bearin g t hc seco nd yca r aft er sctt ing . And they wer e only fiv e d ollars per t ree. " H igh," d o yo u sa y? Not a t a ll, 117 when a g ro ve of t hes e trees wou ld yi eld in t en y ears a net a n nu a l income of S I ,OOO p er a cre. A p ro sai c p art of t his is t he a ut he nt ica te d fa ct t ha t o ne of th ese pu rv ey ors of p eca ns was a fe w y ea rs a go a rr est ed in t he swam ps of Mississi p p i d iggi ng wil d p ecan t rees to sell as t he fin est gra de of im pro ve d v ur iet ics, a nd with prices to ma t ch . These a rc bu t a fe w of t he mi sr epresent at ions m a d e b y irre s po nsib le tree p ed dlers wh o h a v e no cha ract ers to lose, b ut a rc workin g o nly for t he she kels to fill t heir ow n poc ket s. When t he trees co me t o t he po int w her e t he fra u d is d iscover ed, t he peddler ha s lo ng sin ce go nc to fish in other wa t er s ; t he p urchaser ha s n o recourse, a m i i n t oo m a rty cases he con clu de s th a t a ll d ea lers in t rees a rc fra uds. T her e arc a s h on est a n d hon orabl e m en in t he nu rsery busin ess as in a ny ot her, but o n a ccount of t he fr a uds p ra ct iced by t he d isho nest ud ve nt urcr, th ese a rc to o oft en , hind ered and cripple d in t hei r legit ima t e wo rk. No cla ss of me n is d oing m or e to bl ess a nd bea uti fy t his ea rt h of ours , to co ve r with flow ers th e wa st e pla ces, a nd t o feed m an wit h t hose fruit s th a t deli gh t t he pal a t e a nd m a ke st ro ng a nd well t he b od y , t ha n a rc t he nu rser ymen . Suc h a rc blessings to t hei r kind . These a rc not get t ing t oo mu ch for t he ir p ro ducts , and th ey st a nd read y to m a ke goo d t heir st a te m ent s. They s hould b e pr ot ect ed an d not hav e t heir busi nes s in t erfered with b y t ho se wh o a rc bu t pa ra sit es or worse. A nurser ym an has a right to se n d out his a gen t s to se ll for him , bu t if he d ocs t his he s ho uld sec : (I ) tha t t hey arc stra ig ht for wa rd, n -lia hl e m en ; (2 ) t hat t hey as k on ly a rea sonable pri ce fo r t heir goo ds ; (:3) th e nurser y m an sho uld st a nd ready to m a ke goo d a ll represen t a t ion s m a de by h is age nts . But t he chief p art of th e t rou ble th a t I ha ve se t for th co m es fr o m th ose wh o buy chea p lot s of nu rsery stock , fre q ue nt ly of m ixed v a riet ies , an d so m et im es of nameless so rts. " 'i th t hese , a nd a rmed wit h m ou nt ains of chec k a nd a m olehill of h o nest y , he sta rts out. T h us eq uipped, he offers to sell a ny kind or a ny v a rict.y of fru it . A nd he usuall y m a kes the sa le. This is t he t rue nu rsery sha rk, a nd it is he wh om we hav e a ri g ht t o d em a n d tha t t he m esh es of luw sha ll enta ng le. )I ay su ch be his fa t e. The PRESIDENT : The day of t he ir resp onsibl e tree peeldler is p ast . H e cannot sell his st ock exce pt under t he cont ro l of t he Board of Ent om ology . No nu rser y ca n cond uct bu siness unl ess the product s are properl y inspect ed and a certi ficate give n t o t he effect t hat it h as been inspected , a nd wh enev er t he re is any fraud of any ki nd t he Board of E ntomology, t h rough it s officers , has a right t o withhold it s cert ificate a nd t hat firm is unable to do an y more bu siness in t he St ate . \Ve h av e a great man y people who bring t rees from out side t he St at e. Th ey are under 118 t he sa me co nt ro l as our Sta te nurseries ; t hey mu st h ave a cert ificate fro m t he State B oard of En t om ology before t.hc v a re pe r mitted to d o business. But wh en it co mes to t he ma tt er of b ringin g spurious v ar ieti es in t o t he State , t hey h ave t oo m uch at stake in t he ir b us iness to do a nyt hin g of t he sort. W he never it is fou nd out t h at, t he re is any fra ud in its busin ess, t hat. nursery ca n not b ring a ny m or e of it s produ ct s int o t he State u nless t he y a re sh own t o be b ona fide . )[ 1'. R , 1. S ~ Il T H : As 1 un d nrs t ood vo u , p ossibly y ou m ad e a st at c mn nt t h at sh ou ld he eorroc tccl, in sa y ing t hat t he nurserymen are regu lat ed in t he sale of their st oc k by t he certificate issued bv t he Hoa rd of E nt omo logy . Th at cert ificate refer s only , of cou rse. t o t he m at t er of insects a nd d iseases, an d has no refer cncc t o vurie t v at all. The nursorv m nn ra n p alm off a ny kind of a tree he wu nrs so fa r as t hat a ut hority is conce rne d . As yo u suv , nu rsery st oc k ca n not he sold un less it is cove re d by a ce rtificat e of in sp ect ion , hu t t hat h as rc f'crc u cc only to in juri ou s insects a nd di seases. The PR E S ID E NT : Th e only t h ing yo u can d o is to he assu re d wheth er t he certi ficate t h at is brough t to y ou is a goo d one . B ut t he nu rserv mun wh o receives t h at cert ificate fro m t he State insp ect or , usu a lly gua rds him self by gett ing goo d a nd ge n uine stoc k to offe r. Mr. R . I. S ~ II T H : Yes, T t h in k t hese cert ificates m ak e nurse rv me n more ca ref u l with t he stoc k t he y sen d out. Mr. W IGHT : T he t ro u b le is, they will bu y L OOO or 2 ,000 pea ch trees from a reliab le mu se ry man at a very reason a ble pri ce a nd t hey will t ru vcl th ro ugh t h e cou nt ry an d sell t hose t rees for a gr ea t deal more t han t hey ga ve for t he m . At t he p rop er se ason they will sh ip t he m; they h av e been in sp ect ed bu t t he t rouble is t hey will sell a ny one of 100 varieti es fro m t he sa me lot of t rees. Xl r. R. 1. S ~ Il T H : In t his con nect ion, I wou ld like to sa y a wor d in refere nce t o the m att er of warty root s t hat was b rough t u p t his morni ng. T hi s " wurty ro ot " , 1 woul d sa y for t he inform at ion of a ny on e wh o may not underst a nd t hat t e rm , mean s t he wart s or galls-sm all ga lls on t he main ro ot s or t he s ma ll ro ot s ca used by a s ma ll worm -s- whut we ca ll t he eel worm ; t hey are very sm a ll wor ms a nd ca n be see n by t he aid of a po we rfu l glass. no I n sund v soils th is nemnt orle worm will atta ck thc roo t s of p each t rees. The n u rsor v men in t his Statc arc give n a certificate of in spcc tio n with t.ho unde rs t an ding t h at, t hey sh a ll di scard a ny t rees visib ly a ffected bv ne mat ode ga lls; t hat is. ga lls visib le to t.hc eye. It is a p hvsica l imp ossibil it y , wit ho ut, h ayin g an in spector on t he grou nds of e vc rv nu rsorvm un , t o mak e a n in sp ecti on of nu rsery stock when it is sold or before it is sold , t o p reve nt any of t hese wart:,' tree s Iro rn bein g sold . The only t hi ng we ca n do is to give t hc cert ificate with t ho underst andin g t hat he will throw out dsf oct iv c trees, and if hc do cs n ot do so t h at h is cert.ifi cat c sha ll be re vo ke d. 1t is t ru e t.ha t n urse rv st oc k slight. ly a ffected wit h wart y 1'00ts may be clea ned bcfore being se nt off. I have no d oubt that is d on e in so me ca ses. I f t he trees did not a ppea r to h a ve a ny ne m nto dc ga lls OJ' wa rtv 1'00t s t hey wou ld not be t hr own out. The t hing for the frui t. gJ'o\yers to look ou t for and guard ag a in st is in uccop t in g trees with \yal't y roots -or cro wn ga lls , U nde r t he p resc nt la ws an y nu rsc rvm uu wou ld bc req uired to t.nko ba ck any trees if they are se nt ou t wit h t hcse troubles, Thc fruit growcrs sho u ld learn t o kn ow t hese t ro ub les wh en t hey a re presen t , a n d wh en they buy t ree s t hey co uld di scard t ho se t hat are infect ed , Even nursery men who desirc to act st ra ightfor wa rd in th is m utt er m ay se n d ou t in fect ed t.rees unint en ti onally , but if t hc fruit gro \\'e rs would learn to kn ow t hese t ro ub les, t hey need not accept a ny su ch trees. I n t hat eonnec t ion I h a ve ofte n tho ug ht t h at the fru it g ro wer, as a ru le-s-the man who starts out to p lan t a peac h orc hard , 1 say as a rul e, not a ll of them-s-is not well e no ug h in for med a bout wh at he h as got to do . A merchant wou ld no t t hin k of st a rting in to business without t h in ki ng of wh at he was buyin g . h ow h e was go ing t o sell it , a nd wh a t profit he was goi ng to m ak e. But fr uit growers are too much in clin ed t o bu y t rees with ou t kn ow in g wh at t hey a re buying , The PR ESID E NT: A suggcstio n h as bcen m ade wh ether it woul d not be be st fo r t his Soc iety to change it s d at e of meeting from t he t raditi on al t ime in Au gu st to so me t ime durin g t he wint e r. T he reaso ns brou gh t fo rt h are sim p ly t hat it is u su ally ve ry warm during t his seaso n of t he ye a r, a nd , second, t hat a g reat many peop le are a way on t he ir va cations and a lso t h at a g reat m a ny frui t g rowe rs a re b usy, One diffi cult y in changing t he 120 dat e would be th at we would h av e no frui t ex hib it except from the upper part of t he St at c. I o ffer this suggcst ion so t hat y ou ca n think it over a nd let it co me up to mo rro w for discussion . MI'. W IGHT : In th at connect.ion, I wa s about t o make a. moti on t ha t t he Cha ir ma n appoint a com mit tcc of t hree to exa mine int o that qu estion and report tomorrow morning. Th c PR E S IDE NT: That is a very good suggest ion. I appoint on t ha t com mit t ee MI'. Wigh t , as cha irma n, Mr. Halc a nd MI'. Wit hoft.. Lot t hat co nuu itt co gct t oget her a nd conside r t he matt cr and ma ke a repo rt to morro w morning, hecuuse on t hat q uest ion migh t depen d t he pla ce of mccting for next yeur . T here upo n the mcetin g was ad jo urn ed for t he cl ay . THURSDAY, AUGUST 8th, 1907 . Th o P residen t culled th c meetin g to orde r at 10:1.') A. 1II ., a nd req uest ed ~I r . Lew is to presen t his p aper . SOME APPLE INSECTS AND DISEASES. By A. C. L EW IS , Assistant Entom ologist. Thou gh a p ple g ro wing is co m pa rnt ivc ly a new ind ust ry in t hc Slat e . I here a rc a lre a d y a nu mb er of in sect s a nd d iseases t ha t t he a p ple g ro we r ha s t o con i end with . E a ch y ea r m or e apple trees a rc bei ng set o ut o n a co m me rc ial sc a le, a nd it is sa fe t o sa y th e a p ple inse ct s a nd di sea ses will incr ea se a s t he or chards be co me larger a nd m o re nu m erous. )I ost, of t he appl e orc ha rds in tile St a te arc yo ung now n nd m ay be inju red for th e remainder of t heir II vt'8 by so m e in sect or di sea se get ting a st a rt. in the or chards a t thi s tim e. On t his ac co u ut th e a p ple g ro wer sh ould be on th e alert for di sea ses a nd i nsec t s ill his or chard, and nip th em in t he b ud. us it wer e, b efor e t hey have d um ugcd h is t ree s. T hen he should also r em ember that th er e arc m a ny di sea ses whi ch ma y b e co nt rolled by one or t wo s pray ings if applied at th e prop er t im e. T hese a rc t he di sea ses th at ca n not be ca nt r olled succ essf ully if one wai t s un til the di sease ap pears b efo re b eginn in g to s p ra y . And t he sa me principl e is t rue 121 in a lurgo m eus u rc in fight ing man y insects . H ence it is im port an t t hat ev ery fruit gro we r sho uld becom e a cq uai nte d with t he m ost. co m mo n diseases the appl e is heir to , n nd t he rem edi es t ha t a rc em plo y ed in fig ht- ing t hom , so he may b e able t o keep t he se d iseases u nd er co ntrol a nd no t "T. let t hem inj ur e h is orcha rd. At th e la st session of t his So civt y , )I r. V. R eed , Assistan t Ento mol - ogist to t he Georgia St at e Boa rd of E ntomology . read a pa per on t he Apple Cod li ng Mot l). I n Bulleti n :?:J of t he Geo rgia State Board of E n- tom ology , issu ed F eb r ua ry , 1!10 7. t he Ap ple W oolly Ap his a nd th e G ree n Ap ple Lea f .-\p his a rc d es crib ed in det ail with re me di es for sa me. H e nce, in this papl'r . I will confi ne my remarks to so me common apple di sea ses : o nly m en ti o ning a n e xper ime n t I ha t I co nd ucted t h is s u m me r o n t.he Gree n App le Lea f Aphis, SP IL\ YING TO DESTH OY T HE G REE N :\ P P L E AP HIS, O n J u ue 2 1st a nd 22d , l U07 , I spra ye d a bo ut -lOll th ree a nd four yea r old apple t reos on .J. C. )I: II1l'SS' p lru-o near Dcent ur. Gn ., for t he Green Ap ple Aph is. US!'I! kerose ne em ulsion at J;) per ce nt , st rcugt h : to bacco ,Iceoetion t h rce p ounds t o fiv e ga llo ns of wat er. b oili ng t wo h o ur s ; a lso wha le oil soa p so lut io n at o ne pound to t hn -c ga llo ns of wut er. In sprayi ng we use d an ex t ens io n rod wit h an elb o w, so a s to get. un der t he lenves bet.t 1'1'. Th e a phis we re very nu m or ous o n so me of t he t rces , a nd t he lea v es wer e mu ch curle d. 'I' he lea ves were cu rle d so b udly t hat it was almost impossible to rea ch ins ects in so me cases . If t he s p m y ing on th is orc ha rd co uld huv e been d o ne a m on t h earlier it wo uld ha ve bee n m uc h easier u nd fa r m ore effec t in '. Some of th e trees were st unt ed o n a cco u nt of t he a p his. On t hc wo rst t recs t he ends of t he Iimh s were dipped int o t hc so lu t io n. In s prayi ng wi th t he ker osen e em uls ion t he worst limhs were ben t o ver so th a t t he emulsio n would n ot ru n d own t he t r un k of t he t ree a ny m o re t ha n necessur y . E xa m ine d t he tre es un .lul y 3d . Fo u nd th a t t he a ph is were ki lled hy a ll th re e so lut io ns, wh ere t hey en me in co ntact with the s pray. Co uld not te ll wh ich solut ion killed t he mo st ap his. On some of t he worst cu rled lea n 's ma ny of t he a p his were not k illed , Th e di ppin g wa s very e tf'cct ivc , bu t ev en t h is did n ot, k ill a ll of t he ap his in so me cases . The yo ung gro wt h ' t hat ha d co me o ut. si nc e we s pra y ed t he t rees wa s clea n on m a ny of t he t rees. Wh ere we ha d fai led to kill a ll t he a p his t his y o u ng gro wth wa s in fest ed by t he ap his. On so m e of t.hc wor st infes te d trees I.ha t we s p raye d t his y ou ng gr ow t h wa s fr ee of all a phis . From a ca re fu l exa m inat io n of thc t rces I believ e we ki lled on t he wh ole fully 80 to no pe r cent. of t he ap his. On som e t rees we ki lled t hem all , so fa r a s I co uld sec, t hat is , I cou ld find no li ve a p his. La st year )Ir. Mn. ness kill ed so me of his apple trees wit.h t he 15 pCI' ec nt. ker osene e m ulsio n. But he to ld m e tha t he s pra ye d t he t rees / 1:22 un t il t he e m uls ion ra n d ow n th e t runks in a st rea m. H e a lso let t he e m ulsio n st a nd in t.he barrel ov er nig ht, or w hile he was eat ing di nn er an d t hen u sed it. In ea ch case t he t rees he s p ra y ed la st frum eac h barrel were killed , sho win g t hat the kero sene had se pa ra te d . On ly on e tree t ha t we s pra yed with th e I ,i per ce nt. ker osen e em uls io n was in jured s ome wha t, t he lea ves and a few of t he t ender t wigs bein g burned . The soa p so lu tio n a nd the to b a cco decoct io n d id not injure t he t rees . \ Vher e we di p ped some of t he t wigs in t he hot soa p a nd t o ba ceo decoc t io n so me of t he lea ves were burned . Ap ples are sub je ct t o a g reat . n um b er of di seases, bu t th e o nes t he a p ple g rowers in th e S t at c sh ould wa t ch o ut fo r and prep are t9 figh t a re : lea f bligh t or lea f sca ld . bligh t of the b loom s a nd t wigs. sa me as pea r blig ht. ced a r ru st a nd hi t t el' rot. These will be co ns ide re d in t he order m en ti on ed . LEAF BLIGHT OR LEAF SCALD . ( E nt oruos po riu m ~I a cu la t UIn. Le\ .) T his is a fun gu s di sea se whic h is ve ry des l ru ct i ve t ot he lea Vl' S of a ll t he po mu ceo us fr uit s, su ch a s apple a nd pea l" T he d isea se first a ppea rs up on the lea ves soon aft er t he y ha ve becom e g ro wn , as sma ll round red s p ots , whi ch in cr euso in size and la t er turn brown . At. t his st age mi nu t e bla ck s pecks a p pea r in t he cent er. wh ich arc t he fru it of t he fu ng us, a nd cont a in t he s pores of t he fun g us , t he s pores co rre s po nd ing to t he se eds of high er plan ts . W hen t he s pots are nu merous on yo u ng lea ves t hey turn brow n , sh rive l up a n d d rop off. If t he lea ves arc fu lly g rO\yn , a nd t he t issu es r igid , t hey retain t heir s ha pe but drop to t hc gro u nd . As a resu lt. of t his shed d ing of d iseased lea n 's t he a pple t rees may b e a lmo st com pletely def olia ted by t he m id dl e of t he su m me r. Th is of co u rse is v ery inju rious, ca using new leaves t o put ou t , a nd so me t imes in du cing la t e bloomin g. W he n bloom s co m e out in t he fa ll t he t re es can n ot have mu ch fr uit t he next seaso n. And if t he bl oom s d o not co m e ou t in t he fa ll t he she d d ing of t hc lea ves g reat ly weaken s t ill' t rees, so t hey will n ot form a ny fr u it bu ds for t he next seaso n . or if t lll' y a re fo r med t he t ree is so weak it cann ot mat u re t he fru it. Us ually a t ree t h at loses all it s lea ves in t he su m mer will not for m a ny frui t buds for t he next se as o n. Hen ce it will be sr-en ho w im po rt a nt it is th at th is di sease be ke pt under co nt ro l. R E m my F OR T HE L E AF BL IGHT. T his d isease is suc cess fully co nt ro lled by so me apple g ro wer s in th e St a te wit l i fro m one to t wo a pplicat io ns of Bo rdea u x m ixt ur e. 'I'he first s p ra y ing sho uld b e d one when t he trees a rc in fu ll lea f, an d t he sec o nd from t wo to t h re e wee ks lat er'. Th is is usu a lly su fficien t t o co ntrol t he disease, b u t fo r so me ot her d iseases a n ea rlier an d a la ter s pra yi ng .1-, , are desirable. For a p ple t rees t he Bordenu x m ix ture s ho u ld b e mad e of fo u r pounds of bluest o ne. (co pp cr s u l phate) six p ounds of lim e to 50 ga llo ns of wa t er . For full part ic ulars a bo ut m akin g t he Bordeau x m ixt ure se nd to t he State Board of En to mo logy. At lan t a . Ga . . fo r B ulletin N o. HI. APPLE TWIG BLIGHT . (Same di sea se as Pear Bligh t. ) Bacill us amylov orus. Bur. At t he la st meeti ng of thi s Societ y th e wri t er rea d a pap e r o n P ear and Appl e Blight and Me t hods fo r P rev eu t in g it s D cvel opmcu t , so n ot mu ch of your time will b e taken in di scu ssin g t his d isea se in t his pa per but in fa ce of the rece nt ca la mi t y to t he pear cro p by b light . I wish to ca ll your att en tion to t he fa ct that t he sa me di sea se wo r ks on apple trees. Wh o kno ws bu t t ha t if we neglect fighting t h is di sease wherever we find it, on a p ple o r pear, in t en years fro m no w per hap s t he app le trees of t he St a te will b e in t he sa me co nd it io n as t he pear trees arc today? On acco un t of t hi s dan ge r I u rge upo n e ve ry pea r a nd app le gr ower t he im por t a nce of d oi ng a ll in h is pow er to co nt rol t hi s d isea se. Let us s t ir u p public se n t ime ut, if ncc essnry , un til we ca n ha ve a la w pa ssed t ha t wi ll co m pel o ne to p run e hi s pea r am i apple trees for t he hligh t , 01' cut th e m do wn , as we we now d o with t he Sa n Jose sca le . Bu t so me sa y, " W ill pruning co nt ro l th e bligh t? " In reply to t hat qu est ion I sa y yes. if eve ry bo d y would cut out t he bl igh t in t he prop er way. Bu t if on e man in t he nei ghb orh ood cu t s out the bligh t a nd hi s neighb or d ocs n ot , the bli gh t ma y com e in to hi s orc ha rd from t he ot he r t rees. Thi s wa s well s ho wn at S m it h vi lle , in B. 1. ~l e K e n n ey 's orc ha rd , whe re he had pruned under ou r in s t ru ct ion s. This orc ha rd a nd o ne at Th om son . belon gin g t o J . F . Shie lds . we began pru ni ng at t he sa m e t ime , in t he win t e r of l H05 . The orc ha rd a t Thomson is b y itself, not having any pear o r a p ple t rees ncar it , wh ile t lu- orcha rd at S mith ville is su rrou n dcd by old pear trees. Tha t is , t hey a re not o ve r half a m ile fr o m it o n tw o sides , a nd t he s u rrou nd ing coun try is fu ll of old peal' orc ha rds. This s p ring t he orcha rd at Th om son had no blo om bligh t , and la t e r bu t v ery litt le twi g h lig ht.; whil e in th e o rc ha rd a t Smi t.hvil le the bl oom bligh t took nearl y a ll t he pears , and la t e r t he t wig bl igh t wa s very se ve re . This s ho ws that if t he b lig ht ca n b e kept under control in a n iso la t ed orc hard by p ru ni ng , it mig ht be done a ll ove r t he Stat e if e ve ry bo d y would prune as effectiv ely as we did . I n p ru ni ng out b lig ht t he foll ow ing poin ts must be ob se rved: 1. A d isi nlcct n nt m ust bc used to wipe t he tools an d cu t s u rface of t he limbs. A good d isinfect a n t is m cr curie ch lori de. 2. All hold-over or live b lig ht m us t be re m o ved during t he wint er o r s p ring before th e blooms com e out. 3. T he b es t time t o find th e hold -oy er blight is in the s p ring just a fte r l OJ -'. t he sa p b egin s to flo w b ut h r-Iorr: t lu - bl oom s 0 I'P I1. At th is t iuu - th e ba rk is b ro wn und d isco lo red wh ere t he bli ght is nct iv e. For full pn rti cu lurs a b out pe a r and a pp le ulight se l,d fo r Hul lct in IS, (; {'orgia ~ta t e Boa rd of E nto mo logy . At la nta , APPLE RUST OR CEDAR APPLE RUST. (Uy m nosporu n ui u tu mncropus Lk.) This d isous occ u rs upon t II(' foli age of t he a p ple a s b rig ht ol'ange co lo red s pot s. These firs t a p pea r in t he enrly part of th e s u m me r. a" a rul e , bu t infest a t io n m ay occur duri ng th e fo rc pa rt of th e s u m mc r. us uullv j ust a ft or a ra in. Th c d isea sed a rea s a re nearlv eir cu ln r in o u rline. 11I1\ wh en nu mcrous t Iwy coulesec u nd cove r m ost of t he s u rfa ce of t I\(~ leaf'. fin a lly d ost roy in g it. T he oran ge s pots o n th e uppe r s u rfuce of t he lea f becom e s u nke n in t he midd le. or sa u ce r- like when m a tu re, On t he UPIH'r s u rfa ce a re b orne a few or many minut e ra ised pust nk -s . whi c h a rc yellow a t first . hu t lut e r beco m e hlac k. On I he u n d er s u rf ucr: of t he Ica f t he di seased s pots hear lit tl e cu p-like proj ect io ns wh ic h ha v e a he a utif ul Iri ng1',1 b orde r. In t hosc c u ps are horn e t he s po rps which fur t her propagat e t he para site. Th e s po res h orn e in th ese cu ps . t hou g h . a 1'1' no t en pu hl of g ro wing up on the apple lea n 's . hu t g ro w on th e ceda r trees. forming wh at arc eomm onl y ca lle d cr-dnr a p ples , Doubt loss nl mos t e vv rv o ne is fa mi liar with t hes e ced ur a p ples . a nd no d o ub t many hav e no t iced t ha t a ft er a ra in t hese a ppl es arc co ve red with y ell ow s t ri ng-like proj ect ion s. These co nt ai n th e s p ores whi ch ca us e t he ru st upon a p ple lea Yes. Thus it will he see n that thi s parasit e ha s two ho st plant s and t wo widely diffe rent form s, It. was not know n fo r a lon g t im e that t hese two form s we re o ne nn d th e sa m e plant. Thi s s ho ws ho w impo rtant it is t hat t he life hist ory of a pa ra sit e s h ould he k nown . in or der t hat a re m edy m ay be wo r ked o ut . From the Iuct t hat t he parasit e has t wo ho st plant s it wi ll at o nce 1)(' se e n th a t th e way t o destroy thi s di sea se is t o cut d own th e ce d a r trees near t he orc ha rd s. F or , a s m ent ion ed a b o ve , th e spores produ ced by th e pa ra si t e o n t he a p ple leaf ca n no t g row o n t he a p ple leaf. hu t mu st hav e ce da r trees u po n wh ich to g ro w a nd produce s pores t ha t a rc capabl e of a ga in g ro wing up on a p ple leaves. Bu t of co u rse t he a p ple g ro we r must decid e fo r him self whi c h he wan t s t o gr ow , or whet her he wan t s t o cu t down all hi s ce d a r trees a nd thu s get rid of the I'lISt on his a p ple t rc os, If o ne ha s o nly a few ceda r trees h o might wat ch t hem clos ely a nd k c,'p t he ceda r a p ples cu t out. Bnt t his is a rat her d ifficult t as k and wo uld req n ir c a good dcnl of ti me a nd a t t out io n. as t he limb s mu s t b e cu t off b elow t h e d isease. Spraying wi th B ordea u x is no t very c ffc ut ivo a ga ins t t h is di sease . u nless t he leaves a re kep t co vered all th e tim e durin g t he ea rly pa rt of t he Slim m e r. In orr le r t o d o t h is it would he necessary to s pra y a fte r e ve ry rain , as j ust a ft e r ra in is wh en t he s p ores o n t he ceda r arc li berat ed . ]2 5 APPLE B ITTER ROT. (Glom erclla rufom u eu ln ns. Berk.) \\' h ilt- t his di sea se is not a s co m mon in t he S ta te at t his t im e as t he o t hers we hu v e jus t co usi d cred. we will m e n t io n it in a h r ief \\'a y . P art ies d osi ri nt; m o re i n fo r m a t io n a b o ut th e (Iisea si a re refe r red t o B u ll eti ns 1,1 u n d \I :~ of t he Bu reau of P lan t l u dust ry , U . :-;. D cpurt m e nt of Ag ri cu lt ure . W a s h in g; t on , D , ( '. B ull et in vl-l gin's t he life h is t ory of t he pa ra s it e i n d et u il. d escri biiu; ca n ke r o n t he lim b s , etc. Bu llct in 03 d ea ls m ore es peci a lly wit h rem edies. Us u a lly t he fir st sig n ~ of h itt er ro t a re t he a p pea ru n cr- of v ery s m a ll. y ello wis h hrown s pe cks u n d e r t he s k in of t he a pple. As t he s pot s b ecom e olde r a nd g ro \\' in s ize t hey b eco me d ark b ro w n in t he cen t 1'1' w it h a lig;ht wut e ry m a rgi n . Th ey soo n b ecom e s u n ke n , n n d w he n a ho ut one- hn lf in ch in d ia m ct er, fr uiti ng p u s tu les h eg in t o a ppea r us m inu t e blu ck s p et -ks . Th ese s pec ks soo n b re n k t hrough t he opi d c r m is 'IIHI a lia \\' a la rg;e n umb e r of s po re s to csca p r-. A p e cul ia rit y a h o u t t h e f ru iti n g p ust ul cs is th a t t hey n ppva r in m o re 0 1' less p e rfect ri ngs , un d In t cr o u tsi d e of t h is a not he r ri ng; wi ll fo r m. T hi s proces s m a y co n t iuuc u n t il t he re a rc s i x o r eig ht co n ce n t ric ri nl-(s of pust u les . W he n m a ssr-s of th e st ic ky s pore s d ry o n t he fru it t h ey g i\' c i t, a p i nk co lo r. T h e d isea se wo r ks fr o m t he o u ts ide t ot he ee u t e r o f t he Iruit , W he n t he brow n u ri-n is a n inc h .n cross , t he rot u sua ll y ext e nds to t he cente r of th e a p ple. T h e ro tt e n m a ss s h rin ks a s it d e ca y s , he n ce t he su n ke nu pp oa ra n ce of t he o u t.s irle. T h e ro tt e n a rea s arc hitt e r to t he ta ste , hen ce t ill' co mmo n n ame , h itter rot. Disea sed appl es u sua ll y drop o ff, hu t so met i nu-s the y h e com e mumm ified and cli ng t o th e t rccs a ye a r o r t wo . S P IL\ Yl~ G FO n B ITT E H H OT . 1 will not go in t o (h:tai l a n d m enti o n t he d iff nrou t e x p e ri m e n t s t h a t hav e In-e n made h y d iff eren t pa rti es wit h t h is d iseuse . S u fficie nt for thi s p ap er t o say , t ha t at first thes e' exp eri m ents were n ot v e ry suc cessfu l, hu t fro m cx p e rinu-n t s co nd uc t cd i n Virgi n iu in 100 " h y \\' . .\1. Sc ott, P a t h ologi st , Bu re n u of P lan t In du s t r y , F. S. D e p a rt m on t o f Agricu lture, W ns hiu g t o n , n. C.. it wu s s h ow n t hat t h is d isea se could h e co n t ro lled h y s pra y ing fo u r or fiv e ti mes wi t h Borrlcn u x mi x t u re. I n regard to t reat m en t fu r hi t t er rot h e h as t h e fo llo wing to say : " Fo r t hc t reat m e nt of h itt e r rot a lo ne , s p ra y t h e trees t h or ou gh ly wit h Hordr-n u x m i xture at in t e rv uls of t wo weeks , u nt il fiv e ap pli cations ha ve b een m ad e, h eg in n in g n ot lat er t luut fort y d ays a ft er t h e p eta ls hn ve fa lle n . " Th e Bo rd eau x i n t hese ex p e ri m e nts wa s m a d e o f fiv e p o und s of blues t on e. five poun d s of lim e to fift y ga llons of wu t e r. 126 GE :\"E HAL H ECO:lDIEXDAT IO:\f'. F rom the fact t hat a ll t he dis ea ses j ust mcnt ic ned are co n t rolled by s p ra y ing with Bord ea u x mi xt.urr- , we can wo rk out a plan of t reatmen t t hat will prot ect t he t rees from on e or all of t hese diseu se s. For t h is I th ink t he follo wing methods udvi snb le : I n .Jan ua ry or F ebru ary , s pray t he t rees wi th li m o-sulp h u r so lut ion . This will clen n up th e ba rk , rid it of man y lich en s , pte.. t h nt a rc g row ing up on it , a nd help t o d est roy ot he r fun g i t ha t a rc win t eri n g ov er O il t he t ru nk or lim b . If t h is a p plica t io n of li me-su lphur is n ot us erl t he trees s h ould b e s p ra y ed wit h Bo rd ea ux mi x t ur e just befo re t he bl o o ms o pe n . hu t if t he li m esulp hur is used t h is s p ra y in g may be o m it t ed. Th e ne xt s pra y in g s ho uld be d on e just aft er t he blooms drop. and if a n e ffo rl is m ad e to eo n t roI t he co d ling m ot h , s p ra y aga in abo ut ten o r Io u rt eu n days lut e r. Th remai n in g t wo o r th ree a p plica t io ns s ho uld be made fro m t wo to t hreo ' weeks n pa rt . beginn in g a bo ut se ve n wee ks a fte r t he blo om s d rop. \Vit h t he Bordeau x mi xtu re Paris gree n s ho uld be used at th e ra t e of o ne pound to 1;;0 ga llo ns of B ordeau x , or th ree pounds of arse nat e of lead to ;; 0 ga llo ns o f m ix t ure ma y be used as a poi so n fo r t he cod ling mot h. Of co u rse t he apple g row er will ha ve to d et e rm i ne for hi ms elf wh et he r it wi ll pay 10 s p ra y his o rc ha rd four, six or e ig h t limes , but as a ru le t he m ost su cces sfu l a p ple g rower s 'in Ge orgia a nd 01 he r St al es s p ray I heir a p ple trees fr om t wo to five ti mes eac h yca r, n nd t huy find t hat it pa y s. T o a nyo ne wh o is co nte m plat ing se tt ing o ut a n a p ple orchard m y advi ce wou ld be if yo u (10 n ot co u nt on s pra y ing u nd t ak in g g oo d ca re of y o u r t reos yon had better ne ver se t t he m out. 1I1r. .JON ES: I uu derst an d t he St a te Board of E nt o molo g~ h as u nd ert.nken to rid a n or chard of bl ight down at Th omson and at Smit h vi lle t his year. 1111'. L EWI S : Ycs, sir. ;\[ 1'. .J O N E ~ : Did t hey ru iso a ny pours t his you.r? MI'. L EWI S : No , bu t it wns not on accoun t of the bl ight . Thc iu an on t he pla ce to ld me t he pea rs set a nd then drop ped off. :\11'. J ONES: Arc t he re no y Ollng sp ro ut s on them now'! JIl l'. L EWI S: Yes, sir ; bu t wh en I was t here t he middle of thi s su m mer t-h ose vo ung sp routs h ad very lit tl e bli gh t on t hc m. This hold-ov er bli gh t do cs not a ppear un t il sp ring . Wc ex pect t o cx te rm inate it in th e or ch a rd at Th om son t hi s year. Col. W AVE: H ow low clown do y ou cut, to in su re suf'ot.v? ?III'. L EW IS: l n cert ain cnses in r-ut t ing for b lig ht . you do n 't, necd to lise any d isinfect a nt a t all. If you wut ch th e brown spot 127 a nd find it is crac ke d, t ha t blight is dead a nd \HJI1 '1 do a ny more dam age ; yo u don ' t need t o use uny more disinfect ant on th at, limb. T he cases where yo u mu st use vou r disin fect an t and where yo u ha ve to cut 6 in ch es or a foot below t he bligh t. is wher e th is bla ck and discolored ti ssue run s righ t into t he live ti ssu e. If you will t ak e y our knife and cut thi s live bligh t y ou will find it gra d ually blends ; it is first bla ck , then gets brown, a nd th en get:; int o a kind of pink condition. C~ \. , VADE : I t ried that on a new app le t ree in my orc ha rd , I chased t ha t bli gh t all ove r that t. rec, and fina lly had to cu t it clown at t he roo t. There were trees righ t by t he side of it , bu t not one of t he m was inf ect ed wit h th e bligh t. 1 wan t ed to ask you this q uesti on : 1 no t ice apple trees are some t imes very bad ly inf ected by ceda r ru st, I :UIl going to cut d own t he ced a r trees ncar my or chnrd . Will that cedar ru st live on t h ose app le trees th is winter ? ?Ill'. LEWI S : No . sir ; those spores mu st first, go t o th e cedar t ree a nd form a cedar app le. and then t hoy ret urn t o t.hc app le t ree . Co\. WAD E : Tw o gentlc me n wh o live on the ad joining farm had lust year 700 or SOO bu sh els of app les. They followed ju st about your id ea of sp raying with lim e and sulph ur, and did it ea d y in t he year like we do our pea ch trees. They sp ra yed seven t imes. Last year they had some 800 bushel s off of ab out t en acres. Mr. RO GERS : Wh at met hod do you ad opt t o destroy the limbs t hat vo u cut off? ?llr . LEWI S : If t he y are small limbs, sa v an in ch or so in diam et er, yo u d on 't need (0 do an yt hin g t o t he m. But if y ou do y our pruning lat e in the spring , then I wou ld burn a ll of th em . ?llr . RO GE R S : You spoke of v our method of disinf ectin g y our tools, I found t he bi- chl oride of mer cury solution was very injuriou s t o the to ols, and I h uvo used t he carbo lic acid . ?Ill', LEW IS: YC8, t hat is a ll right. Co\. WADE : I s there an y dan ger of t his cedar ru st affecting peach trees? Mr . LEWI S: No, sir. I had that qu esn on asked me down in 12S So ut h Georgia. A man had all orch urd ncar a gI":l Ye:":lI'll in whi ch there we re a grea t mun v ceda r trees, an d abo had a num ber of cedar 1rcos growing ncar his orchard . H e ask ed me if he had n't bett e r r-ut t hos e cedar trees do wn . and I told him no . I have I Ie\' CI' known of cedar ru st gett ing on pe:u' h trees. The PRESI D E:\"T: H as t he Com mi ttee on Ex am in.u ion of F r uit s prepared it s repor t '! ~I r. FO RT : ~I r. Wit hoft has se nt me his re po rt a .'; he h n s t o leave on t he on e oc lot-k t rain . ! huve ad de d so me word.; of Illy own t o th e re port a.; i; " 'as p rep a red bv him , a nd will read t he whole of it , The fo llowing re p ort was t hen read It orn t he Co m m it tce Oil 1he ":x a m in at ion of Frui r: REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON EXAMINATION OF FRUITS. Y our Co m mittee o n Fru it s h pgs t o s ub mit t he Io llo wi ng rep o rt : \\'l~ find o n e x hib it h y t he (;porgia Ex per ime n t St at ion t hirt ys i x "a riet ies of peac hes , nin o vuriet ies of e hext nu t s , t wo p la t es of J n pu n walnu t s on e of b ut t er n ut s . t wo pla t es of R ub y Kin g an d t wo plat es of Chinos Giant !H'p per s. Also t wo fine s pce iru e us of wa t ermel o ns. The follo wing v a ri et ies of pouc hes : E lb c rtu , Bronson, Em ilia . Fru nces, Crawfo rd 's Lut e, Old .\[ix on Cling, I nd ia n Blood, Co ble r Inrh.m . Evcrben r ing. Seedling Xo , G. .Iosc p hin. P uce or Colu m b ia, Orange Cling. Seed lin g Xo. 7. Le m o n Cli ng . Sepd lin g N o. 8 . Su squchan na h , Diam o nd . .\IeAll ist er , Old .\Ii xon Free . Whi t " Glo be, Onde rdon k , H ill's Chili, Stone wa ll J a ckson. N ew ingt on, St u m p, .lon ex' Cling , Cham pion , Kl o ud ykc . To rn ado, .\Iunson 's F ree , Banner, K nLa m uzoo. The follo wing G ra pes wer e ox h ihit ed: Wot u m pk a , Cy ut.hiu n na . H ussm n n . Go ld Coin , Bell, Ve rgennes, Munsou , \[rs. '\[eClure , Bla ck H orbemon t. W in e Kin g , .\Iu en eh. Alh om u. The list of Chest n u ts o n e x hib it as fo llows : .In pn n See d ling , P ara gon (S pa nis h ) , See d ling (S panis h) , Hu sh Hybrid , Gia nt, Alph a .Ia pun , Helian ee J n.pun , Ridgely S pa n ish, Su pe rb (Ja pa nese ) . The Com mit t ce wa s rcq ucst r-c l to rep or t on th e followin g v uriet.ies of pea ch es : K londyke- Glohul ar, ti p pe d . si m ila r t o Glo be in sha pe, y ell ow, m edium siz e . goo d co lo r , ac id , to ug h s k in , jui cy , good flav or. T orna dq- Co niea l to b r oad co nien l. som e t i ppc d , y ell ow , m edum size goor l co lo r , a cid , t ough s kin , yer y jui cy , good fluvor. 120 Banner- Gl ob u lar , s ma ll tip , ye llo w, s ma ll, fai r co lo r, su b-acid, dry a nd m ealy , po or fluVO l' , Munson Free- Con ica l and tipped , y ellow, m ed ium to la rg . ~oo d color , u cid. tough s k in, v nry jui cy and g ood flu v or. We de si re to m ak e s pccin l and fav orab le m ent ion of th e St o ne wa ll as a w hit e Iror-st on e p cn oh , a nd the old )[i x on Cliru; a s a whit e din g , " ' e d esire to m ak e th e sa me ment ion of the S us q uc hu n n u h as a y ello w f rees t o ne, a n d th e Oru n g C lin ~ as a y r- llow cling, .I NO. P. FORT , Fo r th e Committee. Th e PRESIDENT : Y ou have heard the report of the Committ. ce on E xaminati on of F rui ts, What is v ou r p leusu re? Th er e b ein~ no obj ection t he report will sta nd . I reg ret ex eee d i n ~ I ~' th a t so me of our member s on th e PI'O~ ram to read p ap ers a rc not here . It e mb a r rasses t he Ch air exeec d i n~ l ~' t o cond uc t t he proceed ings for the lack of pre sen ce of th ose ~ en t l em en , We will be com pe lled to eha nge the p rog ra m in a manner and see if we cun pro ceed . MI'. H. 1. S:'I IT H : I h av e a p ap e r her e h~' :'11'. Chase on t he s ubje ct of d ust sp raying. H e is not her e, but I cnn read tha t paper for him 110\\' if y ou wish . T he PRESIDENT : All ri~h t. PRELIMINARY REPORT ON DUST SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS IN GEORGIA. T he use of du st s p ray ro m po u n ds a s a prev cut ivc a~a in s t b rown rot , nlt houg h pra ct iea lly un hon I'll of in Georgi a , is ncvcrt holcss ln rgoly known and em ploy ed in ot he r Sta t cs , a nd , it is cluimc d wit h mu ch s uc cess. In eerta in of th e W est ern St a t es sp ray ing ha s b een practi call y d ispla ced by d ustin g, a nd t h e frui t g rowe rs of th os e Sta tes c-lai m to ob tai n bett er and m ore certa in result s than fr om t he sta nd a rd liquid s p ra ys. With a v ie w t o obtn in iug inform a ti on on th e m eth od s of making an d applyin g dus t com pou n ds , a III I with h op es of ge t t ing resu lt s th a t mi gh t prov e of in t c rest t ot he frui t g ro we rs o f th is St a t l' , t he Georg ia St ate B oard of E n t omo logy undertook t o t es t. ce rt a in of th em durin g t he season jus t pa ss ed . Th ese tests, toget he r wi t l: th e ot he r ex pe rimenta l work aga inst brown rot , wer e condu ct ed in th e .\l essr s . B erckm a ns Bros.' 130 orc hn.rd at .\la y field . 'I' heso ge nt le m en , besid es conse n tin g t o t he trea t ment of wh a t t rees were nccus.;ary , le nt ve ry v ulu ub le and e fficie nt a id t o t he work . F or t his wo rk ce rtai n sect ions of t he o rcha rd whi ch had s ho w n m u ch brown rot d urin g t he preced ing y ear, were selected. Three v uriot ies of pea ches we re selected, na m ely , Car ma II, Bi-lle of Geo rg ia a lid E lber t a . I II thi s wa y it wa s hop e' I t.hut , if t he re wa s a llY d iffe ren ce i n th e s uscept ib ilit y of vari eti es to t rea tm en t , t he d iffere nc e a nd it s d egree woul d be d iscov ered. T he fina l results s ho wed tha t t he re is co ns ide ra ble va ria ti o n b etween vari et ies in t his rega rd , a nd t hat on e res ponds m uch m or e ru pi d ly t ha n ano t he r t o t he sa me t rea t me n t , I t s ho uld be e xplained that t he re s u lt s obt a iued ref er o nly to t he e ffec t of t he du s t not ice able o n t he fru it a nd folia ge . U nfort u na te ly for the ex pe r ime nte rs , t he Iuu g icid nl va lu e of t he du st s Was who lly d es tr oyed h y t he fa ilure of any of t he t h re e va riet ies to de vi-lop a ny ro t. T he sea son wa s so d ry a nd cond it io ns wer e ot he r wise so u nfuvoru b le for t he dev el opmen t of rot t hat n on e a p pea red , un rl it wa s t.hc ref'oro im po ssible to lea rn whet her or not t he mat er ial s used had a ny va lue as fungi cid es . ~lA KI X G D U S T C O ~ I I'OU X O S. Th e mak ing of t ho d ust s 't r-st c rl wus uccompn ui ed b y eon sid oru hl o di fficult y , o win g t o a la ck of propel' mean s. Si n ce lim e is us ed a s a carr ie r' for t he va ri ou s che m ica ls , a nd t he e flcc t ive uess of t he t rou t me nt depends t o a large exte nt on the fine ness of t he d ust , it ea n he see n t hat , t o oh t ain lime d ust in r-ons icleruble quantiti es, m uch t ime a nd lub or is n ecr-ssa ry. W it h o ne exce pt ion , all th e du st s e m ploye d were ho me-ma de. The gre a t est d ifficul t y e uco u nt ored in t he makin g wa s t he s iftin g of t he slac k lim e to t he desired fine ness, F o r th is final sift ing a wir e ga uz sifte r , GO me sh es to t he inc h . was m ade a nd fit t ed in to t he t op of a b o x. Sha ki ng th e lime dust t h ro ug h thi s sie ve wa s found t o be t o o slo w , a nd t he si fti n g wa s g rea t ly fa cili t a t ed b y ru b b ing th e lime t h ro ug h 'lIe ga uz e with th e hn nd or a wood en bl ock . T he lime wa s pr epared for the sift ing by d ry sla k ing, or addin g just e no ug h wat er t o t he un sla c ke d lim e t o ge ne ra t e great hea t ; sifte d t hc n t h r oug h a ~a lYanized wi re sc ree n , III mes hes to t he inc h, a nd finnll y ru bb ed t hr oug h t he fin e wire ga uze, A wire ga u ze 30 mesh es t o t he inc h was t ried , h ut t he sc re e nings fr o m t his wer e t oo co a rse , ha yin g a d e cid ed ~ra i ll , AI'I' I.l CAT IO X O F T HE D U:>T , The s pra ye r u sed t o apply th e du st was a n or di na ry Cy clone Blow er or Du st er , manu fa ctured h y t he Du st S p rayer ~I a nufa etur in g Co" of Kan sa s Cit y , ~ I o , T h is mnch in o ca n easi ly he opera t ed by t wo men , and ha s a ca pacity, u nd er goo d wea th er cond it.ions, of se ve ra l t.ho usund t rees per d a y , Alt ho ug h ill pra ct ice only O IlC side of t he t ree is usu all y d ust ed , bot h side s were t rca t od in t he ex pc rimc nt s. As t he re is a lwa ys so me dr ift. 1:.>1 / t o th e d ust , e ve n under t he best air co nd ito ns , it is no t d esirable t o dust more t han one s id e, because o f t.hc d is com fit u rc occa sio ned to t he o pern t ors a nd tea m wh e n on t hc leew ard s ide , ..\ t leas t t wo-th irds of a t ree ca n be well co ve re d by taking j us t o ne sid e o f a tree , and it is likel y t ha t in subsequen t dust in gs, t he wind will be in the op posit e directi on, re nd eri ng it po ss ib le t o co ve r t he r ema ini n g o ne-t hi rd . Si n c the d in g in g prope rti es of t he dus t d epen d Oil its fine ness , it w il l s t ic k a t a ny t ime th a t th e a il' co ndit ion s arc s uc h a s to a llo w it to han g and floa t. Th e bes t coud it.ion s are t o be fo nnd in th e ea rl y m orn ing, when t her e is usually littl e wind and t he fo lia ge is d am p with d ew . U n- . d e l' good co nd it ions (lust ing is ea sy a nd ra pid , mu ch m ore ra pid th an s p ra y in g, b u t wh e n t he re is t oo m uc h wind a nd the foliage is very dry it ha d bes t be lef t ulon r-, T he onl y vu lue of a ny trea t me n t again st a fu ng us is as a prev en t.ive , a nd fo r t hi s rea son the wo r k wa s be g u n s oon a fte r t he pe t al s had fa lle n . O w; ng to ndv e rs c wea th er co nd it ions it wa s im poss ibl e t o carry o ut th e ori gi na l sc hed ule of du sting ev e ry t.wo weeks. Fou l' differ en t co m p ou nds we re t rie d in t he t est s , the resu lt s of wh ich arc bri efly gi ven . T hi s (lu st wa s t he o nly fa ct ory- mude produ ct u sed , It is man u fa ct u red by t he Du st Spra y er ) [anu fa cturin g Co" of K an sa s City, a n d is used e xt ensively in ce rtain of t he Wnst.e ru St ates. T he first treatme nt wa s a p plied on April 18 , a m i the la st on Jun e I .i. Fi v e treatment s were gi ven in a ll. These dus t.ings wer e not m ade at regul ar int e r v nls , owing to wi nd y we nt he r. T he work wa s a tte m p te d o n severa l m orn in gs an d had to be d iscon t.iu ue rl be cause of t oo m u ch wi nd . In the du s t in g o f e x pe rim e nt a l pla t s it see me d bes t to have th e work d o ne th orou ghly or not at a ll. It will be n ot iced fr om t he ubo ve d a t es t hat t he dus t was applied fiv e t im es in .in (lays , o r a n a ve rnge of o nce e ve ry t wclve (la y s. By t he time th e pea ch es wer e beginnin g to ripen t he t rees in t hi s pla t had s hed about o ne- t h ird of t he ir foilage as n result of th e treatment. Th e fru it was verv hi ghly a nd beautifully co lored, by far t.he bes t co lo red of an y peuch os o f t his va riet y . T he actio n of t he du s t , wh e th er fr om t he (lest m et io n of a la rgc pa rt of t he foliage, or a c he mic a l actio n o n t he frui t it se lf , ripeu od th e pea ch es muc h neare r toget he r. T he e n t ire cro p wa s gnt. herc d fro m t his pl a t in t h ree d ays fr om t he first. pi ckin g , Th- s, of it sel f, would see m to be a n ad vn ntu ge , lea v ing out t he added value of t he pea ch es be (' au ~e of t hei r h cig ht e ne d co lor. I".\ Ns.\s C IT Y D UST :\!IXT UI lF: OX B t:LL E O F GE OHG IA . Th is plat wa s giycn fou r t reat me nt s , t he first. on A pril 18 , and the last on Jun e 15, wit h t wo int e r medi ate dust ings, Alth ou gh t he re wa s one 132 less a p plicat io n of t h is du st on t his vari ety t han on t he Cn r m a ns , t he res ult s we re mu ch m ore e xt re me . At th e r ipc n ing period t he trees wer e d ef oliat ed a t lea st o ne- ha lf. The e ffe ct upon t he frui t was eve n m or e m a rk ed . All t he fr uit wa s h ighl y colored , b ut m u ch of it wa s a lto ge t her r u ined for m arket p u r po ses fr om s u n-s ca ld . Th e diffe ren ce in s us ce ptib ility t o trea t men t between t hi s vuri ct.y a nd Ca rmn ns wa s st ron gly eon t ra st cd her e, a n d it is e v id e nt t hat t he t es t wa s to o dra st ic. In t hi s, as in a ll cases, t he re wa s n o r ot , :\11 11 t he result s a rc wort hl oss a s a t est of t he m at eria l as a fun gi cid e. T he t est of th is co m po u nd o n Elhr-rt as wa s begun on ;\Ia y 18 , a nd co mplet ed n ft er four d u stin gs , on Jul y 8 . T he folia ge su ffe red slig h t ly fro m t hese s p ru y in gs, b ut in a mu ch less d egr ee t ha n ei t he r the Car ma ns or Belles. Also the frui t d ill n ot a tt a in t he bri lli ant red colo r as in th e t wo variet ies j ust na m ed . Th e pea ch es wert: half gr o\\-n when th e t es t wa s beg u n , a nd t he e ffe ct u pon b ot h lea ves n nd frui t was mu ch less ma rk ed , du e p r ob abl y t o t he la t e ness of t he day wh en t he t est was begun . ",E \V E LL ' S D UST C m I P OU " iJ 0 " B E LL E O F GIW l!(; I A. F ormula fo r stock m ixt ure : Lime . B luest onc . _.. 'Y a t e r .. . 10 It). 10 It) . 50 ga llo ns. T his mi xt ure is g ive n t he nam e. " N"e well 's Co rn p ou nd " be ca use of it s first. being sugges t e ll a nd prepared b y Wi lm on New ell. Geo rg ia's for m er Ent ornolog ist . ]) IH E CTI O N S 1'01( 1'H E I' .-\H I N.<; AS F O L L OWS . Sla k e th e lim e a n d d ilut e t o~ ;; ga llo ns o f wn t e r. Di sso lve t he b lu est one 'in 25 ga llo ns of wat er . P our t he tw o s olu t ions toge t he r si m ult a ne ously. All ow th e mi xt u re to set t le t h or oughl y . Dip a ll th e clear liq uid with ou t di st nrh in g t he resid ue. :\"o w p rovide a cotto n sac k like a flou r sac k, d ose wov en , pu t it in side a coarse g u n ny sac k of sa me s ize if p ossible. T hen p our t he Bo rdeau x resi d ue int o t he tw o sac ks an d han g up t o d rip . In tw o 0 1' th ree hou rs t.he Bord eau x res id ue will be fa irl y dry . It m ay n ow b e po u red in a s ha ll ow box and lef t unti l dry . T hi s will ta ke seve ra l d a y s u nless th e mi x t u re is frequentl y a ire d by st irri ng. Wh e n dry th e m ixt ure shou ld cr u m b le eas ily. Ad d 10 po unds s ul p h u r t o co m plete t he st oc k m ixt u re. The pre cipit at e fr o m a b arrel of Bordeau x wa s a ll ow ed t o se t tle out, t he liqu or draw n off , t he pre cip it at e dri ed a nd mi xed wit h the prop er 133 p ro po rt io n of s u lp h u r a nd di lu t ed wit h lim e du st. Th is com po und wns tried a t two s t rc ug t.hs , on e part of t he s t oek m nt criu l t o eig ht pa rt s of li m e, a nd at on e pa rt to t wolve pa rt s of lim e. There wer e no apparen t res ult s from eit he r st re ng t h . X o dos t ru et iou t o th e fo liage cou ld be see n, nor wa s th ere a n y e ffect upon th e Iru it , These plat s were g ive n four dust ings, th e first on April IS, and th e la st o n .Iu ne 15. This is a m ix t u rc well wo rt h y of Iurt he r test , es pcc inlly bccuu se of it s no n-e ffect on fol ia ge. X EW E L L ' S ]) \;ST Coxn -o ux n Ox ELB EHT .\S. Th e treat ment o f t hes plat s was not begun un t il ~ la y 13, wh en the peach es were half-g ro wn . a nd wa s co nt inucd e ve ry t wo week s un t il Ju ly 3, or fo u r t rea t mcnt s in all. As in t he B elles t horc wer e no apparen t resu lt s of a ny n ut.uro. To make 70 pounds st oc k so lu t ion: 4 lb s. co p pe r s ulp hnt c. 4 lbs, qui ck lime. :.! l -:.! ga llo ns wu t c r t o di ssol ve co pper sul p ha t e. :.! l- :! ga llo ns wat er to sla ke lim e. GO lbs, a ir-slak ed lim e, sift ed . T o p repare : P ro virle one wire s ieve abo ut 18 in ches across, hay ing :!;; to 30 m esh es t o the inc h. Als o t h ree vess els, t \\' 0 hold in g five ga llo ns a nd t he a t he r t en or m or e. Dissolv e t he co p pe r s ulpha te , a nd sla ke th e lim e : se pa ra te on ch in :! l -:? ga llo ns of wnt c r. P ou r t hese t \\ ' 0 solu t ion s , mi lk of Ii me a nd cop pe r s ulp hat e solut io n t ogeth er, as in m a kin g n -gul a r Bordcu u x, a nd m ix t h or oug hly. Su r plus wat c r is t he n s t ra in ed out by using cot t on ba g if d osired . The wet m at e rial is now m ixed wit h GO po u nds air-s lak ed lim e. The lime will a bsor b mo s t of th e wa t er . but whil e s t ill a lit tl e m oist rub t he m ixture throu g h th e sieve, u sin g a wood en bl ock t o rub it t h ro ug h. Aft er thi s th e m ixture mu st b e s p rea d out to dry for a day 0 1' tw o. Sif t. aga in b ef or e usin g in t he d us t ing ma chine. ~ 11 ;'; S O UHl S T ATIOX D U ST Ox B EL LE OF GEO HG I. \ . T he sa me t ren t m en t wa s give n t his plat as in t he preceding one . fo u r applicati ons ill a ll. The re we re no v isibl e c ffr-ct s fr om thi s compound either on th e folia ge or fr uit, ex ce pt tha t t he peaches may have ripen ed neare r t oget her t han in t he chec k plnj,s, 134 :'IIISSOI;I!l ST.\T IOX DU"T O x ELBERT.\ . Th e s nm e t.rcut m enr was g i\' e n t hi s pla t as wit h New el l's Dus t Co mp o un d o n E lbe rt a . h ut wit ho ut an y e tTect eit he r u pon t he folia ge or fr ui t.. :'IIAXWELl: " D UST (' CDII'OUXD . 1 b b l. (:.! OO lbs.) fresh lime. :.!;) lbs. co p per s ulp hate. ;) lb s. eoncent ra t ed ly e. :.! .) lhs. powr lc rod s ul p hur (F lo ur or F low e rs ). G lbs. P ari s g ree n. S pread lim e in a la rge s ha llow b o x. hreu k ing in t o as s m a ll lu m ps as po ss ib le. Diss olv e t he coppe r s ul p ha t e in s ix ga ll on s of bo iling wa t e r ; and d issolv e the ly e in five ga ll ons o f hot wa t er. Keop sc pa ru t e. Sp l'inkle co pp er su lp hat e solu ti o n ov e r t heI iru o. Fo llo w wit h ly e wa t e r. If t he lim e d ocs not a ll cr u m b le t o a du st . usc d ea r wat e r t o fini sh . S cree n t he lim e t.hrou gh a fin e sie ve. ru b t ill'. s u lp h ur t h rou gh t he s ie ve in to t he li m e , a d d t he P ari s g ree n a nd t ho ro ug hly m ix b ot h wit h t he lim e. Lim e s ho uld cru m ble to pow d e r , no t granu les. Copper s ulp ha te wat er mu s t Ill ' used hot . o r t he copper wi ll recrys ta lliz e. :'I[ ix ing s ho u lrl be d o ne o ut of d oo rs or in se pa ra te b ui ld in gs , as till' lim e in sla k ing h eeom es ve ry hot. ~L\ X \\" E Ll : S D UST Co xn-o ux n O x H E LL E O F GEOHGL\. T h is d ust. wa s m ore se ve re in it s e ffect s . es pec ia lly u p o n foliage , th an :Iny . On ly th ree ap pl ica t ions were m a d e on thi s vu riet y , th e last heing le ft o fT beca use t he t ree s wore d enu d ed of full y t wo- t.hird s of t heir folia ge a t t he t im e for t he fourt h d us t in g. T he frui t s ho we d less d am age t ha n in P la t -l, whe re K an sas Cit y D us t wa s used . b u t it was ne ve rt heless h urt co ns id ora bly from s u n-sc a ld. T h is d am a ge was proba b ly ca used by t he ly e co n t ai ne d in t he m ix t un-. ~I Ax\\' E Ll :" D t:ST Co xn-o u xu 0:-.- E LBI-:H TA P~; A CII . T his plat was first du s ted o n ~I ay ~~ ~ again on Mny 28 , a nd again , \' N Y lig h tl y , o n .Ju ne 17. On acco u nt of t he wa y t h e lea n's were s he d d in g at t he la st spray ing. t he trees wer e I;ive n o nly a lig h t a p plicatio n. Th e e ffect upon fol ia ge in t hi s plat wa s more se vere th an in a ny ot her of a n y vari ety. O n .Iuly S I . wh e n t he pla t, wa s la s t exa m ine d, sca rce ly a ny lea ves rema in ed . a nd it is pro bable t hat t he t ree s t he mse lves we re m ore or less d n nuurcd b y th e heu vy d cf olia tio n. Th e fru it wus not affected so se ve rely . I.hough it was s t u n te d so me in size. b u t gai ne d a lit tl e e x t ra co lo r. It will be see n from thi s s hort s ke t ch of t he se tes ts t hat o nly t wo ga ve an y n ot icea bl e res ult s on folia ge . a nd of t hese t he Kans as Cit y Du st was t ill' mos t sa t isfa ct o ry . In vi e w of wh a t wa s leurn ed ab ou t t hi s d us t it is s a fe t o sa y t hat it s usc in lo w a nd heav ily lea fed part s of a n o rc ha rd 135 co uld b e hi ghl y be ne ficia l, if on ly for t he added colo r it, giv es to t he fr u it a nd t hc openi ng lip of t he t re e to th e sun ami ai r. It is the p urp ose of t he Board of E nto m ology to continue t his wor k a not he r y ear , and it is hop ed that a hi ller k nowl ed ge will be ga in ed of it as a p re venti ve a ga inst b row n rot. Mr. .rO:'i'" ES: D id you injure nnv one of those t ree s permancn tly with t h at du st '? J[r . SJ rI T H : The on ly ones t hat see mcd t o he injured perm nnout.ly wer e by t he Ma xw ell du st. I t took off all t he fol iagc . Tho fru it on t hose t rees was su n-scalded. This Kansas City du st is very high ly recommend ed and wid ely advertised. The PR.ESIDENT : Wc will now have a p ap er Ir om Alr. Mon roe. of t hc E xp eri mcnt ~tat i on , in re feren ce t o Prom isin g Now F r uit s. PROMISING NEW FRUITS. Ih .T . F . .\I o X HO F:. EXP I'; IlDI E X T . Before st a r t ing on t he s ubject of " P ro m ising Xew Fr uit s, " let m e m a ke it cIea rl y und ers t ood t hat t he list of fru it s which I en u mera te , merely give promi se of being val ua ble to t he fr u it g ro wer. E nv iro n m ent or some other con dition may so a ired a vnri et y that it woul d be va lueless in so me se ct io ns . whi le in anot her it would pr o ve to be of ste rling wort h . Since Geo rg ia H or t i culturist s a rc now mo re int er est ed in peaches t ha n any ot he r fruit. a nd o n account of t he fac t that we ha ve more vari eties of pea ches than a ny ot her fru it , let liS dea l with t hem first. Sta rti ng at t he beginn in g of the sea so n with Viet or, let us go t h roug h i n t he o rde r in wh ich t he di fferen t vnrict ics rip e n. Vict or , w hile old, is compa rat iv cly ne w. 0 1,1, in t hat we all kn ow it . Ne w. in t hat it ha s not been e xploited anti pla nt ed as exte nsively as it d eserves. Viet or sho uld repla ce S need , be cause it o ut classes it in eve ry resp e ct , It is ea rl ie r by a d ay or t.wo, ripenin g .\l ay 27th, of bett er q ua lity , la rger, rot s co ns idurubly less , is a bett er shi p pe r, the t re e is more sha pely a nd eq ua lly a s long . if n ot longe r, liv ed . R ay, Jun e 2;3th , follo ws Re(1 Ri ver ant i is \'ery mu ch like it. S ma ll t o medium in s ize, y ell owi sh whi t e wit h crimso n blu sh. F lesh pinki sh whit e. rather dry, sto ne s ma ll , sem i-cling. qua lity go od , pr odu ctive a nd r ot s but v ery lit tl e. Alto n , June 28 , foll ow s Hay , medium siz e, gree nis h whi t e with cri mso n 136 blush . Flesh pinki sh whit e , juicy, st one m edium size, a lmost free , qua lit y good t o best , rcsernb li ng :\Iou nt ain Hose, bu t juicier, ycr y p roduct ive wit h pra ct icn lly n o rot. Alt on gin's p romi se of be ing bot h a goo d hom e an d m a rket va ri ety. Gov . Hogg (K en n esa w ) , .lul y Gth , CO IllPS in as a s uccessor to Ca r ma n, whic h it resem bl es som ewliut . b ut is decid ed ly s u pe rior in ev ery way , large in size . co nica l, sk in is light g reeni sh y ello w wit h a very d ist in ct re d d ish bl ush . F lesh whit e. red at st one . wh ich is med ium in size a nd nearly fr ee. Qua lit y v ery gOO(!' very product iv c a nd r ot s bu t litt le. G OY . 1I0 gg is worthy of m or e cxt e nsive eult ivut ion, Cor osa, J ul y Dth , follo ws closely a fte r :\Iami e R oss, but is a bett er peach. Fruit la rge to very la rge in size, globular. greeni sh y ello w wit h distin ct red chec k . Flesh wh it e , sto ne m edium in siz e, fr ee, qua lity go od , a nd is very p roducti ve. Francis, Au gu st 1st. T his m uc h v nun t cd s uccesso r to E lb erta is m ore 01' less a fai lu re , und is 1I 0t ye ry p ronu sm g. It rot s bru lly ; t he la st t wo y ears we ha ve lost nearly a ll of th e fru it. La rge t o ypr y la rge in size , glo b ula r, sk in y ell ow ish wit h red che ek. Fl esh y ell ow . red at st one, whic h is very la rge and free. Qua lity poor to fa ir . t e xt ur e coarse. Lorenz , August ~Gt h , medium in size. globula r , sk in gree ni sh y ellow, overs pre ad w ith red. Fl esh lig ht g reeni sh y ell ow , red a t st o nc , which is m ed ium in siz e a nd free . Qu a lity goo,l; it is ra t her dry a nd soft in t ext ure. Very product ive a nd ro ts con si rlr-rnbly . This is a goo, I peac h fo r t he seaso n of t he y ear in wh ich it ripen s. Texas is t he best of ou r lat e y ello w free stone pe ach es. It s sea so n is a bout Octobe r l~ th , but- it v a rie s great ly fro m thi s, ri pen ing fr om Se pt e ru hcr 30t h t o No vo rnbor l st , :\Iedium in size , glo b ula r, s kin is a lem on y ell ow with a slig ht r ed blush . a nd di stin ct olive g re en spot.s . F lesh ye ll0\\'. red at stone . wh ich is s m all to m orliu m a nd free. Qua lity goo d to b est . dry with a high suga r conte nt, very p ro duet ivc, a nd r ot s some what. T exas s hould make a very desira b le lat e vu riet y for Sout hern market s. \," e arc st ill waitin g fo r goo.l vari et ips fo r all seaso ns of the year, bu t es pecia lly so for t he lat e se as on. Collins and Zell , b oth well known , a re only fair in qu a lity . bu t as t hey a rc t he best at thi s seaso n we mu st b e sa t is fied , bu t no t id le- get some t h ing bet t er. T heil' no rm a l sea so n is Novemb er l st, bu t likc T ex as and m ost la t c pea ches they ha ve a very wide ra nge, Colli ns ha vi ng ri ponecl w it h us as ea rly as Sept em b er 30th, a nd Zell Oct ob cr 7t h . From t his you will see t hat we hnv e a fa ir list of pro m isi ng p ouch es, bu t let 's ha ve some t hing bet t er a nd more promi sing. Th is, with s pecia l refe rc nc e t o la t c vu riet ics . \V C ha ve no v ery promi sin g new vuri et ies of plum s, SO a m ere ment ion of m ost of t hem will suff ice. Lutts, J u ne l s t , the ea rl iest of a ll .Iapu n plums, whi le not new , is not 137 as e xte ns ive ly g ro wn as it s goo d Ient u res wurraut ; b eing t he ea rliest J a p an plum a nd of good qua lity, it sho uld b e the moncy-m ukc r. It has ot her good point s in that it bea rs very hea vily a nd is a lmost t ot all y exe m p t from rot. Bar tlett is no t prom ising. because it, is so very unprodu ct iv e. Climax wh ile of go od qun lit y, is to o wea k in co nsti t ut ion to exte nd m uch p romi se. Chalco. It s di spositio n to rot t h ro ws it ou t. Shiro. Of p oorer q ua lit y than Geo rg eson. a nd so m uch lik e it in every ot her resp ect t hat it is " d o wn a nd out. " Gonzales. T he p red o m inan ce of Chii -kns n: b lood in it p ut s it t oo far d own in the s cale. Appl e , wh ile very lik e it s J up nn paren t , is abo s uscept ibl e t o r ot. Am eri ca is to o in feri or in qu ul it y . Sagetsu ma . Si ze, qunl it y , seaso n . alm ost to t ally ex em pt to r ot , make it st a nd out as one of our best .Iu pan plums. It ri pen s wit h B ed June , bu t is s u perior t o it. If a ny plum is wort h g ro wing it is Sagets u ma . Befor e passi ng from pl um s t o g ra pl'S, I wis h m e-rely to ment ion four vuriet ies of na t ive plu ms-e-Xl u nso n, :\[ilt on , Cli fford a nd Wild er. Ther e a re a nu mh or of new vn riet ies , hu t nothi ng th a t seems to be very pro m ising . H eadligh t, an ea rl y red grape, July 7, rip eni ng wit h E . Ohio a nd Cham pi o n. is of fa ir q u alit y , but is too irreg ular a lm n ch er and on ly m odera te ly p rod u cti ve. Am eth yst, J uly 28 , a rod grape, best in qua lit y of all of Mu nso n 's originations , very t hic k s kin. It is too weak in eou st it ut inu to be of muc h va lue. W a pa n uk a an d W etum k a , .lul y 2:3d an d Aug ust 211, resp ect iv ely. \\'apu nu ka , whi le of goo d q ua lity, r ot s badl y an d is too uncertain in prod uction . Wet um ka is t in' best whit o g ra pe in point of q ua lity , bu t it rot s co nsid er a bly and is on ly m od erat ely product iv e. T hese t wo wh it e gra pes are, I t hi n k , wor t hy of fu rther t esti ng befo re fina lly d isenrdcd . Am ber bon te , Au gu st 7th . is a red grape of fa ir qualit y , a st ron g, yi goro us g ro we r. It is bet t er fo r win e th a n fo r ta ble, a nd o n t his acco u nt it is d oubt ful , if at t he presen t time we ca n sa y it is promi sin g, a n d certa in ly would n ot be p r ofit able in Geo rgi a . Alba n ia , Au gu st I Uth , go od qu ality a nd rot s very littl e. It s bun ches a re so loose and irreg ular t ha t it is not very d esirablo, Last ly in g ra pes we hav e th e mu ch v a u nte d St a r k St a r. T he name is su fficieut , b ecause lik e m ost of Sta rk' s orig ina t io ns. it is a bs olu t ely wo rthless. There is n othing m or e in Iru its, whi ch we han, t est ed at t he Stat io n, un less it is the Osz i VeL su m me r apple , Th is is a goo. l a p ple in ev ery res pec t , bu t it d rop s b efor e it is ripe, wh ich is, of cou rse , n, ry u nd esirable in frui t. 138 Col. WAD E : Do you con sid er t he Corosa goo d for t his seas on'? Mr. ~IO NR O E: Yes.sir : I t hin k it is a first- cla ss pea ch for this season. Col. WAD E : I h ad some last ycur t hat fru it ed when t hey were t wo y ears old , I think it is t he finest enrl y peach I ey er sa w, I t hink it is supe rior in size and superior in fla vor. Do es t he Sa lway cont inue to do well'? Mr. }IONROE : It doesn ' t do well with us at t he St at ion, P m I'. H UGH STA RNES : I d on ' t t hink it docs ve ry well nnv where, notwithst anding it is the one pea ch t ha t is used to follow t he E lbert a. I ne ver sa \\. one of t hem ripe ned t hrough thoro ughly in my life. Mr. R. C, B ERCIG\IANS : We had a lot of Sa lway s in our orcha rd , and our experi ence was t he sa me as Mr. Sta rne s' . \Ve found it very liable to mild ewin g, I wou ld no t recommend it as a conuunrr-inl variety for Middle Georgia. In Nart h Georgia I have seen most exce llent results fro m it. We have cut out a ll of ours. ?lLE?llB ER : Wh at is t he best October pea ch'! Mr. STAHNES : Th er e is no best Octobe r pea ch . Mr. R. C. B EU CJ\}I ANS: Chair's Choice is very sut isfnct orv with \I S in H an cock county . MEMB EU: H a ve y ou teste d Sti nson's Oc tober '? Mr. MON UOE : Yes, sir, We have it at t he Station , but 1 am no t very fam ilia r wit h it. Prof. STA RN ES : It ha s nev er do ne well with us alt ho ugh I underst and it is very fnvo rubly rep ort ed in some localit ies. Mr. FORT : }lr. Presiden t , we arc seeking for a lat e peach that follo ws E lberta, I n North ea st Georgia I expect to comme nce ship ping tomorrow. 01' probably it may not be until next. \\eek. Ther e is a beaut iful peach ca lled F ox 's Seed ling ; it was former ly ca lled Coope r's L at e. T he next best pe ac h is ca lled t he S mo ck variety. T his ends t he list wit h me of profit abl e pea ches t hat I hav e grown for la te fal l. I ha ve some fail' Fox's Seed ling peaches to ship; no t ma ny . I con sider that t he most p rofitab le pea ch nft e r t he E lbe rt a, 139 Prof. ST AR N ES : jlr. JI oI1J'oe men ti on ed t wo p each es : t he Ray and t. he Alton . I wou ld like to kn ow if any one p rese nt has tested eit her of t he m 0 1' b ot h of t hem . T hey arc ve ry p romisin g p each es wit.h us at t he Stat ion. If t he R ed R iver is a good pea ch, t hc R ay follows it . The Alt on a nd t hc R ay rip en practi call y at the sa me t im e. If nob ody has pl an t ed thesc p each es I woul d suggest t h at y ou give thcm a t rial, b eca use I t hin k t hey are per fect ly sat isf uct orv. Auyb od v who h as ship ped t he R ed R iver p rofit nbl y ca n follow t hc R ed Rive r with t he R ay a nd Alton, th e two bein g supe rior t o the R cd Hiver in e ve ry t h ing. The Sec ret nry re ad a let t e r ask ing t h a t t his Societ y appoin t delegat es to t he Irri gat ion Conve nt ion t o be held in Sa cra mento , Cnl., in Inos. The let t cr was re ceive d as in form at ion. The S ECR ET A R Y : I h a ve a req uest fro m t he Sec retary of thc N atio na l Nu t. G ro we rs Conve n tion whi ch meet s in No rfo lk, Va ., on Se pte mbe r i t hand St h . t o scud dclegut os fro m t his So ciety t o t hat. con ve nt ion . Aft er some discussion a m otion was offere d a nd ad op te d t h at the Soc ict y app oin t Presiden t Borc k m uns and P rof. H ugh St a rn es as deleg ut es to t h at eonve nt ion. The Qu est ion Box was t hen ope ned. QUEST IO N : Has a n ~' onc fru it ed t he ne w hyb rid oranges kn own as Cit. rn ngcs a nd d ist rib ut ed b~' t hc B ur eau of Pl a nt Ind ust ry of t he U . S. Dep a rt men t of Agri cu lt.nre? Prof. ST AR N I-: S : P Ol" some voa rs t he E xpe ri men t Stat io n h as fru ite d it . We hav e Iound th at out of t he hy b rids se nt out , t hat n ot moi e than one in t en wer e uct uullv hyb rid s ; t he ot hers we re pseudo-hybrid s. T he fru it is at least th ree t im es t hc size of t he fr u it t.y p icul cit ru s T rifoliat a ord ina rily . Thov a rc ve ry produ ct iv e. The fru it is ver y t roub lcsom e t.o gathc r, b ut there is no reason w h~' t hc Iargc r a nd bett er sh ould not he ut.ilizcd in the nort horu p orti on of t he State, sa v for ma king "circ us le mon ade." They fu rni sh a verv pl easa nt a cid t ast e an d ca n he used to t a ke t he pl ace of ( he le mon. I t muv not h nve t he oil of t he le mon in it , h ut. it d ocs ma ke a very pleasan t dri nk and one t hat ca n be subst it ute d on all ord ina ry oceusio ns for t he le mon. \Vc ha ve fou nd t he Hu sk, Will ett 's a nd t he :'Il o!'ton eq ually p rod u ctive. T ho 140 more or angc blood you get in a hy b rid t he less productive it is . Ther e is an int er med iat e cla ss th at does not she d it s leaves ex cep t in very cold went her. QU E STION : Is t here an y reliabl e rem edy for crown gull on appl e t rees ? If not , d oes it ultim at ely rui n t hc t ree, and how soon ? The PRE S ID ENT: J l r. St ar nes, t an yo u gi vc us an y in formari on on that subject ? P rof. ST AR NES : r disli ke to mon op olize t he floor. T he crown ga ll of t he ap ple has becn fou nd by Dr . H edgeeoek t o differ rudi cnllv from t he crown ga ll affeeting t he pea ch a nd p lum a nd ccrt aiu ot her plant ". H e insist s t hat t he fo rm of CI'O \\" n ga ll affecting t he apple is not conu n unica h lct o t he peach . But D r. H ed gecock is no close r to t his ma t t er , as I under stand , t ha n he was four or five years ago. We ar c not. at t he St at ion, alt ho ugh we h av e been do ing so me pr elimin ary \\"OI"k. Thi s year we ha ve exp erimen t ed with differen t plant s oth er t han fruit s- different shade trees and things of th at sort . Th e cause of CI'O \\" n ga ll is presumed to be hacteri ul in ch uructcr, but. we cunnot a nn oun ce definit ely in rega rd t o t h at. As soon as we gat he r t he necessary data for th e work, we will t a ke it, into t he lab ora t ory and t he n a nno un ce om views up on it . Not hin g t hat has eve r been t ried in t he wav of a n applicat ion h as redu ced t he (TO Wn ga ll in th c slight est. The soil, on ce in ocul at ed with t hc ger m, ret uins it , th at is, . ho pea ch crown ga ll. The SECRET AR Y: T hat com pletes t he q uest ion Box. Th e PRESIDENT: I s t he Audit ing Commit t ee rea dy t o r e p o rt'? :\11'. J. L. F LE J I IKG : T he Couunit t eo on Aud it ing t he T reasurer 's boo k" offer s t hc follo wing rep ort : 141 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON AUDITING TREASURER'S BOOKS . R E C EIPTS. August Ist , I!l06, Balance brought o ver Jul y :31st, I!lOi , Annual du es received fro m m ember s Jul y :31 st, I!lOi , R efun d from Ri ch ards Stat ione ry Co July :31 st, I nOi , In t erest on dep osi t s " 103. ;iO _ 134.00 _ .7 Ii _ , 2.32 E XPENS ES. s 330 .5 i Au gu st -l t.h , 1!IOG, Ch ro nic le Job Office Augu st i t h , 100G, W ut chm un at )I a eollAu gu st i th , 100G, D ra y a ge on ex hib its " JO.i;; _ 1.00 ., _ Au gu st St h , 100 G. R a ilr oad fa re fro m Au gu st a to Jla con and re- t u rn , for L. A, B., 'I' rons u ror , ; .. _ Au gu st St.h , 100 G, lI ot el b ill for L . A. 13 . _ Aug ust St.h , 1!lOG. Expense trip to At ln n t a for H. N. Sta rn es _ Au gu st 15th , 100 G, Chus. T . S mit h, Scc y ., Se p t. i th , 1\)0;; to Au g. Sth , 1\)OG _ Au gust I ;ith , 1!lOG, Chas. Co rk , for re por tin g mceti ng _ Au gu st 1ith , I nOG, Ch ro nicle J ob P rintin g Office, lct t ers a m i program _ Mnrch 2 it h, }\lOi , E x p res s o n Proceed in gs t o J . B . Wi gh t , _ Jl a reh St h, l !lOi , Ch ro n icle J ob Printin g Co., for P roceed in gs _ Jul y 3 1st, 1nOi , P ost a ge acco u nt fo r on e year ,_ July :31 st , 1!10i , Ba lan ce on IUlI HL _ r.so 4.;iO S.2G 20. 10 2S. SU ;;.UO .GO S I.GO 11. 0 i 151.1 4 S 33 0 .5 i \Ve have exa mined t he a bo vo nnd find it co r rect. H. 1. SmT Il. .TA s. L. FLJ;\ II X G . N Ell, Xlc l x x rs, Co m mitte e. R e por t rec eipt of S;;.OO si nc e acco unt was clos ed . A moti on was offered and ca rried t hat t he rep or t of t he Committ ee be ado pted. Th e SECR E T AR Y : On ye ste rday t he re \\":IS a com mittee app oint ed to conside r t he mat t er of cha nging t he t ime of o ur annual meeting. I have as ked ~lr . H a le to make that rep or t. ~lI-. H .\LE : It was suggested to t he co mmittee t hat COI'- 142 n eli a , G a ., mi ght b e t h e n ext pl a ce o f m eet in g , a n d it wa s agrced by the co m mit t ee that if th a t b e adop te d b y th e So ciet y th at we h old t h e m eeting a bo ut th e secon d " 'eek in Au gu st , and f rom th at time on t o h old the m eetin gs in midwint er at s u ch time as m ay be a greed upon b y th e S oc ie t.y , eit h er in Ja n u ary 01' F eb ruary , The PR E SID E NT: Th e rep ort is op en fo r di scu ssi on, )11'. .T O N E S: My id e a w ould b e to se lec t t h e plu ce of m ee tin g fir st , The PR E SID E NT : Then yo u will h av e to m ak e an a me n d m ent t o this rep ort. The matt er b efore t h c h ou se is the re po rt of t he co m mit t ee . Co l. W ADE : I m ove th at the re p ort of th c conu n it t ce b e laid upon t he t ah le a n d th a t we p ro ceed at on ce t o th e se lect ion of t he nex t pl a ce of m eetin g . U p on v ot e h ad , t h o mo ti on wu s d ecl a red ca rrie d . INVITATIONS. 1111'. J on es ext e n d e d an c n rnest in v it at ion to t h c S oc ie t y t o h old it s next m ccting in Thom a svill e. Co l. W ad e r eq nest ed t h e Soc iety t o meet at Co r ne lia, in 1!)()S , and in th at co n ne ct iou t h c Secret urv read lett ers Iro rn t h c :::lccret arv of t he Ch a m be r of Com me r ce a nd fr om t he Muv o r o f Co r n e lia , in vi tin g the So ciety to h old it s I OOS m eet in g at t h a t p lace. Af t c r t h e re ma r ks of ?l1 r . .Jones a n d Col. W ade , t h e P re sid en t a p poi nte d Messrs. R. C. B erek m ans and J . L . F le mi ng as t ell e rs t o cou nt the b all ot s. T h e re s u lt of t hc cou nt sh owe d th a t Th om asville h ad rccei ve rl \J vo t es a n d Co rne lia 14 v ot es, wh ereup on t he P re sident a n n ou n ce d 1h at t h c S oviet y would m eet in Corn elia in 100S. Tho PH ES I DE NT: T he next thi ng b of'o r u s is up on t he repo rt of th c com mitt cc on cha nging thc d a t e of ou r meet in g. Co l. WAD E : I m ov e t h at t h e So ciety m eet n ex t v eu r du ring the se con d \\'eek in Augu st , a n d lea v e t he m att e r of ch a nging t he d nt e op e n un til t h at time . The m oti on was, up on vo t e , a d o p t ed . 143 COIlXELIA, G A" Au g, 5, 1\J07. T o t he P reside nt of t he Stat e H or t icultu ral So ciet.y: DEAIl S Ill: At a m eetin g of o ur to wn Cou nci l a fe w d ays ago t hey v oted un anim ou sl y t o e xt e nd to y ou r Soc ie ty a n in vi t u t ion to hold its Ilex t meet in g in our to wn . H oping y o ur bo d y will a cce pt t his i u v it ut.io n , Y o ur s \"e ry tru ly , .1. W, l' EYTOX, " lay or. COIlXI,LIA, G A" Aug. 5, 100 7. T o t he Presi de nt of t he St a te H ort icu lt u ral Society: D EAIl S Ill: At a rece nt m eeti n g of th e Cha m be r of Co m me rce , I wa s dirppt cd t o exte nd t o y our Soc iet y a n invit nt io n to hold it s nex t meet in g a t Corn el ia . Gu, Will y o u k in d ly b ring this matt er before y o ur Soci ety and rpqu est act io n u po n it , You rs ,'c ry truly , T . H. LmIIlA IlD , Sec y . ELECTION OF OFFICERS. The P H ES [f) E l\'T : l\'ow comes t he elect ion of officers for t he cnslling yenr. [\\"ollld like to p ut in a p ica for mysolf. F or t hirt v-on e y ea rs [ h a \ ' C se rve d y ou t o t he bes t of my a b ility. Th e work h as been qu ito arduous upon me . an d [ sincere ly tru st t hat ~ OU will reliev e me fro m Iurt her work , so fa r as t.he p resid en cy of t lie Soc iet y is conce rne d . T h at is all [ ask. 1 a m perfect.ly willing to d o a ll I ca n as a mem ber, h ut t. he responsib ility t hat I have assum ed as P residen t has been greate r t ha n y ou hav e a ny ideu of, a nd [ would be gla d to be re lieved of it. ('01. WADE: l mov o t he uu umin ou s re-eleeti on of 0 111' presen t exet-ut i ve officers. ('01. W ad e assu med t he ch air. a nd Secret ary Wigh t pu t t he motion, whi ch was u nu uiino usly ado pt ed . P reside nt 13 EH,CE J[ ANS : ~ [ y frien ds . [ see you will no t do what [ h a ve ask ed y ou to do . [am not go ing to makc a spee ch , becau se I have ot her work to d o and on ly a limit ed t ime in wh ich to do it. I t hank vo u for t his gre at hon or, a nd ha ve on ly thi s t o say, t hat since you wa nt me to ussu mo t he res po nsibility of t he positi on of p residen t for an ot he r yeur, I w i]] d o so an d se rve yo u as best [ e m , 144 U po n t he ca ll for repor t s fro m t he va rious Cong re ssio na l Dis tri ct s, it wa s fou nd t he re wa s no resp on se fro m t he F ir st D ist rict . A m ot ion was adop t ee! t hat t he P resident a ppo in t so me oth er m ember to fill this po si t ion . ?II I'. ?II. 13 . J on es wns nomina t ed a nd e lected a s Vice- Prcsid c n t of t he Seco nd Cong ressio nal Di strict. ?II. .J. S . Stranahan wns re -e lect ed Y icc-P l'c,;id en t for t he Fourt.h Cong ressio na l Di strict . Mr. R . E. P ark was, upon m ot ion , re-ele('t ed as Vice-P rc sid on] of t hc S ix t h Cougross iona l Di st ri ct. ?III'. Z. T . W alker was no mi n at ed a nd elec te d Vice- P resid e nt for t he Ei ghth Co ngressio na l Dis tri ct , Dr. Ne il Me Innis was re -e lec ted Yi ec-l'rc,;iclen t Io r t he T en t h Congressio na l D istrict . T hc PRES I DENT: ?II I'. S m ith , om Sta te Enr omu logi s t , will now read hi s p a pcr . SOME FEATURES OF THE WORK OF THE STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY. By R . I. S~IITII. Ch id Ent o mo logist , At la nt u. T he membe rs of t his Soci ot y w ho lin ve at t e nde d t he meet ings or bce n a cti vely in t erest ed in t he h ort icu lt u ra l d e velopment. of t he St at e d u ri m; t he p ast, te n y ears, will no t need t o be to ld t hu t t he work of t he Board of Entomology ha s in crc nscd a nd be co mc g rea t ly b roade ned in it s sc o pe d ur ing t h is pe ri od . T ha t it has ex pe rie nced a n a ct iv e a nd heal th y dcvel opme nt ca n not be d oub t ed , a s is s ho wn by t he a m oun t of t he St.at e appropriation for th e wor k . a nd by t he res ult s of the wor k a ctua lly undertaken . P erha ps it would no t be o ut of pla ce at t his t ime t o m e nt ion just how t he a pprop riation has be en incr ea sed . Br ie fly. it is a s follo ws : H IST ORY OF TH E B(H R D O F E :\' TO ~ IO LO(; Y . Largely th rough t he e fforts of t he es t ee m ed p resident of t his So ciet y , togethe r with ot he r vet er a n hort icult u rists of Georgia. t he re was est ablished in 1807 t he Dep a rtm e nt of H ort icul t u re a nd P orn ology , a s a 145 b ran ch of t he De part m e nt of Ag riculture. Unde r t his act of ISfl7, the Com missioner of Ag ricult ure was authorized to e m ploy an en t om ologist , wh ose salary a nd ex penses were to be paid out of the approp r iation of t he De part me nt of Ag ricultu re, t he total a mo u nt no t to e xceed twe nty five hundred do lla rs (82 ,500) per annum. Prof. W . :"If. Scott was first e mploye d a n d re ma ined with th e State un t il t he s u m me r of Hl0a, a n d, as is well kno wn , hi s effo rt s we re of great val ue in getting t he wo rk well st a rt ed . Owing to the sma ll amo un t of mon ey availab le for t ruveling an d office ex pe nses, Prof. Scott 's time wa s ma in ly co nfine d to in sp ect ion of orchards an d nu rse ries. And a t t hat t im e. wh on t he ent o m ologi ca l work was a n e nt irely new t hing fo r t he peopl e, t his ius pcct ion ser ved well t o get t he fr uit gro we rs int er est ed a nd a live to t he se rio us ness of t he va rio us insec t pest s of t he ore hn rd an d fa r m cro ps. I n 180B. o ne year a ft or provision was firs t made for an entomologist , the legisl at u re pa ssed an a ct er cat ing a Stat e Boa rd of Entomology , wit h a n a pprop riat io n of t.weu t.y- five h u ndred do llars(82 ,;;()O) t he reb y m ak in g t he Board e nt ire ly di st in ct fr om t he D e partm ent of Agri eult u re. And from t hat day to t his t he Boa rd of E nt o rnology has wo rk ed in d ep end entl y of the Depart me nt of Ag ricult ur e, t hough m a ny peo ple in t he St at e do not seem to be aware of tha t fact. As th e e nt om ologist' s se rv ices so o n becam e in g rea t d emand , th e or ch a rd s of t he State incrcn scd , pau sing nat urally a n e nor mo us in cr ea se in the gro wi ng of nurser y stoc k-w hi ch t he law required sh ould b e t ho roug hly in s pect ed eac h y ear- it was found the 82 .;;00 was fa r too small an amount , an d in 1000 t hi s wns increased to 8;;,000 an d t he B oard wa s auth oriz ed to em ploy s u ch as sistant s and d eputies as were d eemerl u ece ssary. W hile t his a mount was st ill insufficicn t to meet a ll t he d em ands , t he Boa rd wa s s u p po rte d by t he a p p ro print ion of 8;;,000 u n t il H)04, wh en the d an ger fro m a n in va si on by t he Xlexi cnn cot.ton b oll weev il be came immin en t. T he Legisla ture of 1!lOl inc rease d t he a pprop ria t io n to te n t hous a nd do llars (81O,OQO ) per annum fo r 1\105 a nd 1!I06, and abo gave an e me rgency approp riation of 82,000 in nddit ion to t he regular 85,000 for 1!l04. By t he Act of HJ04, it was ma d e t he s pe cia l du t y of the State E nto mo logist to estab lish a q ua ra nti ne a gain st, a ll a rfi eles fr om T exa s a nd Loui siana liabl e t o introduce th e b oll wee v il; to co m me nc e a n inv est iga t ion of the cotton bl a ck r oot di sease an d ot he r cotto n d isea ses, an d to att e nd , wh e nev er possibl e . nil fa rmers' inst it ut es and ho rticultural and a g ricult u ra l soc ieties. The ann ua l a p pro p riat io n was Iurt. her inc rease d b y t he ge ne ra l a pp ropri at ion bill of 1!l0;; so t ha t t he B oard of E nto mo logy sho uld hav e 8 11,500 for the presen t y ear. Just wh a t t he Legisl a tu re will appropriat e for t he ne xt t wo yea rs is n ot know n , h ut it is to he hoped t hat t he prese nt a mount will at least be s ustained. T he for egoi ng fig ur es s ho w ho w th e amoun t uva iluh le for O U I' work ha s bee n grad ua lly in cr ensed , an d a lso t hat t he wor k ex pected of t he Board 146 h a s b een broad en ed from year to year. As a lrea d y s t ntccl, t he cnt o m.q , ogist in l S9S a n, 1 18!19 s pen t ne arl y all of h is time on in spe cti on of orc hards a n d nurseri es , t oge t he r wi th a numb er of exp er im e nts lookin g t o t h e co ntrol of th e m or e imp orta n t orc ha rd insects. F ro m 1800 to 1\l04 it wa s fo u n d th at , eve n wi th a n assis ta nt , it wa s impossi b le to undcrt nk c mu eh a d ditio na l w ork, owing; to th c great in cr ea se in number of nurseri es, a nd t he in cr ea sed d emand a nd n e cess it y fo r m ore in sp ect ion of orc ha r d s a n d ex per ime nta l work agai nst t h e Sa n .I ose Sca le , In l!)03 a n d H1 0l ex pe rim e nt a l work aga inst t he brown r ot d isease of pea ch es , a nd d cmon st rat ion ex pr-ri nu-nt s in so wing of wh ea t to avo id t he H essi an F ly, were s t a rt ed, a n d h a v e b een foll ow ed eac h y ear s in ce t.hcn . In UJO ;"j co ns ide rab le wo rk w a s d on e in co n ne ct ion wit h th e b oll wee vil q ua rantin e q uest io n , u nd a cti v e ex per im e n t s were esta b lis he d aga inst th e co tto n bl a ck roo t d is ea se, A full re port on th e la tt er und ert akin g is co n ta ine d in Bullet in :!:! , e nt it le d , " Blac k H oot D isea se of Cotto n," Inv est iga ti o n of ot he r eot t on d isea se s an d cot t on insc ct s h a s c nga ged t he grcu t el' port ion of t he ti me of :\11'. A, C, Le wis d uri n g t he la s t three se asons , Since th e establis h me nt of t he B oard of E nto mo logy th e pe opl e ha Yll eac h y ear b ecome more u nd ru orc ali v e t o th e fact t hat ou r Board is ab lc to offer va luab le s uggestio ns wi th I'l'ga l'll t o the control of a ll k inds of fa r m n ud ga rd e n in sects, as well as t h e or chard pes t s , lien ee t h e corro s p on d c u ce is gett ing t o be a n imp ort an t fea t ure of ou r wo r k, And in t h is co n n ect io n it m igh t b e well t o e m p ha s ize t he fact t hat, t h is eo rres po nd c n cc is onc of t h e bes t met h od s of g ivi ng t he pe opl e va luabl e inf or ma ti on , n ot n e cess a ril y b eca u se t he la tt er g;iYl~s info r matio n ot her t ha n w hat. mi gh t b e ob t ni nc d in ce rt am publ ica t ion s, bu t be cause t he reci p ie nt rea ds e l'e ry W 0 1'l1 of th e let t er, u nd h avin g t aken inte re st e no ug h tu w rit e fo r t h e infor mat iu n is liabl e t o foll ow th e ud v ice rece ive d . F requ en tl y it is po ssibl e to se n d a bulletin in a ns we r to a n in qui ry, It is ou r in ten tio n to h a ve t he bullet in s cove r a s man y s ub je ct s as p ossible, in o rd e r to be able to Fu rnish full an d ac cu rate a d v ice on all s u b jects that m a y be broug;h t to ou r a ttent ion , Af t er t his bri ef s ur vey of t he p rese nt, stan d ing of t h e Boa rd of Ent om ol ogy, it s g ro w t h s in ce its est a blis h me n t , et c" 1 would Iike to m ent ion so me t h ing of t he pr ob abili t y of co n t inu ed d e vel opm en t n u rl u sef'ulu r-ss in t he fu ture , Like a ll mat eri al t hing s we mu st eit her a d va nc e or d e cl in e, Th ere is n o h alf- way land in g. S h ou ld we co n t in uc to co n d uct. ou r work a s it h a s been m an a ged , we mi gh t a p pa rent ly keep on t.he sa me fo ot ing, bu t in rea lity we will gra d ua lly lose ~rO \llH [ unl ess t he work s how s so me m a t erial nd vn n cr-mon t . Whi eh s ha ll it be '! . LA R G E AI'I'IWI'IUA TI O~ N E ED ED , As a lready stated . t he a p p ro p ria t io n for I n07 is 8 11.;'00 , a ll of wh ich will be used. In f'a ct , it is o nly b y carefu l m u n u g cn u-n t t h a t we nrc a b le to m ak e t he p resen t a mo u nt pa y a ll th e d emand s, wh ich im-lude sa lu ri r-s 147 and ex pe nse s, It is in th e pow er of the Gen eral Assembly, now in sessio n in At lanta , t o in crease thi s am oun t in the Gen era l Appropria ti on Act. Will t he fru it g row er s make no effort t ow nnl t his im po rta nt e nd? It see ms t hat th ey take ve ry lit tl e ac t io n , tha t is, I m ean , co m b ine d act io n that may be ex pected to brin g resu lt s, I kn ow t hat cert a in fru it g ro we r's in t his asse m bly desire a n in crea se fo r t he Board , but th e ind ivi d ua l ncring withou t t he su p po rt of his neighb o rs sta nds very li t tl e chn n ee of gett ing any co ncessio ns fr om t he Gen eral Assembly of Geo rgia . I han' heard legisla t ors say, " \ Yhy d on 't t he fru it gr ow ers co me her e a lHI a sk for wh a t th ey wa nt '? W e can 't d o nny t hiu a un less t he pcop le of t he St ate make kn own t heir d esi res. " In my rep ort to t he Hoard fo r th e work of t hc y ea r I OOG, and in my re po rt t o t he Go vernor, I used th e follo wing wo rd s : . " In t he int erest of t he fru it g ro we rs a nd fnrmors of th e St a tr -, y ou r secretary rc spor-tf'ully s ug ges ts t hat t he Legisla t u re of l U07 b e req uest ed to inc rea se t hc a nn ua l npp rop rin t ion . T o wh a t. a mo u nt t he in crc use sho uld rea ch rest s w it h t h e' wish es of t he peo ple of Georg ia. W e arc con fiden t t ha t a n a n nua l a ppro pria tio n of S l;;, OOO could be ex pe nded to goo d adva ntage , a s t her e a rc several probl em s co nfro nti ng t he fr uit g rO\\'ers a nd fa rm er s tha t need ca refu l a nd pninst a kiug il1\'esti ga ti o n, " I re peat t hose wor ds . because I feel t hat t he Gcorgia H or t icul tu ra l Societ y migh t , if it wished , take t he lead nnrl try t o ge t o t he r nsso ciut io ns, s uch as t he Agri cult ura l Soci et y a nd F ru it Gr o wers ' Associa t ion. int e rest cd in ge tti ng a st rong co m m it tee to go b efor e th e Lcgislut ure a nd make kn own t heir wa nt s. Olle of t he prin cip a l crit ieis m s t ha t I hav e e ve r heard of t he Bo ard of En t omo log y is t h a t t he work is co nfined to ce rt ain sect io ns of th e Slate. W e mu st admi t th a t this is . in a se nse true , though not a s mu ch so a s many peop le beli ev e . \ \'e a n ' p rcv on t erl fr om goin g in t o new sect ion s of t he St ute wh er e t here is lea st (H'ed of ou r so rvices , hy th e fa ct th at the fund s a rc n ot s u fficie nt to hire an y m or e assista nts. If we co uld kee p th e men we d o have, en nst a n t ly m o viu g o ver t he St nt e, we wo uld not he a b le to vi sit a ll sec t io ns eac h y ear. und Iu rt lu-rm orc, that p ro cedure wou ld no t result in a s mu ch goo ,I a s hy pl a cin g a n assist an t in so me lo cali ty and let t ing h im work o ut so me probl em. the results of wh ich may lw publish ed in bulletin fo rm and rc nch a ll the p c opl r- of th e ":;t at e. Cul l for perso na l vi sit s to or chards a nd co tto n field s eome to t he o llic freq uently and non e of t hese a rc ig no rcd : an d I wish to sta t e no w. that if any frui t g ro we rs in t h is a ud ie nce , or a llY who m a y rl'a d t he p roeeed illgs of t his So ciety, d cs ir t o ohta in ass is t nnce fro m t he Board of E nt om ology . we will wel co m e a ll request s. :;0 far as possibl e , vi sit s will Ill' made t o all pla ccs wh e re our presen ce is desired. " So me Fea tures of th e \\' o rk of t he Hoa rd of E ntomo logy, " is t ho t it le of Illy a d dress , as a p pea rs o n t he prog ram . Thus fa r I ha ve gi\'l'n no purt iculnr rep o r t of t he wor k t hat has bee n aceo m plished . It wo uld t nke too e xt e ns ive a repo rt to giv e t he d etai ls of t he work , he nce o nly n s u nun ury will lx - s u b m it t cd hcr ew it h. Cert a in lim's of wo rk t hat ~(,l' llI t o b e pa r- 148 t icu lu rl y int e res t ing t o th is ass c m hly, I will now m en ti on u nd e r se p a ra t e heads : P UB L IC:\T IONS. Du ri ng 1!10(j t he follo wi ng bullet in s wer e publish ed a nd co pies a re still a v uila b le fo r :lIl Y wh o m a y desire t o obta in t he m : Bullet in l U- Ent itled " S pra y ing t o Co nt rol I nsects a nd P lan t D iseases. " Gin's fo r m ula s for m akin g all st a n d a rd insect icide s a n d fun gicid es, a nd a bo a s p ra y ca lc nd ur. 8 ,000 co pies. Bu llet in :!o- P a r t I, R e por t of th e St at e E nt onto log ist for 1oos. P a rt. II , Cro p P est La w and Hu les ami R cg ul a t ion s of t he Boa rd of En t om ology . 0, 000 copi es. Bull et in :!l - "Spraying t o Cont rol t he Sa n J ose Sea le ." l :!,OOO cop ies. Bull eti n :!:! _. i Bla ek H oot D isease of Colto n. " :\ repo rt on invcst igati on s cnnd u ct cd du rin g HIO:> a n d I DO G. 10 ,000 copi es. Thus fa r thi s y ea r we huv e issu ed th e follo wing: Bullet in :2;,{- " T he Appl e \\' ooll y Aph is und R cmodi ul ~I ea s ures , " a nd "Grec n Ap ple :\ ph is. " Th is publicat ion is th e result of t wo yea rs ' wor k with rem ed ies for t he wooll y aph is a nd sho ws wh a t va lu a b le resu lts m a y bc ob t a iuod fr o m ca ref u l ex pt-ri men t s. 7,0 00 co pies . Bu lleti n :!I- " Cotton An t h ra cn ose a nd ~linor Co l to n Di seases. " :\ bulletin givim; mu cl: informat ion of in t e rest a nd v alu e to t he cot t on plnnt er. 7,000 co pies . It will b e obse r ye d t ha t we h uv e been ge tt ing out fo u r bullet in s y early . It is our in t e nt ion t o get out t wo m ore t his y ea r. It d ocs n o t pay t o iss u e bullet in s unti l th e resu lt s t o b e pu b lished arc fu lly dem on st ra t ed. The H essian F ly wor k is a goo d ex a m ple. \\' e hav e n ow bee n making de mo nst ra t io n ex pe rime nts for t wo y ea rs to d et er m ine t he proper d a t e t o so w wh ent , bu t ow ing t o t he differ en ce in seaso ns it wou ld b e well n ot t o d epend on t he r esult s ob t a ined unti l co n fir me d b y a t least an oth er y ear' s ex peri me nt s. In a dd it ion t o th e regu lar b u llet ins p ublished we hnv c fro m ti m e t o t ime se nt s peci al nrt icles t o news pa pe rs , s uc h as " ~Ie t h o ds of Prev on t in g H essia n F ly D ama ge, " " T rea t mont of Orc ha rds At t a ckcd b y L ea f Cur!. " et c. X ew s pnper urt iclcs a rc per ha ps one of t he best mot h ods of d isse min at ing infor mat ion of gene ra l int erest. HE S ULT S OF EXP EH DIEl\TS. Hcs ult s a rc wh at we a rc aft er in all our wor k . T h is a p plies to ex pe rim e nt a l wo rk as mu ch as t o co m me rc ia l b usiness. Du ri ng th e pa st yea r we ha ve publish ed four bullet in s t hat giv resul ts of ac t ua l ex per im en t s a nd fiel d observut io n. T wo of th e b u lleti ns , namely , Bullet in :2:! , 14!J " Blac k R oot D is ea se of Cot t on , " a m i Bu lle t in :2 4, "Cot to n An thra cn osc, " a re n ot co n ne cte d with h orti cultu ral work . b ut as t he y are a pa rt of t he wo rk of th e Board , t hey m ust be ment io ncd t o ma k e t he re port complet e. Two bulletins t h at are of s pecia l in terest t o fr u it g ro we rs are wort h y , I th ink, of b eing ca lle d t o y our attent io n . W O OL LY "\ P HI S EXPEH D IEXTS. BU L LET IN :23. )Iy r ep or t, h cf'o re th is as soci a tio n la s t y ear con t a ine d a s t at ome ut of t he ex pe ri m ent s t ha t h av e bcon co ud uet ed by t he Boar d. In F ebr uary of t hi s y cnr t lu-se res u lts were published in B u lleti n :2:3, a n d m ai led to a ll fruit g r owe rs wh ose nu mr-s a re on o u r m a ilin g list. 1 will n ot t ak e t ime t o rev ie w th ose c x pcri m en t s . as t he y are uvn ilubl o to a ll. I will , h ow ev er, st nt e t ha t th e a p ple g rowe rs of G eorgi a s ho uld g ive more atte nt ion to t he mat t er of co nt ro lling th e wooll y ap hi s , and th e s t ate me n t applies t o t he nursery men as well a s th e ore h urdis t s. :\Ios l of you k n ow ulr on dy th a t o u r ox po rinu-nt s sh o wed t h o gront su peri ori t.y of k eros en e e m u lsio n oy e r a ll ot h e r remedi es fo r cles t royin g t he r oot i nhnbi t in g fo r m o f t h e wo olly aph is. It se e ms that s o me fr uit gro we rs , I m igh t e ve n sa y a maj ority of the m, arc afrn id t o foll ow t h e s ugges t io ns giv en ns a re sul t o f t h e work. But 1 am happy t o sa y t h at o ne of th e largest nursery firm s in th e St a t e ha s t rie d th e kerosen e e m u lsion treatmen t on one n nd t wo y ear old apple s to ck in th e n ursery ro ws an d ha s secu red m os t sa t is factor y resul t s . Ot lu -r nu rs e rym e n may d o t h e su me , a IHI or ch a rd is ts a lso . T h ere is h a rdl y a n a pple or eha rd in th e Stat e t h at is n ot m ore or less in fe sted with th e wooll y ap his . a n d s o me are )H'in g ru in ed. This is a co n ditio n t hat migh t be re me die d to a grea t e x te n t . 1 ca n n o t rof'rnin fro m urgin g u p on ore hu rd ist s th e valu e of t ryi n l-!; t h e now kerosen e t rea t m on t for th e wo olly aphi s. It is so mo wlm t e x peu si vr - fo r t h c firs t, t rea t m ent , bu t certa inly not a s ex pon siv r- as th e a p pliea t io n of so m e remedy tha t d ocs n ot g ive res ult s. (; HE E:\" APPLE APIIl S EX PE l\ I;\ I EN TS. T est s with cvrt ni n inse ct icide for t hi s i ns ec t will be m en t ioned by )11'. A, C. Le wis in hi s paper, s h o wing once again t h e va lu e of kn owi n g wh ut remedy t o apply u nd h ow t o a p p ly it. )11.' L e wis found t hat k er os en e e m ulsio n co u ld 1)(' used a s a s p ra y wit h perfect. s u ccess and with ou t in[ury : o t he t rees , while t he frui t grower o n who se place he made t he ex pe rimont h:HI k ill ed trec s t h e yl'ar p revi ou s with t h e s a me treatment. T hi s wa s no t t he fault of t he i nser-t ir-id , bu t rath er t he fa nlt o f t h e m an who fail ed t o foll ow d iror-t io us. :-5 :\ :\" ,JOSE i'5C:\ L E E XPE H DIE X TS. In th e fa ll of 1\IOli ' H ' published Bull etin :2J, o n s p ra y ing to control th e San J ose Sea le. In it we reeo me ndecl th e s t a nd nrd lim e-s u lp h u r wa s h 1;30 whi ch has give n s uc h uni for ml y s uc cess ful resul t s when p rop erl y pre pared and applied . W e a lso men t ion ed t he u se of ce r ta in so lu b le oil pr ep ura ti on s . s uc h as Scalcc ide, T n rg et Brand Scale Des t roy cr, a m i K il- O-Scal e , an d ga ve t he result s of t ren t mcn t in certai n or chards in spect od h y m y assistants or myself. F rom those inspectio ns we were u na ble to s t ro ngly reco m me nd t he use of so luble oils , t ho ug h we kne w t hat t he y were b ein g used and wou ld be used very exte ns ive ly hy m a ny orc h n rd is t s. OUI' ex pec ta t io ns were Iu lfillcd h y th e a mo u nt of Scu lc cidc , in p u r t iculur, t ha t wa s used d u rin g t he pas t wint or. Just what t he r esul t s will be I a m ye t unable t o s ta te . L ha v e visit cd so me orc ha rds wh e re Sc nlc cirle wa s used and se en wh er e th e Sa n J ose Sca le was well co nt rollcd. I ha n ' vi si t ed ot hor o rc ha rd s wh e re t he same t hi ng was used . pre s u ma bly in t he same mann e r , a nd ha ve see n ve ry h ad res ult s. I a m 1I0t ye t, ready to st rongly recom m end t he u sc of so lu b le oils in pla ce of t he lim e-s ulp h u r wa sh wh ere t he la tt er ca n h e properly nuule u nd a p plied . Bn t as so m any orc hu rdia t s ob ject s t ro ngl y t o lim e-s ul phur bec au se of t he ditlicu lt y o f ge t ti ng la b or t o h a n dl e it , a n d b ecau se it ca n not he used as ra pid ly as t he oils, [ woul d recom m end t he la t t er wit h t he follo wi ng pr ovi sion s : ( I ) Usc a st re ngt h of n ot less t ha n o ne pa rt oil to J.! of wu t c r. (2 ) Co m m e nce s prayi ng in t he fa ll as soo n as th e t rees an' d o rm uu t , wh ich will he as soon as m ost of t he lea Yes ha n ' fa lle n. (a) Usc a s p ra y pum p cu pn hl c of giYing i ro rn no to 100 pou nd s p ress ure. (4) Us e a fine 1I 01.1.le. T h is is c vid cn t ly very import ant. (5 ) Sp ra y t he t r er-s t ho rnu g hly . Since t he oil s p ra ys d o not colo r t he trees. excep t to give t hem a gre as y a p pea ra nce , t hey m ust h e t hor ou gh ly coated, as t ouc h iug u p hare s po t s is no t pm ct icnb le. (6 ) S pray b adl y infes t ed trees t wice , o nce in t he fa ll and aga in d u ring win t er o r sp ring. A ve ry t horo ugh a nd c x h u us t ive e x pe rime n t with a ll t he sol ub le oi l pre paratio ns o n th e m a rk e t, wa s co nd uc ted b y ou r assisst u nt , '\ [1'. \V. \V. Chase, a t F ort Va lley , las t fa ll a nd t his s pr ing . U n fn rt.u nnt cly t he sca le in t he or ch n rd s p ra ye d see me d t o be k illed o ut hy so me fu ngu s di sea se . or di ed ou t because t he orc hn rd had been badly neglect ed d urin g the previ ou s seaso n . so th at li p to t he present tim e we ha n ' not bee n a ble to get a ny satisfacto ry resu lts fro m t hat wor k. " ' e hope la t er in the seaso n to be able to see so me diffe re nc e bet ween the sprayed and u usp rayed t rees. Should t his ex pe r ime nt fai l we will hav e to de pend thi s y ea r on result s obt ai ne d by va ri ou s ore h n rd ist s. F U~ G US D ISEA SE ON TH E SAN J USI :: SC:\LE. Se ve ra l yea rs ago . in 18n7, to he exact, Prof'. R olf's. of t he F lor id n E xper im en t Stat io n, d em ons t ra t ed on a small scale t ha t t he red -hea ded fun g us , Sp huerost ilbe Coccop hi ln, whic h is a nat ive fung us t ha t kee ps the Gloo my Scale of oa ks in c hec k, mi gh t be mud e to attac k t he Sa n .Iose 151 Scu l, N ot hin g h as e ve r been don e in Gco rgin a long t his lin e u n t il t hi s y ear. E arly in :\[ay ou r a t t e nt io n wa s ca lled to t he m att er by :\[r. A. :\1. Kit.ch en of Baldwin . wh o h ad prev iou sl y made a t rip to Florida. an d b een inf ormed by rh o G r iffing Bros. Compan y th a t they had used th e fun gu s in th eir orc ha rd with s u cces s. On :\Ia y l a o I vi sit ed t hi s or ch ard in co m pany with :\[r . W . D. G ri ffing. of J uck s onvillc-c-or ch urd Iocnt e d at K omok o , F la .- a n d found t h a t t ho s ca le whi ch had du ring t.he pre v io us y ear been ve ry d es t ru ct iv e , wa s fully 95 per ce nt. d ead . I co u ld not. be ce rta in t hat t ho fungus t hat. had been introd u ced had been t he cause of the (Lea t h o f a ll t he s ca le , but. :\[r . Griffin g a ss ured me t hat t he sca le was a liv e a n d abu n d a n t (Lu rin g la s t Nov embe r a n d D e cember. So met h ing ha d certainly k illed t h e sc a le , b ut wh eth er it wa s t he fu ng us or t h e se ve re win ter t hat had nearl y k ille d man y t rees , I could no t bf~ ce rta in . H ow ovor t.he m a t t er see med t o be worth y of a caref ul trial. Af t or ret urnin g from Fl orida , 1 ha ll :\Ir . Lewi s sea rch for a s u p ply of t he fu n g us o n oak scale ncar At lu n t.a. H e had n o t ro u b le in lo ca tin g a n n hu ndn n t s u p p ly o n t ree s b elongin g t o ;'1[1'. Cha rl es De ekn er in So ut h At ln n tu. :\[r . .Dc okner kindly co nse nt ed to o ur cutti ng m at eri al fr om th ese trees. und with t h is s u p ply a s a s t a rt, we ha ve es t ah lis hecl t he fu ng us in se ve ra l o rcha rd s ove r th e S t a t r-. Th e meth od o f int rodu cing t he Iungus into sc a le inf osted pea ch t rces is sim p ly t o t ie pi e ces of oa k bark bearin g oak sca le co ve re d wit h fung us in th e main li m bs with th e fu ngus n e xt to t he pea c h ba r k . N a ture m u st t h en (10 t he re mn ind c r if t h e fu ng us s uc cee ds in ge tt in g cs t nb lis h cd on t h e Sa n .Jose Sca le. L n m n ot a hI e to report on t hi s work . as t h us fa r we lm ve n ot exa m ined a ny bu t. 0 1H> orc ha rd s inc e th e in t r od u ct ion. a n d t he n we co uld n ot find a ny of t.ho f u ng us on t he Sa il J ose Sca le, 1 sa w a n e n cou ra gin g thin g a t. F ort Vall ey in t he Hal e or ch ard , where r Iouru] on e tree with a little of t he red-headed fungu s cs t n bl ish od. Th e fungus is abund ant 0 11 so me oa ks less t han a h alf m ile fr om t hi s o rc ha rd, so I s u p p os e t hat it s p re a d hy na tural age n cies. We s h a ll 'l a t ch t h is work with great i nt e res t a n d ca re , for if s uccessf ul, it will m ean great sa ving t o t he o rcha rdi st s of t.he S tat e. Th e m ost vu lu uble fea ture of t h e redhea d ed fu n gus lies in t he fa ct. th a t it m a y h e fpu nd . b Y :1 lit tl e searc h, in a ll pa rt s of t he St at e , in a ll probabi lit y , so that. necessary m a t eria l for in t rod u cin g int o peac h orchn rds will not he ha rd to ob tai n s ho u ld it, pr ov e of valu e. 1 s u b m it s pe cime ns of t.he red-h eaded fun gu s for yo u r o xa min nt io u. SPIL\ YIN G FOR PEA CH C U RCU LlO. This s p r ing for t he first ti me e x pe ri m cnt s wit h arseni cal p ois on s t o k ill t he pea ch cu rc u lio were st a rted . Th e plans fo r th is work we re carefully prepared a nd arran gemen t m ade wit h t he Horekm a ns Br os. , to co nd llct the work in t heir orch a rd at :\[ay fielrl. T he a ctua l field work wa s a ll ca rried ou t hy :\[r. \Y. \r. Ch ase. W e d csir t o thank t he Be rc k rnu ns 152 B ro s. for allo wing t his wor k to be d on e in t heir orc hard a nd for giv ing us much v alua bl e as sista nce . I d o not pro po se to give a full re port of t his work, fo r a ll t.he expe rim e nts sh o uld be d uplicated a no t he r yea r b ef or e drawin g definit e co nclus ions . H ow ev er , som e of t he results obtained were so pron oun ced t hat. it. w oul d see m t hat. t hey must ob ta in in a ny season . Arsen at e of Lead wa s on e of the p oison s used at t he rate of :2 p ound s in .SO ga llo ns of wa t er, w it h t hrec p ound s st o ne lim e, a nd t he ot her wa s Pyrox (Bo wkers co m bina t io n insecti cide an d fu ngicid e) ;j po unds in 50 ga llons of wat er. T he se t \\" 0 po ison s we pl a nned to use, first, just afte r t he petals had fa llen, sc eond , se ve n or eig ht d a y s late r ; t h ird, se ve n or eig ht days lat er , on one plat , an d give a d ditiona l s p ray ings up t o 6 on ot her plat s. W e also had o ne plat s p ra ye d only t wice. The or ig ina l pl an ca lled fo r dupli cat e s p rn y ings on E a rly Be lle a nd E lb erta. T he fr eeze of A pril 14th kill ed a ll t he pea ch es of t he Ea rly Be lle vuriet y , so t hat t he wor k wa s con fined to E lbe rt as. On t h is vu riet.y we obtained int eresti ng resu lt s. The m ain crop in t his orc ha rd wa s unu su all y wo r my, ove r fifty p er eent. sh owing so m e sigu of worms. This unu su al n um be r of w orms \\'[I S du e, prob a bl y , t o the orc hard b eing s u rr ou nd ed o n t hree si des by wood s . an d due a lso t o the fuct th a t t he peac hes were kill ed by t he cold on a ll b ut t he high est p ort ions of t he orc ha rd . The sh ort. cro p n o d ou bt enused th e wor m s to be m or e numerou s t ha n t hey wou ld hav e be en hnd t her e be e n a cro p over t he e nt ire orc ha rd. Now co nce rn ing t he res ult : The fr uit on a ll t he s p ra ye d trees wa s m uc h more hi ghl y colo red t ha n on t hos e un s pra yed, eve n wher e on ly t wo s p ra y ings wer e give n . T he be st re s ults on colori ng t he frui t with ou t injurin g it wer e where t he trees wer e gi\'e n four s p rayings with t he Ars enate of Lead. Fivo or six sp ray ings r edu ced th e foliage so mu ch t hat t he fr uit was s u n-s ca ld ed fro m expos ure. Fo ur sprayings also gave be st result s in p rev en tin g worm y peache s. Un fo rt u nat ely, w hen wr itin g t his paper I did not h a ve t he figures , sec ur ed by cutting op e n se ve ra l b ushe ls of p ea ch es , t a det erm in e t he a ct.un l nu m ber of worm y a nd n on-wo r my pea ch es. But in r ound n umbers it ma y b e sa id th a t t he fou r sprayi ng s with t he Ar sen a t e of Lead reduced t he nu mber of wormy peac hes mor e t ha n 50 per ce nt. in a ddi tio n to t he beaut iful re d color. T h ree s pra y ings with t he sa me p oison gaye nearly , t ho ug h n ot fully , a s goo d result s. H oweye r, in pra cti ce . fe w orc hardi sts would find it p ossible to s p ra y m or e t ha n t h ree t imes , a nd for genera l p ra cti cc t hat is a ll I would r ecom m e nd. P y r e x prov ed too disast ro us t o foliage to ju sti fy ou r reco m m en di n g it at all, besides bei ng m or e expensiv e t ha n t he Arse nate of Lead. The p ea ch es on so m e t rees sp ra yed with P y re x we re so b adly su n-scalde d t hat t hey we re r ender ed un sal a bl e. Some m ay won d er how t he Arse nate of Lead co uld colo r t he pea ch es so perfeetly. On t his po int we arc not, full y d ecid ed , bu t m y op inion is 153 t ha t t he in j u ry t o foliag e ca d y in t he se ason , in fa ct , j ust a s t he lea y es were first p uttin g out , cnu serl the fr uit t o co m me nce to colo r much ea rl ie r t ha n it woul d na tu ra lly. T he frui t o n the s pra ye d t rees com me nc ed t o color bef or e it wa s an inc h in diamet er . T his I\"aS not true of the trees s pra ye d wit h B or dea u x. u sed in a n a tte m pt to cont rol t he brown r ot t hat nev e r a p peared t his year in t he o rcha rd u nd e r t reat m cn t. The Bord en u x d id not in ju re t he foliage , an d t he fru it di d n ot colo r as well as on t he u ns pra yed t re es . In my op inio n t his was du e p a rt ly t o t he B ordea u x m ixt ure o n th e fr ui t itself a nd pa rtly t o t he ex t ra d e nse ness of the fo l i a ge. Ou r resu lt s with Ar se na t e of Lea d , Py rox and B ordeau x ser ve d to d e rno nst rat I' t he necessity of co nt inu ed ex pe ri me nts for t wo or t hr ee yea rs t o d et er m ine m any po int s co nce r ning t he e ffect on foli a ge, colo ring of fru it , r ip en in g of t he fru it a nd prot ecti on a ga in st worms a nd b r o wn rot. " ' e h op e to co nt inue t he wor k aga ins t c urc ulio next seas on a nd ge t result s wor th y of b ein g pl a ced bef or e all th e fr uit gro we rs of t h e St ate. We m igh t publish a ll the res ult s ob tai ned t hi s y ear. b u t it will n o d oub t be wise r to wai t un ti l t he work is du pl ica t ed next sea so n . I would lik e t o m en t io n ot he r m a tt er s con nect ed wit h ou r work , bu t to do so woul d m ake t his pa pe r too long a nd tiresome. Some int er esti ng result s with d ust s p ra y ing co nd u ct ell by ~l r. Chase a t Mny field a rc co ntai ned in a pa pe r t hat will be rea d la t e r. If a nyo ne ca res t o ask quest ions conc er n ing m at t ers m en t ioncd in t hi s pape r or o n ot he r s ub je ct s co n- nect ed wit h t he wor k , r will be gla d t o a tt e m pt t o a ns we r t hem . On behalf of t he Conu nit toe on R esolut ion s, Col. W ad e read t he following: R esolved , Tha t as ou r So ciet y ha s ha d great d ifficult y in keepi n g a firstcla ss en t o m olog ist o n ac co u nt of t he sa la ry, t ha t we reco mme nd a n increase in t he sala ry of t he office, as his lab or s a re qu ad ru pled o n a ccou nt of insects in cott on a s well a s fr uit s. That our Sec re tu ry be auth or ized to forw ard a co py of t his resolu ti on t o R op roson t ut ive Mn rt in , of E lbe rt Cou nty. H e also read t he followin g resolut ions : R esolv ed , T ha t as a So ciet y , we wish t o e nco u ra ge o m Agri cu lt ur al District Sc hoo ls, es pe cially a lo ng hor ti cu lt ura l lim's a n d p u re a gr icult u re , trust ing t o kee p t he m fo rev er fr ee from poli t ical e nt n nglern en t s. R esolv ed , Tha t t he t ha n ks of the Geo rg ia St a t e H or t icul tu ral Societ y a rc t endered to t he foll ow ing pa rt ies for t he man y co u rt esies wh ich t hey have exte nde d t o us durin g t he presen t sess io n a nd w hich we a ss u re t he m a re m ost g rat efully a ck no wledged a nd a pp re cia te d . 1. To t he R e v . Ri cha rd W ilki nson , for t he feel ing in vocut ion wit h which t his sess io n wa s ope ned . 2. T o )I r. e lia s. C. Pressle y . for his lu-n rt y wel co m e to the city of Au gu st a . 3. T o t he Au gu st a Cit y Press . fo r it s kind an d co urteo us n oti ces. 4. The Co m merc ia l Clu b, fo r its k ind re cogn it ion a nd inv it a ti on s. Ii. T o Judge \ V. F . E ve , fo r t h e te n der of t he Co u rt H ou se fo r o u r meetings. Als o )11'. D. C. St elli ugs, (l en ..In o. W . Cla r k, a n d ot he r Coun t y officia ls , for t he ir u n ifor m n nd m nny co u r tes ies. G. T he Ri chmond Co u nty Agri eult u rul S nc ict y . a nd last . b ut b y n o mea ns lea st. t he P . .T . Berck nuu , Company. R esp e ct fully s u b m it t ed , Z. T . W ,\LK E H . I. C. \ VAIlE, I-l. X. S 'L\ H;o..'ES , Committ ee. Upo n vote had. t. ho I'CP0l't of th c Com mit tc c on Re so lut ions was u nnmin ou sly adopt ed . The PRES IDENT : Befol'c we adj ourn, all ow me t o t han k eac h of y ou for the pleasan t mecting we huve had , rcgrett in g on ly th at ther e WCI'C so fe\\' p rese nt . I ccrt uin ly hop e wh en we mcet in Corne lia next ycur. we will h av e a lar ger ut t eud a uce than we ha d in Aug usta. WThe mcet ing there upon udjo ur ne d . REPORTS FROM VICE-PRESIDENTS . T HO~L\S\lI.I.E. G .\ . . Au g . '27, \ 007 . . 'To {lie President 0.1 tlie Georgza Ho rt icuttural S ociety : T he pas t. y ear ha s been a d isus t rous y ear fo r th e fruit g ro we rs of t hi s sec t io n . F or th e firs t ti me in t hirt y y ears lia s the LeCon t e pear C1"O p been a fa ilure. I ca n ' t sa y wh e t he r it wa s ca us e d from cold , bl igh t or e xt reme drou gh t jus t a t bl oomin g se aso n . We usu a lly ship fro m SOO t o 1,000 ca rs from this se ct ion , Thi s y ea r we s h ip pe d only a fe w barrels. T he K eiffe r pea rs were so me bette r th n n t h e L eCo nt e t his se a so n; t ha t is, t hey ha v e borne mo re frn it. T hey do not s h ip as well , come lat er a n d neve r bring a s good p ric es a s th e LeCo nt e. W e ha ve h a d t he Sa n J os e Seal e a ll o ve r t h is sec t io n fo r a good many y ears. a nd nob ody see ms to try t o co nt ro l it. ) Iost of the trees a re large a n d ta ll . a n d sprayi ng , to be e ffe ct i ve, would be one end less job. T here arc n o co m me rciul pouch o rc h a rds t o s pe a k o f in this di s t ri ct . 155 Th er e a rc a few in t he no rt.hern part of t he di st rict . T he y h u vc goo d success with t h is cr o p wh en they atte n d t o th ei r trees. In t he so u t he rn sect io n it is al most t hc un u n im ous b eli ef th at we ca n' t raise gOOlI p ea ch es . I t hi n k t he n~ ry ea rly v a rieties w o uld d o well h ere . Bea rin g v e ry ea rl y t h ey w ould b e su re t o b rin g; goo d pri ces. A p ples b ea r very well in t hi s se ct io u fo r a fe w y ua rs, a n d b y h avin g yo u ng o rc ha rd s co m in g o n t h ey mi gh t b e m ad e t o p a y. The nurser ym en in thi s sec t in n are de vo t ing a l m ost t h eir en t ire t im e t o ra is ing paper s he ll p cc n ns . .\Ior e pecan s a re b ein g pla nt ed th an a ll fru it s co m b i ne d . T h F ro t sc lie r. St e wn rt an d Va rdeman see m to b e t he leadin g v nri et ies . Th e su cce ss of thi s v c u t uro rem ain s to he d em on st ra t ed , a s t he re a rc ve ry few Iw arin g orc hn rd s yr-t , it h pin g; cor u p nrut i vc ly a n ew indu st ry . The m el on b u sin ess . b oth wn t r-rnu- lou a n d ca n t a lo u p es . ha s p nid well for t h e lus t t h ree o r f'ou r years. W ut erm ol o n br ou gh t, th is y pa r fr om S!lO.OO t o S 100 .00 p e r ea r. T h e ra ilroa ds gan, fa i r se rv ice , and a s a w ho le t h e m el o n cr o p s p a id w el l. .\!el on s werc lat er t.hu n u su al thi s sr-n s o u , ca u spd by co ld . la t e s p r ing . WI H' n ' t hey wert: pr ot e et ed b y wind-bren k s o n t h e n o rt h side th e y st oo d t Ill' co ld lx-t t er t ha n wh e re t h ey had 110 protect io n . T hey s ta n d mort- co ld wh en g ro w n o n st if f la n d th a n wh en g ro wn o n a ny sa n d y so il. Th rai lroa d s s h ip ped \ .000 to 1,100 pa rs of wat e rmel o ns from t h is sep t io n t ill' pa st sp as o n . I d on't know ti ll' n u m b er of ca nt a lo u pes s h ip ped . ' O u r se ct io n of eo u n t ry ha s 1,,' (,n p ro spcruus fo r a n u m be r of years . a n d t he pe opl e a re Ill'gi n nin g to t n ko m o re in t en-s t. in h o rt icult u rr-. .\1 ore s h a de t rees a rc h ein g; pl ant ed iu th e to w ns a n d \' ill a ges a n rl m o rn a tte n tio n is be i ng p a id t o jw au t ifyin g ti ll' h o n u-. Hn isiu g n~ge ta b les fo r n orth er n m a r kr- t s pai ll well t h is ye a r. I k n ow one m an wh o so ld S I,;i OO wor t h of ca b hage from si x u cru s. Th is sa m e m a n h a s so ld s i x ea rs o f s we et p o t at oes t o d ut o, Au gu st l ;ith , fo r S 1.000 JlPr par. H e use-d s t eu m heat to mn l- the m s p ro u t ea rl y a nd h ega n t o set o ut draws a b o u t .\la r ch ]'i th , I sa il' potatoes hi g e n o u g h to cat , in hi s field o n .JUIH' Gth . .\1. B . ,J0:'0: ES . REPORTS OF CONDITIONS, ETC., IN THIRD CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT. Th e gro we rs of th is d ist rie l a n ' gel H'!'H ll y of t he o p in io n t ha t th e g n 'a t e r p a rt of t he dam a ge to t he fr uit cro p of 1!107 wu s do ne Iwf or e th e fr ee ze in April. a s pre v io us to th at d a t e t he lrluo m spe nw li i m pc rf c et , wl iicl: wa s du e to fr ost s an d ot ln-r pa u ses. 'I' hc Sn u J usc Se nh : a ppr- n rs t o b u u })('sl t h at will e vr-r I" , w ith us . to a 166 mo re or less d eg ree . alt h ough it is n ot t he hard est prop osit ion t hat co nfr on t s t he fr u it g ro we r of toda y . Ge ne ra lly s pea ki ng . it is kept well under co n t 1'01 in t hi s di strict, hy th orou ghly s pra yi n g. w it h d ifferen t. wa sh es . b ut t herc a rc a number of orc ha rds sta rted hy p eople wh o m ade t he busin ess a s ide issu e a n d wh en t hey found t h e sc a le well seated, th ey soon los t nerve a n d they are let r iru; t he ir o rc ha rd s go hy th e wa y side . W e had so me b rown rot in t his loca lity. So me of the g ro we rs a re k ee pin g it d own hy u sin g Bordeau x m ixture. P ea ch lea f cu rl is a rare t hi ng with u s . t oo min o r to m en t ion . ' ''e a ll ha ve e no ug h peal' a m i apple b light. a lt h ou gh we hu ve n o large co rm uc rcia l orc ha rds of ei t he r p ears 0 1' app les . ' ''c s ho u ld b e glad to h c inf'o rnn-d h ow t o keep t h is pest down w it h out cut t ing o u r trees clow n. Se ve ra l n ew vn riet ies of p ou ch es an' h ein g t est ed . b oth la t e a url cur ly . Th ere were ahout i OO ea rs of p ea clu-sslripped from t hi s di strict. t hi s ye ar , Wre ck s ami ot he r ca uses wi ll cu u sr- a loss of t h ou sa nds of do lla rs t o t lug ro we rs in t hi s vi ci n it y. '"c b el ie ve t hut wh on t hI' ru s h of th e E lh ert a se-as o n co nu-s to it S Iu lle! cn p acit y, t h e cars an' r ush ed t h rn ugh withou t b eing p roperl y re-ic ed , as at th at time it is a gI' IH'r:11 eo mp laint hy t h e gro we rs t hat t hei r ears go in in " h a ll on lpr," T hi s t I'ntls to dr-prr-ss t he m ar ke t and sl'l' iol\ sl y hurt s t he sa le of good fru it. So me p e can s are hping p la ntr -d, h u t n ot any la rg g ro we rs: s t a ndu rd vnrict ies a rc gon e ra lly p la nt c d , .Ju ly m el on s up t o t lu- :!;"ith. pa id th e ~rO \H' rS ve ry well. h u t t he m n rk r-t ha s b een hndly d ep re ssed s ince th a t t in u-, Geo rgia G rey, Blue Gem . H attlesn a ke and t he W ut so n me lo ns wore t he v uri et ies m ost e xt e ns ive ly pl an t ed , Very fe w cnut a lo upes pl a nt c-d t his y ear fo r t hc mn rko t in t luThi nl Di strict. Co m me reia l ve geta bl e growi ng ha s on ly b ee n incrousr-d in a lo eal \\'a y for h orn e m arket s, :\ fe w h u ve ru iscrl as paragus an d cu rl y t urn ip s fo r C h icago a n d ot he r m urk ct s , n nd t hcy see m to h av e d on e fa irly well . Th e re h an' been n o co u nt y orga n iza t ion s. eit her in h art ie u lt u ra l or agric ult u ra l lines in o u r d ist rict , a lt houg h t he re shou ld he , a nd we hope to b e abl e t o must e r up c no ug h t n sta rt a coun ty societ y . F or th e pa st t \H ) y ears t l u-re s('p ms t o hu ve b een a g l'l'a t de a l m o re int c rcs t mu n ifcst r-d t ha n r-ve r lx -f'o rc , hy f'armors a nd to w ns -peo p le, I,y p ln n t iug s h a de t re es about t he ir h o m es , T he la di es of Fort Yall ('y h u ve an l m provc mcnt Club fo r koepi ng II I' the cit y parks , a nd t hi s wi nt or t hey wi ll hen ut ify one of t lu- p a r ks of th e t o wu b y pl an t ing s h r u b hu ry, etc , R es pe ct fu lly s u b mi t t ed, C, w , " ' ITH OFT , :\I OS E L Y HAL E , Co m m it tee , 167 REPORT OF FOURTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT. B li L LO CHYIU.E. G A. Au gu st 7th . 100 7. ~[ H . L. A. B EH CIO L\:"S . Tr easurer S tate Horticultural Society : DE,\I! SII t: - I am just hack f rom a trip t o th c X o rt h and v ery muc h rogret .m y inability t o nt t c n d y our nu-et ing in Au gu sta t oday and t omo rrow . I a m w ri ti n g t h is to ca ll t he a tt en t ion of t he m r etin g t o a m a tt er w hi c h w ill d oub t less b e t ho ro ug hly d is cu ssed , h u t h u v iu g b een o n t h e N e w Yo r k , P hi la d r-l phi n a nd Clc v eln nd m ar ket s du ring t he sell in g seas on of Georgi a peaches, hay in g h een pe rsona lly o n th e se lling p la tforms w h en t he fru it wa s s old , I hn v c th ought t hat a w ord from m e m ight n ot he o ut o f p la ce . \" it h o ne a cc o rd . a ll co m m iss io n m en , d eal e rs and e ve n t he s ma ll st u nd se lle rs ag ree t h a t t h is h a s h ce n t he wors t sons o n ov e r e x pe rie nced h y t he m. P e a ches fro m Geo rgia. Al ab a m n , Ar k uns us , O k la ho ma , ~li ss o u r i , ct c., w e re a lmost un ivr-rsu lly w or m y :1111 1 n ppn ron t lv of po or k eepi ng q u ulit y , as ide fro m t he worms. Th e gen era l o p ini o n is t hat t he o pe n wint r-r k-t t he curculio wi nt e r in la rge n u m be rs , a nd t h a t fo r t he sa m e rea son th e p ea ch es wore we a k a lit! la c kl"! t h e vit a lit y n e cessary for s u ccessf u l eu rrv iug , th is hein g: ca u se d hy t he w arm wen t h e r i n t he w in t e r w hic h cam e neal' mak ing th e t rc cs bloom prcmat urcly . I a m w riting under st ress to ca t c h a t ra in with t his let t er. Y ou rs " ery resper-tful ly , .J. J . S Tll ,\ :" .\< 1.\ :" . REPORT OF FIFTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT. To the Georgia Horticultural Society : T he freeze of Apri l L'lt h p ra ct icn l ly d es t royed t he fru it c ro p of th e F if t h. W lrn t se e me d to b e mo st re m urku b le wa s t ha t t he fru it o f so me orc ha rd s wa s d es t royed , with th e e xce pt io n of a few t rees , perhaps in t h e cent e r of t he o rc ha rd, wh ich e nt irely esca pe d t he freez e an d were loaded clo w n w ith f ru it , a ppare ntly w ith ou t a n y ca use. [ m a y sa y no p CI' cen t. of th e fr ui t c ro p wa s d cst r oy cd a n d t he re mai n d er wn p oor alit! a l m os t w o rthl ess. The loss , h ow ev e r , is n ot hen vy , a s the fift h is n ot a fr u it gro w ing d is- t rict. Co m m e rc ia l ga n len ing s u ffe re d to so me e xt e n t , b u t t hi s w a s soo n o ve rcom e, The m elon s a nd cant uloupes lin ve b een a s u ccess, hu t litt le if a ny , h uv e b een s hip pe d t o n ort horn m arket s. Tru ck farming has b ee n in c rea si ng in a ccor d an ce wit h d e m un d. All 158 s ma ll fruit, to w h ich a gn' at d eal of a t t ent ion IS paid , ha s s u ffe re d fr om t he fr eeze to t h e ext e nt of ;; 0 pe r ce nt . Th e be a u ti fy ing of rural h om es is receiyin g; more at t e nt io n . es pe cia ll y pu h lic b u ildin gs . suc h as sc h oo l h ou ses and ch u rches . Rcspe r-tfully , Cnxs . D ECK :O:H . REPORT OF SIXTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT. ATI .AX TA , GA .. .Iu ly ~~ . 1!l07. lI o :-;. 1'. ,I. BEH' K ~I.-\X", P res. Georgia S tate Horticultur al Society, Au gu st a . Ga. I lJ.;A H S ll c -- l n rpSI" ,nSI' to yo u r inq u iri os o f J u ly J7 t h , g iyi ng a n .. :-.: t ra ct fro m t he Socie ty 's By -La ws d ofini nu th e d ut ies of t h o Vie" Pres id e n t of t he Genrgiu Stat e Horti cultu ral SociPly . I rt-spcc t Iu lly s u b m it th .. fol lo wing : I. T he pri n cip nl inj my to , a nd s ea rcit y of. t Ill' fruit crop in t he S ix t h ( ' on gression al Dis t rict , wu s t he se ye re frost of Aprill :lth Ioll owin g after p ro t rnct cd war m wen t he r. I do n o t th in k t ha t eit he r soil. locul it y . a ltit udc. vic iuit y of wnt e r , o r fo rest s lu-lt or co n t rol s till ' m at tel'. It wus si m ply t he rea s o n g;i \'l~ n ab ov e i n my sec t ion. ~, T he San .lo se Sc a le ha s boeu i n s o m r- orc-hnrrls in th is Dist r ict. hu t I ,10 n ot h our of a ny rapid inc n -ns o. n nd o u r h es t orc ha rdi s t s a rc t aki ng; t he pre v ent at iv e m ousu n -s s u g).(es t cd h y o ur :-;t ate Ent o mo logi st t o r-on t 1'0 1 't h e s ea le . :t Brow n H o t ha s lu-i-n i n exi s t r-nc e. and s imilu I' d fort s t o l'r:llli l'a t I' it hav e been t a k en. T Ill' hes t p lan to ).(et rid of it i n my j lldg m(' ot. is to d ..st roy th e t rces . 4. T he sa me rep ly is u pp licn hlr- to pcuc h k-uf cu rl a nd pen r h ligl u . This la s t has g;rl'a t ly d is courn ged t he cult iv ut io u of pours . ,~. Ou r o rc h a rdist s a re \\'; d " -u wa l - a nd progress ive . n n d when ev e r m e rit or iou s v uriet ii-s of fr u it a p peal' t lu-y a re s u re t o g;i \'e th em a tria l. G. It is i mpossi b le at this wr it in g to g in' yo u the n um be r of cu rloa d s o f pea ch es , plum s , p ea rs . a p p les 01 ' melon s th at hn vo l x -en s h ip pe(1 fr om my di strict. 7. Th e r oa d s are f u rni s hi ng good transportat io n faci lities , n nd t he pri ces s o fa r h u ve l ,,' , ~n m ost sati s facto ry an d oueo uru gi rur. T he s m a lle r t h e s u p ply , of co u rs e t h e bet t or t he prices ohtain..d . 8, Th e pl anting of pe can t rees ha s I)('en i ucreuse d . hu t I am unabl e to g iv e y ou th e nu m cs o f t hc Yari eti es th at a re in t he [Pad . Th ere arc a la r ge n u m lx -r of !" ,,'an s"l ~d lings t hat hn vc ber -n set o u t, an d m a ny of 159 t hese a re b ca ri n g v ery in fer io r nu t s : a nd while t he t rees a rc o rna m c nt a l an d at t ra ct iv e in a p pen ra u ce , t he re-s u lt i n ma rketing th e n ut s has not b ee n e ncoll raging or sat isfuct o ry. I ho lie vc t hat t hey require graft ing an d b u d di ng f ro m t he b est class of t re cs . b ut ma n y are a t a loss as to: h ow t he y ca n m ake s uc h an a r ra nge me n t. \1, T he cr o p of wut r-rmelon s a n d cn n t a lo u pes ha s h ee n re m u nera t iv e , but I h av e no m en n s of gi yi ng t he num b e r of acres p la nt I'd n or t h e v a rieti es , 10, Co m me rc ia l Yegl'l a bl e fa n ni ng ha s incren se d hugel y , es pe cia lly n ea r o u r g ro wing cit u-s. T h d ifficu lt y of ge t t ing ga rdeners in ou r cit y ga rd en s h a s en used y ery m a ny t o a ha n d o n t he m and to rip p end 11p on vc get nb le g: ro we rs ca n t igllolls t o I he ci t ir-s fo r s u p p lies. 11. I am h appy to st nt e t h ut t he interest in im pro vi ng rural h om c su rro u ndi ngs by plant ing orna m eu t a l t rees and s h ru b bo ry ha s gro w n , a nd t hat o ur t o w ns a nd cit ies nr c giy in g mil ch t im o a n d att entio n to plant in g s ha de t reos o n t ln-ir s t n'e ts a n d inc reas ing t h e n uml u-r a n d i mp ro v in g t hci r p ub lic p ark s. I ~. H o rt ic u lt ura l Ass ocia ti o ns a n d Clu bs an' no t u nu su a l in eu c h Co u n t y of t h is Dist rict. a nd t he ladi es i n se v o rul co m m un it ies hn ve or organized for civic im pro ve uu-nt :11\(1 an' l' n con ra g in g t he cu lt iva t ion of flo wt-rs a nrl s lu-u b be ry urn u n d t he ir lo cul uc n d omi r-s u n d pu bl ic sc hools. I b eliev e t ha t w hen yOIl co mpa re t h e prog ress in t lu- S ix r h Co ng ressi o na l D is t rict wit h a n y ot he r in t he S o u t lie rn S t a tes. t ha t it will b (~ ca lled t he b n nu or d ist riel fo r peu ch a nd 01 h r-r Iru it eu lt lin ' . p r-rhn ps in t h w h ol r- co unt ry . H O Il E BT E. PAH K. V ice- Presid en t Geo rg ia S t a t e H o rt ic ult.u ra l Soci ety 1"0 1' t.h e Sixt h Co rurross io u nl Dist r ict. REPORT FOR THE EIGHTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT. T he la te fre e ze ill Ap ril k illed m os t of th e p enches a n d a ll t h e p l u m s in Pu r.nn m r-oun t y. l st , From t hre e o rc ha rd s were gnt hc rc d so me mar ke t ab le Iruit , b u t. no t a go od y ield . ~I y o w n orc ha rds of yo ung and old p ea ch trees , e v e n on t he hig:IH'st lu n d u n-I h ill tops . y il'h le([ prnct ieu lly no f'ruit . ~ d , ~a ll .Iose Sea le docs n ot u p pcu r t o i n crr -ns. H a s bo on in ou r co u n t y t 1\"0 or t h re o y ea rs . S p l":l yi n g uf t or se ve re p ru n in jr h a s chec kc d its s p re. ] wit hil s. ~ d . ~ ot eno ug h Irui t. for hro wn ro t t o d ev elop, -lt h, \' e ry lit t le pr-nr-li cu rl ; hil t pea r b lig:ht is e n d ing t hr- cult iv nt io n of pea rs wit h us . .~ l h . Th e JH:. I' f'ru it s I hn v c u lt i vu t cd h n v e n ot yet b orn e . Th e hy- 160 brids b etwee n trifoli at e le mo n a nd s we e t ora ng e, in t ro d uccd b y t he G . S. Gov ernmen t , have s t ood tw o win t er s well in Eatonto n , bu t hav e no t y et frui t ed . Th e Rusk Cit ra te a p p ea rs t o be a b ett er gro wer t ha n t he v ariety nam ed Mor t on . \\'hen t hese citr us fru it s m a d e ne w g ro wt h o f woo d lat e in t he fall , t his im mat ur e gro wt h win t er killo rl. Th e hard ma t u re wood resis t ed t he cold of our win t er s well. T he newl y in t rnducorl S my rn a figs prove to o t e n d e r t o sta nd ou r win t e r in P u tn am co u nty. B oth t he frui t-b earin g Ca limyrn a a nd t he poll en b ea rin g Ca pr i. hav e wint er killed in my gard e n, e ve n whe n pro t ec t cd with p in e brush b ound in t e n t s ha pe a r oun d th e t rees. W it hou t t here s ha ll be bred so me cold -re sist ing see d lings. t his Ir u it see m s d oomed t o fa ilure in Xliddl o Georg ia , Tr ial s of m a ny seed lings s ho uld be m ad e a t ou r Ex perim e n t s t a t io ns a nd ag ri cult ura l schools in t be h op e of d e v cl op in u a fig of t he Smy rn a cla ss ca pable of resis t ing t h" co lfl of o ur win t e rs, T h field is a v e ry pro mi sing on e to t h e h or t iculturist , and I hop e m any will g iv e t he ma t t e r a tt e nt io n. E ve n if t he Cap ri fig plant th a t produces t he p olle n a nd ha rb ors th e poll en- carryin g wa sp 0\' 1'1' t he wint er, ha s t o bl' prot e ct ed in a g ree n hou se . th e ex pe r im e-nt of acclima t ion of t h is v ari et y is wo rt h y of ou r e fl'o rt s. I d o n ot k now h o w th e fig ma y Ill' a rt ificia lly h y b ri di zed, but if it is p ossible. th e wor k is m ost invit ing . Of a ll fr uit in ou r climat e t he well kn ow n vari et ies o f Adri u t ic figs o n go od s oil are t he s u res t of p ro d uc in g fr ui t a n n ua lly. If t he first cro p be killed b y la t e frost s , t he t rees w ill m a ture a seco nd or t h ir.! fr u it in g. 6th. Our co u n t y, wit h it s la rg e orc ha rds . d id n ot s hip a ear of pl'a ehl's in 1007 . Several we re s hip pe d from t he a d j oining cou nty of J as per . 7th. An sw er in g t hi s qu ery . m y troub le, her e t of or e, has b ee n in t h e imp ossi b ilit.y of t he s hip pe r obt a in ing s u ffi cie n t. icc to keep :1 ca r of fru it cold . T he rai lroa ds a rc neco ru mo d nti ug . bu t t he rof'rigornt o r eompu ni r-s p ra cti ce ec o no m y o f icc to t hc e x t r-n r of ruin iu g t he bu sin ess of t ho se fr uit ra isers loca t ed rc m ot c from il'in g s t a t io ns . T hose ow n ing ori-h n rd s loca t ed n ca r icin g sta t io ns. who a rc s u p plied wit h rcf'ri gerut or ea rs prom ptly , wit h b u n kers full of ice: a nd wher e t he cn rm uy be rc -iccd as t he s u p pl v becomes d e pl et ed , ha ve not im poss ible d ifficul t ies to ovcrco nu- . O u r t i m e of d el ivery is m u ch ex t c u rled b p ~' ClIHI t he s che d u le in ev ery i nst n nco o f whi ch I ha ve kep t a reco rd of ca rs I ha ve s h ip pod. F or th ese rcnso ns ou r ac reage in Putn am co u ut y pla nte d in co u n uc rci nl orc hn rds has g rown less y ea r by y enr. I loo k for th e bu s in cs to bor- o m e lo cal ized ill fn v o rcc l places near ic in g sta t io ns. It is w it h g rea t I'l'gr et th a t. I reg is t er t hi s un fnv oru hl c opi nio n of t he ind us t ry of fruit s hip me n ts Iro m our n pigh b or ho od . Sth. P e ca ns ha ve bee n pla Jltp d ill s m a ll lot s o nly . X o couuu r-rci n l pl a nt s of whi ch I a m in form ed . Oth. N o m el on s ra ised for t he III a rk et in thi s neighb orhood. l Ot lr. No s h ip ping of \'e geta lJles 1'1'0 111 th is ou nt y . l lt h. T here is a g ro wi ng t c nd on cy to im prove ho n u- gr o u nds. E spe- 161 eially will t his de velo p wit h t he inc rea sed pro sperity of t he cott o n gro wi ng States. 12th. T he " La di es' F lora l Club a nd Im p ro ve men t So ciety" of Eatonton , ha s b een a ben efi eien t fa ct or in t he beau ti fying of o u r to wn . Such a societ y m or e eco no m ica lly a d m inist e rs t he work of st ree t, pl ant in g of sha de trees, hed gin g of parks , et.c., than ca n b e d on e by t he ma yor a nd a ld ermen . Le t \I S la bo r for the cst nb lis hmcnt III eve ry Georg in pit y of wom en 's clubs, dev ot ed t o ci vic im p ro vc mc nt , HE X.I . \ \" . H U X T . Viec- P rosid e nt Ei g ht h Cou gr essiona l Dist rir-t , Geo rgia . REPORT OF THE NINTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT. T o l' HESID E XT B E HC K\L\ X:<, S tate H orticultura l Society, A ugusta, Ga. D ear Si r:- I b eg lea ve to re por t fro m t he Nin t h D ist r ic t a s follow s : I. P en eh crop mo stly killed by freeze, Apr il I -I. Mo rn i ng of 15t h ic c wa s a n in eh t hi r-k a nd e ve ry t hing see me d f roze n u p solid . Bu t yet , on o u r hill to ps we have sa ve d se ve ra l ea rlou ds of pea ch es. N ot. more t han I i>, h owev er, in t he wh ole d istrict, from Guincs vi lle to t he T uga lo. Th e fact of ~ [r. Ethan Ph ilbri ck s u ving hi s o rc ha rd by fir in g a bo ut t he ed ge a nd Iet t iu g s m o ke set t le ov er t he orc ha rd , a nd whi ch ha s prove n a snfcg un rd in thi s ea se. is wo rt hy of att e nt io n.' Not.wit hst nn d ing t he fr eeze and fro st s of Ap r il. t lu- lut t or w hi ch d id no t hurt us . we will ha n ' a fai r crop of npp les. It is a remarka bl e fa r-t , a nd bears out ou r rep or t s of previ ou s y ears , t hat frost d ocs not hurt t he pea ch crop o n t hi s, t he Chatta hooc hee r id ge. Also so m e v a lley s wore sa ve d on t he so ut h side of t he r id ge whe re t he cold wa ve se e me d t o hu ve skip pe d ove r t he m . T his sho ws t ha t t he nl t itudo of I GOO t o 18 00 feet. a bov e sea le vel ca n be relied on for pea ches by keepi ng fire hand y , a nd fire if t he t he r mo m et e r goe s below 3:2. :2. T he re ha s been so me sca le , h ut wh e re orc ha rd ists ha ve gi\'e n prop er atte n tio n and s pra ye d with lime a IIII s ulp hu r in J a nu a ry and F ebruary, as la t e as possib le. no bad result s have been no t ed . So me cases ha v e bee n rep ort ed t o t he Stat e E nt o mo logist. bu t no a ctio n ha s bee n taken . Some lea f cur l. but ha s been m nrle insi gn ifican t by t he abov e s p ra y in g. T, W e ha ve no r-ornpla int of ra ilr oa d ra t es , o r pri ces rec eived, a s we got S:2.00 to S:3.0 0 in W as hi ng t on a nd S3 .0 0 t o S:Li O in New Y ork, ex ce pt Sout he rn Ex p ress . wh o gav e us a rat e to ship by . t hen added 50 per cent. a fter sh ip p ing . bu t we ex pect. to get t ha t back . S. Some peca ns. The W udo o rc ha rds hnvo ab out a t ho us a nd g ro win g a ro u n d th e edge of t he ma in pea r-h a nd a pple or cha rd . 162 \)- 10 . No co m me r cia l me lo ns t h is y ear. Gardens have fin e cro p, a nd ca ntaloupes ripe today. ll-l~. ' Ve hav e a P ea ch G ro we rs ' Associu t io n for o n r co u nt y ; a lso we h uve a n nc t iv o Ch a m be r of Co m merce , t hat is pushin g a nd e ne rg etic, a n d is no t o nly pushing t he fru it indus t ry , but fa ct o r ies an d ot he r t h in gs benefi cial to t h is , as we ca ll it, " Y o na h Lan d. " Seve ra l new orchard co mpa nies a re co m ing in, t he Wm. B. Hun t er Co. , with its 400 acres, a n d th e r. C. W ade Or cha rd Co., wh o a re m ak in g rea d y t o dupli cnt e th e presen t o rc ha rd. These orc ha rds a re rig ht o n th e a pe x o f t he C ha tt a hoo chce ridge u nd Icss than a mi le from t he ra ilr oad sta t io n. N ew orc ha rdi st s a rc co rn ing in , and pcop le fro m "Iainl' to Ca lifo rnia a rc i ndust ri ou sly wo rking on new o rc h a rds . You rs et c., I. C. " ' AD L , Viec-l' rt's id cnt ::\int h Di strict. REPORT OF THE TENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT. To tbe Georgia S tate Horticultural Society: Owi n g to t he sevon- frel'zl' of la s t April , wh en th e prospe et s for a l ar~c y ield of fruit wer e unusually promisin g. t he fr u it cro p wa s g rc at ly da mugr-rl. o nly a fift h of all a v cru gc wa s re porte d in so me Ioculi t ios . wh r-re us . in o t hers no t a pea ch, plum , a nd v ery fe w pears were p rodu ced . Ev ou t h c bl a ckberry cr o p \\':IS a l most a to ta l fail ure. S trawberries were n hu n dn n t , a nd t he pi ckin g seaso n las t ed lo n ger t ha n in a v cruge y e a rs. Bu t t here wa s a n e nor mous y ield of cu bbugcs, in fa ct s uc h large he ads h av e se ldo m bec n see n in thi s sl'etion. Th ere wa s :1 yery large ero p of wut r-rm r-lon s a n d en nt a lo u pos . N o San J ose Sc a le h a s b een rep ort ed in t h is d ist ri ct , a rul o wi ng t o t he t o t a l fa ilure of t he pe-ach a nd p lu m cr o ps n o result s of ne w s p ra y ing m et h od s co u ld be sce u rod . Fru it g ro Wl'rs who had a s m a ll " ro p rl'e ei\'('d v ery large mon ey return s. N ~;I1. M c l xx rs. Vir e-Prosidr -nt Tr-nt.h Coug ressionn ! Dist riot , GEORGIA State Board of Entomology B U L LET INN O . 26. - AUG U S T , 1908 . Peach Leaf Curl, Yellows, Rosette and Little Peach. Thi s Bulletin Contains a Report on Experiments Conducted in 1906 and 1907. BY E. L. WORSHAM and W. V. REED. CAPITOL BUILDING Atlanta, Ga. GEORGIA State Board of Entomology BULLETIN NO. 26. - AUGUST, 1908. Peach Leaf Curl, Yellows, Rosette and Little Peach. This Bulletin Contains a Report on Experiments Conducted in 1906 and 1907. BY E. L. WORSHAM arid W. V. REED. CAPITOL BUILDING Atlanta, Ga. GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY. ORGAN IZATIO N. T . G. 1-1 UDS O N. Cha ir ma n, Co m mi ssi o ner of A g r icult u re, At la n ta . Ex-Of ficio M ern he r . P. J. B E RC K MA NS , Preside n t o f St at c H o rt icu lt ur a l Soc iet y . A ug us ta , E x-O fficio M em ber . J. J. CO N NE R, President o f Sta te Agricu lt u ra l Society . Ca r te rsv ille . Ex-O fficio M c m b C L E. L. W ORS I-I AM , State E ntom ol ogi st an cl Secr etary of t he Boa rd, At la nta . A . C. LEW JS, Assi sta nt St ate E n to mo logist, At la n ta . W. V. REED, Field Assis tan t E ntomo logist, A t la nta , G. R. CASEY, Deputy Inspector, A d a irsville . W . W . CHASE, Deputy Inspector, Atlanta. Fig. 1. Two peach twig s showing lea yes b adl y diseased with leaf cu rl. (After W. M. Scott.) BULLETIN OF THE Georgia State Board of Entomology AUGUST, 1908. No. 26 Pnblished by the Geo rg ia S tat e Boa rd of En tomolog y, A tlan ta, Ga ., a nd sent f ree of cha rge t o a ll resid en ts of th e State who ma k e requ est f or sam e. PEACH LEAF CURL. General Remarks. A s w ill be r emembe red , in the spring of 1906 pe ach leaf cu rl w as ex ce pt iona lly s evere, oc curring in numerou s orchards in the no rth ern an d mid dle sections of t he Stat e a nd exte nding farth er South to an injuri ou s ext ent than it has her etofore. In fa ct , m a ny frui t grower s w hose o rch a rds we re seve r ely affected w ere very mu ch alar med and suffered co nside rable loss o f thei r cr ops. T h is, too, was t he cas e w it h a number of or ch a rd ists w ho we re fa mili a r wi th th e fa ct that spraying with Bo rdeaux ju st b efo re t he buds open in th e spring was an effect ive remedy agai ns t cu rl. B ut o w ing to t he limit ed t im e o f the known effect iven ess of spraying and th e ru sh wo rk at th at particula r se as o n, man y cou ld not do th e s praying w it ho ut suffer in g a more apparent loss in t heir ot her farm ope rati ons. W it h t his fact in view and th e hi gh price of copp er su lphat e, it was determin ed to m ak e a comparative t est o f fall a nd spring spray ings w it h different st rengths of Bo r de aux togeth er w it h seve ra l ot he r sp ra y m ixtures t hat wou ld lik el y be found sa t isf actory. Nat ur e of the P ea ch L ea f Curl D ise as e. No out wa rd sig ns of th e pr esenc e of leaf curl are v is ible in t he spring when t he di sea se occurs un t il it is too la t e t o be co ntroll ed for t hat se ason. T h e aff ect ed leaves ( See F ig . 1) t a ke on a n ab no rm a l co lor, b eco me cu rl ed a nd mu ch thickened a nd finall y drop. The pr esen ce of the cu rl ma y be occasionally not ed in t he young twigs as in F ig . 2, makin g t he m abn o r ma lly la rge, but it is confined princ ipa lly to le a v e s. 5 j 1 a b c d Fig. 2. a, healthy t wig ; b and c, twi gs i n wh ich lea f curl fun gu s is w iut erin g ; d, t w ig kill ed by f ungus. (Aft er D ug gar.) -. ' ..~ -l"/ I) . . .' F ig . 3. Dcf oli a t ion du e to leaf eurl, 6 The chief damage is from defol iation of the tree. The defoliation may not result in death to the t ree, but fruit is damaged or lost an d the ge ne ral vitality of tree is lessened. Fig. 3 shows defoliati on due t o leaf cu rl. Distribution. The peach leaf curl dise ase is wi dely spread over the entire wo rl d, in fac t wherever th e culture of the peach is attem pted. In the U nite d States it occu rs in all sect ions, but is more se rious in th e No rthern a nd Wester n portions. W h ile in Geo rgia the condit ion s ar e more fa vorable for leaf curl in the Northern part of t he State, infections occ urre d to a se r ious exte nt in t he spr ing of 1906 over fully t wo -th ir ds of the Sta te. Life History of Fungus. In this latitude it is usu all y ab out t he first to th e middle of May whe n th e curl is most pron oun ced. The curled and thi ck en ed appearance of th e leave s is due to a micr osc opic pla nt or fungu s t hat lives and feeds u pon t he j uices w it h in th e leaves, not unlike the ro ots of a peach tree t hat perm eat e a nd fee d up on t he plant food in t he soil. (See Fig. 4) . Fi g. 4. Section throug h lea f aff ected w it h leaf cu rl. a, ascus; st , stalk cell ; by, cells of hymenium ; ep, ep id er mi s; m, mycelium. (After A tkinsou.) 7 This fungus is made up of a fine network of threads or hy pa e as show n in F ig . 5. Such a mass of hypae is called a mycel ium . This fungus in attacking t he cells of the pla nts causes them to mu ltiply and enlarge abnormally and causes the affected parts to bec ome very much distorted; in case of attack on leaves we h ave t he characteristic distortions or "curls" as shown in Fi g. 1. Fig. 5. Mycelium or vegetative part of leaf curl greatly enlarged. (After Pierce.) On the ends of the tiny threads or hypae making u p the mycelium of the fungus are borne the sac-like bodies (asci) in w hich occu r th e mi nute spores w hich co rrespond to see d in hi gh er plants . Each sac or ascu s bears from fo ur to eight spores as shown in Fi g. 4. These asci very often are produced in suc h numbers on the surface of the leaves as to give them a grayi sh, dusty appearance, a nd on becom ing th orou gh ly matured liberate their spores in countless millions . These sp ores are then blown by the wind and lod ged in all conceivable crev ices in the bark and be neath t he scales of th e buds of t he t rees w here u nder favorabl e conditions th ey germi na te and for m new my celia. Conditions Favorable fo r Leaf Curl. A lt hough it h as bee n shown t hat leaf cu rl is produced fro m spores lik e hi gh er develope d plants, as corn, fro m the se ed, t he prevalent idea that it is due to cold weather in the spring is not w ithout good foundation . Ju st as 'w ar mt h and moisture are favorab le to t he ge rminat ion of corn, so damp and col d weather ai el in t he developme nt of the spores. Again, the peac h t ree being retarded and weakened in its growth by the unfavorable weather, it is more susceptible to the attacks of its pa rasiti c host t hat finels the weather so advantageo us to its 8 growth. It is frequently not ed that the No rt hern slope or the most exposed pa rts of an orc h ard to the cold w inds suffer more se verely from leaf curl, and t hi s is just what w e' would exp ect from the nature of the disea se. The trees on these exposed places embody more nearly the conditions favorable to the highest development of the disease . Spraying Experiments. In se lectin g sprays for th e experi ments on ly those mixtures that were w ell establi shed for their fun gicidal value we re tested , and accord in g ly t he followin g spray outline was for mula ted by Mr. R. I. Smith and te sted at Adairsville by Mr. G. R . Casey and at Mount A iry by M r. \ V. V. Reed . E ach pl a t contained fift y trees or thereabout and was selecte d with a view to uniformity as to trees and location as mu ch as p ossible . The spr ing sp raying was an exact duplicate of the work done in t he fa ll. P lat 1. Bordeaux Mi xture : F ormula- L ime Cu SO. ( Copper Sulphate) W at er Plat 2. Bo rdeau x Mi xture : Formula- Lime CuSO. W ater Plat 3. Copper Sulphate Solution : FormulaC u S O. W ate r Check Plat No. 1, containing 50 trees : Plat 4. Copper Su lphate So lut ion: Formula- CuSO. Water 6 lbs. 5 lbs. 50 g allons. 6 lbs. 3 lbs, 50 gallons. 5 lbs. 50 gallons. 3 lbs. 50 ga llons. P lat 5. Lime-Sulp hur Wash: Formula- Lime Sulphur Water to make 20 lbs. 16 lbs. 'iO gallons. P lat 6. L im e-Salt- S ul phur Wash : FormulaLime Sulphur Salt Water to make 20 lb s. 1 6 lbs . 10 lb s , 50 gallons. P lat 7. Oregon Wash : Formula- Lime Sulphur CuSO, Water to make Check P lat N o .2, co n taining 50 t rees: Plat 8. Lime-Sulphur Wash : F o rm ula- Lime S ulph ur Water to make 15 lb s, 15 lbs, 1X lbs, 50 gallon s. 15 Ibs. 12 Ibs . 50 gallons . Plat 9. Soda Bordeaux : F O rJ11 111a- Soda (lye) Cu S O , Lime Water 1 lb. 3 Ibs. 5 oz . 30 gallon s. Plat 10. So da Bordeaux : F or mula- Soda ( lye) CuSO, Water 1 lb . 2 lbs. 30 gallon s. O rc hards at Mo u nt Airy and A dairsville were se lec ted in wh ich to make the spraying t est s on accou nt of getting conditions very favorable to leaf curl. During the sprin g before the work was begun in the fall the cu rl had been se ve re in each orchard, and being located at a high altitude and exposed to Northe rn w inds, th e trees were more lik ely t o be affected wi t h curl the follow ing year. T he trees on w h ich t he sprayin g was to be made w ere selected at the most el evated points in t he orchards where the curl had been most severe. The spraying was begun at Mount Airy in the fall, Novemb er 16, 1906 and at Adairsvill e on t h e same date. A t th e 10 form er pl ac e th e spraying w as finish ed N ovemb er 19, and at the latter November 23. The spring spray ing w as app lied the second week in F ebru ary 1907 at Mount Airy and bet ween February 11, and Marc h 4, at Adai rs ville. An ordinary Gou ld barrel spray pump w ith V ermorel nozzle was u sed, and the spray was mo st thoroughly applied. From notes m ade at the tim e th e fall applications were made at Mo unt A iry, it was found th at th e w ork was interrupted on account o f rain between th e tim e of treatment of plat 4 and plat 5. Ther e wer e fr equ ent rain s durin g and immediately following th e time the fa ll applicat ions were made , but for th e sprayings w hich we re mad e in the spr ing, w eather conditions were very good. Th e plats were ex am ined at Mount A ir y on May 8th, 1907 by IV1r. Smith and IV1r. Re ed , and at Adairsville by M r. Ca sey and Mr. Reed on May 21. A t th e time th e exam inat io n wa s made at Mount Airy it was thou g ht prob able that th e curl would be more pronounc ed later on, and a seco nd examination was mad e by 1V1r. R eed on May 28th . Not mu ch more curl mad e it s appearance a nd as th e results of all examinations we re pra cti call y the same, we can conve nient ly consid er th em toget her, and th e notes m ay be state d thu s : P lat 1. ( Borde a ux, strong) . Both fall and sprin g treatment th orough ly effec t ive. No curl found at all on plats at Mount A iry a nd only an occ asional leaf aff ect ed at Adairsvill e ; no doubt clue to a twi g not being hit by the spray. Plat 2. ( Bo rde aux, weak ) . Re sults ident ica l with P la t 1. Plat 3. ( Copper Su lphate Sol ut ion, strong). N eit her fall nor spring treatm ent effective. Fall spr ay ing less so than sp ring treatment . Check P lat 1. This check plat at Mo unt Airy cannot be classed as bein g sev ere ly affected with curl alt ho ugh it was present on a ll the trees in the plat and individual trees occas iona lly were severely affected. At Adairsville t he curl on ch eck plat was se ve re , threat ening to cause t he trees to drop their fruit. Plat 4. (Copp er Su lphate So lution , weak) . Results si milar to P la t 3. 11 Plat 5. ( L ime-S uiph ur W ash, strong). Both fal1 and spr ing treatm ent effective. An occasional curl leaf found at tip s of t w igs, du e no doubt to th at portion not b ein g h it by spray, but othe rwise not enou gh curl pr esen t to cau se t he spray to be clas sed othe r than effec t ive . Plat 6. . ( L ime -Sulphur-Sa lt Wash, stron g ) . Bo t h fal1 anJ spring treatment effecti ve. By com parin g w it h Pl at 5, it w as apparent th at the sa lt did not a dd any valu e t o the spray. Plat 7. (O regon \ Vash ) . Bo t h treatm ents effecti ve. No cu rl found on trees. Ch eck Plat 2. L ocated on a more ex pose d elevat ion, a nd co ns eque ntly, cur l m ore s evere at Mo u nt A iry. At Adairsvil1e very bad ; almost every leaf on tr ees affecte d. Plat 8. ( Li me -S ulp hur Wash , w ea k). Re sults effe ct ive as w ere th ose of Plat 5 spraye d w it h th e st ro ng w ash . Plat 9. ( Soda Borde aux, st ro ng). N ot effective. H owever, from 50 pe r ce nt t o 75 pe r cent less curl th an o n check pl at s. Plat 10. (Soda Bordeau x , w ea k ) . No t effective. Results practical1y sam e as Plat 9. It wil1 be seen fr om the forego ing r esults that Bordeaux (Lime 6 Ibs., Copper Sulphate 3 Ibs ., 'W ate r 50 gals .) , is th e most satisfactory spra y fr om an econ om ic point of vi ew again st the peach leaf curl. P arti cular attention should here be directed to the fact that the fal1 sp rayin g cont ro ls the curl just as wel1 as the spring treatm ent. Al1 of the Lime-Sulphur w ash es and the Lime-Sulphur-Salt wa sh we re effe ct ive in controll in g the curl and in case an or cha rd was infested with scale al so, these would be th e pro pe r spr ays to use as th ey w ould serve the double pu rp ose of preventin g leaf curl a nd controlling th e scale at th e sam e tim e. As st at ed bef or e, the sa lt does not add an y apparent valu e to the spray against leaf curl and it has alre a dy be en demon strated by the D epartment, as set forth in Bul1et in No. 17, that it ha s no recognized va lue again st scale unl ess it is to make the spray stick to th e trees mo re t enaciou sly. This doubtful value though , is offs et by the fact th at th e salt in the mixture causes the spray machiner y t o ru st more se vere ly. 12 One other point that mi ght be misleading to those who wish to use Lim e-Sulphur w ash for curl, as demonstrated in these experiments, and for scale al so, is the strength of wash to use . Our te sts of t he two st re ngths g iven herein for lea f cu rl were of the sam e value, but not so in t heir effect on the scal e. The st ro nger t he wash th e mo re effective it is against the scale, but as th er e is a liability of injurin g th e trees by too stron g an a pplication, t he 20-16-50 w as h ha s be en found by experiments to be mo re desirable to use against the sc ale, and would be adv ised for orchards wh ich a re trea ted for bot h leaf curl an d scale. The Coppe r- Su lph ate solut ions were not satisfactory as bef ore in di cat ed . Th e fact that the spring sprayin gs were more sat isfactory than tho se ma de in the fall , would indicate t hat lime is essential in making t he spray adhere. The CopperSu lph at e so lut ions appl ied to t he t rees in t he fall, b ein g sn h jected to th e rain s all winter an d spring, w er e more n early washed off th e trees t han th ose applie d in th e spring: hen ce, the less effectiveness of fall t reatment. Th e lime in t he two Bord eaux mixt ur es applied in the fall, on the other hand, kept t he Copper Sul phat e from bei ng w as hed off a nd no diff erence was not iceabl e in the re sult s of the fa ll and spring treatments. O f the remaining t wo sp ray s t ested, O regon W ash a ud So-la Bordeau x , the O regon W ash was effective, b ut as it has no su perior advantages ove r Bo rdeaux eit her in convenien ce of prepa rati on or th e cheapness of the in g redients it contains, it ha s no super ior commendable value. Remedial Measures. In ca se orcha rds a re not sprayed during the w int er, and de velop leaf curl in the spring, t he re is no possible way to control the disease by remedial measures, and all efforts should be directed to aid the strained condit ions the trees will be left in, by stimulati ng th eir growth, if a serious am ount of foliage is in volved. I t is always recommended t hat the orch ard be given an extra amount of cul ti vation to stimulate growth in producing new leaves; a quick-acting nitrate fer tilizer hoed or harro wed into the soil around the tree, will as sist greatl y in this direction . One-half pound of nitrate of soda to an average size tree on thin land is well adapted and recommended for this purpose. By applying these remedial me asures the prese nt cr op of fruit may be saved and the trees strengthened in developi ng leaves and growth to such an extent as to put on a full crop of fruit buds for another year, but othe rwise, may be so hadly impaired in strength as to make a fruit crop doubtful the following year. At best, remedial measures are only to meet the emergency and the tree should be spray ed the following winre r to p revent a re-occurrence of the disease. DIRECTIONS FOR THE PREPARATION OF BORDEAUX, LIME-SULPHUR WASH AND OREGON WASH. Bordeaux. Slake the lime car efully with en ou gh wat er t o reduce it to the consisten cy of cream and dilu te to 25 gallo ns. Dissol ve the blu est one ( cop per sulph ate) in 25 ga llo ns of wat er by suspendin g t he crystals in a coarse sack a few inc hes below t he surface of t he water. The blu estone w ill dis sol ve more r apicll y if kept in motion; or a few gallons of wa,r m w ater may be u secl in which to dissolve the blu est one, and the sol uti on then diluted to 25 gallons. Now take a thi rd b arrel ancl pour the two solution s tog ether sim ult a ne ous ly by clippin g up a pailful of each and allowing th e streams of the two to min gle in mid-air as they are poured into th e barrel. A fte r thorou ghly stirring, the Bordeaux w ill be ready for use. It should be thoroughly strained to preven t any foreign ma tt er enterin g the spr ay pump to clog t he nozzle s. Lime-Sulphur Wash. Add water to the su lphur a nd stir the mixture until it is reduced to a paste, usin g only enough water to break up all the lumps. Place fifteen or twenty gallons of water in a kettle, tank or boilin g vat , as the ca se may be, and heat to the boiling point. Add the sulphur paste to th e boiling water and mix thoroughly. Next add the stone lime, previou sly weighed out, to the boiling mixt ure and stir of te n eno ug h through the process of coo k ing to keep th e lim e a nd sul phur 14 well mixed. In this wa y the combined heat of the w at er a nd slakin g lim e w ill d issolve much of the sulphur. As the su lph ur goes into solution the mi xtu re w ill take on a rich , br ick-red color. W hile t he lim e is slakin g, water may have to be added to preve nt bo iling over, or t he st ea m t u rn ed off w he n steam is employed , t hou gh by addi ng only a few lum ps of the lime at a time t o th e boiling mixtu re at inter val s of a few minutes, further pre cau t ion w ill not be necessary to prevent boiling ov er, a nd wi ll also extend the t ime of ra pid cooking over a longer p eriod. An excess of wat er more than twen ty t o twenty-fi ve gallons at the outsi de is not desirabl e. After the lime is slaked, cont inue the boi ling until t he sulp h~lr is dis solved, which wi ll be in the course of an hour or con siderably less tim e w he re th e boil ing is rapid a nd co ntin uo us. A s to how long t he mixture sho uld be cooked, much depends on t he t ime and ma nne r of coo k ing, and th e ope rato r must be guided so lely by th e color of t he mixture. W he n properly bo iled -t h e L im e-Su lphur wash will be a di rty oran ge color wi t h a greenis h cast . No sig ns of the bri ght yellow sulp hur w ill be pr es ent . This condition must be t aken as unv ary ing a nd the bo iling discontin ue d at t h is stage. By using st eam a m ixture of the proper color may be ob t ained in thirty minutes' boiling, but in a kettle ov er a fire, owing t o t he irregu la ri ty of t he heat, the boiling may have to be continued for an hour or mo re. When the mixture is boiled un til it assumes the correct color, it is ready to be dilute d to fifty gallons. This can be done eithe r w it h col d or war m w ater. T he latter, however, is some what to be preferred when convenient. The diluted mixt ure sho uld retain it s di rty yellowish-g ree n color with no si gn s of th e b right sulphur prese nt. W he n ot herwise, it is a sure indication that the con centrated solution was not boiled sufficiently. Oregon Wash. Slake the lime in wa rm wa ter . Dissolve the bluestone in war m water. P ou r the blu estone so luti on on t he sl aking lime and add th e su lphur also to th e sla kin g lime. Bo il one hour in 20 gallon s of wat er, th en dilute to 50 gallons and apply while warm. 15 Summary. Leaf cur l can be successfu lly controlled b)' spray ing with the proper sp rays in the fall , as well as in th e spring just be fore th e buds begin to s well. Bo r deaux of the formu la, lime 6 lbs., copp er sulphate :l lbs., water 50 gallon s, is t he be st spray to use from a n eco nomi c standpoint, for leaf curl alone. Li me -Su lp h ur wash of t he formula, lim e 20 lbs. , su lphur 16 lb s, w ater 50 ga llo ns, is the most desirabl e in case ~ he orcha rd is inf ested with scale. Remedial measures after the leaf curl has app ear ed a re onl y to meet t he eme rg ency a nd sho uld be f oll owed by spray in g t he following winte r. PEACH Y ELLOWS .* This di sease is A mer ican in origi n and records show th at it h as existed for more than one h undred ye ar s. Figur e 6 EJ PEACH YELLaI'lS . ~ PEACH ROSETTE . F ig. 6. Dis t ributio n of pea ch y ello ws a nd p ea ch ros et t e in 1894. shows its distribution in 1894, and whi le it probably exi sts in other sections, we have reports of its spread to only two Porti ons of the following descr iptions of y ell ows and r osette ar e taken from Bulletin N o. 1 of t his Departmen t, which is no longer avail able. Hl other Stat es . Pro f. Phillips, State Entomologist of Virginia, in Circul ar No. 4, N. S., states that it has spre ad to East Tennessee and West North Carolina. This shows that the disease is g rad ua lly approaching Ge or gia and unless the nurserymen and fruit g rowe rs give us th eir hearty co-operation in the enfo r cem ent of our law against yellows, there is grave dan ger of its being introduced into Georgia. Fruit growin g in many se ct ions of Connecticut, Vir gin ia, D ela ware , Maryl and and Mich igan has been disc ontinued on acc ount of ye llows . Prof. P hillips claim s that in one county in Virginia in 1900 th ere were 105,000 pe ach trees and at this date (1 908 ) there are not 30,000 trees in th e entire county. In addit ion t o peach , ye llo ws attacks plum, nect arine and apricot . Nature of the Disease. Fig. i . Chura ct c r.ist ic bu shy growt hs occ urr-ing on limbs and trunks. (Afte r P hi lli ps .) 17 If the affected tree is in bearing the first symptom is mani- fest ed in the premature ripening of the frui t, which may tak e place several weeks or only a few days before the no r mal season of ripening . Premature ripening may be due to ot her causes, but the yellows peaches bear characteristic bright-red, measly blotches over the skin and st reak s of red through the flesh, often reachin g the pit. . Another re liabl e sym ptom is the pushing out of newly formed buds at the ends of apparently healthy twigs or water sprouts, into short shoots wi th small, yellow ish lea ves. Such buds sho uld not put out until th e followin g season. Also, the di sease may cause dormant buds on the trunk and larger limbs to push into fee ble, often branched, broomlike shoot s , . ' : ..'i I Fig. 8. Characte ristic leaf and twig growth of yellows on trees one year set. ( Aft er Allwoo d.) 18 ch aracterized by narrow , st iff lea ves. (Such growths are shown in Fi g. 7) . Affected t rees may live for three to five ye ars, during w h ich time t hey are gradually w eakened and finally the foli age be comes yellow ish or reddish in color. F igure 8 shows characteristic g rowths on trees one yea r se t . The term "yellows" is some w hat misleading. Quite a n um ber of suppo sed cases of ye llows in this State have been report ed , but upon investi g ation t he yellow ing of t h e foliage Fig. 9. Healthy l imbs to left ; two y ear p ea ch t ree d iseased with y ellows to right. (After Phillips.) in every case proved to be due to the peach bore rs, drouth or some other we akeni ng effect on the trees. Prematu re ripening of t he fr uit from similar causes has al so led many to bel ieve their t rees to be affect ed w ith yellows. The absence of red s pots on the skin a nd red st re aks th rou gh the flesh o f the fruit sho uld ser ve to relieve unea siness in suc h cases. The cau se of yellows is yet un dete rmined , but it is defi nitely kn own to be a disease and can be communicated from tree to tree and from orcha rd to orc ha rd. Experiments h ave shown that it can be communicated to healthy trees throu gh buds taken fr om di seased trees, but t he ma n ne r of it s natu ral sp read fr om tree to t re e is yet unknown . It is kn o wn , ho wever, I~ that fro m scattered cases in th e orchard it will grad ually spread over th e ent ire orc ha rd and co mplete ly de stroy it if left unmol ested. Prevention. I t is to preve nt ive measures alon e that we have to resort fo r protecti on agains t ye llows : F irst . Trees shou ld no t be purcha sed fro m sections w he re yellows is kn own to exi st. Ye llows is liab le to develop in such stock after pl antin g. Se cond. Pits fr om affected trees should not be planted. It has been demonstrated t hat t he disease deve lop s in trees from such pits. Thi rd . W he never th e disea se a pp ea rs in an orc h a rd, every aff ected t ree sho uld be root ed u p a nd b urned . Sim ply cutting off the affect ed parts is not sufficient . The virus ex ist s in the apparent ly heal thy part s and wo uld soo n deve lop sy mptoms of yello ws. T he w ho le tree, root and br anch, mu st be destroyed. ROSETTE. This disease w hich attac ks pe ac hes a nd plums is well kn own in Georgia. I t is call ed rosette from the peculiar tufts in to w hich t he leaf buds g row on t rees affected by it. Its distribution in 189-1 is shown in Fig'. G, and we have no ev idence that it has spread to ot her States s in ce th a t time. It probably originated in Geo rgia a nd has been kn own to ex ist here for at least th irty ye ar s. T he map shows it to be prese nt in Western South Carolina and in t he vicinity of Manha ttan , Kansas, and it ha s been rep orted from M iss ouri . It probably does more damage in Georgi a t han in any other secti on for it de st roys man y t rees eac h year in the infected se ct ion s of th e St at e, but the gro we rs do' not conside r it a very serious pest on accoun t of the fact that they have been ab le to hold it in check by dest ro y ing all trees that are affect ed by it as soon as the disease makes its a ppeara nce. Trees on old hed ges and in negl ected orch ards may sometimes serve as a so ur ce of infection for n e i gh~o rin g orcha rds. Such trees as th ese in a com mu ni t y sho uld be carefully looked after by pa rt ies who are inter est ed in t he growth of pe ac h es an d plums. F ig. 10. Peac h t re e affec te d w ith roset te . 21 How it Spreads. The cause of rosette is not definit ely kn o wn, but D r. E rwin F. Smith of the U . S . Department of Agricultu re, W as h ingto n , D . C., demonstrated several years ago that it co uld be com municated either by b ud in ocul at ion o r root g rafting. H e thinks it possible t hat th e disease may enter th rou gh t he roots . It is probably not spread by birds and in sect s . How to Detect it. O n account of a mi scon cept ion of the nature of this d isease, it has bee n mistaken by many Geo rgia growers for ye llo ws . No 'case of yellows has ever been foun d in Geo rgia. W he n a tree is attack ed b y rosette th e lea ves are bun ch ed to gether in cha rac terist ic rosettes a nd th e foliage assu mes a yellowish g ree n or o ra nge co lor in case of peaches, and o n plums, a re ddis h color. The leaves are st raigh t, more o r less st iff, with in-r oll ed marg in s. A t ree may or may not be attacke d in all parts at once . Fruit doe s not ripen premat u re ly as in yell o ws but eit her sh rive ls w hi le g ree n an d dr op s off, or r ipen s nat ur ally . No fruit ev er matur es o n a t re e affecte d in a ll par t s at once. No tree has even bee n k nown to recover w he n once attacked by rosette. Prevention . It has been dem on strated th at th is di sea se ca n be held in control by di gg in g out affecte d trees a nd burning t he m . Thi s sho uld be don e as soo n as th e di sea se is de tec te d on a t ree. LIT TLE PEACH . Thi s is a disea se about wh ich littl e is kn o wn . Acco rd ing to Dr. E . F . S mith in I DOl , it had no t been re po rte d fro m a ny other State th an Mi chi g an w he re it is sa id to be mo re destructi ve than yell ow s . It has since been rep orted in New York State, and Prof. P hi lli ps th inks it prob abl y ex is ts in t wo coun ties in Virg ini a. vVe have no ev ide nce that it ex ists elsew h ere. Thi s disease is so mew hat o n th e o rder o f peach ye llo ws, IS of th e same co ntagious na tu re a s ye llows and ro se tte and IS perhaps even mor e destru ctive. . 22 I F ig. 11. P ea ch t wig sh owin g characteristi c mann er in which r osettes are fo rme d. 23 Nature of the Disease. In case of little peach, the peach es appear to be no rmal except as to size ; they are much dwarfed and are insipid an d bitter to the taste. Th e lea ves, acc o rding t o Dr. E . F . Smith , are " possibly one h alf as large and us ua lly one th ird t hicke r than health y lea ve s . They a re of a sickly , ye llowish, r eddish or bluish-g reen colo r." T he fruit does. not rip en pr ematu rel y as in yellows, b ut rip ens la t ex than the usu a l tim e for rip en ing. Prevention. I n controllin g little peac h , we re so rt to t he sa me measures emp loy ed against yel lo ws and rose tt e. 24 NOTICE . Th e bull et ins of the Georgia State Board of E nto mo logy , w hich a re of present pract ica l va lue, awl st ill a va ila ble, a rt' me ntioned be low. ( T he nu mbers no t menti on ed are e ithe r out of da te o r exha uste d) . A pplicat ion for an y of the e nu mber hould be add re ssed to the Sta te Entomologist, Atl an ta , Georgia. Bull et in . ' 0 . 1 2 .- ~ r e xi can Cott on Boll Wee vil, Bull etin ~ o . 1:1.- . o me Com mo n I nsect s Injuriou s to t he A p p le . lt ul let in :\ 0. 1(i.-Cott on Boll \ \'o rm a nd I nsects In juriou s t <'l Cor n a nd Truck Cr op s , Ilul let in Xo . I / .- P each I nsect s. A T reatise o n t he Import ant Pe ach In sects in Geo rgia . l\ ullet in ~ o. l :'. - Pear Blight D isea se in Georgia , and Pea r L eaf Blig ht. l lullct in X o. l !I.-T n: ect icides an d F ungicides. \ hen an d How to Spray. ltul lct in Xo. :!O.- Pa rt I. Repo rt o f S ta te En tomologist for 1nos. Part I I. Cro p P est La \V a nd Reg ula t ions. Ilullc t in ~ ll . ~ 1 .- . prayi ng to Co ntro l the Sa n J ose . ca lc , ltu llc t in Xo . :!! .- n lac k Root Disea se o f Co t to n. l lul let iu . o . :!:L- T he A pp le \\ oo lly A p his . Gre en Apple Lea f vph is. Remedia l Mea su res for Sa m . I:ulletin Xo, :?I.- Cott on Anth rac nose a nd Co tt on " Ru t ." l tull et in ~ll . :!;,.- I' ep o rt of .. tat c H o r ticult ural Soc iety for 1!I07. C irc u la r Xo , n.- T he sc o f Sol uble ils Aga in st San j ose Sca le. _, 'IVEi< S,r -J ~ .LLIN:J::- ~tor gia ~tatt:::.:---tt- ---' Jljoarb of ~ntomologp BULLETIN No. 27 DECEMBER 1908 larocttbtng~ of the 1lI:uirtp-sttonb ~nnual .muting of tUt ~torgia ~tatt J$orticultural ~Otittp 1!}tlb at ~orntlia, ~torgia ~ugu5t 12tu anb 13tb 1908 llublisUtb bp ~tat ~oarb of Ql:ntomologp nnb ~tatt ;l.Jortitultural &otittp U.oF I. DUPS. 1938 Georgia State Board of Entomology Bulletin No. 27 December, 198 Proceedings Georgia State Horticultural Society 19 0 8 Published by State Board of Entomology and State Horticultural Society G eorgia State Board of E ntom ology ORGA NIZATIO N T. G . H UDSON Cha ir ma n . Co mm iss ione r of Ag r icu lture , Atla nt a Ex -officio Member . P J. BERCKM A1\'S Presid ent, State H or t icultural Soci et y . A u g usta . E x- officio Member J. J. CONNER President, S ta te Agricu ltural So ciety . Ca r te rsv ille Ex -officio Mem ber E . L W ORSHAM State E n to mo log is t an d Secre ta ry of the Bo ard, Atlan ta A . C . LEW IS Assis ta n t State E n to molog is t . At la n ta w . V . R E ED F ield Assistant Entom ologist , Atlan ta W . W . CHASE Dep uty I nspector. A tlan ta G .R.CASE Y Deputy Inspector. Adairsville Georgia State Horticultural Society P . J. BERCIOIANS . OFFICERS 1908 1909 PRESIDENT. 'iHE lBaARY OF THf. DEC2 - 1937 umVERSJrr OF illi NOIS . Augusta VICE-PRESIDENTS. 1 st Cong ress io na l Di strict-L. R. F AR:\IER Lo ui sville 2nd Con g ressiona l Di str ict-DAVID BR OW N Albany 3 rd Congressiona l D istrict - C. ,V . WIT HO F T . . . . Fort Vall ey 4 til Congressiona l Di s tri ct- J. S. ST R AN AHAN Bullocilv ille 5 til Con gressional Di str ict - CH ARLE S DEC KN ER At la nta Gt il Cong r essiona l District-n. E . PARK . . . . . . . . . . . Ma con 7 t il Con gress ion a l Distri ct - G. H . MILLER . , . . . . . . . R ome 8 til Con gressional Di strict- B. ,V . H UNT . . . . . . . . . Eatonton !l th Congress ional D istr ict-I. C. W ADE . . . . . . Cornelia 10 th Con gres s ion al D istri ct -DR . N EIL :\IcINNES . Au gu sta 11 t il Congr es sional D is tri ct-D. 1\1. H UGHES . Dan vill e J . B. WIGHT S EC RE TA R Y. . . Ca ir o, Ga TREASURER. LO UIS A. I3ERCKl\IANS . . . . . . . . . . Augu sta STANDING CQMMITTEES ON NEW FR UITS . T . H . :\IcH a tt on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . At he ns L . A. Be rc kma n s Aug usta J . B. W ig ht . . . . . Cairo H . R. St ai gh t . .......... . Demorest H er bert C. White .......... . . DeWitt ON SYNONYMS. R . C. Ber ekman s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . August a H . B. Chase . Hun tsville, Ala G. H . Miller . . . . . . '., . . . . R ome 1 ON ORN AMEN T AL AND US E FU L TREES . Charles Declm e r Alfred Cuthbert R. C. Berc km an s H . L. Boone . . . Atlanta Augusta Augus t a . Valdosta ON VEGETABLE' CULTUR E. N. L. Willet . . . Augusta 'H. L . Lon g . . . . Leesb urg Char les Declm e r .. Atlanta Jno. A. Cobb . . . Am ericus Ch arles S. Boh le r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aug us t a ON PACKI NG OF F R UI T S AND VEGETA BLES. C. W. With oft . . C. J. H ood W. H . F elton, Jr. I. C. Wade . . . . . F ort Vall ey Com m e r ce . Macon Corneli a ON TRANSPORTATION OF FRUITS AND VE GETABLES. John T. West . . Willis 1\1. Boyd . . . Geo, Wh it e, Jr. W . C. S tafford . . . . Thomson Ad a irsv ill e . . Sparta . Barnesville Dudley M . Hughes . . Jno. T. W est Geo. Gilmore C. J . Hood . . W. H . F elton , .Jr . ON L E GI SLATION. . Danville . Thomson . 'Warthe n c Commer ce . . Maco n Pro!. Alfred Akerman . . F OR E STRY. . . . . . . . . . . Athens E. L . W orsh a m A. C. Lewis . . ON B IOL OGY. . Atlanta . Atlanta ROLL OF MEMBERS OF THE GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 1908=1909 Akerm an, Prof. Alfred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Athens Be rck rnans , L . A. . . Berck rn a ns, P. J . . . . Ber ckrn ans, Mr s. P. J. . Augusta . Aug ust a . Augusta Berek man s, R. C. . . . Ber ek mans, P . J . A ., J r . Boon e, H . L . . . . Au gust a . Augusta . . Valdosta Boh le r , Cha s. S. . . Augusta BoYd, Will is :\I. . . . . . . Adairsville Byrd , T. C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ches ter Callowa y, W . R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Turner svill e Ca rroll , J . S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atlanta Chase, H . B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H un ts vill e, Ala . Clark , J no . W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aug ust a Cobb, Jno. A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Americus Cobb, Mrs. Lamar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Athens Cu thbert, Alfred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Augusta Christie, S. R, J r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mt . Airy Deckner , Charles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atlanta Ellis, J . E. . . . . . . Turnersville Farmer, L. R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Louisville F elton, W. H., Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l\Ia con Fo r t , J . P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . At hens F lem ing, .las. L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aug us ta Fugazzi, M. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cincinnati, Ohio Free, J . E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Demorest Gilmor e, Geo. . . . . . . . Wa r th en Griffin g, C. M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J a ck sonv ill e, F la H en derson , W. J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Da visboro .H i ~k m a n , T . I. . Au gusta Hun ter, W. B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corneli a Howard , F . E ., M.D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atl anta Hood, C. J Commerce H ughes, Dudley M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Danville Hunt, B. W. Eatonton H ughes, D. G., Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Danville Hunn icutt, G. F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atlanta 3 Jessu p, W. n. . . . . . Ch ester Keller, John Ki t ch en s , A. M. . FOTt Vall ey . . . Baldwin L ester , T. V. . . Lo mba r d, T . A. . L on g , H. L . . L ewi s, A. C. . Fayettev ill e . Corneli a . L eesbu rg Atlan ta Mill er, J. C. . . Rome Mill er, G. H . . Rome l\IcClesl,y, L. L. Atl an ta l\IcHatton , T. H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ath ens McI nn es, Dr. Neil Augusta P arI" R. E . Philb r ick, C. L. Phil bricl" E than . Ma con Baldwin Baldwin R eed, W . V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atl a n ta R uggles, F. A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Dawson Rudisill , W. P . . Corn elia Rudisill, J . C. . . Corn eli a Sh eppard, Geo. W . . 'I'a ll upoosa Sta igh t , H . R. . . . Demorest Sh iel ds, J . O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thom son Stranahan, J. J. . . . Bu llo chville Sto ck bridge, Prof. H . E ., 20 Forsyth St. . . . . . . . . . . . Atlan ta Von H erff, 93 Na ssau street . . ... New York Wa e r ni cke, H . E ., 1300 P ennsylv a ni a a ven ue. . W as h in g ton, D. C. We s t, Jno. T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thomson Wade, L C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corneli a Wilcox , M. E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l\It. Airy W hite, H. K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sp arta Wight, J . B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cairo Willet, N. L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . August a White, Geo., Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S pa r t a Withoft, C. W . . . . . . . . . . . , F or t Va lley Whitney, C. E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Au g usta Worsham, E. L. , Sta t e Ent omo logis t . . . . . Atlanta 4 HONORARY MEM'BERS Alw ood, Prof. W . B. , Va. Polytechnic Institute Black sb u r g , Va Bailey, P r of. L . H ., D ir. Co r n ell Col. of Ag r . . Ithaca , N. Y. Brackett, Col. G. B ., Ch ief Di v. of P omol og y . Washing ton, D. C. " Bus h , I s ado r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bushberg, 1\10. *Cray t on , Ho n . B. F. . . An de r so n , S. C. F u rn ass, Hon. B. F . . B r owns ville, Neb . ':'Gray, P rof. As a. . Cambridge, Mass, G reen . Xlr s. C. C. . . . . Cla yton , Al a . Hale, .T. H South Gl a s t on b u r y , Con n. H examer, Dr. F . :i\I., 52 Lafay ette Pl a ce . . . . . . . N ew York , N . Y. Jol y, Ch a s., V. P. N ational H or t . Soc. of F rance . . . . Pa r is, F ran ce ':':i\Ieehan, T h omas . . . Germantown, P h iladelphia, P~. Mun s on , T. V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . De ni son , Tex. Ne wm an , P r o f. .T. S . . Clemson College, S. C. .P ears on , T. G. . . . Greensbo ro . N . C. Qu inn, P . T . . . . . . . . . Newark N . .T. *S illlS, Col. R. M. . . . ':'S t r a y m a n , D . .T. . . . . . Columbia, S . C. . Leavenworth, Kan. ':'T h u r be r, P r of. Geo rge . N ew York N . Y, ':' W ild e r , Han. Marsha ll P. . . . . . . . . . . . Boston , Mass. "D ece ased. 6 PROCEEDINGS P resident P . J . B erckmans, of Augusta, calle d the meet ing to order at 10 .30 o'clock A. xr, Re v. Dr. H oyt being absent, Prof. J ohn N . R oger s, Su pt. T ent h Congressional Di strict Agr icult ural School, invoked th e di vin e blessing for a successf ul and beneficial meeting. Col. 1. C. Wade, in behalf of th e ci ty of Cornelia , th e F r uit G rowers' Association, an d the Chamb er of Comm erce of Yona h Land, welcomed the members and guests to Corneli a, in appropriate phrases. T he PRESIDE NT:' I take pleasure in intr odu cing to you one of the oldest and most valued member s, who will resp ond to the add ress of welcome, Col. John A. Cobb. Col. Cobb's response was replete wi th assurances that the members of the Soci ety were happy in deed at being enabled to attend this meeting in such a beautiful por tion of our S tate, and cord ially thanked th e citizens of Corneli a for th eir good wishes and kind offers of hospi tali ty. THE PRESIDENT 'S ADDRESS M emb ers of the Georg ia St at e H or ti cultu ral Soci ety, Ladies and Gentlemen: Wh en I fir st saw this part of our gr ea t State, many years ago , I found noth in g but a wilderness . The city of Corneli a a n d the towns sur rounding you did not exis t ; indeed, I doubt if th ey wer e thought of. At that time I was quite interested in this part of the coun try, and if it h ad no t been that our railroads were in an embryonic con dition, making it very difficult to get to and from this portion of the Stat e, I would certain ly h ave remained where I purchased the first pie ce of ground tbat I owned in Georgia. Aided by the r a il r oa ds, you have developed this section to a n exte n t that, what was then a wilderness , is to-day a paradise. 6 Fiftyeigh t years ago it was my pr ivilege to m a k e a mon th 's visit to this pict uresque coun t r y, and in company with the la te J a rvis Van Buren, first sa w some of the native a pp le s wh ich h e a nd Mr . Sil as ;'I[cD owe ll, of F ra n k li n, N orth Carolina, ha d coll ected. Man y of these ap pl es were gathe re d fro m t re es , t he seed of wh ich was pl an te d by the Che ro l;e e In di a ns who, kno wing n oth in g of gr a fti ng, r esor ted to the natu ral seeding m ethod in p ropagati ng the i r tr ees. In sever a l sp ots on t hese mo un tai ns were r em nants of those t rees wh ich w ere unquestionably t he old est po molog ica l r em in iscences of a se m ici vilized race t he n a l re a dy depa r ted f rom t he ir a nc estral hom es. 'I'h is coun t r y may a lso lay claim to two of tlIe pioneer nurseries of Georgia, bes ides ;'1[1'. Van Buren , Colonel John R. Stan ford, wh o, early in t he fifti es, h a d es tnblisbed a comme rci a l nursery a t Cla rk sv ille, from whi ch many of our mos t va luabl e na tiv e f r uits we re d isseminat ed. Your county wa s also amon g the firs t in u pper Georgi a t o recogn ize the n ecessity of organi zing a n Agr icultural So ciety. On May Gth, 1845, th is was pe rfect ed by the electi on of J am es R. Wyli e, as Presiden t , Geo rge D. P h illip s as F ir s t Vice-pr ealden t , Jo hn W. H . Unde rw ood a n d Ma lcolm J. "Wa lker as Cor re spon dln g Secretar ies . F r om t he t h r ee fir st named ge ntlemen I received m any cou r tes ies and in form a ti on as to t he possi " bil ities of this beautiful r eg ion. It is ther efore m os t appropria te that the Georgia St ate Horticultural Society should again meet, when ce many of t he ea r lie st native pom ological products were given to ou r frui t industry. Ma ny of yo u have bee n attracted t o this high ly favored section, wh ere a hea lthy cl imate and prod uctive so il are u nited to one of the mo st beau tiful regi ons of th is Southland. You have foun d it wond erfull y ad ap ted t o th e growing of a g reat va r iet y of fr uits, an d a re t hu s conti n u ing, a ide d wi th a ll t he m odern scien tifi c di scov er ies , in wha t th e R ed Men follow ed wi th th eir pr im itive m ethods. It is no t m y pu rpo se to t ak e u p your valua bl e time w ith a n ela borate address, but in ha ving a ga in t he plea sing se rv ice to g ree t you, thes e personal r em iniscences of mo re tha n a half-cen tu ry ag o may be foun d of so me interest to you. T here are, ho wever, several im porta n t m a tters whi ch concern the welf a re of this Society wh ich I desire to offe r t o yo ur attention . STATE AIU A"1J FIXAXCES . F or t he past two years our finan cial rev enue h as diminished ra pi dly. This is ow ing to the gr adual fa lli ng off of our mem bershi p, the ca uses of which must partly be a tt r ibu ted to ind iffer enc e of th ose wh o were on ce our s tau nc he st su pp orters. Many of our old er m embers h av e gone to t he Grea t H erea ft er, but why do our younger m en , whose a vocations a re con necte d with th e soil 's pr oduct s, fail to affili a te with Our or ganiza ti on wh ich has bee n suc h a pot ent fa ct or in promoting 7 th e cultiva ti on of our great hor ti cultu ral reso u rces ? Every effort to en list t hose t o wh om we 1001, fo r pe rpetuati ng our work h as been m a de, bu t succes s has n ot been encou rag ing. L et me app ea l to yo u to help recru it ou r ran k s, to be once m ore fill ed a s t he y we re for so man y yea rs , and let t h e useful ness of our as sociation contin ue to r emain a cred it t o the in telli gence and r efinemen t of our State. For t wo yea rs pa st we wer e u na bl e to pu bli s h t he ca talogue of fruit s , wh ich in th e past ha s p ro ven to be of s uc h gre a t va lu e an d ha s been a reliable g uide t o ou r fr uit-g rowers, es pecia lly to n ew beginners and pros uectl ve, desirable Immi g rants from ot her States. Our State Boar d of E nto mology ha s gen ero usly come to ou r rescue i n la r gely pay ing fo r t he print ing of t he p roc eed in gs of th e sess ion of 1907. These were sen t out jo intly by the Boa r d of E ntomo log y, a s Bu lle t in No. 25, an d t he Soc iety, pa rt of th e expense of pu bli catio n being a ssumed by t he Socie ty a n d the larges t po r t ion by the Boa r d, to wh ich, in beh alf of th e Soc ie ty , since re ack uo wledgm ent is her ewith te ndere d. It is to be h oped t hat s ufficien t f unds ma y be se cured to aga in pub lish th e catalo gu e of f r uit s, wh ich has been ca r ef ully rc vise d (lu r in g the pa st t wo years and is now nea rly correct a s ever y effor t ha s been ma de to perfect it. Th e Society h as ne ve r recei ved a dol la r of direct S tat e aid other (ha n a bove me nti oned. Ev ery plea mad e to the L eg isla t u re for a n upp rc p r iut iou s ufficien t t o publish a n d dis t r ib ute our pr ocee dings h as becn ' 0 r eg ularly ign ored th at fu r t her utternpt h a s been cons ide re d usel ess , Compare th e un willing ne ss of th e ' Stat e of Georg ia , t o aid a n in du stry t ha t , in t hirty yea rs, has increased it s com mercia l fr uit pr odnets fro m a few h uu dre d doll a rs to an ou tp ut of 7,000 ca rs of peaches this yea r , ind epen dent of pea rs, apples , pl um s, sm a ll f ru it s, a nd euo rmo ns q ua n ti ties of melon s an d vegetabl es. All th is h a s go ne outside of t he State a n d brough t ba ck la rg e fin an ci al returns dur ing a pa r t of t he yea r whe n ou r staple agr ic ult u ra l crops we re mon th s from t he ir mar ketab le con diti on. La n ds t hat t hirt y yea rs ago wer e r etu rn ed fo r tax a tion at less th an t en dollars per a cr e, now com mand from ' $100 to $150. Box fa ct or ies, ice plan t s, fr uit ca n ner ies a n d man y co-re lated indu stri es h a ve been es tablis hed in m any sec ti ons and g iven em ployme nt to a number of peopl e who fo u n d r emun era ti ve work difficult to sec ure befo re . It is my ab solut e beli ef th a t we re it not for the consc ientio us wo r k of you r leading m em bers , the present r evenue of the Sta t e as deri ved fr om the incr ea sed land va lues would not be wh at it is no w. T'hi s questi on was full y cons idered a t t he an n ua l sess ion of 1907 at Aug usta a nd t he m a tter left open fo r fin al cons ide ration until this a n n ua l session . Action mu st therefo re be t ak en a t this time. 8' I X~;CROLO GY. Colonel John 1\1. Stubbs, for m any years Vi ce-pr esident of the E leventh Cong ress ional District, depart ed this life on September 16th, 1907. He was th e fir st man to appreci ate the ne ed of an as sociation of ho rti culturist s who, by th eir un it ed efforts, could a id in building up the man y la ten t possi biliti es of ou r Sta te, establis h a Schoo l of Horti cult u re wh ere ou r farm ers' boys could be ed ucated in the hi gh er b ra nch es of sc ien tifi c ag ri cu lt ure, and h el p lessen th e the n ex isting depr ess ion in ou r ru ra l pu rs u its . On Aug ust 16th, 17th a nd 18th, 1876, a m eeting of publi c-spirited ci t izen s wa s held at Ma con , an d a perm a ne n t or ganizatio n perfect ed . Our older m emb ers well know his dev otion to rura l prog ress and the g reat in terest h e m an ifes ted in t he s uccess of this Socle ty. We w ill m iss hi m in our wo rk a nd Irteudly in te rcou rse. We owe i t to h is memory t ha t hi s li fe' s wor k be s ui tab ly re cog n ized hy a pp ro pr ia t in g a IJage in 0 111' forth com i ng proceedings a n d t he re sol ut ions wh ich will be offered by one of ou r associates a nd co-wor k e rs , :\11'. :\1. B. .1ones, of T homa s vill e, Vice-pr es ide nt for t he Se con d Con gress ional Dis trict, t o wh ich office he was elected a t ou r la st session , rlied J an ua r y 2lt h , l!) OS. He was a m a n of g rea t nct ivi t y, s uccess ful in hi s pu rsui t . a sp ecial ist "in melo n culture, a s tau nch fr iend of ou r Soclet v, an d a mos t gen ia l com pa n lou . HJ(1\ EF I T S OF ll OHTl C U LT Ulm . We a re a lway s a ttrac ted by the Lenut if'ul thi ng s i n nature; ou r cha ra cters a re wonde rf ull y in fluenced by t he cul ti vati on of fr uit s a n d flowers whi ch take the for m of a n affec tio n for th ese loving fr iends in pro por ti on to the ca re we best ow u pan t he m . It h as been sa id by ma st er s in th e m edica l a r t t hat t he pursui t of horti culture is salut a ry to h ealth a n d chee r fulness to tho se wh o follow i t as a r elax a ti on fro m in tense bu sin es s occu pat ion or study, a n d th is th eory is susta ined by the ha ppy coun te na nc es of those who have followed this advice. 'Wha t more ele va t ed cha ra ct er ca n t here be foun d t han a wellIn t orrne rt an d sensib le coun try den izen , who ha s t a k en up t he li fe of a scientifi c and practica l producer of th e so il 's best f ruits, one who has by th e appli cation of sound scientific t eachings been successful in hi s pu rs u it? T o him th is wo r ld h as held out pleasures and contentment which se ldom a r e the privilege of him whose li fe has been s pen t on t he sea of mercantile spec ula ti on and turmoil. But le t it be understood that in our rural education we must know the differen ce between the art a n d science of ho r ticulture. Art tea ch es the mann er, but science the r eason of cult iva ti on. When t he la tter is well underst ood, horticultu ral pursuits a re simple ; but if we are de ficient in the plain an d practical arts of manipula- 9 ti on, it is beca use we do not study t he r ea sons fo r cult iva t ion, a nd th us fre qu ently m isapply a good id ea. "\Ve a re h on or ed by th e attend a nce of many of our scienti fic fri ends, who, animated with t he ir inte rest in t he worl d's pro gress, ha ve come t o us, in aidi ng us f rom th ei r va r ied k no wled ge, what this associa tio n ha s t a ken for its et hics a nd m ission to encourage . The PHE SIDEKT: I nasmuch as I have no comp lete list of the members present , I will defer the ap pointment of COIllmittees until Inter in the day . Some of those who were to read papers have not yet ar rived, and ther ef ore it is necessary that we change our program to a slight exte nt. If 0 01. Oobb has hi s paper ready , 1 will be glad if he will let us have it now. Preserving and Canni ng Fruits and Their Co mm er - cial Sale By COL. J N O. A. Conn, Am ericus , Ga . JI r . P r esi d en t an d M em bers of tti e Georgia St a te H or t i cultu ral s oct et i), T her e we re two ca n n ing fact or ies a t a nd n ea r Am ericus th is seaso n a n d ea ch did a pro fitable bu siness ; on e wi th a ca pacity of 35,000 t o 40,000 t h r ee-poun d ca ns pe r da y of pea ch es. Th is la tter plan t was large a nd com plete in ev ery deta il , cost betw een $4,500 and $5,000; 30-H. P. bo iler an d 15-H . P . eng ine. T he pea ches were bro ught in In half -bushel bas ket s, distri bute d a m ong negr o women , wh o, with k n ives, split the m ope n a nd ex t ra cte d the see d. The halved peach es were t hen placed on a wi re sc re en en dless belt wh ich r an t h roug h a boiler-shaped cyli nde r, a n d, as t he peac he s pass ed through , a stream of some pa ten ted comp ound was th ro wn on th em , w hi ch to ok a ll of the fu zz off of the peach ; and th en throu gh ano ther str eam cont a in ing di sinfect ant, a n d t he peach es were poured out at t he oth er end of the boil er fr ee f rom all fu zz and worms, rot or other im purities. Th e pea ch es wer e th en thrown on tables and women assorted t hem, placed them in three-pou n d cans, set th em on a n en dl ess belt which ran dow n th roug h a vat of water, which filled them with wa ter; the n they were ca rried to a place where women placed the to p on eac h ca n ; the n th ey we re passed throu gh a mach ine with ga s jet an d solder a tt a ch ed, wh ich soldered on th e tops ; 10 the n _to a m an who d ropped solder in a small hole which had been left in t h e top of each : t hp " ~ ._ , a n d ju s t be fo r e the endless belt was re versed, em ployees lifted them off of t he belt and placed t h em in a large op en-work iro n bas ke t t hat h el d se ve r a l h undred, then the basket wa s lif ted by a cr a ne an d dropped in t o a large vat of ho t wate r, re main ing t h er e a few m in utes; wa s t he n li ft ed by t he cran e a nd t u rn ed -a n d dro ppe d in t o a vat of COlli wate r; in a few mi nu tes t h e ba sket wan li ft ed and t h e crane t urn ed and th e ba sket depo sited on the floor and t h e ca n s were then t a k en out, passed to a m achi n e tha t pu t t he labels on eac h ; t he y wer e then pa ck ed in wood en cases cont a in ing t wo dozen ca ns ea ch . They we re th en r ead y for t he market, This pl ant put up five grad es of canned peach es. The first and second grades ha d ab out a ta blespoon ful of s ug a r put in each can. The lowest g rades d id not have t he fuzz taken off of the pea ch es and are what a r e sold as "Pie P each es." The plan t was op e ra ted fift y days an d put up ove r a hal f-mi llion cans, a ll of w h ich h ave be en sold an d shipped t o variou s poi nts. T hey pa id a n a ve ra ge of fifty cents per bu sh el fo r peaches de livered at t he fa cto r y an d h ad a f u ll su pply all t he t ime t h ey we re in op eration. T h e wate r was sup plied from th e ci ty waterwork s. There were seven or e igh t w hite m en fam ilia r with tile work . Most of t he other la bor about 150, we r e n egro girls a nd women . Tiley wo rked by the piece a n d made fro m 75 cents to $1.00 per day. All t h e la bo r n eeded wa s available and did no t interfe r e wi th fa r m work in th e neig hbo rhood, as tho se em ployed were a se t of t own negroes t h at gen erally liv e in idleness. The other fa ctory i s loca ted on the " Ware Peach Or ch ard," just so uth of Americu s on th e li n e of t h e Southwes t ern Divis ion of th e Central R a i l w a y. T he ca pacity is about 3,500 three -pound ca ns per da y. They had a 15-H. P . engine and boiler; 1 wa ter t an k : 3 la r ge boil er s ; 1 iron basket; 1 wo ode n coole r; 1 wooden crane w ith iron fixtures; gasoline , ta nk a n d so lderi ng h eat er. The peaches were peel ed by h and m a chine. All m a ch in ery un de r one cover , except th e gasoli ne tank w h ich wa s t hi r t y feet fro m t h e bu ildin g. The cost of t h is outfit, n ot in cl u ding wat er tan k , en gin e an d boiler, was ab out $150. Ded ucting the cost of can n ing, t h e peach es n etted t h em 50 cents pe r bushel. The labo r employed was wh a t they had on the peach fa rm. To eq u ip a fa cto r y, ca pacit y of 1,200 to 1,500 ca n s per day, will cost, exclusive of engine an d boiler, $100. Ca paci t y , 4,000 cans, $200, an d so on , In proportion, up to $5,000. T he engine a n d boiler on a farm u sually will furnish a ll steam and power n eeded, and th erefore Is n ot in cluded in the cost of a canning; plant. 11 The ca nn ing of vegetables re quires more cooki ng than for pea ches, bu t the addi tional cost of a vat, wi th coiled pip e fo r he ating the water, will no t a dd materiall y to the cost of the pla nt. To g ive an idea of the im port ance t o a farm in g com m un ity of the sta r ti ng of a ca n ni ng fact or y, I quot e from a lett er f rom Mr. O. M. Boye r, of F inc a stle, Va ., who manufact u res can n ing ou t fit s. H e says : "T o g ive you a fair id ea of" h ow it is ca rr ied on, it sta r te d in t h is ' wa y : Abo ut t h irty-five years ago a ma n by t he name of John C. Moo ma w ha d seve ra l thousand '. pea ch trees whi ch bor e well , and th e re bein g no market h cre a nd n ot k now ing h ow to se ll t he m on th e markets in Nor ther n cit ies , he decid ed to try a nd ca n t he m , which he d id, with fa irly good profit. Th is went on for quite a n umbe r of years a n d other peopl e we re st a nd ing off look fng until they sa w h e was ma king more money than hi s neigh bor s. T he y sta rte d se ver a l ot her ca n n ing facto ri es a nrl then beg;a n to ca n toma toes ." "The tom a to business wa s quit e p rofi table, as a farm er wo uld s et out about fift ecn acre s of to ma to es an d eng age thc m to th e n eares t ca n ner a t 20 cen ts, a n d some ti mcs a s m uch as 30 ce n ts , per bushel. T hi s would hr ing t he m anywh er e fr om $;)00 t o $1,000 per cr op r a ised on t h in land . It went on th is "' ay for quit e a n um ber of yea rs, u nt il \ now we hav e over t wo hu ndred ca n ne r ies in our coun ty. ' " We hav e a n umb er of peo ple w ho s ta r te d ou t in a very limi ted way. anrl now t he y own good fact or ies, good fa r ms -with goorl ho uses , l111C! I do no t k now of a turm in t h c coun t y th at h a s a mortga ge Oll it. " "T h is county supports fou r excell ent ba nks. It ha s t wo t re me ndou s ca n fa ctor ies fo r maki ng ca ns an d I un derstan d t hey a r e or ga nizin g a third can fa ct ory. They fir st bough t a g re a t dea l of the rna ch inerv fr om th e N or th , whi ch t hey ha d me to a lt er an d I began ma leing it m ysel f." One of th e in heritan ces of slave r y, e ven a mong tho se who were no t own ers of slaves , that we find hard t o get ove r , is fal se pride a nd a con tempt for small th in gs . Slave r y ga ve us a n easy ti me, a neg ro a t eve ry t u rn to do our bi dding. It is n o won de r th a t it takes a long time to recover f rom the effects. As :.\11'. Boyer say s, it wa s a new man in a nei ghborhood who sta r t ed the ca n n ing in dustry and it to ok se veral yea r s of observation on t h e part of hi s nei ghbor s, "before t he y wen t an d did li kew ise;" b ut beho ld the resu lts. Necessity brings us t o doin g m a n y t hi ngs th a t in the end resul t in great ben efit to us. The large amount of rotting frui t in our orchards is forcing us In t o the ca n n in g industry, and I am satisfied that it will open th e door to our farmers for a great di versit y of crops, which is the cr ying need of every sec ti on of ou r State. A far me r tw en ty miles 12 from a railroad will be able to ca n his fruit an d vegetabl es, and when cann ed they ca n be m ark eted a t any f utu re tim e. This is on e class of fu tur es it is not dan gerous to dea l in . Can ne d f r u its and vegetables susta in n o loss or det e rioration, a n d a re a s marketabl e in six mon th s a s t hey are th e day t h ey are ca n n ed, a n d th ere is always a cash demand for th em . This g ives an idea of t he cos t of sta r t ing va r ious size ca n n e r ies a n d the prob abl e p rofits. The r esult s, a s sh own n ea r F in ca stl e, Virg in ia , sh ould enc ou ra ge ou r farm er s to try th e ca n n in g bus in ess. If on ly a fe w will m ak e t h e experimen t , I a m sa tisfie d t ha t in a few ye a rs it will develop in to a large in dust r y an d a dd ver y largel y to th e ma t eri al gr owth and prosp erity of our Sta te . The P llESIDE :N T : 001. Brackett , your paper should .h ave been fir st, but du e to the printer 's error i t does not app ear 0 11 th e pr inted progr am ; an d as the program s were r ecei ved only a f ew moin en ts ago, there h as not been ti me to correct the oversight. ]f yon will h onor us wit h your p aper now, we will be gla d to heal' f ro m yon. 1\[y f r iends, tl; is Society is to-day honor ed l.y th e presen ce of t he gre atest pomologi st in ) he wor ld. I ta ke much pl easm e in in tr odu cin g to you my f r iend and colle ague, 0 01. G. B. B r acke tt. The Peach Industry in Georgia BY CO L. G. B . B IL\ C KE TT, Pomologi s t, U. S. Depar tment of Agric ult u r e, W ashing ton , D. C. M r . P re sident; L adies an a Gentlem en : The ple asure of m eeting wi th you on th is occasion is beyond my pow er of ex pre ssion . 'When m y great and g ood friend, President Berekmans, invited me t o address your Horticultu ral Soci et y u pon this, its thirty-second an n ive rs a ry, I accepted with a lac rity. I h ave long known of your splen did organ ization an d of it s wo nderful success and of th e vast a m oun t of va luab le information it has bee n disseminating th ro ughout t he State. Your succ ess is la rgel y due t o your se lection of the right man for your Presiden t, and for conti n uin g him in office from year to ye ar. 13 Fo r more tha n fifty vea rs your goo d Pres ident h as free ly given his time and ta lent to t he ca us e of the fru it indus try in the South. Or cha r ds on every side f rom the Atl antic t o th e Gulf, bear living testimony of hi s k now le dge, zeal, fo resig ht an d un tiring efforts. He ha s don e more for Am erican hor ti cu ltu re t ha n a lmost any oth er m an I k now. The fact that he has been P res iden t of this Society thirty-two years testifies both t o hi s integr ity and to your apprecia ti on of hi s sterling wor th . No other hor ti cult u ra l society h as been fo rt una te enoug h to keep on e man in the pr esid en cy for that length of ti me. It is t he cust om of State horti cul tur al soci eties to ch a nge officer s e very yea r of two , so that a ll the workers may have at som e t ime or oth er worn the official ins ignia of Pres ident. You did no t m a ke th is mi stak e. Each year h as added t o the experience a nd efflcien cy or your President. T he wo rk of P res ident Berckmans has r arely ever been equa lled an d neve r exce lled. He was prea ch ing pomology to t he South by prfnci ple a nd practi ce years a go, when I was doing th e sa me for t h e territories of tbe North west. F or more than fift y years the name of Ber ck mans has been a ho use ho ld word to t he f ru it -grower s of t he So ut h an d he has been ba cking hi s statements by goo d, ho nest, h ard wo rk until the Geo rgia peach, like th e Georgia wa termelon, has made your Stat e fa mou s in hor ticultu ral hi st or y. Georgia stands near a bout hea d of the list in number of peach-trees gr own a n d in amount of peach es shipped. Your State could gl ut the markets of the Eastern States wit h its enorm ous peac h crop, a nd t h is is just what would ha p pen did no t yo u r sh ippe rs so thoro ug h ly un der st and t he busi ness of marketing as well as pea ch growin g. The in dustry in your Sta te is divi ded in to two sections: Peach cultu re and peac h m a r keting. I will say a fe w wor ds on each s ub ject , .not fo r t he grower a n d sh ipper, who h as had experi ence here for so many years, but for t he young me n who are yet t o pla nt or ch ards an d carry forward th is indust r y in fu t u r e. P EACH CU LTURE. T he apple constitutes ab out 55 pe r cent. of decid uou s f r ui t t re es grown in the United Stat es and the peach is second on th e li st , as 28 pe r cent. Peach trees a re grown in alm ost eve ry State and it is possible to exten d th e in dustry se ve ral hundred m iles further n or th than a t present. There a r e tho us ands of varieties of the peach, bu t t here is bu t one specie s, Prunu s per si ca. The probability is that the peach or igi nated in Ch ina, but came by wa y of P ersi a, for its christening. This frui t ad ap ts it self well to envi ronme n t, but ch anges type with geo gra phi cal li nes. It s types have, therefo re, come to be known as 14 (1 ) P ersian, ( 2) Ch inese Cling , (3) Sp anish , (4) Sou th Ch in ese , and ( 5 ) Peen-to . Th e Ch ine se Cli ng g ro up is t he hardiest and s uccee ds best in th e n or th ern Un ited Stat es, wh ile the Peen-to is adapt ed to the present southernmost a rea of s uccessful peach cul tu re. Be tween these two t yp es lie the geographical li nes of latitude where the r em ai ni ng two, th e So uth Ch ine se and th e Spanish, are su ccessfu l. Th e parent of th e Peen-to type was first grown in th e South by Presid ent Be rc k ma ns at his home in Aug usta, Ga., in 1869 fro m seed obta ine d from Australia. Accor ding to P ro f. H . H. H ume, som e twentyt h ree va rieties of t his fiat fr uited pea ch h a ve ori ginat ed in Florida , bu t only a sma ll n umbe r of them a r e in com me rcial culti vation . The season of r ip enin g of th e Peen-to is fr om Ap r il to J uly , acco r ding to t he variety a n d loca ti on. The t ree of th is t ype po ssesses willow y branch es an d lon g, nar ro w lea ves ; it is an up r ig ht grower a n d a proli fic bea re r . The Angel and Waldo are t ypi ca l com me r cia l varieties of t he Peen-to type. The Sout h Ch inese, or Honey, gro u p was al so di sseminated from stock g row n by P r es ident Be rc kmans . The t ype origina ted from se ed obta ine d f rom China by the la te Cha rle s Downing an d P resident Be rckmans was bus ily engaged in distributing this stock as ea r ly as 1858, or with in tw o years after establi sh ing hi s Geor g ia nurs er y. The peach should be em blazoned on the Be rckmans herald ry, fo r Presiden t Berek mans may be ju stly style d the fathe r of peach cultur e in the So ut h . The Honey type is well a da pted to t he Gu lf States and the fruit foll ows the P een -to in season of ripening. T he Spa n ish, or Indian . type wa s probab ly intro duced into Mexico f rom Spa in abou t 275 years ag o. Nuttall, th e botan ist, stated that he found th e pea ch growing in its wild state as fa r west as the pre sent Sta t e of Arkansas about 1812. The Spa n ish t ype is a da pted to the whole South. Th e t ype cha ra cteristics a re redd ish young wood of t ree; th e large, long, sp r ead ing limbs; large blossoms an d sm a ll flat foli age; the fr uit han gs on the tree until la te fa ll a n d st ays green through a se ve r e d ro ut h ; th e fruit in color is usu all y yell ow, st reaked with blood-red beneath the skin. The t r ee is a sure bearer, a n d a hea vy crop per in its native zone. The T exas , Vi ctoria, Ca bler and Columbia are r epres entative commerc ia l varieties of this type. The Chinese Cling type probably rea ch ed Amer ica about 1850, h aving come to Engl an d some six years prior to th a t date. This is the great com me rcia l ty pe. Ori ginally t he fruit was mostly cli ng or semi-clin g. Th e foliage Is large, lu xu riant and flat a n d turns a peculi ar pea-green In the aut u mn . By t h is ch ara cteristic it Is r eadil y di s- 15 tln gulsh ed from other types . Its representatives a re Gener al L ee. Thurber, Gr eensboro, Ca r man, E lb erta, etc. The E lbe rta is successfull y growing over a la rger a rea of coun try than a ny ot he r va ri ety of p ea ch , a nd perhaps ha s netted the g row ers more mo ney th an any other, it being to th e pea ch fam ily what t h e Ben Davi s is to th c apple group. The improvement of t he Ch inese Cli n g type in Geo rg ia is la rgely du e t o t he ene rg ies a n d fo r esight of ~ressrs. Berc km a ns, Mill e r, R umph , Hu sted, Stubb s a nd oth er mem ber s of th e Georg ia Horticultural Soc iety. Three of the mo st prom lnon t variet ies of t he Ch inese Clin g type, E lb erta. Delle and Thurber . originated in Georgia a nrl on Georgi a hills a r e ve r it a ble gold min es . Th e stor y of the El berta reads l ik e a rom an ce and is in terwoven in the h is tor y, co mme rce a nd li t era t ure of th e State. I n 1872. Samuel H . Ru mp h , Mnrshallvllle, Ga. . fir ed by th e zeal of hor ti cu lt u ral enth us iasm, beli eved th ere were better peaches to come fro m th is stra in t han h ad yet bee n grown i h e a ccordingl y planted ou t 1.200 see d lin gs a nd patientl y seg regat ed th em un til there reiu nin ed bu t one fruit in g t ree, a nd t h is to h im r epr esen ted th e ideal for whic h h e sea rc h- d. H e n am ed th e new ca ndid ate 'E lbe rt a," in h on or of hi s wif e. H c exhib i ted th e fir st fruit of t he or ig inal tree to this Society. He ha d fa ith in th is pea ch an d pla n ted large or ch a rd s of it . H e rea li zed profi table retu rn s, bu t t hat wa s of li ttl e con seque nce to hi m com pa re d to t he g reat g ift he besto wed u pon Am erica n hort icult u re. Com me r cia l pea ch-g row ers in t he north tem perate zone w ill be indebted to h im for man y years to come, for t he Elber ta lia s been a n und enia bl y g rea t fa ct or in s ucce ss ful comm erci a l pea ch cult u re. The wh it e flesh ed va ri eti es are m ore in dem and in so me of th e ma rkets of th e North and East , bu t El berta, ea sy to g r ow a nd easy to sh ip, always a ppea rs in t hc d is ta n t ma r ket in the pin k of perfect con dition. To P re sid en t Berek mans we a re indebted for t he originati on and dis semi n ation of ot her a lm ost eq ua ll y famou s varieties of t his g ro up . H e has don e a great wo rk f or the Sou th in d isseminatin g choice vari eti es and in insti lling into t he m inds of th e peop le th e bes t m ethods of maintaining commerc ia l or ch ards. Georgia peaches a re well k nown in eve r y city of size from th e Ro cky )!oun tains to t he Atl an ti c Coas t . from Ca nada to the Gul f. The Georgia pe ach was gre atly in evidence in the markets of t he national ca pitol s eve ral wee ks ago, and mer ely th rough cu riosity I as ked a lea ding grocer: "What a re you paying for pea ch es ?" 16 " We would not h andle any local pea ches," he repli ed. "We wou ld not g iv e a n yt h ing for th em, not wh en we can get fine Georgia peache s th a t we can sell for two or th re e ce nts a piece." So t he Geor gia peach ha s captured t he n a ti onal capito l. T he lan ds of Geo rgia are we ll adapted to peach cultu re, as has been proven by your exte nsive and heavy-bearing, well -kep t orchards. The warm , sa n dy soils, rich in humus, a nd with a light cla y subsoil , are cons ide red safest. Suc cessful pe ach growing la r gel y dep ends u pon t he m an behind the en terp ri se . F irst: Thor ough cul t ivati on of the or char d is an absolut e essen ti a l. Se cond : T he tree m ust be prun ed a n n ua lly by shorten ing in on ehalf of la st year's g r owth. Third : The ideal pea ch t ree is low in head and som ewhat sprea ding in ha bi t. Wi th a tree in this form , t he most of the frui t ca n be gat hered withou t the use of a la dder. Fo u rt h : The a ve rag e peach tree is apt to set seve ral times mo re fru it t ha n ca n be fully dev eloped. T herefor e, in order to obtai n fr uit of good size and appear ance, t h innin g of t he crop is ab solutel y esse ntial. With suc h treatmen t the crop will br ing better return s th an othe r wise. Th e d isa s trous fre eze of 190G t hat r ui ned so man y hun dreds of pea ch or chards in Mich igan ta ught the g rowers t he re se ve ra l useful lesson s. Trees with sho r t t ru nks and spreadin g h ead s were not so se verely inj ured as the ta ller gr owing t ree s. Th e wh ite-fleshed so rts of the No rth Ch ina t yp e a re t he mo st ha r dy in bud . In t he South , nearl y ev er y wi nte r, there are s pe lls of wa rm weather tha t st a rt the bud s in to gr owth to a g rea ter or less extent. F r uit buds that have ma de a vig or ous g rowt h afte r r ela ti vely sev erc pr un ing are less li a ble to fr os t inj u ry . A hea lt h y g rowing, well -t rain cd, open hea ded t r ee sho uld come th r oug h t he wi n ter with mu ch less injury to fruit bu ds. On wa r m da ys in w in ter, va r ieti es tha t fin ish the ir re sti ng periods ea r ly are eas ily pu shed in to slight gr owth. Vad e/ i. " ;If the Ch iIiese Cling a nd g ree n-tw igged t ypes th a t fini sh their r es tin ;; period s la te or whose bu ds r emai n do rman t a g r ea ter length of ti me a r e better ab le to wi ths ta nd the ca pr ices of th e weathe r. T he pu r ple-twigge d va rieties a re 1I10re s us ceptible to win ter in juries th a n t he green-twigged varieti es a nd from t he la tter we may la te r find fr os t-res ista n t so r ts th at will def y old Borea s and th us t he va gar ies of cli m a te will be overcome by t he' peach-gro wer. The fru it on a n open -hea ded tree is n ot li kely to ro t so ba dly becau se s un ligh t is th e best fun gi cid e. Monilia [ru ctiqena , brow n r ot of t h e pea ch , h a s don e a good deal of dam ag e, esp ecia ll y to the early ripening vari et ies. Its ravages are 17 widespread a n d th e loss is very grea t in warm, moi st seasons. Your State Boa r d of Entomolog y ha s ren der ed yo u valian t assistance along th e pa tholog ical an d en tomolog ica l side of peach growi ng . The peach or chard of the a verage farmer does no t re ceive th e proper at te n ti on it deserv es , but State pathologists, by us e of Bordeaux mixture a nd othe r fungicides, are more read ily keeping t hi s pea ch di sea se u nd er con t rol. - E ve r y peac h or cha r d is improved by careful spraying. Spraying sho u ld be don e at lea st th ree ti mes ea ch season-first , before th e folia ge sta rts in the sp r ing; second, when the fr uit has a ttained t he s ize of a haze l-nu t; a nd third, ju s t before th e fr uit matures. T h is la st spraying seems not onl y to k eep the fruit tree in health y con diti on, but it r ids it of so m e of its surplus foliage a nd enables t h e sun lig ht to ge t bett er pl a y, and th us t he fru it atta ins a bett er color th ereby. If th e brow n r ot is a ppa r en t in qu anti ty ju st befo re t he fr ui t ri pen s th e trees should be spraye d with an a mm on iac a l sol ution of copper ca rbo n a t e . T here is necess ity in t hese com petit ive times of m eeting eve r-cha ng ing cond itions of t ra de with m eth ods of a da ptability and enterprise th a t fall s little shor t of ge n ius . To put colo r on frui t is of pr im e im portan ce t o the peach -grow er . Colo r is no t a lways synonymous of qual ity, but it is on e of the most im portan t fa ctors of su ccess in m ark etin g th e crop. The pea ch -g row er ca n contr ol si ze, color and quality of f ru it t o a large exte nt by prope r cult ure and fertiliza tion a nd p ru u in g. E very tree needs food a nd drin k as welI as a n a b un da nce of s u ultg b t . Phosphoric a cid, nitrogen a nd po Lash is the trin ity to which m an y a g rowe r pin s h is talth fo r a ddin g color to his f ruit, but an open -topped t re e is of vastly more im por t an ce a s th e sun pain ts th e beautiful tir.ts of r ed , a s no oth er artist can do. It may in terest you t o k now that t he area of success fu l peach cultu re will soon be ext ended sev era l hun d r ed miles north of its presen t bounda r y. This will be m a de pos s lble t h ro ug h th e seg regation a nd propagatio n of the h a r di est varieties of the Ch inese Cling t ype. Hi the rto, Ba il ey and Bokhara No. 2 peaches, note c for h a r d iness, ra ther than quali t y, h a ve stood for th is h a r dy ty pP, bu t recen tl y there h as bee n fo und in Iowa li gh t-flesh ed pea ch es, la te in sea son, ha r dy in t ree, a nd good in quali ty . Most of th ese a re see dli ngs and so me hav e bee n n amed a n d hav e stood the test of pro pagation for so m e ye a r s an d hav e brough t $4 pe r bushel in t he m a rkets of the Northwest , an d the trees h ave borne r ema r ka bl y heavy crops. It is r epor ted that t hese trees have withs tood f reezes t h at n ipped th e bran ch es of t he oak trees ; so we have no dou bt of the ir hardin ess. One var iety r eceived at th e Departmen t of Agricul tu r e ea rly i n No vember was st ill in ta ct on De cem ber 1st, a n d, tho ug h t he hea t of the offices ha d ca us ed the fruit to wilt 18 some wh at, th ere was n ot t he least sig n of deca y about it. Of th ese var ieti es , L eigh a nd the six Bednar seedlings see m to be t he most va luable. T her e a re peache s grown in north ern Iowa a nd southern Minnesota a nd t he time is not far di st an t wh en peaches will be g r own in the D ak ot as. T he com mer cial side of t his sub je ct is of pa ramo unt im por ta nce. Ma rke t ing the cro p has been sa id by some to be "T he h a ppi est part of the whole job." To market successfully a large peach cr op r equires as g rea t business ac umen as is displ ayed by captains of indust ry in a ny other branch of t rade. The successful peach g rower studies carefu lly the repo rts of crop esti ma tes for sev eral m on th s before h is crop is rea dy t o se ll. Your Georgia peach indus try is therefo re divide d in t o two branch es, the scientific and t he com mer cial. These two branches work ha rmoniou sl y with each other . President Berckmans a nd this H or ti cultural Society ha ve told you for m ore tha n t hirty years h ow t o g row peaches; a n d t he Georgia Peach Growers' Ass oci ati on h as essayed to h andl e the comme rc ia l side of the problem . There a re man y sli ps in the ma rketing of a State's pea ch cr op, and th e association is trying to eli minate these mistakes. T he ma gni tu de of the peach in dustry in Georgia caused you some a la r m in the ea r ly seaso n whe n it became ev ide nt th a t you were to h an dle the la r gest crop in the hi stor y of th e Sta te a nd that several weeks ea rlier in ri peni ng th an ever be fore , and that a crate famine was im m ine nt. P acking is one of t he most im portant featu res of su ccess in pe ach m ark eting. No pack age has ever been devised that seems better adapted t o pea ch ma r keti ng tha n t he Georgia cra te that holds three pe cks of peaches, packed in six sm all open baskets of one-half peck eac h . The Georgia carrier is welcomed th roughout th e markets of the United States. It is t he standa r d cra t e of uniform s ize; it makes a neat packa ge, acceptable to wh olesal e dealer a nd r et a il trade alike, as we ll as to the househ olders and to the transportati on com pa nies . None but best fruit should be packed . T he finest fr uit carefull y packed an d neatly la bel ed brings the h ighest prices in the m a r ket a nd more than r epa ys t he extra cos t of the packa ge. The f ruit mu s t be wi thou t blemi sh , per fect in sha pe a nd un if orm in s ize a nd color . It is bett er to employ your own picln ng ga ng and non e bu t expert packers. I n Californ ia h alf of t h e peach product is sold to t he ca nne rs a t the uniform r a te of 50 cen ts per bushel. This is a wise precaution , as it gets m uch su rp lus stock out of th e way and enables the re rnainder to be sold at rem unerative prices. 19 The by-product of a peach crop, such as surplu s stock, small and overrip e st ock, sh ould go to the cann ers, driers a n d other firm s in position to han dl e s uch stock. In this wa y prices a re ma inta ined. If New York City ha d r eceiv ed abo ut half as many pea ch es this season as Georg ia shipped to it, and if th e small ci ti es and to wn s throughout th e East an d middle St at es had been well taken ca re of in t he m atter of sys tematic shi pme n ts, the Georg ia peach-g rowers would have probably re ceive d dou ble th e am oun t the y di d r eceiv e for t his ye a r's crop . Som e Geo rg ia pea ch-gr ower s hav e cla imed t ha t this la rgest a n d finest peach crop , tak en as a whole, was un r emu nerative . Remembe r th e old adage: "Mak e your m ista kes teach you someth ing." ) [AHKETI l\ G. Th e Georg ia pea ch crop this year of ove r 7,000 ca r loa ds, exceeding $5,000,000 in value, com ing t wo weeks earli er t ha n usual, cau sed you great uneasiness because you were conf r onted by th e two im pen ding cr ises of sca rcity of la bor a nd a cra te fam in e. The Ca rmans wer e no t fa ir ly on t he mark et befor e t hey were followed close ly by th e Hi lcys, and th ose in tur n by Belle's, Thurber's a nd Elber tas, until t he who le peach s it ua ti on was exp ressed in one word : "Ru sh ," a nd grower a nd sh ipper we re glad whe n it was ove r. At t he out set, wh en ca n n er ie s wer e over-run the ea r ly mark ets surp r ise d and nea rl y glutted, prices th reatene d t o r un away down, all of wh ich shows the n ecess ity of t a kin g tim e by the foreloc k and being well pr ep a red for t he s h ipping season. Cool weather, good bu s in ess m an agem en t an d a we ll-sustained ma rket help ed ou t th e situation exceeding ly, a nd the fruit held up well becau se it wa s prop erl y h a ndl ed an d packed an d buyers were not af ra id of taking the r isk of h olding th e s tock excess for a day or t wo. Mr . Hale, of t he Ft. Va lley Orchard Compan y, who h as been gro wing peaches in your Sta te fo r m ore than sixtee n yea rs , st a tes tha t the cost of pr oduc ti on of 36 cen ts per crate is in cr easin g a nn ua lly . H e counts the i ncident al ex penses of harvesting, packing and pu tfiu g the crate into the ca r, 35 cents more, mak ing the total cost of a crate of peaches f. o. b. the ca rs in Georgia, 71 cents . F rei ght, r efri geration and ca rtage an d com m lss tons run th is prtce u p ph enomen nllv , an d gr oss pr oceeds of s al es vary on d ifferen t l ry s an d in different market s. MI'. H al e figures that crates and baskets cos t the Georgi a peac hg row er s t h is . season $425,000 ; re fr ige r ator ca r s, $325,000; rail roa d transportation , $1,000,000; comm iss ion men a nd wh olesal e dea le rs, $200,000 ; retail me rc hants over $1,500,000, thus benefiting seve n d iffer ent se ts of peopl e in seven diffe ren t branch es of trad e in dustry, an d h e figur es that th e g rowe r, who made a ll th is coloss al tra de poss ible, received t he least of a ll, 20 How t o protect t he in terests of t he g reat and small grower equally well in this industry is t he problem t hat confronts you. This qu estion was para m o un t a t t he annua l meeti ng of you r Geo rgia P ea ch Growe rs ' Associatio n in con ve n ti on in Atlanta, Ma y 13t h. T here n eed s to be clo sest sym pa t h y an d co-ope ratio n a mo ng t he g r owe rs in order t o m ake t he wor k of t h is associ ati on effective. Your watchword of s uccess is " Or ga n iza ti on." An or ganiza ti on managed by per fect sy stem . Statistics s h ould be f u rn ished of t he total n umber of cr a tes t o be shipped a n d som e es ti mate mad e of p r ob a bl e n et retu rns . ]\;0 S tate n or set of g r owe rs can hope to con t rol t h e market un less t her e is an even , systematic and prop er di s tribution of the crop. To se n d five to ten ca r loa ds of peaches t o New York wh en t he m arket is already g lutted is t o court failure. To see New York ove r loa de d 120 ca rs of peach es and not a peach in n ea rb y snuu l ci ties. is t he r esult of indiscriminate s h ip ping and distribution . M ake a study of th e populat ion of th e sm a ll cities ; s tu d y t he i r wa n ts, t he ir tastes and t he ir n eed s . An even an d s ysteuia tc cr op distribution ca n on ly be h a d t hroug h the sa ga cious munugenien t of a well-organized a ssoci a ti on. The plan of t he California citrus growers' association is one of t ne most perfec t ye t devised . The supply in a ny marke t is kept j ust a l ittle be ne a t h the d em and. A city 's app etit e is kept whetted for o r anges and is nev er ful ly g rat ified . R esults are surprising and a re a lway s sa ti sfactory , and grower a n d cons u me r is in good humor and no gl ut h a s occu r r ed on any m a r ket , and th ere has bee n no a ppreci abl e loss of fr u it. The g r owe r in t h is ca se con t r ols t he r et ail output. Su ccess m ean s fre sh s to ck , in fine con dition , evenly pa ck ed, uniformly la be le d, and crated , carefull y h an dled a n d j udi ciou sl y mark eted. It is stuff in all s tages of r ip en es s, r ot t en ness a n d deca y t ha t ca us es unn ecessary gluts on al e mar ke t. Wi se sh ippers h a ve h a d, in so m e ca se s, to go on t h e peac h m ark et t h is seaso n and bu y ca r loa ds of t h is st uff a n d g et i t ou t of the way b ef or e offer ing th ei r own fresh, cle a n , attractive sto ck. Fruit, to r ea ch r emun erative con s um pti on , mu st be fin e in quality and reasonable in pri ce. On ly goo d fr u it will r eturn profit. K eep the com m on sto ck of! t he m arket. Georg ia peach es t h is se a son wer e uni formly the fin es t an d best the S tate h as eve r g r own , a n d g ro we r and shi pper a like is t o be co m me n de d for the best work in th e peach industry that wa s possible, under ex is t in g ci r cu m stances. When t he Georgia pea ch -gro wers r ea lize t h e tru t h of that old sayin g : " I n un ion th ere is st r en gth," w he n t h ey h ave organized a s a unit w ith on e com mo n in t eres t in vie w, a n d h a ve pl aced at Its h ead t he very best fin anci al talent to be found in the organ izat ion, as its m anagersm en of sagacity, keen for esigh t a n d in t egri ty , workin g individually and 21 collec t ively for the good of th e whole, eit he r t h r oug h it s pr esent Peach Grow ers' Associa tion , or a ny other organizati on th e g row ers may se lect a n d sta nd by-then , an d not unt il the n , will t he g rowe rs of Georg ta pea ch es receiv e th eir full sha re of the profits of t he ind ustry. Grad e your fruit ca re fully, pa ck non e but pe rfect f r uit. E st abli sh ca nn eries and ca n th e s urplus st ock, r a ther than throw it on the market, whi ch wou ld onl y lower t he price of your best grad e. L et eac h man of the organization work for t he best good of a ll, a n d a ll in unison wor k for the es ta blishment of the mo st pe rfect system of org a n ization that can possibly be dev ised . Th e PRESIDENT: Since Mr. :Madre is not pr esent, I will ask :Mr. Waern icke to read his paper. AIl IlHESS B )I1l. n. E. WA E RX I CK E, REPH ES E XTATlV E 0 1' T Il E L A XIl AX il I XIl U S- TBIAL Il EPA BTM E X T 0 1' TIl E SOUTIIERlS" HAlLW AY CO) I P AX Y, WASII- I XGTO X, n. C. M r . Ohairm an , Ladi es an a Gent lem en: I am grateful for th e privilege of attending the Conventi on of the Geor gi a St ate Horticultur al Soci ety, whi ch I cons ider on e of th e mo st importan t developmen t agencies at work in your dom ain. My credenti a ls come fr om the Lan d & industrial Departmen t of the Sou th ern Railway, of which I have been a n acti ve employee since its or gani zation . 1\Iy m ess ag e to your body is an assurance that the dep ar tm ent I represent is deeply interested in the work you a re engaged up on, t he furth er imp rovement and develo pm ent of agricul ture, hor ti culture a nd kindred pursuits. In our departm ent we are constan tl y pr eaching the do ctrine of di ver si fication of crops, which emb races a n un ceasing campaign in fa vor of the g ro wing of fruit s and vege ta ble s, as well as t he pursuit of othe r lines of in du str y whi ch make for the succ ess of the farmer and planter of the South. I ca n not better illust ra te t he im por tan ce a ttach ed to th is doc t ri ne of diversification by th e managem ent of t he Southern Railw a y than by reading a letter wh ich was on ly a few da ys ag o addressed to the pre ss of the South by the ab le a nd wi se pre side nt of our company, Mr . W. ' V. F inley. 1\11'. F inley says : "My du ti es require me to keep in touc h, as nearly as possible, with bus iness conditi ons t hrou ghout the count r y, and esp ecially in th e South. Since the beginning of th e business depression f rom which th e count ry is now r ecovering, I have been greatly im pr essed with evidence wh ich 22 h a s corne to me t hat, whi ch business a ll over the Un ited S ta tes has bee n un fa vor a bly a ffected , the effects of the dep ressio n have been felt mo st severely, a s a ge ne ral ru le, in those com m un it ies the energies o f whi ch a re devoted principally to the p ro du ction of a single com m odit y, or of a few commodities, a nd th at bus iness ha s been r elativel y less a ffected in th ose com m un itie s in wh ich produc ti on is mo re di versi fied . I have been im pr essed espec ia lly wi th the fa ct t h at the business depressi on has bee n r ela tivel y less severe in those Sou ther n local iti es in whi ch t he a tt enti on ha s been g iven to the g rowing of f r uits and vegetables. There ha s been a stea dy market for th ese p roduct s and, a lthough prices hav e n ot in some ins tan ces been as h ig h as in ot her seaso ns , I beli eve they h a ve gene ra lly yi eld ed profi ts to the g rowers ." "T he press of th e South has a lre a dy accomp lis he d mu ch by a dvoca ti ng diver sifi cation of agri cu ltu r e a nd manufacturing , and , look lng back over the past twe n ty-five years, we can realize th a t mu ch ha s been a ccomplished in th is d irection. I beli eve, how ever, tha t the time is esp ecially opportune for con ti n uing ou r effor ts in t his direction a nd fo r urging that ea ch South ern com mun it y sh all make t he mo st of the oppo r tun ities w hich a r evival of bu si ness will open up to it. " " Na t ur e has favore d the Sou th wi th pra ctica lly in exhau stib le res ou rce s of grea t vari ety, and th e in dus t r ious an d resourceful South ern peop le have shown their a bility to tak e up and ca r r y to s uccess new li nes of industry. I beli eve, th erefor e, t ha t you will a gree with me a s to th e desira bility of enco u raging st ill g reate r di versifi cation of in dustry in th e direction of utili zing to th e full est extent the natural res ou rce s of our sect ion." " With out a ttem pti ng to en ume ra te the lines in whi ch progress In t h is directi on is possible, I woul d suggest t h at, in m an y localities, a gricult u r a l prospe r ity mi ght be advanced by fur ther diversification of farming, es pec ia ll y in the direction of producing t he fr uits an d vegetables best s uited for ea ch lo cality ; that liv e stock and dairy in g mi ght profi tably be ca rri ed on m or e exte nsi vely tha n a t presen t ." " I nd ust r ia ll y, I believe it should be th e aim of the South to a dd to the profits of producing . raw materials, the profits of m anufa cturin g by con verti ng Southern raw materials, as far a s possible, in to a rti cles r eady for use. As indicating what may be done a lon g t h is line, I may r efer to t he cotton textil e indust ry. Although the South ha s a s ubsta ntial monopo ly in the produ ct ion of the most widely us ed textil e fibre in the world, some of us are old enough to remember wh en it was believed in m any qu arters that cotton ma nufa ct uring on a la rge sca le could n ot be esta bli sh ed successfull y in th e So uth . The Southern people first demonstrated th eir ability to mak e the coarser gr a de of cotton fabri cs , and th ey a re now demonstrating the ir abili ty to make the 23 fine r g rades as well, and to bleac h a nd fin ish the prod ucts of t he ir mill s. 1 thin k w e m a y look for wa r d with confide nce to th e fur th er develop ment of thi s g reat in dust r y a n d of in d ustri es depen di n g UPOll it, suc h as the m anu fa cture of cotton goods into arti cles of clothi ng r eady for wear." "I mi gh t en u m er a te a lon g li st of opp or tuniti es for th e fur th er development of m anu fact uring. It woul d include the conversion, on a Targel' scale, of Sou thern mad e leather int o boots and shoes, harn ess an .l belt ing i n So ut hern fa ctories, an d th e conv er si on of the prod ucts of So ut he r n fo r es ts a nd min es in to a lon g li st of a rti cles read y fo r use. I ha ve said enou gh, however, to s ugg est to you that poi nt I wish to make, which is tha t I belie ve th at all of us who have th e prosp erity of th e Sout h at h ea r t should do all in our power to en cou rag e t he d ive rst nca tion of So uthe rn in du stry a nd t he co nve rsion in Sou th ern facto r ies of Sou th ern products in to ar ticles ready for use ra ther than th eir sh ipm ent to ot he r sec ti ons in th e form of r aw ma terials or of partl y manuf actured commod ities. I need not a ssure you of my g r eat in teres t in every mo vem en t fo r the a dvanceme nt of a So ut he rn corum unit y, a nd you k now t ha t th is com pa n y, th rou gh it s la nd a nd ind ust r ia l departmen t, stands ready at all t im es to co-ope ra te in eve r y proper way with in divid ual s a n d commu nities along its li nes for the es tab li s hment of n ew in dustr ies, the promotion of s uch immigra ti on as ma y be rles i re rl by each comm un it y, a nd the ge ner a l advan cement of Sou th ern pro s p eri ty." The La nd a nd Indu stria l Depa r tmen t of th e So uth ern Railway, un de r the forcef ul a n d sk lll rul direction of 1\1r. l\L V. Ri ch ards, wi th whom m an y of you a r e doubtl ess acqu ainted , is doin g a broad work in ad verti sing the ag ric ultu ra l a nd industrial op portunities of th e South . Its watchword is co-operation- co-operation w it h eve r ybody, eve r y in di vidual or organ ization taki ng an ac tive par t in t he up bu ihl lng a nd dev eloping o f the grea t area of undeveloped territo ry pen etra ted by our line of ro ad . 'We have buil t up connection s and fa cilities for getting in touch wi th th e ou t side b usiness and fin an cial world t hat a re m ost va luable . They enab le us to put bef ore capitali sts and h om eseekers a nd in vest ors , throughout t he United States and in Europe, the va r ied resources of ou r territory in a way that commands the serious consideration of these peopl e. It is by a sys te m of co-operati on wi th t he peo ple a long ou r line t hat we are ena bled to pu t into t he h ands of t he out side wor ld re liable infor mati on concerhing Southern opp ortunities. In t his day of ex traordinar")' bu siness ac ti v ity and str enuousness we a re compelled, if we would hav e s uccess, to loudl y a n d in te ll ige ntly proclaim t o th e wor ld t h r ough the byways an d t he hedges wh a t we ha ve t o offer. This is wh at the Land and Indu s t r ial Depart men t of t he Sou thern Railwa y is endeavoring to do for the te r r itor y that it serves. Th e PRESI DE X T : Col. Fort, are you pr epared to gn'e us your pap er? Cherry Gro wing in the Upper Distric ts By COL. J x o, P . FORT, i\lt. Ai r y, Ga. Mr. Chairm an, Ladi es and Gentlem en : I see you r com mittee has pla ced me u pon the p rogram fo r an add re ss upon t he gro wi ng of che r r ies in t he u pper dist ri ct s of Georg ia. I h av e no t p repare d a pap er , and will confine my self to gi v ing you some of my expe riences in t he ma tter of g rowi ng cher r ies. As fa r a s I know , I have the on ly comme rc ial che r ry orch ard in th e St a te, a nd possi bl y m y ex pe r ie nce s will interest you mo re t h an a n y theory I could g ive yo u: This ex pe rience h as been ga ined f rom a che rry orchar d loca ted w ith in half a mil e from th is buildin g, Te n years ago I contem pla ted p u ttin g out a che rry or cha r d. It was a n entirely new t hing , a nd I had no data to g uide m e as to what che rry I should use or what I sho uld do. I con side r t here are three cla ss es of cherrie s. The Morell o, or so ur . typ e is what you would ca ll t he old-fa sh ioned pie cherry. Then there is t he Du ke cherry, a nd the n th ere is t he cla ss of che rry ca lle d the Bigar r eau che rry. Wh en I proposed t o put ou t an or chard. I pu t in t wo rows of t he ver y best clas s of each one of these t yp es of che r r ies. Ti m e wen t on, as it a lways does, a nd my ch er r ies com me nced to bea r , doing only r ea son a bly we ll , but in the secon d year from pla ntin g or cou rs e I wa t ch ed eac h type to see what it would do. T h ere wa s one t ype of m y che r r ies tha t su r pr ise d m e ver y m uch. It wa s a t ree ca ll ed Sm ith 's Bigar reau. Che r ry grow ing was thoug h t to be im pr acti ca ble a n d unp ro fitabl e in Georgia , because of sun bli stering, due to t h e fa ct t hat the che r r y sh eds its lea ves ver y early. Wh en I wrote to Mr . Bra ck ett, of t he Di vis ion of P omolog y of t he Un ited Stat es, he di scou r a ged m e very gre a tl y; h e sa id th e cherry only gre w i n places li ke Oregon, say, wh ere it rain ed a grea t dea l. Well, in the second yea r , I noticed one of my Bl ga rrea us holdin g it s lea ves in a r em ark ab le way ; it hel d it s lea ves and protected no t on ly its trunk bu t als o its body with a very la rge leaf , wh ich preven ted sun-sca lding en ti rely. Wh en it was two years old , I beca me satisfied or th e t r ut h that it di d ho ld it s lea ves an d protect its body fr om sunscald, That wa s in 1900. I th en obtaine d 200 of these Bi garreau s a nd planted them out, and ha ve them now. T h ese trees have g rown with 25 the g rea te st succ ess. It is hard for you to con ceiv e of a tree more be autiful in appearance or mo re vigorous. It would make a fine shade t ree. T hose 200 trees a re now com ing in to the ir seventh year. It is well worth th e while of a ny one in terested in frui t g rowing, to see those tr ees . They a re ca pa ble of bea rin g a g reat crop , but so far they h a ve borne very small crops. You may ask me how I consid er a t ree so h ighly that bears bu t t"ittle fr uit , a n d I will te ll you. Som e of our f r uit t ree s are very late in bearin g. One of our Pippin app les is nin e yea r s old befor e it will bear. This tre e having show n s uch grea t vigor a n d body and st re ng t h, I a nticipate grea t r esul ts f rom it. If this orch ard shou ld bear li ke it se ems it is ca pable of doin g, it will aston ish you with the amoun t of the frui t it will bear, and t he val ue of its produ ct. They are no t barren trees beca use th ey bear a very few che rries, but the y seem to be g row ing. This Smith's Bigar reau is abo ut the s ize of a blue -bird's egg; it is a delicious fru it. Wh ereas, I can not re commend anyone planting that t ree, beca use It h as n ot bor ne much fru it yet, I trust in t wo or t h ree yea rs to have a pictu re to show fr uit growers that will be of great ben efit, and I th ink t hat ch erry will be planted a ll over t h is section of Geo rg ia. Fo r the sweet cherries I have g row n in my orch a r d, I have obta ined high prices . I have sold th em for 20 cents a pound. I ha ve pa cked t hem in a fla t box like the Californi a che r r ies . T hey are s uperio r in flavor to t he California che rry, like our peaches are super ior to Californi a pea ch es . Atlanta is the mark et for t he m . Some of my cher r ies m et wi th no s uccess, because they shed the ir lea ves t oo ea r ly an d wer e in jured by the September s un . I con s ider the Smi th 's Bigarreau w ll i prove a benefit to this s ection . There was a ge ntleman he re some time ago fr om California who said h e never saw an or chard equal to m in e-never saw a tree t hat ha d su ch shade . Th is tree does n ot n eed pruni ng a t al l. Its limbs see m to be perfectly set. It m ak es a beautif ul t ree. It would m a ke a beautiful shade tree for anyone 's lot , and n ow is the very time to see them. It is a t r ee probably 30 feet tall. Its branches are pro babl y 20 feet in di a meter, a nd I h ope fo r great r esults fr om this cherry. T here is a great demand for cherries, be cause there are so few on the mark et. Wb lle t hey a r e troub les ome to pi ck , you ca n see h ow great th e pro fit is at $2.00 for an ordina r y h alf-gall on basket. T ha t is what I ha ve sold mine for in Atlanta. All che rry trees are in clined , if you bruise t he i r r oots and culti vat e them too deeply , to sp ring up what is called scions, a nd I warn you against plow ing cherry trees too early in th e spring an d the reby bru isin g the r oots . 26 These che rr ies r ipe n f rom about th e 10th to th e 20th of May. To sh ow m y faith in th e che r r y, I have an or ch ard a bou t 40 mil es from h er e in th e h eart of th e Blue Rid ge ; it has been two years since I or gani zed th at or chard . It h ad a bou t 70 appl e t rees on it, and I have h ad a g reat cro p from t h ose t rees a n d am shipping appl es fr om t hose trees now. But, t o come ba ck to the che r ry . I plant ed 100 of those che r r y trees th ere in a cli mate that is much more mo ist t ha n t h is , an d it is more adap ted for che r ries ; i t is a mo ng t he clouds. They have grown wi th th e g re atest . vi gor; so far as g r owt h is concerne d, n o on e could ask more. Alth ough it h as not borne profitably, I have shown m y faith in it by pl anting 200 of the trees. The che r ry h as a ve ry open bloom, a n d unl ess t he seasons a re ri ght the pollen will she d ou t of the bloom a nd it will bea r bu t a spa rse crop . It is a won derfu l fr uit whe n we want, say, t he ac id ofthe che rry; it is a g re at fa vorite; it is t he fa vorite of a ll pi e fruits. In m y ea rly r ecoll ecti on , t he re wer e some few ch erries here a n d there. I r ecoll ect Mr. Ben Jordan was a man who rais ed che r r ies, an d h e wa s asked how to m a ke cher ry- pie . H e said " Sweeten it to su it y ou, and then turn over the sug a r-dish into it." The cherry h as nearly disappea re d fr om middle Georgia . Those 200 tre es t hat I pla n ted ca me out of t he g r ou n d smoo thl y a n d ni cel y, and have borne probabl y a pint of che rr ies to th e tree. If th a t or ch ard do es wh at it s eems ca pable of doing, it ou ght to be a very profi tabl e on e. I thought it better to g ive you m y ex pe rie nce rath er t h a n m ak e a sp eech upon the subject of th e che rry. If any of you ge n tleme n des ire to as k me an y qu estions, I will be pl ea sed to answer them if I ca n. :Mr. ELLIS: Wh at stock ar e your cherries planted on ? 0 01. FORT: It ought to be on cherry stock. I obta ined thi s cherry fr om Geneva, N. Y. Mr. McHATTON: Wh at method of cultivation do you follow? I noti ced you said you did not approve of cult ivation early in th e spring. 001. FORT: In the fi rst place, I planted my cherry orchar d with a gr eat deal of care. I used a good deal of ground bone in planting th em. If you plow th e cherry tr ee very deep and bruise th e roots, th ey will throw up a gre at many sprouts. You can cultivate th em in th e f all of the year with out injury. Mr. WORSHAJ\[: I would lik e to ask you about th e number of blooms that occur on th ese trees.: 27 0 01. :FO HI' : 11 has lin t f ow hlooni s, IJ 'I ti t seems to be preparing itself for a gr eat mallY bloom s, 1 am not prepare d to rcconuucnd th is cherr y, except to say that , if you will plant one, it will produ ce a fine shade tree if nothing else. W hen I found that cher ry holding its leaves and protecti ng itself un til frost , I though t I had discover ed somet hing ' wond erful. The PHESIDENT: H ave you r efer ence to those beautiful trees below your orcha r d? Col. :FOHT : T here are one or t wo trees th er e, bu t my ma in trees ar e up on the hill. If you want to see someth ing bea uti ful, go to the orcha r d up on th e hill, about 100 ya rds from her e, and there you will see tlie 200 trees I planted. T he PRE S I DE NT : Wh y don't you gr af t them with a pr oductive vari ety ] Col. :FOUl' : X 0, I don' t want to spoil that t ree. I t will do you frui t growers good to sec those trees ; they ar e a pic ture with in themselves. It is a gracefu l tree, and I ha ve confidence that N ature, which made such a beautifu l che r ry tree, will also eventually make it bear an abundance of fru it. Col. WADE : I wish to ann oun ce that it is thought best, in ord er to let our people, have an opportunity of showing you ar ound her e, to ha ve a shor t session this aftern oon, and about 5 :30 we will ta ke as many to r ide as possible, and do away with the n ight session. I wish all citizens in th e town would have all th eir car r iages here at 5 :30 and tak e our visitors out to ri de and show th em what we ha ve. The SE CHE T AR Y : I am r equested by the P residen t to announ ce th e appointment of the foll owing committees : Com mi ttee on Examin ation of F r u its-Col. G. B. Brack ett, Wa shing ' on , D. C. ; P rof. T. H . McH a tt on , E xperimen t , Ga . ; Guy L . Stewart Den t, of Agriculture. 28 Comm itt ee on R esolu ti on s-Prof. .Tn o. N. R ogers, S pa rta , Ga .; Ju dge H. L . Long, L eesburg, Ga. ; Prof. F . S. E arle, Cu ba . AUdit i ng Treasurer's a ccount-Dr. Nei l McI nnes, Aug us ta ; Co l. Jno. P . Fo r t, Mt. Airy; Geo. ,W. Whit e, Sp arta. The PI1 E SIDENT : 'When our program was mad e out, we hoped that all those who had promised essays would be pr esent, but they are not, and there is no lik elih ood that they will be here. Th erefore, we will have to reconsider the matter of a night session. I think it would be best to dispense with th e night session, and let the other matters come in duri ng the aft ernoo n session. AFTERN OON SESSION Good Roads A Necessity in Fruit Transportation B y T . R. LO~lIIAIIlJ. Corneli a, Ga . Mr. P r esi den t an a Gen tlem en of til e H ort i cu lt u ral Societ y : I a pp roach the subjec t a ss igned to m e with so me d ifIidence beca use I feel t hat m y info r m a ti on on t he s ub jec t is no t s ufficien tly exte nsive to g ive my vie ws a u t hor ity. I there fo re beg to su bm it extract s fr o m a pap er rea d at a con ven t ion of th e Or egon Sta t e Good Ro ad s Associati on , held at Po r tl a nd, Octo ber 24th , 1903, by :;\11'. A. L. Craig, Genera l Passen ge r Agent of the Orego n Ha il road & Na vigatio n Co. Mr. Cra ig says: - " I am glad to ha ve the oppor t u n it v to say a fe w wor ds on so impo rt an t a s ubject a s the ra il road s an d wa gon road s , a lt hough I t h ink. had I been selec ti ng the subject, I woul d ha ve placed t he wag on roa ds firs t an d the ra il roa d la st , t hat being th e natu r a l or der , both to p r iori ty and im por tance." "Cen tu r ies befor e t he railroad wa s e ver dream ed of, wago n road s ex isted and th eir im pro vemen t had the earn est t houg ht of the progress ive elem ent of t he com m uu tt y th rough wh ich t he i r course la y," "Without the wagon ro ad s , t he railroads could n ot ex ist a ny mo re chan cit ies an d t owns could prosp er wi thout a surrounding coun t ry to su ppor t th em. Railroads a re fr equ ently refer red to as trunk lines , a nd this si mil e is a n a pt one. If the railroad s are the t r u nk , then t he 29 wago n roads str etc hing out into t he adjacent coun t r y a re t he roots wh ich br ing to th e t r unk the busi nes s wh ich supports it." "To assert that better wagon roads a re no t des irable or necessary would discredit the wisdom of t he brightest minds in the r ailroad work. R ailroad managers spend millions upon mi1lio ns of dollars to do for th e prop erties t hey represent exactl y what th e gentlemen inter ested in t he good r oads qu esti on a re endeavori ng to have don e fo r our wagon roads. All th is expenditure means wh at ? Si mp ly th a t a given amount of pow er sh all be a ble to haul mo re tons than h eretofor e a nd that in th e t rans por tatio n of the railroad business its motive powe r and rolling stock shall not be subje cted to the strain an d sh ocks that ha d to be borne when t he road wa s less nea rly perfect ." "Have you, wh o liv e from t en to t wen ty miles from a r ailroad, ever cons ide re d tha t, in addition to a great reduction in th e wear and tear on horses a n d wa gons, as well as upon you rs elves, good roads in cr eas e th e value of the land its elf by , as it were, picking it up bodil y a n d placing it nearer t he town?" In th e contenti on of the ge ntleman that good roads are qu it e as important as rail roa ds for the improvement a nd betterment of th e coun t ry, I am in clined to conce de the point as well tak en , a n d beli eve t ha t good ro ads are of paramount impo rtan ce to t he or chardist, th e farm er a nd to th ose of t he towns and cit ies who dep end upon the agricultural industry for th eir busin ess . Va lues of fa rmi ng pro per ti es a re always in cr ea sed by the imp ro vement of t h e h igh ways over wh ich th e farmers send t he ir products to mark et . A good road mea ns a minimum of wear and tear on stock and wagon s, a max imum of ton nage t o be ha uled and a saving of time to both stock and driver . Many states ha ve exp ended va st s ums in t he improvement of the ir roads to the great a dvantage of th e peop le a n d an immen se in cr ease or 'values. To go into a statistical des cription of wh at has bee n don e by some of these wou ld be too long and tedious to be attemp t ed in this paper . The celebrated Catharpin turnpike, in Virginia, built befo re the wa r of th e R evolu t ion , un der th e superintendence of Georg e Wa shington , stands to-day as a mon um ent to t he enterprise and in t elli gen ce of those days, a nd sh ows t ha t even t he n t he im por tance of properly constr ucted hi ghways wa s fuB y re ali zed. It is difficult to point out the im portan ce of wh at a good road means to the frui t grower without showing th at it is equall y im portant to t he agric ult u ralist a n d th e merch an t. Th e wise man look s ca re fully t o all the det ail s of h is business and endeavors to protect him self against loss at eve ry point. T he fruit grower is as dep end en t upon good roads 30 over wh ich h e se nds h is fruit to t he cars fo r t he safe a r r ival of h is produ ce in prime con d ition, as up on a ny oth er on e fa cto r . Of what us e is ca reful culti vation a nd fertilization of or ch ards, a n d expe r t pickin g an d pack ing of fr uit, if t he few mil es of ro ad over wh ich t he crate s are h a ul ed to t he rail road are so rough t hat t he joltin g ha s brui sed t he deli ca te f ruit, mak ing it u nfit for use, return ing only loss a nd disappoin tmen t to it s owner ? Good , well-constru cted ro ads, fr ee f rom ruts a n d g ulli es a nd of sufficient wid th to permit passing of vehicles on t h e level , will do as much as a n y other one t h in g to ben efit th e fr uit g ro wer, th e farmer and the comm un ity generally. Soci ety, as a wh ol e, is m ad e to be In ter-d ep end en t a nrl t he s uccess of th e ch ie f agr icult u ral industry of a sec tion m ean s t he su cces s of th e who le com m u n ity. It is the bas is of t he ir wea lth a nd a dva nceme n t. Good roads m ean t he extens ion of the te rritory ava ilable for fruit raising, for, r ecog nizin g t he im por ta nce of short haul s over th e imperfect ro ads of th e cou ntr y, th e orchardist seek s lands nea rest the r ail wa y s ta ti on on whi ch to esta bli sh his or cha rd , so tha t to -day lan d t hat is within a mile or t wo of the stati ons easil y commands from t wo to three tim es th e pri ce of s im ila r lands ou tside of this r ad iu s. Good. le vel , well -const ru cted r oad s would r esult in the exte ns ion of th is ra diu s from three t o five m iles with the res ult of in crea se of va lu es a nd population . Geor gi a is far beh ind m an y of her s iste r states in build in g good ro ads. Some cou n ties ha ve s uccessfully introd uced t he alterna tive road law in pla ce of the cr ude and u nsatis factory la w und er wh ich t hi s coun ty ope rat es. I ha ve no da ta regardin g th e road s of Geo rg ia la ter t han 19 04, bu t statisti cs show that at t hat tim e the re were 57,203 m iles of pub li c road s in t his State. Of t hi s, G39 m iles were surfac ed w ith gravel, 438 m il es with stone, 513 wit h sand a n d cla y mixtures a nd 24 mil es with sh ells, a total of 1,G34 m il es im proved or on ly 2.8% of the whol e. \Vit h one m ile of roa d to eve ry 38 in ha bita n ts , we h av e onl y one mi le of improved road to ev ery 135G inh a bitan ts. Habersha m County ha s 300 miles of road, a nd if t he time of ea ch m an s ub ject to working th e sa me in t h is county ea ch year wer e computerl at 75 ce nts a da y a n d he wor ked seven da ys in th e ye a r , it would mak e a total amount of $4,725 e ac h year. In a ddition to th is. th ere is about $300.00 cas h expen d it u re by the cou nty, or $1.00 a m ile . It wou ld take a paper by it self to treat of th e subject of th e i mportance of th e alternative r oa d la w to a coun ty , as agai nst th e system now in use. It should be obv ious to every th in ld ng man that upon the establish me nt of good roads in hi s cou nty depen ds t he success of t he peopl e to a grea te r ex te nt th an an y oth er public utility. The pe opl e of .t he towns should con t ri bute as largel y t o t he m aking and m ainten an ce of the se roads as the fa r me rs , because t he success of t he town is 31 a bsolu te ly dep en den t upon th e ag ricult u ral industry su r r ou n ding it, and that town mo st ea sil y approached by the widest te r r it or y, will have t he greatest success. T he P HE SIDE NT : H ow mallY miles of roads are the re work ed properly with grU\'el and rock botto m? Mr. LO:MBAR D : It is a thousan d and some hundr eds of m il es. Th e P RES ID E X T: In Richm ond County we have over 400 mi les of roads, an d mor e tha n 300 miles are work ed with gravel and other material. Th er ef ore, 1 th ink those figures can not be cor rect. :Mr. LOMBAR D :" I n 190 4. The P R E SID E NT : At our last session Prof. R ogers ga ve us such an elaborate address upon the condit ion of our district agricult ura l schools, that I h ave received ma ny requ ests that he give us anothe r one similar to 1t. .r I now take pleasure in introducing to yon Prof. olin N. R ogers . Our District Schools-The N eeds They Should Fill B PIlO F . J x o. N. ROGEIl S. SlI p t .. T ent h Con gr essio n a l D i st r i ct A g ri cultural School. I am not befo re you wit h a prep ared pa per, but I am here in a ca use whi ch should be dea rer to ever y Geo rg ia n t han any thi ng except his reli gion, an d s u perlati vely so sh ould this s ubjec t be to th e heart of a ny man eng aged in a ny way in the cultivation of the soil or rais ing cro ps of any k ind, I was ve ry mu ch s t r uck with so m e of the poin t s in t he paper j ust read on good r oa ds. If our peop le could realize wha t goo d roa ds m ean in Georgi a , t he va lu e of th e r ural proper ty of the State wou ld be doubl ed in less than five years t h roug h th is mediu m a lone. Where a man nov : goes w it h a te a m of tw o, and in some in stances, fou l'. mu les, to carry 1,000 pou nds six, e igh t or te n m iles in the coun t r y, with a prop el' road a n d one pail' of mul es , he cou ld ca r ry t wo 01' t h r ee or fo u r tons tha t far in the country. Th er e a re place s in Georg ia wh ere su ch a change has come about. A fe w counties lik e F loyd , Ri ch- 32 mond a nd Bi bb have worked wonde rs. The examp le I sha ll refer t o, I take f rom Floyd Coun ty, becau se t he ro ad s t he re a re more like t h is se cti on ; th e land th ere a n d th e m a terial out of whi ch to build r oad s a re more li ke this . A farm er told me, " I li ve twelve mil es fr om Ro m e. I form erl y brough t tw o ba les of cotton t o tow n wit h two mules, a n d it was a n all -day t r ip. Now, I bring s ix bal es of cotton to town with t wo mul es, a n d I ca n get ba ck to dinn er if I wish." Suppose th a t man had twel ve bal es of cotton to b ri ng to town ! "With four mul es a n d two bal es a da y, it wa s a we ek 's wor k. Un der t he syste m of r oad s th ey hav e t here n ow it is one da y' s wo rk fo r fou r mul es. T h us, i nstead of bein g tw elve mil es fr om t ow n , he is, as compa r ed with t he old roa ds , onl y t wo mil es from to wn . Hi s proper ty had in cr ea sed in value j us t like he had pick ed it up bodily an d mo ved it onl y on e-s ixt h a s far f rom t own a s it was befo r e t he new r oa d wa s built. H e wa s s ix times n earer th e m arket t ha n befo re the r oad wa s wor kerl, so far as putting h is produce on t he market was conce rn ed. T hat wo uld a pply with equa l for ce to t h ree-fourths of th e road s in Geor g ia. It is a sha me on our civili za t ion tha t we ha ve let th is qu es ti on r est as we ha ve. Who ca n build a r oa d in Georgi a ? I sa y it "wit h sha m e th at t here are not one hun dred m en who ca n be hired fo r suc h wor k in th e St a te to-da y wh o know how to build a roa d. T h en it fa ll s u pon som~ school or sc hoo ls to set a bou t to st udy th is imp or ta n t qu estion, a nd t h at will be on e of t he ta sk s of these ag ricult u ral sc hools to take in to cons iderati on , a n d g ive such in stru cti on to t heir st ude n ts t hat ea ch on e, wh en he g oes ba ck home, w ill tak e t he lea d in t he build in g of good ro a ds, a nd this sh ould, within less t ha n ten yea rs, ]la y for a ll t hese schoo ls will cost in th e next ge ne rat ion . In t he devel opm en t of eve r y ne w en te r pr ise or a vocation of man, a s it se ttles down to a scien ti fic ba s is , th e m ore obje cti ona ble or less profi tab le fea t ur es of the bu si ness a re crowded a si de, and by con t roll ing th e wa st e of a bu siness t he pr ofits are incr eased . In da ys gone by, eve ry m an wa s his own butch er, an d sla ug h te red hi s own animals. We had no packin g houses, an d ther e wa s li ttl e attentio n pa id to the h a ir a n rl hoofs a nd horns of th e ani ma ls. Did not th e g reat pa cking houses of t he cou nt ry u tilize the blood, a n d hair, an d ho ofs an d h orns of t h e a n imals t hey k i ll , some of t he m whi ch n ow m~k e la rge divid en ds on the mon ey inves ted would soon fa il to decla r e an y divid en d a t all , and som e of t he m would soon go out of bu sin ess. The a g ricult u r a l industry a n d the fruit ind ustry, in Georg ia an d Ala ba ma, a n d oth er sec ti ons Is fa st appro a ching t he stage wh ere, if th e was te pr odu ct is n ot tak en care of, the y will h av e to quit bu siness. Th ose who t ak e ca re of su ch things will be ena ble d to m a ke so mu ch mon ey t hat th e m a n who does not t ake ca r e of the by-products or wast e will be forced t o go to the wall. During this pres en t year it is sa fe to say that eve ry m an 33 who has sh ipp ed a carload of peach es has' thrown awa y. or gi ven a way, or us ed to almost no purpose, at least fifty bus he ls of peaches. If that fift y bus hels of peaches had been utilized as it could h ave been. wi th some prepara ti on and some instruction, it would have amount ed t o more th a n the net profits on the cr op as it stood. In eve ry bushel of peach es. wi th $1.50 worth of su gar, th er e a re 10 ga llons of as fine sy r u p as was eve r produced in Georgia ; it will com mand a hi gh er pr ice th a n the Georgia ri bbon-can e or an y other sy r up on the market. Allow ing 50 cen t s a bus he l for these over-ri pe peac h es , or culls, they would have prod uced a syrup that could have bee n sold in the m a rket at from 50 to GO cen ts a ga ll on. Th e better class of fruit. that was fit for cannlng. has in som e communities bee n cann ed, and it represents la rger profits th an ma ny carl oa ds that were sh ippe d out of th e State. If th e F rench fa rmer ha d th e peach seeds out of the Georgia crop, he would make m or e money ou t of the m than the Georgi a fa r mer has ma de ou t of th e who le peach. It to ok him a lon g ti me to learn th ese thin gs, and he had to be tau gh t a severe lesson bef or e he comme nce d t o lea rn them . In 1818. when the Ger man emp ire la y prosta te a t the feet of France, beggin g for peace at such te r ms as they might name, asking to be let alone, th ey bega n to rea li ze t hat t he t rouble in Germany was in t he ru ral di st.rict s; they saw that until the peasa ntry should be inst r ucted In m ethods th at were he lpful to them , th ere was no hop e for the rehabilitation of t he nation; a nd not being und er a demo cratic gov ernment as we are, t he y at on ce put schoo ls in op eration and taught their boys and girls how to cultivate th e ga rd ens , how to till th e soil, and why the soil sh ould be t illed . Fifty years later those tw o na tions came to. gether, a nd th e r es ul t was ju st as deci si ve in t he ot.her directio n. F rance wen t dow n befor e Ger many, an d she pr ofited by h er fa il ure just as Ger many h ad . If the peasantry of France h a d bee n sold out, lock, sto ck and ba r rel, a t the close of t ha t wa r w ith Ger ma n y, they wou ldn 't have paid mo r e than two years ' in te rest on t he debts they owed, to say no thin g of th e prin cipal. In less t ha n 28 years , let us see what t hose Fren ch farmers h ave done s ince th ey pu t their boys an d g ir ls at schools. Th e Fren ch fa rme r t o-day. on the av era ge, in vests more of h is net profits than th e Geor gia far mer makes fr om a ll h is labors. The Georgia cotton crop or 190..07 woul d not bring as much mon ey as th e pr oduct from the same area woul d bri ng the F ren ch fa r me r . The ac res of cotto n planted in Georgia, -the gross pro ceed s brought from th at lan d wo uld not bring him as much mon ey as the F re nch farmer 's land would on th e same acr ea ge. The Fren ch farmers hav e alread y bought all the land th at is fo r sale in Fra nce ; they ha ve boug ht up a ll the local bonds a nd stocks : th ey have bou gh t up a m aj or it y of the Ame r ica u sec urities, and ha ve bou ght 34 up all the Russi an securities. Now they h ave mo r e mo n ey fo r investme nt. net pr oceeds, a fte r improvi ng thei r farms and such expenditures as wer e n eed ed for t he better ed ucation of the ir fa milies; as a net result of their operati ons. t hey ha ve more money fr om their harvest th an the Georgia farmer makes fro m h is gro ss r eceipts. That is the ins t r uction or one ge nerati on, because the firs t pupils who went through th e schoo ls are not young me n and women, and on ly for eight or t en yea rs have t hey t a ken h old of t his matter an d push ed it along . but se e wha t wonders have been accomplished in those ten yea rs. I stan d befo re you and say with all the sin cer ity of my natu re that if proper atte ntion is given t o th ese schools . in less th an 28 years the net pro ceed s of our farmers wIII be greater than t he gross receipts are now . I believe j( the present peach crop h ad been handled to the very best advantage t hat h uman ingenu ity coul d have contribut ed. the net pro ceeds of thi s peac h crop wo uld have been m ore th an t he gross re ceipts a re now. I feel safe in sa yi ng that the net pro ceeds of the peach cr op were less tha n one-fourt h of the gross sa les, a nd if th is crop had been handled li ke it mig ht ha ve been ha nd led. und er the most system atic, business-li ke meth ods . the net r esu lts would h ave been more th an were the gr oss sales. T his is one of the needs th ese schools sho uld fill. Men a re tau gh t to investigate these Questi on s. how th ese things sho uld be don e. an d th e only way you are going to get it done is by t ra ini ng th em in the ir youth , by arousing their enth usi asm while they are forming th eir id eas of ente r pr ise. push anr l ap pli cation. These schools ca n do t hi s for the horticulturists of Georgi a. Th ey can tak e the harmful ins ects , an d grass seeds . and weed seeds th a t are now so h u r t ful to your or chards, a n d can turn th em int o poultry and oth er farm products th at will be as g rea t in va lu e as is now th e net pr oceeds of the or ch ard. Th ey will ta ka th at summer grass that comes on a fte r you ha ve s topp ed t he cult ivati on of the orch ard . a nd turn it in to en ough pork a nd mutton t o pay mo re t ha n th e cr op fro m yo ur or ch ard. It will teach a sp irit of co-operati on, of organization for self -interest and for t he in terest of socie ty. a general interest that is n ot now k nown to the people. With t he experien ce fres h 11> mind of the sev eral hundred men in Georgia to-day wh o are no t satisfied with what they rea lized ont of their peac h crop. yon might call a meeting of th ese men to arrang e th at ma tter so it would no t occur again , and n ot ten per cent, of t hem wou ld go ab out the meeting. T hey 1lI11St be taugh t that on ly by co-operat ion an d organization ca n th ese t h ings be ma naged and cont r oll ed for th e interest of the pr oducer. You ta ke the California fr uit gr ower. and If h e was thrown on his own responsibility to h andle his fruit crop. as t h e Georgia n is t o-day . n in e-ten th s of them would h a ve to Quit bus iness. Wh il e the ir fr uit 35 growing la n ds are paying the m 20 a n d 25 per ce n t . on val uation, in some cases ten tim es a s great a n d some ti mes 100 ti m es as g r eat a s th e valuation paid on our land s, it is t he r esul t of t ho r oug h a n d co m pl ete co-ope ratio n . If the peach g ro wer of Georgia wa s t horo ug h ly organi zed, and i f h e cond uc te d h is busin ess in the sa me bu siness-l ike and sys te m ati c way a s does t h e pea ch grower in Cali fom ia, t he pea cn crop 0[ Georgia would , as I sa y , y ield m ore n et profit than h a s heen th e g ross sal es for th e pea ch cro p this yea r. T hese . a re some of t he needs t hese sc ho ols s hou ld fill. We go to K en tu ck y an d Mlssou r! a nd even as far west as Orego n a n d w ashington for ou r horses, a n d ye t I be lie ve a horse ca n be rai sed chea pe r in Geo rg ia t ha n in a ny ot he r st a te in t he Un ited Sta tes. I believe it will take le ss of a m an 's mu scl e to rai se a h orse in Georg ' t tha n in an y oth er sta te in t he Un ion . W ell , until we teach t hese boys ho w to do t hat, we ca n nev er ho pe t o stop t hat h ea vy dra inage of m illi ons of doll ars ann uall y going t o other states for farm stock . To t r y to co m pute what t h ese sch ools sho u ld sa ve to t he hortlcu lt urist by tea ching h is n eighbors t o k eep dow n suc h bre eding pla ces as w ill dev elop pests, t hat are h a rmful to orc h a rd s ' a n d ga r de ns, t his one Ieature itsel f, if t he re were n o ot her, would be ampl e fo r th e su ste na nce o f t hese sch ool s a nd the dema nd t hat t hey be m a in tain ed a t a hi g h degree of efficiency. On e m an wi th a n old h ed ge row of plum t rees Infested with th e Sa n Jo se scale ma y so infest my or chard t hat a fte r a few yea rs I become so di sgu sted that I have it cut down , wh erea s h e mi gh t h av e cut t h at h ed ge do wn in h a lf a n h our. This is t he case w it h a g rea t m an y o th er In sects an d d lsea ses th at attack t he crops a nd fru its wh ich we cultiv ate. T hese t h ings shou ld be t au gh t , t hese neeus sup pli ed . and t hese obj ectionable featu res r emoved. I th in ], that a s Im portan t a n eed as we ca n fill is to te ac h t h e agriculturist. t he horti cu lturist. or any m an who mak es h is Jivi ng from th e so il . t o k no w a nd fee l th a t hi s av oca t io n is hi gh and n obl e, a n d th a t h e Is entitled to a s mu ch res pec t as any m an who foll ows m y pro fesslou. He sh ou ld be t au ght t h at hi s day 's la bor is wo rth j ust as mu ch in dolla rs a n d cents and is j ust a s va lu ab le to t h e world as is th e lahar of th e la wyer, the doctor . t h e m e r cha n t or a ny ot h er man . Th a t h e, should command a s mu ch for his hire a s t he y do. a n d t hat th e world ca n more easil y get along wi thout th eir day 's work t ha n wi thou t his. The farm er's labor is pri ced ch ea ply be~ause he so 'p r lces it himself. H e w ill te lJ a day la bor er , "W ell, I ca n not pay yo u fo r your work wh a t t hey ca n pay yo u out t he re on th e pub lic r oad , 01' what they can pay you on th e rail road, and 0 vel' t h ere In t he grave l.pit :' Why ? Beca use you unde r-value your la bo r and fix th at as th e valu e 0[ h is la bor. La bor sho uld be trea te d as of as mu ch val ue of a n y ot he r 36 clas s of wo rk and s ho uld he palll a cco r-d ingl v. a nd i t will be when tile fa rmer reali zes ho w t hat day 's la bor can be use d from t he time cotton is pla n ted un til it is lai d by; h e can affor d t o pay a doll a r or t wo dollars , or be able to pa y dou bl e t he p ri ce of the m an who hires him to work on the railroad, or in the shop or wh er ever th e man wi sh ed to work him. If you use th e proper am ount of brain in pl anning work for that hand , you ca n pa y m or e th an a n y other class of wo rk. Then wh en yo u a r e work in g betw een Jun e an d October, it would be ot her lines of wor k t hat would be short of la bor . Bu t wh en it tak es six da y's wo rk to chop, hoe a nd plo w an ac re of cott on f rom t he t ime it is planted to th e tim e it is la id by , th en we must div ide th a t by s ix . Bu t w ith proper wor k we ca n mak e tha t on e day's work in stea d of s ix, a n d pay the hand si x ti m es a s mu ch . Un ti l we re ali ze t hat intelli gen ce will brin g our pr ofessi on up to a point where it will he of as mu ch Importance an d as mu ch value in doll ars a nd cen ts a s a n y other av oca tion, we ca n no t ex pect to a tta in our proper posi tion a mong oth er m en. This is on e of t he mo st important thin g s t hes e sc hools sh ould teach. What I h ave sa id a pplies to the boys. I hav e not th e t ime to sa y what I wou ld li ke to say a bout t he gir ls a t t hese sc hools . I would no t go ba ck to t he antiq ua ted idea s of the Ch inese, who th in k gi rls need no education, wh o th in], tha t g irl s are on ly a necessa r y evil in t he world. I sa y it with all s ince r ity tha t, wh il e we ha ve no direct expression of t he fact fro m God him sel f, I belie ve He fir st s tarted with t he low er a ni m als an d wen t on to perfection, a n d that woman is a s far a hea d of m an a s vma n wa s a hea d of the next low est or der of beIng . If we should hav e ou r coun try blos so m, let our coun t r y k now that boys and g ir ls a dva nce more rapidly wh en brought to ge ther. Friendly intercourse a nd relationship betw een th e t wo will be conduc ive to the good of all of th em . If an y of you h er e ha ve doubts as to the s uccess of these schoo ls as co-educa t ion al inst it ut ion s, I beg of yo u not to ex press them, but g ive the schoo l a cha nce to show wha t it will do. If t here is onl y a li mi ted s pace in t he schools, I say the g irl s should ha ve it r a ther tha n boy s. Th e PRESIDENT: As we are not to ha ve a ni gh t session, we will now have to take up the busin ess assign ed fo r that session. I will therefore ask :11[1'. Earle to read hi s paper. Prof. E arl e has been connected with ngricul ture in Alab am a and other places, and is now in Cuba. I 37 The Agricultural Conditions in Cuba By P ROF. F . S. EARLE, Herradura, Cuba. Formerly of the A.la bama Exp er i m en t St atio n an d the Ne w York Botanica l Gardens. As your P r esident has ju st stated. for many years I was qui t e closely Iden ti fied with th e agricultural interests of t h e South, and on previous occas ions I h ave had the hon or of addr ess ing th is body on topics associa t ed with your work. Bu t as I wrote your Secretary. I feel t ha t I ha ve gotten so fa r away fr om th e work here that I do not feel th at I ca n tresp ass on yo ur time. Ho wever, I will s ay a few words to yo u about th e a gricultural progress that is being made In this country that Is so near to you bu t t ha t in a way has a lway s been sh ut out from the k nowledge of mo st Am eri cans. The agri cul t ural In te r es ts of Cuba cou ld be placed under fou r heads: Ba na n a cult ur e. t he raising of pinea pple s. th e ra is ing of truck a n d the Citrus fr uit industry. Banan as are not grown in most parts of Cuba. but ha ve been con fined to certain r egions in the Northeastern pa rt of the Island , where th e rain fa ll is mu ch gr eater tha n at H av a na . for instan ce. E ven h er e, th e wi nte r temp eratures are too low, a nd the fruit produced is not as satisf act ory to the trad e as th a t bro ug ht f rom the coas t a n d Cen tral Ameri ca. Therefore , the frui t coun t r y is devoting more of its land to th e suga r in dust ry and decrea sin g t he r ai sing of bananas. Pineapples. while not g rown espe cia lly ex ten si vel y in Cub a, a r e con sta n tl y i nc reasing in im port ance. T here h as bee n no grea t r ush In to th e pin ea p ple industry. but it h as be en fo un d profitab le. It is a su re a nd reg ula r cr op. Pineapple planting h as been la rg ely con fin ed t o t he P ro vinc e of H avana, but now it Is ex tend in g to Pinal' del Rio Province. The most of this pla nting is don e on r ed lands-this s ug a r-ca ne lan d w hich Is very fertil e. The pin eapple usually does not suc ceed on stiff la nds, but In th is cas e they a re underla id wi t h cavernous limestone, t h us tna k in g a fine natu ra l d ra in ag e. The shi pm ent of pin eapples th is yea r will amount to over 1,000,000 boxe s. This Industry Is la r gely in the ha n ds of t he Spaniards and Cub an s. Compa ra ti vely few Ame r icans h ave gone into pinea ppl e r ai si ng. but t hey a re mor e an d more t urn ing their a ttention to it. T he tr uck i ndu st ry. ha s originated a lmost en tirely s inc e the Spa n ish wa r. It was sta rted by Amer ican s, a nd is sti ll la rgel y cont rolle d bv Am ert cans. That Is, th e pa cki ng is largel y don e t hro ug h Ame r ica n houses, bu t at th e pres ent tim e a la rge pa r t of t he t ru ck is ra ised by t he Cuba n s, and is either sold to these pa ck ers or they han dl e it on a cash basis fo r the Cub an g rowe rs. It h as a ls o in cr eased to qu it e an 38 exten t in to the Pinal' del Rio Province. Those lands h ave such a moistu re-hol ding capacity th at we a r e ab le to grow la rge cr ops of veg eta bles during the dr y spe ll s. . You understa n d, t he winter is th e r ain y se ason. The vegeta bles mostly grown are tomatoes; the n pro bab ly nex t in importance are onions an d potatoes, also a few summer squash. Cab bages are grown t o some ext ent for the local m arket only. Th e total sh ip me nts of tru ck from Cuba rea ch almost a mill ion packages a year. I don 't know whethe r the ind us try is destined to grow very ra pidly in the future or no t. So far as t he wi nter season is concerned, we h ave it practicall y t o ourselves during t he mo nths of December and J anuary, fo r, as you know , th e market for fr esh veg etab les is very limit ed at t ha t se ason of th e year. With 'only small amounts it br ings hi gh p rices , but th e ma rk et s a r e usually ove rloaded at t hat time of t he year. Last year we had an example of that fa ct-th e market was very un satisfactory. However , it is a n in dus try of considerable importance. The citr us fr uit in du stry is th e youn gest of t hem all , probab ly. Up to th e ti me of t he Spa ni sh war t here we re no comme rci a l or an ge orcha rds in Cuba at all. F ifty or sixty years ag o the g reate r part of t he oranges that came to the market h ere, came fr om Cub a. No or anges have yet been sh ipped from newly planted groves. Gra pe-fr uit is unkn own in Cuba. Th e Cubans do not Iike sour fruits. This Industry is a lm ost en t irelY in t h e hands of the Americans. A year a n d a nai f ago, the Cub an Agr icult ur al Society, at Its first meeting, attempte d to get some stati sti cs on the orange a nd grapefrui t ac reage. At tha t time the bes t Informati on we could get was that th e re wer e 4,000 ac re s pla nted. Now, ther e are ab out 18,000. T hese ora nges are just com ing into bea ring, an d in a few years you will see a large cr op of fru it ship ped. Those of us who are engaged in th at Indust r y beli eve th at, within a few years, it will com pet e ver y fav or ably with the sh ip ments from F lorid a. The P RE SIDE N T: To what extent ar e peaches cultiva ted in yo u r par t of Cuba ? P rof. E ARLE : I might say, not at ali. One or two types will grow there, but I don't thi nk it will ever be a peach country. Th e P R E S I DENT : And appl es are out of th e question, I suppose? Prof. EARLE: T don' t thi nk we have an apple country. The PRESiDE:NT : I infer fr om that, that pear:> or peaches of the Ori enta l ty pe migh t possibly be successf ul? Prof. EAHLE: Yes sir. Th e PRE S ] DE:0:T : Whereas those of th e P ersia n type would not? Prof. EAR LE: X a sir. Some grapes ar e g rown there. Th e PRESIDE};T : Any of the European ty pe? Prof. EARLE: I very much doubt if they would succeed. T he scupperno ng' grows beautifully there. Mr. ' VOHSH AM : Ar e you tr oubled to any great extent by scale in sects in Cuba ? Prof. EARLE : Y es sir ; but th ere ar e so mallY fungu s parasites and oth er pa ra sites that, 80 far, they IW\'e not. pr oven yery serious. In one orchard neal' Havana th ey fo r merl y spent a great deal of money for sp raying, but one of the gent lemen told me th is spring that they had stopped spray ing thi s yea r ent irely. Mr. WOR SH AM : Il avo you any law regulating th e shipment of nursery stock? P rof. EARLE : \\'0 had a law which was very badly dr awn , and it has not been enforced. A law has been drafted an d has been on Governor :1la goon 's desk fo r several month s, Govern or Magoon has eyery power over th ings in Cuba. Th e PHESIDEXT: As Xlr. S tewar t desires to go away early to-morrow morn ing , I have requested him to address you now. Address of Mr. Guy L. Stewart Un ited States Dep a rtment of Agriculture. )IAHK ETI:'\ G. T he im men se dev elop men t that has ta ke n pla ce i n both the t ru ck a nd fruit in dust r y ha s made the mark et in g side of it to -day th e im portan t par t of getti ng ri d of the crop. Up to with in the la st few 40 yea rs, the p ropo sit ion ha s been to p rod uce t he cr op, a n d a ll t he pa pel's t hat h av e been read at the diJ'fer ent m eetings I ha ve a tt en ded ha ve been on t he m a tter of cultiva ti on, t he use of fe rtilizer s, the ma t ter of pruning, etc ., but now it ha s g otten to t he point where you m ust find out ho w t o m a rk et you r crop. My parti cul a r wor k i n t he De pa r tm en t at presen t is confined t o the m a rk etin g of t he crops , I p u t in m ost of m y tim e at t he large m ar ket s of t he cou nt ry , suc h a s New Yorx Philad elphia, Cle vela n d , P ittsb urg, etc. That is , those eas t of the Missi sst ppl river. I ha ve not gotte n in to t he te rritor y wes t of t he r iver. An d wh a t I wa n t to say to-day is fr om t he con d iti on I ha ve seen t h ings coming in to the mark et s, a nd to m ak e some sugges ti ons to im p rove t he a ppea r a nce of sh ip men ts com ing in to t he m ark et. I believe t h at a t the sa m e ti m e you are wo rk in g to get a bette r p ri ce fo r you r cotton, th a t you ha ve a lso to lea r n to pro duce cotton chea pe r, in order to ma k s a larger profit. And so I beli eve in the m a tte r of t r uc k a nd fr u it, t ha t you ha ve to get it (law n to the m inim um cos t of p rodu ction , in or der to m a ke a m or e sa tis fac tory profi t. In t he pa st, the wh ole qu estion h a s been on e of soil , loca ti on , fe rti lizati on, culti va t ion , prunin g a n d t ra nspor ta ti on . The lab or proposition ha s en te re d ver y largel y in to it also ; th e see d, or stock in sect s and di sea ses. Up t o t he present t hose t hings a r e wh a t have engaged the attention both of th e t r uck an d th e fruit m en. Now, it h a s gotten to wh er e it is a qu estion of how t o m arket you r pro duc t. 'When yo u ta k e into cons ide rat ion t he i mmen se develop m en t th a t ha s t ak en pl a ce in t ru ck , beginning in Jan uar y with Miami a nd comi ng nor th th r oug h F lorid a in to Georg ia ; a nd com ing in a bout t he sa m e ti me a s Geor gia , will be th e Gulf coa st and T exa s, t a k ing in t he sou ther n pa r t of Mis si ssippi, t he sout he r n pa rt, of Alaba ma, followi ng up the coa st of Sou th Ca ro li na, u p throu gh No r th Ca roli na, t nk in g in th e ca n ta lou pe section of T ennessee, wh ere in t h e pa st yea r th ey h a ve in cre a sed som eth ing li k e 80 per ce nt . Tuk ing in to cons iderat ion a ll t his immen se a cr eage, an d t hen go u p in to wester n New York a n d in to Ma r yl a nd, an d yo u will see it is a n immen se propositi on t o pu t th ese th in gs on the m ark et . Th e dan g er fr om such an a cr eage is f ro m overproduction . In Atla n ta, th e oth er day, I learn ed f ro m fig ures th at 43 per cen t. of th e pea ch cr op wen t t o N ew York an d P h tlad clp h ta : n earl y one-h alf of th e wh ole crop went to onl y t wo m a r ket s. You mu st no t h a ve wan te d other m arkets. There a re m an y sm a ll towns t hat will pa y a m uch bett er p r ice t ha n where t her e is a n imm ens e glut on the m arket . Someti mes Ne w York ge ts GO or 70 ca r loa ds of ca n t alou pes in a day, the consequence bein g th a t th ey se ll for pract ica lly n othin g. One of t he wa ys t hat I beli eve yo u a re boun d t o come to, in th e prop er dis t.i-ibu- 41 ti on of fr uit , is by perfe cting som e sort of an or ga n izat ion , to k now wh ere you ca n ship your fruit, an d k no w wh er e ot he r m en the same day are sh ipping their fr uit. I was over in North Carolina in the ca ntaloup e shipping secti on. The day I got t here the rail r oads re o fu sed to accept cant al oupes and watermelons u n less the fre igh t wa s prepaid, an d the ne xt da y r efused to accept th em eve n if the fre ight wa s prepaid, because there wa s su ch a glut on t he New York m arket. I was in Cinc in nati when th e first of ' the Geo rgia peache s began to come in. If you could have been t here and seen the pe a ch es th at were shipped in there f rom Georgia, you wo uld hav e bee n as ha me d t o ack nowledge that you were f rom t his State. T hey were so g reen - that I expect I could have t aken one of th em a n d k nocked t he plaste r off of tha t wa ll. T he comm ission me n we re se lli ng the m at 90 cen ts a crate, a n d I exp ect the sh ippe r s were cursing the commiss ion m en as being robbers. This ye a r the Georgi a ca ntalou pes were very poo r in taste. I want you to u n derstan d right now that I a m not sayi n g thes e t hi n gs becau se I ha ve somethi ng aga inst Georgia , but becau se th ese m atters of abs olut e t r uth are not usually tol d. I saw Geo rgia ca ntaloupes com e in th ere t hat wer e ha r dly fit t o ea t, and th e same th in g was t rue with peaches. T ha t wa s not true at a ll ti me s, of course, but I just h appened to ca tc h it at that time. T he Georgi a ca ntaloupe wa s being sh ipped in a n ordi na r y crate. H ere is a point th at is worth you r cons ide ration. Instead of the two co rner s la t s comi ng to gether, t he re is an ope n ing , a nd the frui t on t op cr us hes th at at th e bottom partl y through that op ening, thus br uisi ng it. The Califor ni a cra t es a re made close. T he weight of the fruit in the Geo rgi a crate w ill , as I say, crush those m elons r ight down throu gh th at open ing un ti l they begi n t o b re ak out a t th e opening. The Cali for n ia ca ntaloupe, on the contra ry, was cornin g in wi th th e cor n ers of the crat e closed. E very can taloupe wa s wra pped, a n d they sold a t a very m uch bett er pri ce. I live in Was h ington. I think Col. Bra ck ett will bear me out when I say tha t a majority of the peo ple in Washi ngton li ve in flats. We Ilk e peaches a nd cantaloupes, bu t we hav en' t r oom t o put in a whole crate , an d we would be d isgraced if we were se en ca rry ing hom e a paper ba g of peaches or ca n ta lou pes. T he Ca li fornia peop le are now m aking a sma ll cra te whi ch will hold n ine ordina ry si ze ca n ta lou pes or a bout tw elve of th e sm all er on es. A n umber of comm iss ion men in Cinci n na ti told m e th ey could n't get as many of thos e cra te s as th ey h ad ca lls for. T hey a r e sm a ll, of a conven ie nt s ize to h andle, a nd peo pl e like t he m a n d wlll bu y th em wh en t h ey would not bu y a few and ca rry the m hom e in a pa per bag. I believe if you will pu t up you r choi ce fruit in sm all er pack ages, you will get a ve r y much better 42 price for it. It is better to ship a less amount if yo u ca n get a better price for it. Another thing that I would ca ll your attention t o is work that is being done in Col. Brackett's office, in Washington, re garding the picking a nd pacl dng of fruit, pa rticul arly those that have to go through in ice. As a ' general thing, it has been fo und t hat 10 per cen t. of t he / appl es ship pe d n ow sho w so me br uise, or stem pu n cture, or fin gernail puncture. That puncture m a k es a very Im porta nt opening for anyth in g to gc t into the frui t. We found, by coun t, in a n u mbe r of cases, that a pples a s ord in aril y handled will run 10 per ce nt. bruised or punctured, which m ak es a defin ite openi ng for di seas e. Mor e ca re mu st be exe rcise d in the pick ing. For first class fruit to be A-I when it gets on to the ma r ket, mu st be han dled ve ry ca refull y, li ke yo u would handle eggs. As for the p nckin g, it is ha r pi n g on a n ol d, old su bj ect , bu t I believ e if you will ;;0 to th e m arket places and see for you rse lves, you will appreciate th e fact th at ca re in pack ing ca n not possi bl y be overdone. Th e best pack ed a pples tha t I IU\\'e see n on th e market wer e Inv ariabl y br ingi ng th e bes t prices. I have see n com ing in from diff erent sec tio ns of the cou n t ry, bags, 'ba sl, ets and crates of f ruit th at, instead of 'h a ving been put und er cover, had been left out i n t he rain. Some of them we r e splashe d with mud, and of cou rse tha t dec r ea sed the sa le price of the a r t icle. If l OU sh ould be on th e m arket whe n th e Ca li for n ia apri cot s, cherries and plums come , jus t notice th e per fect li ttl e pa ck a ges th ey lise for them. A man out in western Ma ryland h ad a small or chard of apples. However, he took 42 se lec ted ap ples an d pu t the m Into a 20 poun d box, and t hey netted him $1.00 a box. He wa s very careful ab out the Id nd of pa ckage he used . Dow n In T exa s they use a ba sket carrier fo r their t om a toe s ; on th e coast they use a G-basl,e t ca r r ie r; in T exa s th ey use one-la yer dee p. F rom Nor folk an d some of t hose sections I have see n th em ship tomatoes In bu shel bask et s. No w, yo u know tha t the weight of a bu sh el of th e fruit will itself cr ush the lower on es. It is a comm on thin g t o se e cucum ber s come In in sugar ba r re ls . Tha t will spo il th e low er layer s. In talldng with the General State Agent of the So u th ern E xpr ess Cornpa ny for t he State of F lo ri da , last wi nte r , whe n m ost of t he sp r ing shipmen ts were over, h e told m e t hat usi ng t ha t halt-barrel h am per for cucu mber s. sna p beans, peas , let tuce, etc., t hat th ey ha d to r epl ace ju st exactl y 7,000 pa ckages in J a cksouvill e a lone . Tha t was wh e re a transfer was m ade from one ro a d to another. He sa id they h ad to repl a ce 7,000 of tho se packages becau se they were so flim sy you cou ldn' t look hard at th em witho u t th ei r breakin g down. Many express m essenge l's a r e no t very ca re ful in handling suc h pa cka ges. I th ink t h e exp ress 411 wagons used for transferring tender f r uits should have good spri ng s. In some se ctions, espe cially in Virginia where they hav e plen ty of natural stone, th e pavement a round the dep ots is made of na tural hewn stone. They load up a wagon and drive across that pavement, a nd the jolting a nd sha k ing does an immen se am oun t of damag e. I think the shi pp er should take pride in putting up a pack age that won 't break when it is handled. I kept watch in Cin cinnati, in July, on pea ches and cantaloupes as t hey came in. It just happened that th e Georgia peaches were coming In, a nd I kept count of the broken packages that I saw. I was at on e commissi on h ouse two days, a n d did not see on e bro ken package of cantaloupes or peac hes, but I did see a n um ber of Georgia crates that were brok en , and I took som e pic tures of t hos e Georgia cra tes showing the lab el. Anot he r t h ing th a t I believe would add largel y to t he profits of th e sh ipper, woul d be for him to vis it t he market himself. You will find th e com miss ion men a re n ot a ll thi eves . Go a nd ta lk to th em; I beli eve it wou ld be good for both parties. T her e a re some lines of i ndust ry th a t I beli eve could be develo ped in this secti on whic h I believe would pa y well , eve n lower tha n th is in the State, and on e of those would be the raising of ea r ly ap ples for the market. I At t he present time you can go into t he Wash in gton market with a pples. I h ave bee n there every da y, and h aven't Io and an early apple t ha t I woul d ha ve. Another th ing is t he development of cann eries. An ot h er is to find some profitabl e manner of disposi ng of your peach crop. In some places th ey are preparing dessi cated vegeta- . ble s, an d a re putting the m up in a small box a bout the size of a typewriter-ribbon box. I nto th a t can they put enough dessicated vegetables to ma ke soup for eigh t men . I think one of the first things for men raisin g f ru it or truck in this State to do, if they are not al ready doing it, is t o go to the market and see wh at the ma rket wa n ts a n d how it wants it put up . Fo r in s tance, Washington will h andle some ki nds of apples and will refuse to buy oth er ki n ds. The Washington ma r k et will buy a certain ki nd of package a nd you couldn't sell th at same pa ck ag e in Cinci nnati. If you are go ing t o ca te r to th e Clnc lnna ti m a r ket , say, it is up t o you to su ppl y them with what they want. I think it will com e to the tim e when you m ust perfect some organ iza ti on fo r the han dli ng of th e Georg ia peach crop, so t hat the re won 't be 43 pe r cen t. of it going to New York and Philadel ph ia, or to a ny oth er two mark et s. You m ust r emem ber a lso th at ther e are oth er people wh o are sh ipping pea ch es to market , and if you will ship you r ca r s to a place wh ere the re is a scarcity of t he fruit it w ill be of gre at benefit to you. I believe some of tho se sma ll Pennsylv an ia and W est 44 Vir gin ia cit ie s, r an gin g fr om 15,00 0 to 40,000 peop le wo u ld co ns u me a g r ea t many ca r loa ds of peaches a n d give you a good p r ice for t hem. . :Mr . LOXG : I r ai se a f ew p ears fo r market , and I learn ed r ecen tly th at some sh ipp er s are p acking th em in crates j ust li ke pea ch es and getting f ancy pri ces f or th em . H av e y ou seen an y in th e m arket th nt wa y ? Mr ST E W ART: Yes sir. ~ r r.LOXG: Is y ou r obse rva tion snch that y on wou ld r ecom m en d th at ? :1[1'. STEW ART: Y es sir . If I were going to sh ip th em I wou ld ra th er sh ip th em th a t way than in barrel s. T he East Sh ore p eopl e usc a th ree -eig h ths cone -sh a p ed ba sket f or the i r pears. "W h at k in d of pears h ave y ou ? :1[ 1'. LOX G : The Ki cff'or and Le Con te, 1111'. STE WAHT: Th ere is a large class of p eople who live in the cit ies wh o will take home one of those small baskets. T hey can n ot ta ke h om e a crate , an d they will n ot take h ome a ba g, f or wha tever rea son it maybe. ~rr. LONG: Did y on n oti ce any p art icu lar market wh ere p ea rs were p ut up in crates th at way? ~1 r. S TE WAHT : I th ink l sa w pears put np th at \\-a,)' i n n early e\'er y city . M y ex per ience h as been th at C in cin n ati ta k es m or e readil y to sm al ler pa ckages th an any othe r place. Xl r, S T [~ , \ S.\ I L \ .\ : \\' !la t wou lrl 1,(' tl lP nut l t cr w i th lmshr-l ha,.:kd ,.; witl: ta rpu u liu tnp,.: fo r t1 111";C p('al' ': ! ~rr . S TE WART : T hey ar e sold th at way very commonly. Bu t, as I say, if yo n a re sen d ing to market on lya cho ice arti cle of fru it and ar e catering to p eopl e who wa nt that particu la r kind of cho ice f r u i t, the y are n ot go ing to bu y i t i n tha t size pack age, and they ar e n ot going to let th e r et ai l com m issi on m en pu t som e sm alle r nm ou n t np in a paper bag fo r th em , 45 )IE:MBE R: We shipped sever al carl oads of Georgia peaches to the E ast in bushel baskets this year, and we got better resul ts from them than we di d fr om crates-got mor e money f or ,the peaches. The peaches went through better in baskets. :111'. STKWART: I don' t believe you could pu t tha t bushel basket on every market. )1E:MBER : Ev ery market we shipped them to was sat isfied wi th them. \Ye had peaches that went to Olevelan d ; they were held seven days aft er they came out of th e icc, and they were perfectly sound. N ext year we shall not ship a single peach except in basket s. Mr, ST E WAR T : You know, all the West Virgini a peaches are sh ipped in baskets. , ME MBE R : Our cra tes cost us twice as much as baskets, and we can use the rawest kind of packerw ith a bushel basket. ' Ye sent a small sample of half- bushel baskets to Boston, and they said we could get a much better return out of those baskets for the reason you suggest, tha t a man will take a basket nud er h is ar m and car ry it home. 001. FOnT : I grow a f ew Le Oonte pear s here. I sh ipped 27 baskets of those pears. Th e baskets held a li tt le over half a bushel each. I got a check for $35.00 f or them to-day. T shipped 92 baskets of apples to .Tacksonville to-day. :111'. ST E WAR T: T hat is the five-eighths basket? 0 01. FOR T : Yes sir. I sh ipped them to .Iacksonvillo for people who like pears and have none, and I obta ined a hi gh pri ce f or my pear s. Th e PRE SIDEN T : T here is a subject that has f requently come before our Society and bef ore all fr uit growcrs, and tha t is ' the influ ence of cli ma te and soil up on fruit s. I t is a very difficult qu esti on to an swer , but it can be answered, pr ovided a gre at deal of observati on is used. Prof. McHatton has devoted a great deal of hi s time to this subj ect, and will now give 11S the benefit of hi s observat ion. 46 Climatology and Soil in Their Influence on Fruits B y P IlOF. T . H . l\I c H A'l'TOX, Georg ia Experiment Station. Mr. Presid ent ana Gent lem en: Accept the ass ur a nce that it was with a grea t deal of pleasure tha t I re ceiv ed th e invitation t o a ddress the Georgi a Horticultural Society; yet I feel th at it is some wha t of a presum ption for a yo ung man to attempt to r ead a pa per, H I may say so , before t h e ba ttle-sca rred veterans of th e fr uit ind ustry. It is more m y plac e t o si t and listen than to occu py you r tim e wit h old st ories. I wiII no t pro mi se to say anything that you ha ve not hea r d befo re , yet I hope in the disc ussion th at will follo w man y points of interest m ay be brought out. I r egret to say th at the effect of cli ma t e and soil upon fr uit is a sub je ct on which we ha ve ver y li ttle definite data. There are a few th in gs that we know from observation, yet when we come down to the fine point of the wh y and th e wh erefore it has not as yet been worked out. And on the oth er hand, eve r y man thinks th a t hi s section raises the best f rui t. F or exam ple, if I should sa y that North Georg ia produ ces a be tt er pea ch t ha n Sou th Georg ia a ll of m y frie n ds from Marsh allville a nd F ort Vall ey woul d immedi a tel y th ink that I d id no t Imow wha t I wa s ta lk ing ab out, an d vice versa. To be thoroughl y fa m ili a r with t he subject, on e m us t have studied the condit ions of, an d, if possible, bee n in , a ll the f rui t g rowing d istricts of th e count ry , for it is out of t he question to find the mul ti fariou s ty pes of soil an d cli mate in on e place. A pap er of this ki nd wiII na tura ll y fall in to two d ivision s : fir s t, th e effects of t he soil , and, second , those of t he climate. Soil, as we a ll kno w, is for me d of dis integ rated rock, with an admixture of org an ic matter. The kind of r ock bro ken dow n determines the ty pe of so il, both che m ica lly a nd mech ani call y. We n eed no t de al a t a n y grea t lengt h wit h the che m ica l cons ti tuen ts, as it is known tha t nea r ly all so ils , exce pt pu re sa nd, con ta in enough plan t food to sustain life; st ill , ofte n on e parti cul a r element is in excess of the no rmal and whe n t ha t is the case we ma y sa fely look for some marked effect up on vegetation. Our main the me fo r t he pr esent m ust be of th e mecha nical cha r ac ters, as it Is easy for one to pick u p a han dful of soil and tell whether it is cla y, loam or sa n d, wh er eas t o find the chemi ca l ele me nt requires a laborator y and a t echnical educa ti on. \Ve a lso k now that t her e is a co-rela ti on betw een the mechanical typ e a n d che mi ca l make-up, Let us first cons ider the clay, our hea vi est type. Its fundamental element is aluminum, th e parti cle s are small a nd ca pa ble of holding large qu antities of wa ter. The mai n effec ts of a h ea vy soil a re to give a long- 47 li ved , la rge t ree, reta rd rip ening an d prevent too lu xurian t a growt h . Ver y few frui t s, ind eed, a r e a da pte d to th e h ea vi est clays ; practicall y th e only one is t he pea r , a nd it is a qu estion wh ether it does no t do better on a heav y loa m. Ther e is on e cla y soil , ho wev er , wh ich ha s been found espec ia lly a da pted t o peaches, a n d that is t h e Cecil Clay of Georg ia . Th er e m a y be a te ndency to pu t on g rowt h t oo late in the fall, a nd for th e rip en in g to be r et ard ed , a nd yet yo u get a la rger , longer-li ved tree a n d a ve ry sup erio r fru it. This so il is com m only k now n a s red, 01' mu lnt t o land ; t he surface is a bout 10 in ch es deep, of a heavy loa m a nd t he s ub-soil is a red cla y. T a k ln g up next the li gh est soil, we k no w th a t on th e pure sa nds pra ct icall y non e of t he t ree f ruits a r e a da pte d. P ea ch es a nd possibl y cit r us trees thrive better on ve ry ligh t la n ds th an an y oth er. A m ixtu r e of s a nd a n d cla y m a kes a lo am , the a mo unt of t he compos iug element s , determining t he ty pe, wh eth er cla y, sa n dy 01' mediu m . It is up on th es e soils t hat we find th e g re a te r numb er of f r uits, a n d th erefor e h ave m or e of a n cpport.un lt y to s t udy the effec ts of t h is ty pe. We will deal w ith t he soil" as a ffecti ng the pea ch first. It is k no wn tha t t he t ree at ta in s a gr eater ag e u pon t h e hea vi er loam s. It, ho weve r, bea rs sooner a nd th e f ru it rip en s ea rlie r on t he li gh ter , sa n dy so il s, tho ug h on the la t ter th ey both deterio rate more r apidl y. It is t ho ught t ha t a m ellow loa m will produ ce fin er, ri ch er-flavore d iruit th an other so ils, t ho ug h t he best color, as a rul e, is found on the sa ndy la n ds , with t he cla ys g iv ing th e lioor est. These condit ions will no t hold t ru e, t ho ug h , fo r a ll loca liti es. . Tnke a few exa m ples fo r in s t.an ce: The soil su rvev of Cobb County, Geo rg ia , sta te s th a t th e Cecil Cla y p rodu ces a larger, bette r-colored a nd sh ipping peac h than sa n dy loam, tho ugh the y ield is not a s gr eat. T h e Hender son strong loam, a soil of the sa m e di stri ct , be ing a sa ndy loam for abo ut 12 in ch es, t hen a g r itty, red clay, p ro duces a n excelle n t fr uit. Going to South Geo rgia nea l' Fort Vall ey, we fin d tha t th e Orang eburg sa ndy loam , su r face of 15 in ches, a loose, gr a y, sa ndy soil, wit h a sub-so il , of r ed , or sa n dy cla y, is t he prim e fr uit land , g ivi ng th e best yie ld, fla vor and finest lock in g fruit of t he sectio n. Oftent im es a chemica l will pr edomina t e a n d effect the fruit per ceptibly . Too st ro ng a n a lka li or a cid will produ ce death ; on the oth er h and, a n element in excess ma y g ive sa t isfactory resu lt s. Col. F elix Cor pu t te lls me t hat wh en ever a n or ch ard is locat ed on a soil ri ch in iron or m an gan ese that the fr uit colors u p in a n .excepti ona ll y fin e manner. The plum, wh ich we mi ght say is th e se cond t ree fr uit of importan ce 111 t,!lis State, diff er s g rea tl y fr om t he pea ch in its soil r equ ir em ent.s. This frui t an d th e a pple a re mo st ad apt abl e a nd se em to be affected less by soil t ha n any of th e others. The Am e ri can, Dom estic a nd Min er g r oup 48 prefer a cla y loam, up on whi ch t hey a r e healthy, pr odu cing la r ge crops of fine qua lit y a nd flavo r . The Japan ese do bes t on the Ir tab lo l orun s, an d th e hyb rid s a re t rea ted after the m a nn e r of the parent which they r esem ble most. It was im possible t o find data ill r ega rd t o t he color, ro t r esi st an ce, shi pping -qua lity an d fla vor of plums on va r ious soils. We have not been a ble to do any work a long t h is line at th e Station for t he s ingle r eason th at we h a ve onl y one t ype of land t he re and th a t is Cecil Clay ; In th e no r th ern part of t he state we -find quite a number of a pp les , a nd in time they m a y become on e of Geor gi a's im portan t fru its. The a ppl e seems to be less affecte d an d will do better on a g r ea ter vari et y of soils than any other fruit unl ess it is th e Ame r ican plum. Th e lon gest-liv ed t rees a re foun d on th e heavier soils ; a favorite is a stony loa m of ca lcareous natu re . It has been foun d that ca lc ium or lim e will hell) t he k eep ing qualiti es of th is fru it. The te st was made on th e York Im perial. Wh eth er the same effect woul d be prod uced on ot her varieties is a qu estion. A stony loam on a gravelly sub- soil has been observed to g ive t he largest and best-flavored frui t, and Baldw ins on a sa n dy or g r a vell y soil colo r up be tte r an d ripen ea r lie r th an on others. Ligh t soils, however , a re ap t to produce too soft a g rowt h of woo rl. wh ich is liable to w inter injury ; on t he heav ier soils the wood is ha rd ier a nd usu all y passes t hroug h t he cold seas on better . One particul ar exa m ple of th e effects of g iven so il wh ich is a pp licable to Georgi a is t he soil up on whi ch Alb ema r le or Newt ou Pipp in is pro du ced. T he Por ter 's black loa m gives the mo st su perlo r a pple in eve r y respect with a crop each year. This so il is found in th e mou ntain coves of the Albem arle reg ion of Virgin ia ; it also exists in t he nort hern part of th is state, a ro und Dahlon ega, Blue Ri dge and Coppe r 's Cr eek We lik ewise ha ve t he elevation for thi s fr uit , wh ich, however, "ill be spoken of later . We need only mention th e pea r , as it h as n ot at tn lne rI an y g rea t prominen ce with us. This fr uit thri ves on heavie r soil th an a n y of tu; oth ers, t he lighter lan ds m ak tng too r ap id a grower wh ich is suscep t lble to bli ght . It ha s be en fou n d th at of all t he fru it s t he pe a r w ill stand mo r e alk a li tha n a n y, and th e heavier the soil, th e g re a ter amoun t of a lk a li does it take to injure it. It mi ght be sa id in passin g th at the danger point of a lk a li for vegetation in th e ari d districts is about .05% and t ha t .1% is a lmost sure death. I do not know whether it would be wise to spe a k of the grap e un der the present condition in the state, or not. Suffice it to say that warm, well-drained soils give a n extra quality of fruit; gravelly land causes earl y ripenin g, and dark humid soils give too much growth. It has been noti ced nea r Fredonia, New York, that the Dunkirk sandy 49 roam g ives large yields of low qu alit y. wh ich a re a lso poor sh lpp era. The Dunkirk sha le loam , on t he ot he r h and. gives sweet. toug h-skinne d grapes which a re exceptiona l for wine a n d sh ipping. though the individual be r r ies a re small. On th e wh ole, it is thou ght that a li gh t . g ravelly soil, one not quite r ich enoug h for corn . m akes the best grap e lan d. H av ing said as mu ch on t he soil effect and a da pt ab il ity as time wiII all ow. we wiII n ow pass to a discussion of climate. By cli ma te we mean meteorolog ical cha nges ta king pla ce in the atmospher e. su ch a s temperatu r es. rain. humidity and win d. The effects of tem perature a re in m a n y resp ect s obviou s. H ea t forc es th e proto pl asm into a ctivity. wh ile cold stops it or holds it back. The effects of m ore cold than a tree is prep ared to stand at a ny time during its li fe a re well known. T he bu ds may be killed in the dead winter, t he crop may be ruin ed at blooming time or after by fros t. The growers of Georgia k now th ese t hings t oo welI t o be to ld about them . Now . have we an y way to dete rmi ne the temperature limit of the distri bution of vario us f ruits. On P age 54 of Bu lle ti n No. 10 of th e Biolog ica l Survey. U. S. Dep artmen t of Ag r icult ure, we find th e to llowing : "T he n or thward distribution of ter re stria l a n ima ls and plants is gove rned by the sum of t he positive te m pe ratur e for th e enti re ' season of growt h a nd r eproduction, and the sout h wa r d distribution is governed by t he mean tem perature of a brief per iod during the hottest pa rt of the yea r ." Does th is help us in deter m in ing how far no rth or sou th a given fruit may be g r own ? Not a t a ll. for te mp erature is va r ie d so . th r oug h altitude. expos ur e a nd t he llke, that eac h fru it m ust be sepa ra tely te sted to find ou t wh ether it will live a nd pro sper in a giv en locality or no t. As a genera l r ule. fruits a re of bett er quali ty as on e app roac hes the equa tor. This, however. does n ot hold t ru e for th e a pple. for it imp ro ves in ever y way as it goe s north. It is thou ght by som e t ha t the mod eratel y wa r m da ys an d cool ni gh ts of New York. Michigan an d localit ies fur ther north. j us t at the ti me apples are r ipening. help s t o ma! ,e th em color up. How mu ch of this is true. no one ca n sa y. It Is sim ply a th eory. W e know that in t he north fru it trees are usually larger a n d lon ger-lived th an in th e sout h ; an d that a fruit of la te seas on becomes ea rlie r and ea r li er as it approaches the south . unti l fin ally a winte r appl e. if it can be succ ess fully grown ne a r enoug h to the equato r. beco mes a su m me r frui t. The less the ex t r eme of h eat a nd cold . see m ingly t he better th e fruit as to h ealth. vi gor a n d r egul ar it y of crops. This is sho wn by the condi t ion of or ch a r ds near large bodies of wate r, wh ich bod ies equa liz e t he tem perature. An ot her point of interest is the effect of sl ope on t empera- 50 t ure. A northern or we stern exposure a lwa ys giv es la t e matu rity, wherea s an eastern or sou thern slop e hastens growth. T h is is or especial importance wh ere we are apt to hav e la te spring fr osts. Let us take a defin it e exa mple of tem peratu re effect. Ho ffman concludes , after m an y years of in ves ti gation , that t here is a definite amount of h ea t n ecessary fo r a t ree to attai n a gi ven ph ase of its ye a r 's g rowth, that is , the su m of the positive max im u m te mpe ratu r es of a th erm om et er fu lly expo sed to the sun , from J a n ua r y 1st to an y definite t ime , a s bl ossoming, r ipe f ruit, et c. is th e sa me fo r eac h yea r . In other words, we ha ve a th ermal constant t h at will sa ti sf ac torily coincide from year to yea r . Now this se ason a t E xp eriment we were some te n days ahead o f la st year and still , we did not h ave th e warm weather in the win ter. Why was it so? Th e m ean ma x imu m temperature for "larch, 1907, was 75.03 F. , for March , 1908, was 7G.02 F . Not so m uch diffe re nce ; th at came in th e next mon th , April. 1907, t he mean temperatu re wa s 67.70. There was on ly one day of 80 and t hat was the 30t h, whe reas in April, 1908, th e m ean maxim um was 75.03, t here bei ng eleve n days ranging from 80 to 84 and seven of th es e ca me befor e th e 15th of t he iu on th . T hese temp er atures were taken in the sh a de and a re t herefo re on ly r ela t ive. Ho wever, we m a y sa fely a tt r ib ute our ea rly seas on to th e se ven hot da ys tha t ca m e before Apr il 15t h , 1908. H a s th e th eory of t he the rma l cons ta n t been of a ny p ractica l se rvi ce ? Not a s yet, but if at so me time it is worked ou t fo r the m a jority ot var ieties we will be ab le to te ll in a m easure wh er e a fru it can be g row n an d wh en to ex pect it to ri pen. Ou r next cons ide ra ti on will be ra in. Too mu ch wa t er ca use s dea t h, as does too li ttle. Da m pn ess a ls o r enders t he t rees m ore li able to attacks of f un gi an d oth er dise ases ; it produces too mu ch wood and in oth er wa ys in jures t he cr op. T he g re a te st danger fr om rai n comes at blooming tim e; it pre ven ts fer tili zation by dil u tin g t he se cretion s ot th e stigm a, da mp en s polle n , often times ca using it to bu r st. Cold rains a re mu ch more injurious th an oth er s. In sections whe re r a in ra rely fa lls dur in g th e grow ing se ason , such as the a r id r egio ns of Californ ia, a nd wh ere th e pro pe r a mount of wa t er Is given th rou gh irriga ti on . th ere is a n exce pt iona ll y fine look in g and shippin g frui t produced . T he h umid it y is low a n d the te m pera t u r e h igh , which se em t o be con duc i ve to the for m ation of a firm and goodcolored product. Clo ud in ess, a factor that goes h an d in ha n d with rai n, a ls o pr oduce s its effect. R ef erring aga in to t h e a r id regio ns : They have ab ou t 230 cle a r, su n ny days a year, whi ch are mostly during the grow ing season, whereas wit h 11S t he r e a re som et h ing llk e 150, being scatter ed rrom 61 J anu ary to J a nu ary. It is a pretty well ackn owl ed ged fact that t ue a m ount of li gh t an d su n a fruit ge ts wh ile g rowing h as a marked effect upon th e color . Som e sections hav e had a good examp le of t his t h is ye ar, as r ain h as been sca rce in some parts of th e Sta te an d the fruit ex cep tionally well -colored in those localities. Wind is another fa ct or in fruit production t hat is often sp ok en of , bu t a bout whi ch nothing mu ch Is known. Hi gh wi n ds, of course, blow off blo ssom s a nd fruit s, injure trees and in other ways affect the orch a rd. I h ave noticed , ho wever, that in secti ons wh ere the best f r uit Is pr oduced the re Is usual ly a mod er a te breeze blowing; the air is continually s ti rring am ongs t the t re es. Now what effect has this ? We have no sc ientific re ason to believe t ha t It has any outside of giv in g air draina ge, which is a f rost pr ot ecti on in the earl y seas on , and I would li ke ver y mu ch to ge t som e dat il up on this subject, if possible~ Now I observed this yea r a t th e Station, where our prevailing wind Is from th e Wes t, th a t the trutt on the Western side of the orchards had the highest color. I would li ke to hear from some of th e growers on this point a nd see If our expe r ience coincid es. Now ju st a word as to eleva t ion with spec ia l r eferen ce to th e Newton Pippins. These a pples a re produce d to perfection in the mountain regions of Virginia a t an elevation of from 1000 to 2000 feet , the best .truit being found a t a bout 1500 faet. We hav e th e Porter 's black loam, the elevations and practically the sa me cli ma te; In the mountains of this St ate, and If th ere is a ny th ing in soil an d climatic ad a ptability we would cer ta inly be abl e to produce as good a pp les as in Virginia. The other effects of ele va ti on need not be men tion ed, as they are the sa me a s going fr om South to Nor th. In conclusion , I would like to say that of la te ye a rs it ha s been t h oug h t that cli mate had some effect on th e ste r il ity of frui ts. In th e Eastern parts or th e Un ited States many varieties a re r anked as infertil e, whe reas the sa me va r ie ties a re fertile, or nea rl y so, in the equitabl e cli mates of Cal if ornia a nd E ng la n d. Most of t he work done on the effects of soil an d cli mate lias been cas ua l obse r va ti on. There is a large field for ex pe r ime nt in th e a da ptabili ty of varieties of fruit ; an'] likewi se a st udy of t he direct effects of climate and soil would be extremely interesting. The PHESIDENT: In regard to the catalogue of fruits, does anybody wish to name any new fruits that have not been catalogued ~ Col. WADE: I have one peach that I think has become gen- erally known. It is called the Forosa. It is quite an early peach. 52 .Mr . LO:N G : ,,'.. n eigh bor told me of one of h is 0111 d ar k ics who wan te d h im to wri tc a lett er to a f r ien d in ::\faCUlI. II o as ked the du rkcy t he n a me of t he f r ien d , an d he t ol ll him ; h e t hen asked h ii n wh at street he lived on, an d h e sai d he didn't kn ow ; he sai d just to Pllt on the env elope "I nqu iring lett er." A s I under st an d it, thi s is an " in qu i r ing me eting," an ti I want t CJ ask wh a t is th e p roper method of p lant ing pear trees, J h av e foun d that wh ere m y Lo Conte pears com o n e~ t to K ioff crs, th o" r arely eyer fail to li ave som oth ing of a crop, Col. F or t puts hi s o\'ery athol' tree, bu t it seems to me t hat p ropo rt ion is a l itt le too large f or the K ieffer', and J wou ld like to ask if any of t ile ge n tle men presen t ha ve any inf or ma ti on on th at subj ect. Th ere is Il O qu estion in my mind th a t if yo n want to make YOllr Le Con te peal' cro p any \vay certa in, i t 1I1l1st be in proxim ity to th e Kieffer pea l', becau se with heavy rai ns wh ile th e LeOonte is in blo om yon a re alm ost su re to h ave n o crop i f y on h av e no Ki effors close by . \ Vhat T wan t to get at, is h ow f ew Ki cff ers can be p u t wi th th e I. e Con te to g i"e us a sure crop. P ears are gett i n~ t o he qui t e a l arge a11<1 valuable crop in 01 11' sect ion of tho cou ntry . The P RE SIDE NT: That is a ma tt e r f or a bi ologi st, Our stati on hort icu ltm -ist ough t to be ab le to g ive y ou that inf orn.at io n , 1Ir. L . A. B E HOIDI AX S : F'ive pCI' cen t. is wha t [ lise. THURSDAY, AUGUST 13,1 9 0 8 T h e sess ion was calle d to or der at 9 :2;-) o' clock A . 11. by Presi d en t P . J. B er ckmans. The PHESIDENT : The fir st p ap er we will h av e this mornin g is one by Prof. Akerm an. 53 The Horticulturist 's Interest III Forestry By P IWF. A Ln mn A K EID L\ X , Uni vers it y of Georg ia . Fell ow m emb ers ot th e . Hort icultural S ociety : Last year at t he meeti ng in Augusta I had the pleasu re of ad dr essi ng you on t he s ubject of forestry. I a m indeed gl ad to a ppea r be for e the Socie ty agai n this yea r, to sp ea k to you on a nother important ph ase of this s ubject. Th e topic that h as been as si gn ed to me is, "The H orticu ltu ri st 's Int er est in Fo restry." The first t h ing to su gges t itself in th is connection is cheap an d suitable material for boxes a nd cra tes. I am not in t he busi ness of gardeni ng for the m a r ket a nd can not s peak f rom per sonal k n owl edge, but I am g iven to under stan d tha t t he expen se of provid ing convenient and a tt rac ti ve packa ges is in creasi ng a nd will pr obab ly continue to in cr ease a s the supply of chea p, good lumber decreases. I suppose tha t th e qu anti ty of wood made into ven eer m a y be ta ken as s ome sort of a n "In d ica t fon of th e g rowth of the box a nd crate industry. The s ta tistics com pile d by the United St ates Forest Service and the Cens us B ureau indi ca te a decided g rowt h in the venee r ind ust ry, especially in Geor g ia. T h is, t he n, is one poin t at which the ho rtlcu ltu rist's in te rest meets wi th that of the for ester; for it is th e fores te r 's a im to supply a sufficiency of good, ch eap mater ial to all that need it. In th is instan ce, th e demand is fo r r ed gum, yello w poplar , cottonwood, and any other woods that a r e li ght in wei gh t, ea s il y wo rked, and tha t have no odor or ta ste t hat will be imparted to the fruit. Pin e, though la rgely us ed, is someti mes obj ect ed to on th is score; for it conta ins cons iderable resin. Another poin t of meeti ng for forestry a nd horti cult nre is in t he matt el' of wi n d-breaks and shelter-belts. T o wh a t extent these be nefit the Georgi a h or ti cultu r ist, I am un a ble to say. T here a re several pr esent who ca n doubtl ess discu ss that part of t he qu esti on fro m an a u thoritative standpo int. I do know, how ever, that in th e pr airie states of the Central W est t he horticulturist s h av e found ti mb er belts on the North , W est a n d Sou th si des of their or ch ards a nd ga rd ens to be of great ben efit. T he clai m is that s uc h belts protect f rom th e cold wi nds of winter a nd preven t too g reat su rface dr ying in t he s um me r . Of course, ou r climati c cond iti ons are diffe rent a nd we s hall probab ly never feel the same n eed for protection of this kin d as our less for tuna te brethren, during suc h weathe r as the dr y season t hrough which we have just passe d. I ha ve wond ered , however, whether shelter-be lts m igh t n ot prove of considerable value in ch ecking ext reme surface d rying wh ich works a h a rdsh ip on the sh allow-rooted plants. T here is one point against ths ge neral use of shelte r-belt s. It was int r oduced by Mr. Hale at our meeting last year. T he wood s seem to furn is h a br eeding groun d for some kinds of in sects wh ich sp read then ce into orch a r ds. Wh en su ch is the case, the s helter-belts m ust, of cou rse, be sacri ficed to th e mor e important cons ide rati on. A th ir d poin t of me eti ng for h orticu lture an d fore stry is in s ecuring depen da ble la bor . Last yea r one of th e pap er s r ead befor e th is society, wa s on th e "T r ia ls of t he F r u it Gr ower." One of t hese t r ia ls t he autho r of t he pa pe r re ck oned to be t h e scarcity of la bor . Another membe r in troduced a r esoluti on in r ega r d to la bor. It seems to be a com mon trial. I he ard of it in Connecticu t, in Massachusetts a nd i n New Hampshire. I n dis cu ss ing this question, a shrewd New England fa r me r emphasized steady employment as a means of holding good men . Perhaps if he h a d our shiftless negro t o dea l with, he might think differently. But, be tha t as it may, I don't see m yself ho w a nyone can expec t to pick up good, steady laborers and di smi ss th em ,a ga in a t will. A steady m an , wh it e or black, mu st h a ve steady wo rk a n d r egu lar pay. You k now the y say in Washing ton that the reason wh y men work so har d to get to Cong ress is not because the pay is la rge, but beca use it is "mighty r egul ar." Now t he po int wh ich I wish t o make before t h is society and which I have brought t o the attention of many farmers, is t ha t work in t he woods ma y be done a t times when work in the field s and or ch ards is at a standstill. The two dovetail n icel y in to ea ch oth er; an d if a fa rme r, or or cha r di st, or garden e r is fortunate enoug h to hav e a portion of h is land under woods he has a means of em ploy ing his labor at odd ti mes. Even if he m akes only a s ma ll profit , or if he ma kes back onl y expenses, he is the gai ner, if thereby h e can keep tog eth er a for ce of depen dable hands, r ea dy for th e time when perIsh able crops m ust be move d qul ckl y, or be lost . A fou rth common poin t bet ween for estry a n d horticultur e is foun d in the relation th at hor ti cul tu r e bears t o t he ut ili zatio n of the la n d. Horti cultur e is, in a gen eral way, an int ensi ve form of agriculture. It is garden cult ur e. It im pl ies ca re, sk ill and con centration, an d it als o implies large yields per acre. As population in cr eas es, suppli es of food and clothes must decr ease . We must, therefore, make the same land produce mo re as time goe s on , or we mu st clea r mor e land and pu t it under cultivation. The gen eral tend en cy of agricul ture n owadays is tow ard intensive cultivation, th at is, tow ards h or ti cult ure. I, as a forester, r ejoice to no te thi s tendency ; for it means that effort Is being directed tow ard m a k in g the land a lready cleared produ ce mo re , instead of the r a pid convers ion of for est Into fiel d. It mean s that a large area will be left for timber crops. Sometimes I hear pe ople say that the for esters wi sh to r eta r d the development of th e country, because they wl sb some lan d to be left 55 in fores t. T he conten tion is t hat the la nd ou gh t to be. cleared and cultivated, t he clearin g of la nd be ing synon ym ous in th ei r minds with developm en t. No th ing could be fur tb er f rom the desire of fores te rs than t he ret a nlati on of t he count ry 's devel op men t. On the cont ra ry , we a r e contend ing for a h ighe r developm en t. \Ve a re con ten d ing for th e careful use of all the la nd , bot h cleared an d unclea red. We urge th a t the ln te ns lve fo rms of ag ric ult ure be applie d to th e clea red la n d, an d t hat ca re a nd effort be bes towed on t he woodlands. The t endency toward inten siv e cult i vati on will tend to r educe t he ra te of clea r ing in the f uture. After more than a cen tur y a nd a half or occu pation by wh ite men , onl y a bou t one -fou rth of th is state is in cul ti va tio n. The last cen su s placed t he woo ded a rea a t 71'70. It is t r ue t hat. some of thi s wood ed a re a will be needed for field s a n d ga rden s, a nd that it ough t to be clea red ; but the indica ti ons a re that th e rate of clea r ing will be slow . Th e re will bi! a t leas t 50 % of the area of t he s tate left for fores t crops for ma n y gene ra tions to come. This is a n a rea sufficient to produce a ll of t he ti mber need ed in the state an d a sur plus fo r ex por ta t ion, provide d t ha t t he p rin ci ples of fores t r y ne applied to it. Th e a ve rage pro du ct ion of wood in the Ger man . rorests, for the mo st part unde r t he ca re of foresters , is 49 .32 cubic feet a n acr e a year. If we should do as we ll i n Georgia on t he pr esen t wood ed a rea, we wou ld prod uce 1,325 ,72 1,GOO cu bic feet a yea r , a n d if we a llow only [our ( 4) boa rd feet to a cubic foot, we would pro duce J, 302,SSG,.100 feet in boa rd m easur e. T he cens us Bu rea u r eport s for the year 190'( on ly S35 ,G97,000 feet, boa rd measu r e, cut in Georgia . Gran ti ng t hen, a g reat r educti on in our wooden a rea, we could not onl y conti n ue our pr es ent outp ut , but we could in crease it, if we do as well as the Germans h a ve don e, and there is no r ea son why we sho uld not. Our people are slowly , but surely , waking up to the possi biliti es of fore st ry; an d in t he li gh t of German exper ienc e, I take a hopeful vi ew into the fu tur e. Ne arly all of you own some woodland. There is hardly a farm or orchard, or eve n a truck garden, without some woodland attached . T a xes mu st be pa id on this land and t he owner is also out the interest on th e mon ey wh ich it re pr ese nts. Forestry, to the lan downer, is a m eans of making his holdings as productive as possible, in order to pay taxes, interest, and sec ure a profit on the investment, as well as to ac complish some of t he indirect results which we discu ssed. In this connection it mi gh t be well t o cons ider br iefl y some of the methods of perpetuating woods and of in creasing their productivity. The first thing to be considered is reproduction. Forest stands ca n not be pe rpetuated without a success of seedli ng s and saplings any more than communities of people can be pe rpetua ted wi thout infants and youths. 511 Rep roducti on is a cotu l i tio sin e qua 1/ 01/ . In som e pa r ts of t he country, notably in the prairie states, the founding of a stand is a large problem in itself . It requ ires consider able outlay of m on ey a n d effort t o get an ac re of for est st ar ted. We are mo re for tunate here in Georg ia. Na ture h as bless ed us wit h such cond itions that rep rodu ction is ea s ily se cured . T he mast is plenty a n d it ge r m ina tes fre el y. But , wh ile Nat ur e has heen good to us, we m us t remember that Na ture must be g iven a chan ce. We must keep the fir es ou t if we wan t re produ cti on . Fi res burn up the see ds an d they k il l seedli ngs and saplings. Wh en I was he re in Corn elia in Ju ne I made th at st atem en t before a Far me r 's Insti tu t e; an d I was to ld a fte rward that it was challen ged hy some on e in the audi en ce. I do not k now the pa rticula r reason why m y stateme nt was cha llenged; I onl y know t hat on e or t hose wh o h eard me went a way an d sa id I was wron g, that fir es do the woods good inst ead of harm. I wa s als o in formed t hat a Swi ss wh o happen ed to hea r the rema r k took up the cudge l for me a n d t old my assa ila nt that in Canton , Zuri ch , whe re he g rew u p, tha t a fire in th e wood s created quite as mu ch alarm as a fire in t own , an d that eve rybody turned out to fig ht it. I am ready to a dm it tha t in some rare cases wh e re th ere is to o mu ch li t ter on th e ground, t ha t a fir e may a iel rep rodu ct ion , by exposing t he min eral soil so that t he ge r m ina ti ng see dli ngs m ay r ead il y ta ke roo t; but such cas es a re exceedingly rare. So fa r I ha ve not met wlth one in Georgi a. Ano th er source of detrim en t to reprod ucti on is g raz ing . The larger a n im als, like cows and horses, do not harm r eproduction to a ny grea t ext ent, unl ess the r a nge is cr owd ed . Th e ch ief inj ury is cau se d by t ramp li ng an d bre ak a ge. Ho rses and cows browse th e trees onl y t o a sm all extent. H ogs do con sid erable da mage to reprod uction. T he y ea t a great many see ds. T hey root up seed li ng s in sea rc h for other food ; a n d th ey roo t up an d dev our the ro ots of some k in ds of t r ee. T hose of you who come from th e South Georg ia pine coun try k n ow the appetite t ha thogs have for the roo ts of t he long leaf pin e. Ho gs sh ould be ex cl ud ed fr om th e woo ds if reproducti on is desired, or at least t hey sh ou ld be a ll owed t o r un on ly a t interva ls. H er e a gain I a m w illing to a dm it tha t some good m a y r esult. Under certain cond itions, ho gs m a y a id r epro du cti on by mi xin g t he leaves an d humus wi th t he mineral soil , an d thus prepar ing a good seed bed. This is well k nown to European for est practi ce, a n d is ta k en adva nta ge of; but on ce th e seed bed is pr epa re d, the hogs a re excluded un til t he young sta n d is firmly estab lished. 57 Sheep an d go a ts are most injurious animals. They ea t everything. They have been universall y de clared against by foresters. It is Impos si ble to sec ure repr odu ction unless they a r e excluded . Once an own er asked me t o vis it hi s farm a nd exam ine his woodl an ds. He did not s tate the nature of his fa rm un til we we re nearly there. Then he explained th a t hi s farm was a goat farm, a n d that he had got me to come to te ll him ho w to raise t rees and goats on the same land. I told him I could a dvise hi m ri gh t there w it ho ut goin g fu rth er. He would h a ve to give up his trees or his goa t s. T hese things that I have men ti oned are ra ther negative- the excl usion of fire, hogs, sh eep a nd goats. T her e is a positive t re atme nt that man y owner s in Georgia ca n follow, a nd that is thinning. By thinnin g is mean t the re mov a l of a portion of t he trees in a g rowing stand to improve those that rema in . Do not confuse it wit h the removal of t he fina l cr op. T rees, in or de r to pr event large s ide limbs, a n d to stimulate height growth, should stan d close t oget her during th e early s tages of the ir dev elopmen t. Bu t if a ll owed to remain too lon g, t hey begin to injure one a nother . The sti m ulative com petition that has gone on . a mo ng t he m beco mes a des tr uctive com pe ti ti on. Theoreti call y, this is the point at which t he fo rester should step in a nd restore t h e ba lance. Practi cally, he is li mited by market conditions. Thi nning is no t practi cab le. except where th e m a terial removed ca n be so ld for en ough to pay for its r emo va l. If it on ly pa ys fo r its r em ova l, thi nning m a y be practiced; for t he n t he im provement t o t he st an d is a net gain. If t here is a bal an ce above ex penses, why so mu ch be tter . E ven in t hose par ts of t he s tate wh ere there is no market for in fer ior material , t he owner ca n at leas t take ou t h is fir ewood and fen ce pos ts in th e form or t hi n n ings. T o sum u p, th e hor ti cultu ri st is in ter es ted in fore stry. becau se t he two lines meet at the following import a nt poin ts: ~ 1. Ma terial for crates, boxes, etc. 2. Sh elter-belts. 3. Means of k eepi ng a for ce of laborers togeth er . 4. Horticult ure means in ten si ve cult iva ti on a nd slow clea r ing of wood ed lands, a nd for est r y mean s th e best use of the land lett un cleared. Col "'VADE: Th e Professor spoke about crate material. One of us is wrong about the matter, and I want him to r ight it,and that is, th at pine is not a fit material f or our cr ates. I have never seen personally, among the many hundreds of cr ates that I have used, th e least fault with them. Th e Georgi a Crate !'i8 Comp any, of 'I' homa sville, mak e their cra tes en t irely of pin e. Th ey are perf ectly satisfactory. I even f elt so wc]] abou t i t th at I wr ote to the house, and they f urnished .the er ato to a good many of us here. ' Ve are j ust on the verge of try ing to start a crate factory here. Of course, we can get some popl ar, but we ha ve to use pine mostly fo r Our crate f actory. 1 would lik e to get str aightened out on tha t mat ter. Prof. AKERMAN: As I said, questi ons of that kin d can hp. much more intelli gen tly discussed by those .n the shipping business. I only know I have hear d some complaints. I do not see how the pine could do any harm unless it was in contact with th e fruit. I am sorry I have no more definite inIo ruiation on the subj ect. M,r. M cHATTON: I am very mu ch interested in this question of fir e in the mountains. I am f amili ar wi th moun tainsnot so mu ch in this section, bu t in others. I can almost safely say there is but one un cut body of t ::r.~e r in those moun tain s, and that is abou t fif teen acres in ext ent. ' Ve haven't a fish ; !I(! I'C' to-day. T he muscall onge that CSTnr II p th e r iver, is gone ; the mountain trout is gone; th e timber is gone. Th e people say tha t the I ndians put fir e in the mounta in woods to br ing u p the grass the next spr ing. N ow the hills are bein g washed away. M er a shor t r ain, the water is as red as brick. Th e fish can not li ve in it. B11 t the people will in sist on pu tting fir e in the woods. I r ecall an open field that for sever al years the fire was kept out of, and to-day th ere is as pretty a stan d of white oak sapl ings th er e as you ever saw. H ow are we to stop it ? P rof. A KERMAN: Th at is a very per plexin g- problem. T he people in the mounta ins will not only cont inue to set these fires, bu t they won' t believe it when you tell them they will be sorry afterward s for doing it. Th ey ar e t akin g hold of that sam e kind of situation in J\Iinn esota, 'Masaachu sett s, T exas and New Jersey. 69 I think we ough t to have better laws in r egard to fires. T he la ws of this State are n ot specific enough, and we ha ve no defi- ni te' ma ch in ery behin d them to enfo rce the m. Of cours e, i"e have the old common-law, th at you can n ot injure your neighbor,- bu t we mu st han ") a bet ter law, with a :Fire \ Vard en hehin d it , to see th at it is enforced. I am glad Mr. MclIat ton brough t up th e qu esti on of fire s, because it is so impor tant. ",Ye abu se the lu mbermen, and ;;ay they are destroying our f orests an d ar e th e evil of nearl y all o u r woes . I don' t lx-licv e th o lu mherm nn is half as 1l111C'h to bl nm o as the m an who sets th e wood s afire. _\11'. \\' I GH T: T he post quest ion is gett ing tv be a vory iiuportan t one wi th us. I wou ld like to ask if yon know the 1'('sults of t ria ls of Catalpa Speciosa f or that use ~ Prof. AK E R MAN : I ha ve looked into that a li ttl e Lit, but the inform ation I get is not very encoura ging. The catalp a is a good tree ; it mak es a post some times ii : pight years, sometimes in ten. ",Ye should remember that we have so many better trees, that we don't have to fa ll back on the catalp a. I have tried a littl e catalpa to see WIF\t it would do. In some sections we have chosen the white oak. In South Georgia you h ave an excell en t post-when you can get it-of lcn g leaf pin e. \'lhere you can not get th at , you have th e lob-loll y pine, and th e short leaf pine can be used if you treat it with creos ote to the am ount of 15 cents per post, and it will last yon f rom fift een to twe nty ye ars. Prof. RO GERS : W hat woul d be the cost of fitti ng up some place f or treating second-growth pi ne posts with creos ote, as you suggest ~ Prof . AKERMAN : I he ar d of one plant th at was fixed up at a cost of about $45.00 . I am sor ry I can n ot give you th e figur es from per sonal exper ience. P rof. NEWlvIA N : I think the ver y best post is mad e of th e black locust, I have heard it said that th ey l ast f orever , 60 and then turn to stone. Ordinarily, the cattle str ip the bark oft the tr ees in [118 moun tain s in th :~ sJ1L'illg, and the r esul t is tlint mor e timber is destroyed than all the cat tle in th e whole section ar c worth. The people in the mountains set fir e to th e woods in or der to get rid of the old grass , and have new gr as5 re ady f or th e cattle in the spr ing. If th ere were some mean s of pr eventing turning loose cattle in th e mountain ranges, an th e tr ouble would be pr event ed. I have liv ed in th e Blue Ridge f or a long time, an d have stu died that qu estion. I h ave kn 0 \\'11 men to drive cattle five mil es to get to a pla ce where th er e was a pas,ture, an d they will tear clown fences to get th er e. Y on can not control th ose people at all. The only way to pr event th ese forest fir es is to prevent th ese cattle r angin g in th e mountain s. The aesth eti c viewpoint is imp ort ant to me. I am will ing to drive 40 mil es any spr ing day to see the wild flower s growing in th ese mountains. Last sp ring I dr ove throug h large are as of th ese mountains. On one side of th e r oad, where fires had been, you wouldn't see a flower, and on th e othe r side, whe re there had been no fire, yon would see hundreds. Col. WADE: In an swer to th e qu esti on of J\Ir. Wi gh t, 1 wan t to say tha t I havo r aised catalpa tr ees some fifte en or twenty ye ars in my li fe, and I think th e Cata l pa Sp eciosa makes th e best post in th e United St at es. I can grow catalpa posts at a cost not exceeding one-half cent each. All tlnongl, the Northwestern S tates they ar e planting ental pa where th e f reeze is not too excessive. T o get the regul ar Ca talpa Sp eciosa, tbere ar e only f our or five firm s in the U nited .S tates th at will sen yon th e ri ght seed, even if th ey kn ow the r ight cha racter of seed. I think thi s would be a fine opp ortunity for Prof. Akerman to help us get some of th e correct seed and have th em plan ted at the universities. I know the locust is a very valuable tree. ::M:El\fBER : You can plant locust seed, and th ey will grow several feet in a year. 81 Col. BRACKETT: I want to say a word in regard to the Catalpa Speciosa. In 1862 I was through the coun try wher e the earthquake of 1811 occurred. I found a Catalpa Sp eciosa th at had been thrown down by that earthqua ke in 1811, and it had lain th er e ever since, and was in a state of perfect pr eservation. It is one of the most durable woods that yon can find . Th er e is another species of wood th at is fully as valu able, and th at is th e Osage or ange . I have used it f or sta kes, and th ere is no decay to it. It is ver y easil y grown. Judge I,O NG :' A f ew years ago I was in Texas, at Deni son. Soon af ter leavin g th er e, you will find thousan ds of mil es of barbed wire fence of thi s Osage oran ge. Th ey call it B ois d' Arc. In D all as, T exas, T not iced where they were cutting into th e street, th er e was a ,different cur bing on th e sid ewalk. I asked somebody what it was, and they sai d it was B ois d' Arc. I think, if we will watch it, we can make thousands of posts out of it. In our sect ion of the country th er e is a great donl of it. Th ey will tak e a piece not 1110re th an twicr- as large as my arm, an d mak e a post ant of it. Th er e is another snggcstinn that I thi nk is germ ane to this question : ITave any of you h ad any exp eri ence with mi ng cement posts? Somr f rien d h as sllg,gested that the," woul d make fine posts. Th e PRESIDEN T : , Ve h ave considerable bu siness yet to be atte nd ed to, and thi s subje ct will h an : to close, I see :Mr s. Erwin in th e aud ience. and T wil] ask her to f avor us with her paper. Home Surroundings B y MR S . E VA. G. Eu wr x , Cornelia, Ga . When cons ide r ing th is wonderful subject of horticnlture in the in, terest an d promotion of which we meet to-da y, it some t ime s seems to me that no more daring work was ever und ertaken th an that of sup- 62 ple menting th e wo r k of Nature, and we sh oul d, indeed, ap proac h it se r iously, not to say r ev erently. In this s tate of ours, wh ose soil and climate m ak e its possibilities of beauty a nd its resou rces for beautifyi ng almost limitless, th ere is n eeded on ly the li vely, lovi ng workers to ma ka it th e Stat e Bea uti ful. Oh, for a Lu ther Bu rbank in eve ry state in our union who shall ele vat e the li fe of the horti culturist , b r ingi ng his work to the r ecognition of the ma sses, teachi ng them to see in eve ry tre e, sh rub and flower someth ing t o love, improve and perpetuate. Perhap s in ou r own little town, nestled dow n a mo ng eve r las ti ng hills, we ha ve, as in fe w ot hers, a se tting, a background wh ich should ca ll out our best endeavors to sho w ou r appreciation of our surrou nd ings, appreciation in t he highest s ens e whi ch a lways reso lves itself into some constr uctive ev id en ce. L et us not, by m a k in g our individ ua l t as tes too m uc h in prominenc e, mar in a ny way what Na ture has don e for us. L et us first of all strive for harmony a nd cont rast , for herein li es the secr et of success in our endea vors. I often th ink we do not realize what wonderful powe r we have in creating h arm on iou s en viron me n ts for ourselves. I am su ch a beli ever in t his th eo ry t hat I think m uch of ou r success is due to ha r mon y an d m uc h of our fa il u re to lack of h a r mon y. You wuo have g ive n t h is subject no thou gh t may qu estion it; for the sa ke of m y argumen t , ana lyze your feelings some day wh en you see flower s, for in stance, that yo u dearly love, in a se tti ng in wh ich they a re en ti re ly out of pla ce. Then, by way of cont ra st. a na ly ze yo ur feelings where you see a n id eal beauty spot i n some u nexpect ed place. Not e ho w much each in fluen ces you an d make up your mind wh ich you would r ather have for t he permanent cond ition. So my fir st plea is for ha rm ony, som e arran gem en t th a t is n;stf'~ the soul and body, n ot t he rest of s tagn ati on , but the r es t of asp iration, t he re s t whi ch Goethe immortali zed when he said : "Rest is no t qu itt in g This busy ca r eer. R est is t he fittin g Of self to its sp h ere." We mu st rem ember t ha t we have a ru gged, m assive, impos ing bac kground; let us t r y to hav e our hom e su r round i ng s in ke epin g. In asm uch as we h a r-e rock s in ou r m idst, why not m ak e them contr ib ute to ou r in terest s ; t hey are su rp risingly effective, a n d especia ll y so wh en covered partially by some vine, say t he ivy, wh ose deep, rich green lends itself so well to h alf -revealing, half-conceali ng th e bare, gray 63 rock . In a cor ner , in t he cente r of t he la wn, by the porch , a n ywhere a r ock m ay chance to be, in j us t tha t s pot w ill it a dd di gnity to t he landscap e. I hav e see n the dwa r f n nstu r tiu ms pla n ted about th e edge of a rath er flat ro ck, a nd t he contrast of red an d g ra y ha s again been effect i ve. If there is a sid e slope a n d it be possib le t o arra nge three or four ro cks with an a pproach to r egu la rity in t he form of steps ascendin g this slope, t he r esul t is mar velou s, but in this cas e alw a ys ha ve a rock or tw o at t he s ide to outline the step and h av e these covered wi th vines or flowe rs . In ou r localit y sh r u bs should pla y a n important part in th e lan dsca pe ga r dening. If you have some corne r for which you h a ve not provid ed, try m assing sh rubs wi th a li t tl e pin k or white spirea in t he foreg round. Our va rieties of spirea are many a n d beautiful. In wh it e, 1he low-clust er ed, gray-le av ed H imala yan is con sidered the fine st, and in piri k t he fla t-clustered Spirea Pulch ell a, a hybrid th a t is supposed to owe its beauty to two Himal a yan spec ies, also since it combines the bro ad cluster of exp en sa w ith the br ig hter color of bell a. The South is fortun a te in being a ble to g row th e plants of t h e India Mountains, a nd wh en the ga rden ing Renai ssance comes to us, it is said th at we will look to the Himal ayas for flora l treas ur es, as the North has looked to Japan. If we m ust ha ve fen ces, espe cia lly a t t h e ba ck of ou r hom es, we cau con cea l a lmos t en t irely, mak in g of t he "nec ess a r y ev il" li ving fen ces, It ta kes li t tl e t ime, ca re and expense t o plant a hon eysu ckl e as a scr een, and ye t fo r th is se rvice how soon we a r e re paid by a. wea lth of g reen leaves in ab un da nce, of da in ty blossom a n d a n odor t ha t it Is a pe rpetu al joy to breath e in to one 's no strils. For ornamentat ion , ever y post a n d bit of boa r d should be covered, wher e poss ible, with some vi ne. T he mo rn ing glo ry a dapts itself well to mo st surroundings, and th e de ep and brilliant blossom s m ak e ev ery morning a fr esh deli ght. Don 't make t he mist ak e of ha vin g a ll the flower s a t th e fro nt of the hou se. Wi th a la rge yard th e back offers undream ed of poss ibilities. A bit of " bac k-door" decor a ti on wh ich is s im ple t o a r ra n ge, yet gorgeous in its breath of yell ow , espec ially if it ca n he se t in fr ont of trees , is a ye llow py rami d. Select a gia nt Ru ss ian s un-flower for the cent er a n d a pex , su r r oun d it with th e se ven-foot varie ties, a n d this with the five-foot , a n d so on, un til you hav e left the m inia tu re s and dwarfs for t h e la st circle. Always leave as mu ch space as the ya rd will adm it betw een the ci rc les an d in or der t o ca r r y out the sche me perfectly exe rcis e ca re in planting t ha t the pyramid m a y be un ifo rm, Thus t he end will justi fy the means. If we can have our pergolas a n d summer houses, let us do so by a ll mean s. T h ey are such a comfor t as we ll as 64 ornament, bu t let us avoid planting t he m in t he cen ter of th e lawn; but rath er place t h em on t he si des or in a corner, as if they grew there from tim e immem orial. H ave a back ground of trees to gain th e mo st effectiveness : if thi s is ou t of the qu estion, a good bit of shrubbery may be substituted. Good imi ta tion s of t he J apanese ston e ca n te r n s can be made in wood, an d on e o r two on a lawn do wonders in giving it a r eall y distinguished a ppear a nce. Try t o give sh r ubs and t rees r oom en ough t o cast sh a dows over t he lawn . This is a fe a t ure of garde n ing whi ch is ge ne rally overlooked. F o r t hose who ca n no t indul ge in la ndscap e gar de n ing t o a ny extent, t he flower-bed is our stan dby . It i s a te m ptati on to scatter t hese ove r differe n t por tions of our g r ou nd s, bu t h ere agai n we mu s t r em em ber t hat in m as sing a n d g ro upi ng we gain effe ctiven ess. F or border beds, pa rticular ly t he perenn ial s , affor d n o end of deli ght , a n d the se le ct tou w ill dep end on whethe r t he garde ne r des ir es h is flowers for a ppea r a n ce, f ragrance or cutti ng. A ver y eco n om ica l pla n is t o pl an t t he flowers one w is hes for the h ou se amo ng t he vegetable s , t h us per mittin g better effects a nd m or e space in t he garden . I n ou r immedi a t e sec tion, t h e cole us a nd n a stu rti um s w!ll g ive un exp ected re t urn s , wit h bu t li ttl e ca re a nd almost no expense. P inks, whit es a n d ye llows are not so wa r m lo oking as sca r le t, bu t who does n ot love v iv id , flam ing blosso ms? Man y growe rs a re supplanting t h e old scar let favo rites with sa lvra , be ca use it li kes the r a in better. It looks wash ed after a shower instead of n eedin g to be washed. I h ave obser ved t hat t he ga r de ns proving t h e grb i:r.st success and attra cting t h e m ost attentio n a r e t hose in w h ich one va rie t y p redominates. This s ho uld not be ca rrie d to th e ex te n t of a fad , n or to th e exclus ion of ot h e rs, but, to some exte n t, be fa mo us for you r ro ses , violets , pop pi es, o r some h a nd som e or favorite flowe r. I h ave not so m uch a s tou ched u pon t he bulbo us plants n or flow er ing shr ubs an d trees , with wh ich we a re so boun t ifull y p rovided in o u r St ate, but I m us t say just a word of t he Cam ellia , whose cen te n a r y in t h is cou n t r y occurs t h is year. Let us pa y our r espects to i t anew, a n d our a lleg ian ce, for n oth ing can be more bea utiful. In th e m ai n, our so il is ri ch a n d our season s lon g. W ith loving care a nd st u dy t h ese ch il d r en of Natu r e w ill dev elo p as do t h e human flow ers of ou r h ou sehold s ; but li ke t he se hum an flow ers t h ey need t o breat he , eat and d r in k , an d we mu st k no w h ow to prov ide intell ig en tly for t he ir n eed s. I ca n no t close w ithout sp ea kin g' of t h e broa de r field in whi ch we h ave to work . Our in t ere st must exten d be yond ou r own h ed ges . For what do beautifully k ept law n s a n d gar de ns sig n i fy if th e streets and hi gh- G5 w ay s a re a ll kept un t idy ? We must re member t ha t t he to wn is the' s etting for ou r own in di vi dual garden s a s th e gol d is th e setting for ou r g em s. F irst t h en , as h or ti cu lt uris ts, let us c r usa de a ga inst eve r y form 0 , un ti din ess in ou r streets; let us mak e i t a bho rren t to ou r ch il dre n ; wh en we ha ve don e this, let us demand g ood roads a nd n eat, well-k ep t sidewulk s. T hi s a ccompli shed, we m a y s eek t o beautify by cultivating odd bits of land belon gi n g to t he town. H owever, there is a broad er in terest even th a n our tow n ; let us be in the fore front with t h ose wh o are figh ti ng for t he reclaiming of our swa m pla nds and preser va tio n of ou r forest s. Trite a s it m a y s eem , I must r epea t ou r time-wo rn wo r ds, "L et us not be we ary in well -doin g." Is it to o m uch to exp ect t ha t our enthu s ia sm will bear frui t , eve n to the hun dred-fold sta ndard ? I t hin k no t . En t h us iasm is con t ag ious, as a re a ll v irtue s if we put ou r selv es in th e wa y of "tak ing" them , an d becau se of our enthu s ia sm let us m a ke our s u rround ings so beau tiful t hat our boys a nd g ir ls wlII find th ei r h ome t owns t oo a tt ra ctive to lea ve fo r the crowde d city streets. T hey will fin d, percha nc e, t hat in the culti vation of t he so il li es poten ti alities oi wh ich we have not been cog n iza n t . \\' e ha ve outgrown the old-time idea tha t the uneduca ted fa rm er a nd wor km a n a re the only ti lle rs of the soil. T o t he educa ted a gr icultu r is t an d ho r ti cultu r is t the ea rth is wa iting to yie ld t r ea s ures of wh ich we ha ve no conc ept ion . It is not too m uc h to say that the future of t h is nat ion li es ve r y la r gel y in what the soil pro duces. L et us malce t h is beliei so vital tha t ou r boys an d g irls will be a mo ng t ho se whoori ng to pass m y pro phe cy. The PRESIDENT : T he alms of our organiza tion are for the higher education of our people, and, on behalf of the Society, I wish to thank Mrs. E rwin for her most int eresting anti valu able paper . I will ask ~[r. Sta igh t to give us hi s paper on app le culture. Growing Apples in the Highlands of Georgia By H . R. S1'AIGIIT, Demor es t, Ga . On th e grow ing of a pp les in the Yonah La n d Secti on of ou r g ra nd co unty, H a ber sh am, I am going to speak h rle flv as possib le of my perso na l expe ri ence; no t that t he a pple is th e on ly fr uit that s ucceeds !l,-r f', 66 for peaches, pears, plums, grape s, strawberr ies and many other pl ants a r e as much at hom e in our soil and salubrious cli mat e as the apple. In th e yea r 1895, I purch ased a small t ract of un cleared up land, which was quite rough and hilly, one mile from Demor est and three m ile s fr om Cornelia. I had the timber cut a nd burn ed f rom part of the land, a n d set ab out 700 apple t rees. Th r ee hu n dr ed of t hese were Shockl ey, 200 Yates, and the r emai n der were composed principally at Heslep, 'Win esa p and Terry, and the r est composed a few each of about 18 different va rieties for testing. They were not fe rtilized a n d owing to my time being taken up with other business, did not get any fertilize r un til si x yea rs of a ge, and only very indifferent care ; in fact , for two years I let sedge g r ass and sprouts a lmo st tak e poss ession of t h ing s. My hea lt h failing me on account of close confinement to bu siness, I disposed of my other interests, moved on my lan d, and fr om th at time until th e present I have given t he trees my personal attenti on , pra cticing clean cult iva tio n, fertilizing, pruning, spraying, etc., an d Increasing m y planting f rom year to year until I h ave n ow abou t 20 acres In a pp le t rees. I ha ve never had a complete fa ilure a ny season sinc e m y trees a rri ve d at a profitab le bea r ing a ge, but, on the other hand, ha ve a lwa y. had crops paying a fa ll' profit In the poor est yea r s. My pre sen t crop on t he original planting Is variou sly estimated at fr om 2500 to 3500 bush els of a pples. Not h aving h ad any experi ence in the care of or chards pr evious to my fir st plantings, I of course made mistakes, but determined t o m ak e a success of it as much on account of almost everyone in the nei ghborhood prophesying my utter failur e, as any other r eas on . I began the close study of methods of su ccessful orchardists in other sections, sec ured bulletins bearing on th~ different ph ases of apple cultu re from stations loca ted In th e greatest apple-pro ducing St at es, s tu died these closely , and appropriated all th a t seemed hest tor ou r s ecti on. Terry heads the list of heavy bearers, but is lacking in color somewhat . In 1906 th is variety paid m e a t t he rate of $408.00 Pel' ac re, whe n apples sold for a dolla r a n d a hal f per bushe l ; t his a ll eleven year old trees. One tree bore 18 bushels of perfect apples. In t his year of bumper crops, It wo uld be a different pro bl em to pi ck ou t the heaviest bea re rs, as they are all over-loaded with fruit. The Georgi a State Commissio ner t o the Jamestown Exposition obta in ed the entire state exhibit of apples ( over th irty varieties) out of my cellar, a part of which, h owever , were g row n in t he orchard of Mr . H eskett. Our a pple s ke ep well up to the first of March, usually wi th a loss of 10% f rom deca y. Apples from H abersh am County a lway s 67 capture first prize at the Sta t e Fair. Th is all goes to prove that we not on ly ca n, but do, grow fine apples in Habersham County. In Oct ober last . I visited G. H -. Miller and Son , of Rome, Ga., wi th whom I had been in correspon de nce in regard to planting a large com m ercia l appl e or ch ard near Demorest. I took with me some SH mpi es of ap ples . Mr . Miller was so fa vora bly im pressed tha t he a nd ?lIr. R. H . Black (formerly of \Viscon sin ) visit ed m e in Decem ber follo wing, exam in ed the fruit in mine an d Mr . H es kett's cell a r , loo ker! a t ou r or ch ards, and be fore leaving bargained for 400 ac res of our best f r uit la n ds, 4 miles from Demorest, a n d arranged a stock com pa n y . ca pitalized at $20,000, and with Mr . Black (who owns a large sha re of sto ck a n d is an experienced m an) as manager, work was begun cle aring land a n d pla n ti ng trees; 10,000 of which were in th e ground by la st l\Iarch . The rem ain der of th e t ree s will be planted as fast as 'pra cti ca bl e, an d, so f'ar a s I ca n le arn, this will compose one of th e largest, if 'lo t t he la rgest , apple or chards in the South. In conne ctl on wi th th is, we are pl anting a n expe r im en t orch ard, whi ch will com pose fo u r trees of ea ch of the st a nda r d varieties of app les for tes ti n g as to th eir a da pt abilit y t o our soil and cli m at e. Besides this large enterprise, m any sm al ler com merc ia l orc ha rds a r e planted a nd many more a re in process of pla nti n g, ra ng in g in size f ro m 1000 to 7000 t r ees. L nm in formed by people wh o have been the re , t ha t ou r cou ntry is very mu ch llke the grea t a pple g rowing re gio ns of t he Ozark Mountains , es pecia ll y in tex ture of soil an d la y of land, as well a s cl imate, etc., an d I a m going to pro phesy th a t at no d istant da y our Yon ah L and Coun try will become no ted as a grea t appl e producing region , wh er e as fin e fruit will be gro wn as an ywh ere in t he countr y, and, in order to rea ch ou r mar kets our com pet it ors will h av e to sh ip t he ir products h undreds of mil es, while we are at its doo rs, a nd no on e ca n bette r a ppreci a te th is g reat advantage t han we fr uit g rowe rs who have to tn r n t h e lio n's s ha re of ou r p rofits over to the t ran sportation compa n ies fo r f rei gh t an t! express cha rges, Wi th ou r ch eap land s a nd n earby m arkets, I k no w of n" bran ch of hu sbandry wh ich offe rs mor e s ure r eturn s to t he m an wh o un der st ands hi s bu siness than does comm e rc ial a pple g rowing in th e hill s of Haber sh am County, Georgi a . . Col. FORT : T ell us your syst em of fer til izati on. :Mr . STAIGHT : In pla nti ng the trees, the firs t requi site, I think, is to excavate a good, large hole to plan t them in- something like 3 f eet s'lnal'e. In my plan tin gs now, I use about two ponnds of bone meal to the tr ee, and I get fr om 2 V~ to 3 feet of growth a ye ar. I think the cultivation means more tha n fe r- 68 tilizer s to bearing trees. To bearing tr ees thi s yea r I used ll. fer tili zer that ana lyzed about 7 per cent. ph osph ori c acid and about 12 per cent. sulpha te of potash. My trees are pu tting on a fine growth, notwith standing th ey have a very heavy crop of fruit. Th e PRESIDENT: D o you train your trees with high or low bodies ~ Mr. STAIGHT: 'With low bodies. I try to tra in th em about 18 i~ch es fr om the ground. A fe w yea rs ago I got some trees head ed about 3 feet high . Th e PRE SI D E N T : Are you tro ubled wit h leaf rust ~ Mr. STAIGHT : Yes, I am, on some vari eti es. Th e Shockley seems most susceptible to th at. I have spr ayed a gre at deal, but I don't seem to be able to altogether control it . T he P R E SIDE NT: Th e Shockley is known to be a bad citizen in the orchard.f or leaf ru st, especially if you ha ve any cedar trees in the neighborhood. 1\[1'. ST AIGH T: I had all tho se cut down. 1\[EMBER : H ow many times do you spray ~ Mr. STAI GHT : I spraye d 3 times this year. I think the first spr ay iug for that leaf-ru st is very imp ortan t. After th e trees leaf out, I use as a spr ay 3 pound s of bluestone ani! (3 pound s of li me. I put in double the amount of lime to prevent bu rn in g the foliage. For the codling moth, I spr ayed them with Di spar ene and clear wate r. I did it so thoroughly that it did n ot require a secon d spr aying. Th e PRE SIDEN T: Did you commence as soon as the f ruit was set ~ Mr. STAIGHT : No sir, I sprayed when the blossoms were about th ree-four ths on the groun d. I spr ayed f rom the top of the tree down. I think as mu ch depend s on the way the spr ay is put on th e tree, as anything else. 69 MEMBER: Do you spray before the tree blossoms ] Mr. STAIGHT: I sprayed with lime -sulphur this year . Th e PRESIDENT: :111'. Worsham, we would like to hear from you now. Report of the Past Year's Work of the State Board of Entomology By E . L . Won sIIA~I, s ta te En tomologist. It h as been the cus t om for a nu mber of years for t h e E nto mologist to make a report to t he Horticul tural Society on th e work of th e St ate Board of En tomology. As it would cons ume too mu ch time to go into a ll phases of the work, I shall touch upon only those features whi ch relate dir ectl y to horti culture. I " Sl'E CT lO " WOH K OF THE BOAHD AND ITS V AL U E . One of the most important fea t ures of t he work of th e Board is the inspection wo r k, both or chard an d nu r ser y inspection. The sy ste m of in s pection in au gurated wit h t he estab lishme n t of t he Board, a nd th e enactme nt of la ws regul ating t he shipm en t of nu r se ry stock ha s been instrumen tal in keep ing ou r nurseries up to a ve ry hi gh standard a nd ma de it possi ble for grower s to purch ase on ly stock fre e from dan ger ousl y inju rious insect pests. It is unfortu na t e t ha t th is wo rk wa s not beg un ea rlier than it was , before San Jo se scale was more or less ge nerally distributed, but th e work which h as been done has meant mu ch for Georgia. Georgi a ca n now gro w a peach crop whi ch will n et her growers som eth ing like four million to si x million doll ars, and, in t he lan gu age of on e of Georgia 's prominent g r owers, if It had not been for t he work of the Boa r d of Entomology th er e "would hardly be a peach tree in Georgia." By keeping in close to uch with the growers th rough inspecti on of orchards from year to yea r, giving advice conce r n ing the treatment of trees for various pests whi ch infest th em , the majority of growers manage to keep their trees in fairly good condition . We have always complied with all requ ests for special luspections, a nd each year do a great deal of in specting where re quests a re not ma de, but wh ere we ca n assist the grower s. About 300 orc ha rds were inspected during las~ yea r, and scale found in ma ny of th em for the firs t time. This pha se or the work me ans mu ch for the growers of th e State, an a they should always make r equests for in sp ection of th eir or ch ards 70 'w henever t he re is any troubl e wh a t ever in wh ich the Boa rd could as- sist. Our law has been strictly enforc ed in re gard to re qur rm g parties t o' rem ove or ch ards wh ich are hopele ssl y infested an d wh ere t hey are u nwilli ng to adopt r em edial mea sures which we recommend. Our system of n ursery in sp ect ion is a s thoro ug h a s an y in the United S ta tes. When a nu rser yman recei ves our cer ti fica te, it is a gua rante e th at h is stock is fr ee f rom scale. The contin ue d in terest in t he f ru it in dus try is demons tra t ed by t he n um ber of nurseries wh ich contin ue to do busine ss. T he n umb er to recei ve ce rti fica tes this yea r will be 85 to 90, a n d t h ey will have for s a le a bou t live m ill ion fru it trees. E igh t y-five cer ti ficates were issu ed la st year to nurser ies ou tside t h e St a te. F ig ures f rom t he Ag ricultu ra l Depa r t men t show th at t here ai-e now 13,000,000 bearing pea ch tre es in t he Sta te. Man y trees a re dying annuall y f rom old age and lack or p rope r a ttentio n , bu t I t h in k figures will show that th ere has bee n a stea dy increa se in t he num ber of t re es wh ich com e in t o bear ing ea ch year. F ro m inquiries wh ich wer e received by th e Depa r tm ent la st fa ll a nd wi n ter, it is ev iden t t ha t or ch ards a re receivi ng m or e a tten ti on than heretofor e. SAl\" J OSE SCALE. San Jose sca le contin ues to be one of the most im portan t pests with whi ch fr uit growers hav e to contend, a nd it con ti n ue s to r eceive a m arked amoun t of a ttentio n fr om th e Depar tm en t ea ch year. We a re conducting ex perime nts eac h year a nd str ivi ng to find r em edies wh icu will be mo re satisfacto r y th an those we a lrea dy h a ve. T he pest wa s in t rodu ced in to Ca li fo rnia more tha n t hi rty years ago, and wa s bro ught ea st by N ew Jers ey nurserym en in 1887. It was 110 t roduced in to Georgia from N ew J er sey in 1889. W e als o have evidence of the fa ct that it was la t er in trod uced in to Georgia by Ca liforni a nu rser ym en. In 1897 scale wa s pr esen t in ei ghteen coun ti es in South Geor g ia ; in 1904, in a bout eig h ty coun ties in th e Sta te. It h as now been found in ab out one hun dr ed cou n ties of t he Stat e. The U. S. Bureau of Ento mo log y ha s made a very ca reful investi gati on of the h istor y of th e insect a nd ha s loca ted its or ig inal home in China . A ca r ef ul study of this in ser t in it s native h ome revealed the fa ct t ha t it was th er e not a ser ious pes t , a nd th is was due to the presence of ce rta in insect ene m ies , prin cip all y th e Asiati c lady-beetle. Im medi a tel y an a ttem pt wa s ma de by th e U. S. Bu r ea u of En tomol ogy to intr odu ce th ese beetles in to t he United States. They were bro ug h t to Wa sh in gton wher e colon ies we re r eared a nd distr ib ut ed in various pan" of t he cou nt ry . Som e of t hose sen t to Georg ia were pl a ced in a n or- 71 ch ard at Marshallville where San Jo se scale was very abundant. The rap id ity with whi ch these beetl es multiplied tog ether with the ve r y voraciou s a ppetites they possessed, see med to indicate t hat they wo ul d be of g reat econom ic importan ce, but t he cold winter combined with t he appl ication of insecticides was too much for our Asi atic friend s, a n d th eir s ta y wi th us was of short du ra ti on. It is quite probable that they ha ve enti re ly di sa pp eared by now, fo r we h a ve not been able to fin d a single specimen for th e past two or th re e years. F UXG U S DI S EA S E OF SA X JOS E SC A LE. Un de r cer ta in condit ions, fungus di sea ses of in sects have been of some economic impor tan ce. W e ha ve no be tte r illustration of wha t fungu s di seas es will do a long th is line than in F lorida wher e t he large amount of r ain during th e sum mer months and t he very hi gh humidi ty mak e con ditions ideal for t he dev elopme n t of all fun gi of this na ture. In certa in sectio ns of F lor ida , it woul d se em t hat cer ta in sca le in sects are practicall y hel d in contro l by fun gl . Amon g th ese the San J ose scale, Lon g scale a nd Round scale, and a lso th e citrus white fly which ha s gotten to be such a serio us pes t in oranges . In ca se of th e white fly, I h a d oppo r tu n ity to ex per iment w ith t he fungi wh ich a ttack it , while located in F lor id a . I found that a t ce rt a in tim es and under eel" t a in conditi on s the diseases attack ing it wer e of g rea t econo m ic im porta nce . I foun d tha t in nature these diseases am ounted t o a comp let e remed y a bout on ce in three yea r s. Up un til the time I began wor k on th e problem, no mean s had bee n devised where by th ese fun gi could be dissem in at ed in suc h wa y that they cou ld be of econom ic importan ce. It r equ ir ed s uch a lon g time for the fun gi to devel op a nd sprea d ov er a t ree th at th e white fly wou ld do a conside rable a mo unt of dam age t o t ree a n d f ru it before the fung i accompli shed an ythin g at a ll. I devised var ious mea ns of dissemin a ti ng the spo res in order to ge t fu ngi star ted on a ll parts of t ree at sa me time, a nd the on e whi ch seemed to g ive the m ost sa tisfac to r y resu lt s was one wh ere I got spo res in solu ti on and m ixed with sm all qu anti ti es of comme rcial gela ti ne a nd spr ayed th e soluti on on the trees . This is on e of th e methods that we emp loyed in our experimen ts wi th the Red-hea ded fung us on San J ose sca le. \Ve ho pe to dete rm ine definitely wh ether or not thes e fun gi can be made t o be a fac t or in cont r olli ng sca le in Geor gi a . As Mr. Lewi s will touch upon th is in hi s paper, I will n ot a ttemp t to go in to fu r ther detail. Natural en emies have not been of a ny a ppre cia ble econom ic im por ta nc e in Georgia in contro lli ng San Jose sca le. If we depen d on natu ral enem ies , we have to dep end on the m a lone an d not a pply insecti ci des. 72 Re su lt s thus fa r obtained seem to in di ca te t hat scale will do a considerab le a mo unt of damage to t r ees before the f ungi develop to the point where th ey ca n be of value in redu cing the sca le. sOLun LE OILS. The growing use wh ich h as been g iven various sol ub le oil pr eparations against the San Jo se scale a nd t he conflicting r epor ts as to th eir efficiency, was th oug h t to be worthy of investigation, and expe rt ruents with the better known a n d more com mo nly used brands were cond ucted at Goggins. Cond itions favorable to a t horough test of these ma terials were found in a n or cha rd at th is place. The or chard selected was yo ung a nd bad ly in fested with scal e, and had neve r been sp rayed a t a ll. E xpe r iments were beg un in Octo ber, 1907, wh en the fa ll t reatment was a pplied a nd com pleted in F ebruary, 1908, wi th th e spring t reatme nt. It w as desired to find th e compa rati ve mer its of fall an d spring s p r ay ings a nd if any differen ce ex isted, t o find which spra ying wou ld g ive t he better r esult. The test in cluded six brands of soluble oil s, as follows: Kil-O-Scale and Solub le P etroleum, both manufa ctured by th e Th om sen Che m ica l Company, Ba lti m or e, Md., Target Brand Em uls ion, m anu factured by t he Ame ri can H orticultu ral Dis trib uting Compa n y, M arttnsburg, W. Va . ; Schnarr's Com pound NO. 1 a nd Sch n a r r's Comp oun d No. 2, manufa ctured by the J . Schnarr I nsect ici de Co., Or lando, F la. , a nd Scal ecid e, manu factu red by the B. G. Pratt Com pany, New YorlL E ach of these m a terials with the exception of Scal eci de was gi ven a t r ia l a t three differen t proportions, vi z : on e gallon of mi xture to tw en ty of wa t er, a t on e to fift een, a nd at on e to t en . Scalecid e, recommend ed by th e m an uf act urers to be used a t a st rength of one gall on of oil to fifte en of wate r , was used a t this st rength an d also at two g re ate r strengths, viz : on e to tw elv e a nd on e to ten . All of the m a teri als were thus t est ed a t t h ree st reng th s and in th ree ways; fa ll t r eatme nt , fall an d sprmg t reatmen t com bin ed a n d sp r ing t rea tme n t alone. T wo examin ations wer e g iven th is work, the fir st on May 29th and the seco n d on Jul y 30th. As t he results of t hese tests are soon to be pu bli sh ed in bulleti n form, only a n outline of the m is her e g ive n. Particular a tt en ti on is ca lled to the fa ct that the percen tage of scale kil le d was in ever y ca se mu ch higher for the fall spra yings than for those applied in the spring. TARG ET nnx x n. This em ulsion shows conflic ti ng r esult s that ca n n ot be acc ounted for. At a stren gth of 1 to 20, the fall t rea tment , a pplied Nov em ber 73 12th, gave ex cellent results. The doub le treatment at th e same st reng th also ga ve ex cellent results. But the fall sprayings at strengths of 1 to 15 a n d 1 t o 10, respectively, yie lded decidedly in ferior re sults wne ., compared to th e 1 to 20 plats. Double treatments at 1 to 15 and 1 to 10 practi cally destroyed all the sca le. On July 30th, only a few live scale could be found on trees sprayed with Target Brand at th ese two strengths. There can be no doubt that this compound was properly mixed a nd the trees thoroughly sprayed. E ver y t ree was complet ely covered , care being taken to wet the smallest twigs, as well as th e bod y and limbs. The spring spray in gs, applied February 20th, yielded poor results at a ll proportions. On tre es that were badly infest ed a t the time of a pp licatlon, the summer breeding of scale was scarcely chec ked at all. It mu st no t be taken th at t h is material was n ot at a ll ben eficia l. Not suffici en t scale was k illed, however, except by the fa ll spraying at 1 to 20, the double treatmen t at the same strength, and the doub le treatments at 1 to 15 and 1 to 10, to keep the new in fest ation from rea chi ng very undesi r a ble, and in most ca ses, da ngero us propor ti ons . S OL U BLE P ETROLEU;ll. The fall spra yings of this oil a t proportions of 1 to 15 a nd 1 to 10, resp ectively, gave h ighly effi cient r es ults. T h e fa ll spra ying at th e weakest proportions, however, viz: 1 to 20, was not effecti ve. On July 30th, t he date of the las t examination of plat, an abundance of liv ing scale wa s found on the lea ves , a n d some on the limbs an d tw igs. The' double trea tment at 1 to 20 kill ed practica ll y all the scale. With this material t he re was a su spi cious dying ou t of trees in every plat where it was us ed. It ca n not be stated positively that th e oil was wholly re sponsible for the death of th e trees, as ma ny of t hem were badly infeste d a n d in a weakened con diti on. But t he evide nce is to the effect tha t it was partl y, at least, responsible. Not taking into account this feature, the results which Soluble Petroleum gave were of the highest order . The spring spraylugs with th is oil were more effectual th an wi th any of t he oil s used in the spring experiments. Although the 1 to 10 an d 1 to 15 preparations were noti ceably more effective than the 1 to 20, the latte r shows goo d res ult s. K I L-1 ... Sec o nd quattty, e xce l1en t k e epe r . Black Warrior.. Bonum L'V 1\1 ... J;~xc el1 en t ; nn e k eeper; pro11flc. A 1>1 * ... A n exce llen t Inte fall a.pp l e , Buncombe , sy u s. 1I1cigs ' ~~~ JJ:;;z 'f;;:;~.~~:~~l.~.~:~: A )1 * ** }1~ xcellell t ; in so me Boils li a ble t o hli ght Carolina GreenIn g, SYIiS. I' of bl oom b u ds . Green Crallk ,Southenl Greening,Green Ch eese \ V )1 ** ** ."I E xce ll en t. Carollna W a t s on ...... ..... S )'1 ' . ... ... Very la rge; p rol1llc; proHtnbl e market . Carter Blue, SYIl . L ady P,lzPal r ick A. 1.1 Large, sugar~', v ery fi n e ; splendId g r o w e r Chattahoochee Onll asaga WM E W *,' E xc!lll en t and Hn e k e eper. R equIres st rong c l a y s o l I. D1sharooni::::::::::::::::: :::::: Early Harvest .._ _.. A ES M ** . * Good quaIt t v; Hn e g ro we r . Un iver sal fuvorf te , ElgIn PIppIn A. 1>1 Large a nd verv good. "'II> . ,v fi}qu l nete le e~ SY l1S., Ltuch- : clar B uckin g ham A M ** h .. '* V ery good ineed s stro ng 8 0 11 , Etowah , Coo p,,"i..;;;i M Very good ; flne keeper . 1.'al1 PIppIn A. M Large and very good. [pro11tl c Family... ........ ........ ........ S M ' " E xce fIan t and protltabl e su m mer appl e; Floyd...... ........ .................. S M " RIpens from June to Septembe r. Gra ven at etn ES K * P r ocl u cttve ; a valunbl e s u m me r vnrre ty GrImes' Golden E \V M ... Very go o d in Moun t atn R egion. H eslep WK' An tm p'd . S h oc k le y and of better qu a.Ht.y HUey Eureka LW M Lat.. k e eper. Rocket's Sweet L'V ""1 ' " Pro11tlc and go od keeper . Horntriy, svns., Slimmer Q u een of K en t u cky. . SoPS of tt / in e S 1>1" " ' Excel1ent ; p ro11flc . Horn L W Good k eeper; open gr ower. [Iast 2 mo. Horse...... ... ....... ............ .... S K .. S u p e r Io r for c ook Ing and d r ym g : proll1lc Jewett B est..... ...... .... ...... S ...... Ve r y large; v ery good; s t.ou t ~rowe r . Ju11an SO'.. Productive; ex c ellen t for cl e r ; showy Kentucky Red Streak, fruIt. SYIl., Bradford Best.. .... A ... ... ...... FIne grower . . KInnard 'V M'" Exce llen t for Moun t aIn R eg to n , LanIer ...... ... ...... ... ............ AM Showy fall apple ; g ood q u a 11 t y , Mamma A Very good; flne tree. Mangum MaverIck Sweet 'VW M M Exc el1ent; proltflc , V ery good; good k ee p er . ~taln Re gIon May PIppin ES Very early; re11able In Mldd e and Moun- Mitchell Cider....... .......... S C ... PromIsIn g wel1; late summer. Moult.rte , S) '1l. t I ndia" W in ter LW M" " Good and late k eeper. 106 Rat in g. NAYJ') R~;MARKS. o= 'c": rJJ Mrs. Bryn n A !II ... Showy a nd excellent; valuable for mnr- Nl cokuarj,aBcekr.r ysy, n/.f." oSlllIdlIeIrl.I.le.1. . \ V JIf .. . E.x cke~fen t i n s om e sections of Mld,l le R e- glo n ; unreltable; a p t to d r op b efore Oc o n e e Greening . A K Excaetl~~~nt~ng f ull stz e , Oszf-ve] Pal rne r , syn ., Pea r P ln estum p .. I':S ... Sbow)' and p rolific; f r o m Hungary . .. "A' 1\1 ... ** * ._. Medturn ; very g ood ; proline . . ... ... Promising tor Piedmont area. poor Hous e syu. , t t/ in ter Queen , W inter Gem _. \V l\f Productive, good keeper; profitable mar- ;11.. Red'Beltl~hellU"r .A Red .l u n , sy n .t Carol in a R ed fune . ES Promising w ell. [ k e tos o r t E arly, prolific. v ery g o od ; bears v e ry AlII Rhodes Orange ES Rome B eauty ........ ... .... .. . youn g; prolltable tor market. Excellent SUlUm er fr uit. S howy and e xc e ll e n t. Romanlte L \ V 1\1 Good qua lity; ex ce llen t In lilt. Region. Rough and R eady W 1Il Prolltnble in Northwest Georgia. Sauta L\\' M .., Very g oo d ; l n t e keeper . e v e n on coast. S h o c k le y L W 1Il Reliabl e In every sec tio n ; profl t able. Simmons Red S Matures n -om .Iune to Oc tob e r . Stevenson Win ter L\V M Unsur passed In quality , b earing a nd Strip ed June, sYtl .. E a rly k eeping . R ed ;lIm 'g o re! Of S Ollth th e . ES 1\1 ** ** ** Ex ce llent " fin e g r o w e r , and prol1ft.c fl n g' Ru m m el' Cheese . S K Lllrge.proline,excellent tor cook i ng , dry - Summe r Q,u een . S l\l Good market apple. Sweet Bough, syn .. Sweet H arvest Taunton ..__ 8 A 1\1 .. ** '* ** ** * Very g oo d je a r tv rawe et.. [ k e t open grower Large, showy ;good qua.lt t.v ; fin e fo r 111n r- Terry L\V l\J An ex ce llen t keeper; good qualltf'; 1'1'0- T e t o fskl ES Promising; t ree very dwarf, Ln t a ble M. Wwua ullaec e H oward... Winter P ... .. .... ellr- AM'" main................... ... .... . W Winesap L\V ... Very showy; e x ce ll e n t . Good . Qll al1 t~- very good . Yates _ L,V ... ... V ery g o od quality; small . Ye llow Transparent ES YoPp Favo rite..... ......... ... S K"" l'lh owy a n d eartv . fn h le T" Very good; prolific; h ears y oung; de slr- NAME 'RI'readnSsoIbeenrrituann t Yello w Si be r ian CRAB APPLES. . Ratin g. <: 0 'c": rJJ -if ~ 'S0iJ i f~~~ c - "" 2l .~... <: ~~ . a ., :: ~ .-.' c:~ ~0 P l~ '0 :;j czl :-:::'00000 1'1'1 I1 LLSs i CC \I LS C 107 R~~;\IARKS . APPLES-Continued . LEAD I:'\G YAilIETIES OF APPLES FOR :.IIARKET OHCHARDS. Summer-A strach an , E arl y Harvest, Gr a ven st ein , Homin y, H or se, Kansas Qu een, R ed Jun e, Striped June. A.utumn-Buncombe, E qu in etel ee, F allPipp iu; Hargrov e, Mr s. B ry a n . Win te r -B lacl;: 'Wa rrio r, Ben Da vi s, Chatta hoochee, Etowah, Grim es Gold en , H ock et t Sw eet , Ma ngum , Romani te Rou gh an d R ead y, San t a , Sh ock ley , Stev en son, T err y, Ya tes, Wad e, W all a ce Ho ward, W in es a p, Ro me Beauty. PEACHES. EXPLA KATIOX OF COLU:.IINS.- 1s t, name of v a ri ety: 2nd, clas s-s-Ireeston e or cli ngsto ne; 3d color of flesh: 4t h, se ason ; 5t h , us e. R em ainin g colu m n s den ote th e r egion , etc. An nIlEVIATlO:'\s.- Cla ss- F , f r eesto n e ; C, Clingstone ; S. C., se m i-cling. F les h- , V, white; Y, ye llow ; R , r ed . Se as on-E , ea r ly; V E, v er y earl y ; M, medium; L, la t e ; VL , ve r y la t e. Very ea r ly , rip en s fr om end of May to Jun e 20t h ; early , fr om Au g ust 10th to Oct ober 1st ; very la te, f rom October 1st to N ovember 10th . Use-F, f or fam ily u se onl y ; M, th e mo st valuable f or m ark et ; D, the m ost des ir abl e f or dry in g . I Ra t.in g , X A :lIE R BMARKS. "I Alexun d en d er , - syn ..Ams- se \ \r Vg M Q,ua llty good fo r its seaso n ; bri't co l- c Atnella , S)' II ., S t ro- man Ca rolina -. F W FJ or; s t ll i prolltabi e in some sec tion s. }1"' * ** '* *'" V e ry Ia rg e ; v e ry go o d Arka ns a s Ma m rn ot u W I, I<' ... L a r ge late c li u g of goo d qualtt.y, B n ld wi n L ute Be ll e .. .. F W VL FWM F :II * ' '** Goorl l ate traes tone. Of Ch illense type ; e a r lt ar than E lber- t it, exce lle n t mur k et so rt. Berenice Bust.tun October Cn.r ma n ._ _ Oluvm pto n Ch i nese Oll llg _ .. .. . .. . Fo F Fo Y L l\r I,i' ~* *"'" ., * Larg e , aha " y , e x ce ll e n t . W V L i\l '* .... .. A n e x c e ll e n t v ery late cling . W VE W\\' l\l 1\[ l\[ }1 F F '* " ** *."* ... Su ne r for' to Wnd d e l I, o r exce llen t q u a li t y . Excellen t and large ; subject to rot. Ch t n ese F't'e e . I<' \\. lIi M .... Somewhat e a r lie r than Thurber. COIUIlIUi n., sv ns., I n- d ian , P ace _ F Y 1\1 :\ID * ... Excell ent for all purpos es . MlIi! : Cora _ _ .. F W V L Oornell a Cr a wfor d JoJa rl y .. .. ~ \~. Oraw fo r d Late .. Demmin g S ept 'ber.. Fo Y Y M L I<' S u pe r io r t o Baldwin . - r., ~~~~eg~lst ~~~~eli.PromiSin g. F " ' V ariable ; rots in som e se a eo ns . F* , Similar t o L emon Cli ng; ripens OU Ii Early Tlliotson Eaton Go ld en _... F \V E 0 Y I, month later. I l\f 1> " * ** V er v go od ' infe rior to Hlle\' . S u pe r i o r d Un g fo r p r e ser\'iil g, 108 PEACHES-Continued. Ra tin g . R E M A R K S. " t:e0-o ~.2~ I..f. 0 ai ~'" .."';:::. .Q en g ='" "' - -=::~- .r.:.: 3tll :; '" d :i ci ; -;j 2~ ~-e. ':::,w c: c0 T;:::l R EMAR K S A tlant a ........ ............. Ga ... M LP VG * L ar ge k ernel s; excellen t quail ty "'1'." .: ... ._- * B a co n ................. ...... . Ga ... M 0 B Bolton ......... ............ ... F' Ja.. L 0 G Br'adl oy ..... .......... ... ... F l a ... L L B ** Hea vy A n ol d bearer ; q u a lity st n n d a rd , b es t. * L arc e and d exc e ll ,mt q u a.lf ty . Car m a n .... ................. L a ... VL LP . Ce n te nniaL.. ...... ....... L a ... VL LP U G ... * La rges t, of Very large allJ an h andsom e. fi n e . Colu m bi a n, S) 'llS . , R ome. il f a m m o/ Il , Pride of th c oast..... La..... V L LP V G ... * Ve ry Iarge and fin e one of t he b est for ce r ta i n sections .. . Curtiss.. .............. ...... 1<'1a ... 111 OP B Of Exce ll e n t quality. F re t 'che r ...... ....... ..... La ..... IJ 0 Georgia Giant.......... . Ga ... VL 0 VG G ... ** ** ** Hta n da rd ; v ery Very la rge a nd thin shell plump. ;r ellable . Hume....... ............. .... .. FIn... M 0 V G Very thin s hell ; fine qunl fty , Jerome ........ ... ....... .... La..... VL 0 VG *+ . S u pe r io r to Columhian of which it Jumbo ..... .... ...... ......... Tex .. Louisinna .. ......... ...... Te x .. Magnum B onum ...... Ga ... L L III OP LP 0 1' VG VCO VG ...... ............ * i s a seedling; v ery prollllc. Handsome and fine quality . F u ll m euted ; flna quality. Pl um p k ern el ; fi na quality . M one~'makar ............ L a ... )J 0 G ... ... * * L arga a n d h andsome . Ra n dall ....... ........ ...... F l a ... III 0 VG Ke rne l plump; s eparates re adll~' R u ssall ............. ..... ._ . Mi ss . III OP G ... ... * * Abu ndan t bearer. Sch ley.. .......... .... .. ..... Sanat or ......... ._ .. ..... S ta ven s ..................... Stu art ....... ................. Van Dam a n .. ........ ..... Miss. GGan _..._. lIUs s. L a ... III M 1I1 I, L OP OP OP 0 LP VnG vaGa ... ::' ... . V a ry ear ty bea r er ; prolific. One of the best in qualfty, .. r' ro I1flc . Stan dard ; OVOid; plump k ern el . " ,Standard ; long n ne nnt; var iabl e i n s tze , Hard-Shell Pecans vary in size and shape of nu ts, t he larger forms bein g two inches by th r ee-qua rter s, an d man y are of excellent quality, but as a commer cia l commod it y do not command t he hi gh prices of th e former. NOTE-The impression prevails that wh enever the tap root is cut in transpl anting the tree never bears fru it. This is a r idi culous assertion, and is misleading, as it is contrary t o all past experience, because of the fact that most of the thous ands of bearing Pe can trees found t hr oug hout the State had their t ap root sometime r edu ced to a few inches in length. CHESTNUTS. A.merican (Castanea Americana ) . Nu ts of m edium size, usually three in n bu r r, the middle one flattened and sometimes imperfect, the outer on es plano-convex; flavor sweet, su cceeds in almost any solI not t oo moist, but thrives bes t in rich, clay ey or rocky soils in the upland districts. Many forms have been produced by careful selection of the largest nuts. 113 Ghin cap in (Castan ea pumila)"-Nuts small , s olita ry in burr, flav or swe et. A small tree or large shrub, su cceeding in mu ch lower sec tions of the State than the chestn ut. An impro ved form is di ssemina ted under the name of " R ush Hybrid." Europ ean. (Castan ea ves ca )-In each cou n try in E u ro pe a r e fo un d form s whi ch see m spe cia ll y a da pted t he reto, a n d k n own mn.inly und er local names. Th e foll owing ma y be classe d a s principal va ri eties an d Known as com merc ia l sor ts: Ordinary-Nu ts m edium, ve ry productive, usu all y propag a ted from seed and th e va ri e ti es k now n as European or Sp anish . E xalade-Nu ts large a nd cons ide re d of the best qu ality : tree rather dw a rf an d producti ve. P ourtalonne- Nuts very large. Gr ee n of Lnuou sm-s-Large, an d k eep s s wee t a nd a lon g time. Comba le-N ut very large a nd t re es very prod uctive. Nourzill anle- Ver y lar ge, a n d r equir es a wa r m soil a nd s ecti on . Ly ons, Lu c, Lu si gn an , cl 'Ag e u , etc., a re names g iven t o t h e large nuts usually f ound in com me r ce. Identical r epr oducti on by se ed is unrel iabl e ; fift y per cen t. ma y be t aken as a f a ir a vera ge. The bes t var ieti es a re incr eased by g raft ing . Ja pan- Th is is a d istin ct t yp e, r esembli n g th e European mor e close ly th an t he Am erica n, and con t a ins ma n y fo r ms. N u ts g r own ir- on seedling t rees va r y r em arkabl y in s ize, some bei ng sca rc ely a s' la rg e a s the Am er ica n sweet ch estn ut , wherea s othe rs ar e la rger than any of the European s or ts. H en ce th e best t orru s ca n onl y be r el ia bl y propagate d by g ra fting. The wor d Mam mo t h ca n no t a lway s be a pp li ed t o seedlings, becaus e of t he great variation in si ze. The true Mammot h as produ ced upon g ra fte d t r ees , is of very large s ize, so met im es atta in ing on e an d t h re e-qu art et-s by one a n d one -half in ch es. Fl avor s wee t bu t infer ior to t h e European sor ts . Burrs often " producin g f our to five nuts, a nd occa sio na ll y as ma n y as seven. Trees a re very dw a r f growth, and begin to bear f r uit a t tw o yea rs fr om g ra ft, bu t se em to be short lived. The follo win g ta bula te d li s t in cludes th e vari eti es of t h e E UROPEAN ( or Spanish ) a n d J APAXESE ty pes mo st comm on l y dissem lnated : E XPI,AXATIOX OF COLU ~[ X S AXIl AililREVIATIO XS- l st, n am e, var iety ; 2d, si ze of burr-S, s ma ll ; 1\., medium ; L, large ; VL, ver y la r ge ; NIL , m edium to large; 3d, s ize of nu t- abbrevi ations sa m e a s for burr ; 4th, maturity. R Al'IXG has been omi tted w ith t h is nut, although n early eve r y va r iety will succe d in th e Mountain R egion , man y in the Middle R egion, an d a few in th e Southern Re gion. 114 XAlIIE .. It''tln ~ . --- ....:. ;.:.q.l. 0 ;'.;"-; ~'" '" .Z... 0 ".- I '" 00 ~.... :l d ~ ns ~'" <3 "So '"~ .... ~ :'"J '" .... 0 Z ~ c bL c':".: <3 bL .<..:.: ;::: 5'" 'i. .:cal 'c" 0 .. .. REl\-1ARKS . EurOpl 'U Il Ty p,. .. .rver .. S cot t ...... ... .. .... ...... ..... xt xr I, ... ... ... ... HnllIlUIH . SJ' 1t )1 111 M ... ... ... ... NUlUbo . . .. . - . - - . -_.. ...... . M I, J~ ... .. . . . . .,. Paragon ... .................. V I, I, M ... ... ... ... Rid g el e y ..... ............... )[J, )/1, I, ... ... . . . ... StllIH1 "rd en r l y v n r te t.y , S ta nd a rd ; m tdseaso n ; productive. Stan dard lnte var iety. ja/Ja JU'se T.,-p,' . Advu n c o .. . .. .. ....... .. . . M V I, V I; ... ... ... .. Blddl o .. .. .... .. . .. .. .. ... .. . M Bluck... .............. ......... I, I, I, I, E ... .. . ... ... ... ... ...... Coe ....... ........... .......... I, V I, ... ... ... ... ..'[ K ellt ..... . ...... ...... ......... S ) [ 1, E ... ... ... ... K e rr ...... ... ................. . S ;Il L II! ... ... Kf l Ie n .................. ..... . VI, V I, I, . . - . ... ... Mnr tt n ... ... ..... .... ...... ... I, V I, J, ... ... "rrrI McFll rll1nd . .. .. .. ... . .__. V I, I, \ T I ... ... P n r r y .. ... .. ..... ..... .... .. ... VI, VL I, ... ... .. . ... R .lIance ..... .... ........ .... M ) [ L L .. . ... Enrli es t o f a l l ; v e ry Ja r-g a . Of e x ce ll e n t q ua.l l ty, E a r ly b e nre r. Very proli fic; of ~o o d qunHty , R opu t ed a s h os t o f t h e .I n p uue so t vpe Tree v ig o rou s ; q ua l t t y o f nut mrertor JRtaarJu~de ~ vrde;r vy ee ;uyrI ivnt'rt~l on c a qu nd nlttv fl ne . Prec oc to u s n nd h e av y h ea re r. \!. )IO XD S. As a rul e unsu it ed to t he State oZ Georg ia owi ng to fr u it blooms be in g injured by s pr ing fro sts. Occasi on all y successf u l in the Coas t a nd Sou th ern r eg ion s. HardSh ell- T his sec ti on cornp rl ses severa l va ri eiti es w it h s wee t an d bitter ke r n els. The la t te r r esi st sp r i ng frosts better t ha n t he swe et varieti es, a n d oft en yield good crops of nu t s, wh ich are, ho wever, of little value for culi na r y purposes. Wh er e successful, t h e foll owin g su bvartetie s p r oduce swe et nut s : Orti in ari), L arg e Gr een , Half Ha nl She ll. all sw eet n uts; ]Iather ou e, M oliere, Pi stacne. SOf t or Pap er Sh ell , P rin cess, Su lt an a, H et erophyll e-Thi s is t he mos t est eeme d fOT usin g in a fr esh st ate . P ea ch Almond , a va r iety with occas iona lly a flesh y hull , in t h is r esembling a pea ch . Of lit tl e value as a fruit. F I LBE RTS . (Co ry lu s avellana.) Thes e are d ivid ed in t o two cla sses : 1. Filberts , or with lon g hu sks , 2. Hazelnuts, or with sh or t hu sk s. Th ese plants t h r ive best in li ght but ri ch soil s, a nd not too dry. Plant s mu st be trai ned to s in gle st em s a nd ver y low heads, a ll s ucke rs caref ully rem oved . The best vari eties are Cost orit . K cntish Co l), L ombard , Purpl e ruu e. 'W hitc r ui e- 115 PEARS . EXPLAXATIOX OF Cor.uxrxs-e-I st, name of va riety ; 2d, season; 3d, use ;' 4th, stock upon which t he variety su cceeds best ; re m ai n der, th e r eg ion in w hi ch the varieties are r ecommended . AnBREVIATIOKS-Season and Use, same as those for Apples. S to ckQ. ( dwa r f) quin ce ; S, (sta n dar d) pe a r stock. Where not marked , t h e varieties t h r ive equa lly upon quince or pear . Rating. R EMA R K S Bartl et t Belle Lucrative Be ur re Clalrgeau " S 1\1 S ... S ** A ... S Good everyw h er e , b u t SUbjec t t o b light '* G eo d f or fa m il y u se . Apt to lose It s follage. Beurre dAnjou S 1\1 Q " V e r y good . lleurr e D ie 1.............. Beurre Easter S \V ... S , GA oloadte. k e epe r . R eurre GllTard E S .. . Q, " " ... ' V ery ear ly ; open g r ow t h . B eurre L a n ge lr or A Beurre S upe rll n ....... . S M ::: V ery tine In Mounta in R egion. * Flxcefl e nb, but 1'0 1. at the CNe. Clapp F a v o r ite .... ..... S M" ... ' Very good; tine co lo r; matures ra pi dly , standard only , Doy e n rie d'Ete E S ...... " ' ... ' Good ; v ery ea r ty but sm a ll . Duchoss a d'An gou - leme S ~I Q, .... ** _0_ ** :lIost p r otllable of nil o n quin ce . F lemish B e aut~.. ...... S l\IS * ** ... ** G ood , but Hab l e to r o t at core. Garber Howell _ S S 1\.IS* 1\1 ** ** ** * .. *. * Or ie n t a l t~'pe , good , fo ll ow 8 Lecon t e. V eQ" g ood. Kl elTer A 1\1 S ** .,. ** Productive a nd valuable ns a late p e a r . Lawrence S M 8 .. ** .. L a r ge a n d fine ; fine grower ; b est on a tan Louise Bonn e d'J er- dard , 8 e~" S * . Varrabl e a s to qua.lt t.y. Lec onte, sy n .. Ch,C n ese Pear. .............. S MS "*** ** Val u abl e i n South G eorgi a ; very g ood M ikado...... ........ ......... S S ... . Good fo r canning. [fo r table a n d marke t Mme . V on S eibold A S Good fo r canning. Onondaga Osband Summer ES S M S .** " .. V i gorous g r ower ; go od quality. Ott VE . Small . b ut e x c e llen t and productive. P etite M a r j:(u e r ite ... S * Seedllng of Doyenne d 'Ete, nnd better. St. Michnel Arch- a n r e !.. Secke 8 S 1\1 Q* *** +. Fine grower ; good fruit. Slower bearer; fruit best quality. Sheldon I,~ T S . Sl even G ennes ee...... S ... ... ... fll t tle earlier smtth _ VT S.,.. "* .. t Or ie ntal ty p e; r es em bl e s L econ te , but W f l d er- T S ' + Sbowy small. good b ut slow bearer. BEST VAHIETIES FOR l\[AltK ET IN ORDER OF l\[ATURITY. 0 ", QUIx cE-Bea urre Giffard, St. Michael Arc hangel. How ell, Duchesse d' An go u leme, Seckel, Beur-ra d'An jou . Ox STAKDAHD-Doyen ne d'E t e, Wil der . Clapp F a vo r ite. Beurre Superfln , Bartl ett. Be ll e L ucr a t ive. LeCon te, F lemish Bea uty. Seckel, Benrre Cla irgeau, La wren ce, Ki effer, Beu rre Easter. ORIEXTAI. TYPE-Milmdo. Ga rb er, Mm e. Von Seibol d. Very producti ve. a n d valuable f OT ca n n ing and eva por a ti n g only. 116 PLUMS. ( Nati ve and E u ro pean .) E XPLANATIO" OF COLUMNS- 1st , nam e of vari et y ; 2d , color ; 3d, class' - w h et h e r f ree or clingst one; 4t h , season; r em a in der , reg ion in which the varieties a re r ecom m en ded . ABBREYIATIONS- Color - R , r ed ; Y, ye llo w; B, bl ue ; G, green; P , pu r pI e or purplish. Se as on-As f or P each es. C1a ss-C, cli ngst one; F , f r eest on e. Rutlng 1 KAME REMARKS. - ..: 0 '0 o -r: ~ l:l 0 :Jl \ Velc olll c.. l';xc e1l 6l1t q u u.Hty ; s u b jec t to 1"01. BE ST VARIETIES FOR M ARKET I N ORDER OF MATURITY. Moor e, Di amond, Br igh to n, l ves , Delaware , Niagara, Con cord , P erkins, Diana. BE ST VARl ETIE S FOR WINE. R ed- Nor ton 's Virginia, L enoir , Cli n ton, Concord, I ves , Thoma s. White-:YIissonri Ri es ling, Catawba , Delaware, Elvira, Warren , Noah , Sc n p p e r n o n g . \ 121 STRAW BERRIES. EXPLA:"ATIOX OF COLUMNS- 1st, name; 2d, sex ; 3d, o ri gin; 4t h , u se ; 5th, sea so n . ABBREYI ATlO:"s-Sex-P, Pistillate ; H , h errn aphro dit e or bisexual. Us e-F, famil y; M, mark et ; L td , loca l mar k et. Seaso n-E, early ; VE , ve r y ea r ly ; L , la t e. NAM E REMARK S . ,; Iu": B ed erwood..:...... ........ H LM E B elmo nt H }' ;'I[ ** ...... Very p r od u ctive , but s mall. Lon g ; s u itab l e fo r r ich soil . Bra ndywine Bubac h (N o. 5) ]-I P l\[ l\I ;'I[ &L J, *. *' ** Large ; prod u cti v e . Flxc e ll en t . Clyde Cu mberlan d E xce lSior H L l\1 ;'If H l\I ;1[ * H F;'I[ VEl * Exc e lle nt for fa m il y u se a nr l local marke t . E arly b ut small. Gandy G ree nVill e H 1<'M V L " S P 1<' M * Hxoe ll e n t l a t e b er r y ; e ry l a r ge. A l1 ~ ht b ea r er; good size . Haverla nd........ ........ P M J.. Prod uctive; lar ge a n d lon g. H eftll n HolIman Howell L ady Thom pson II :r.M H l\I H LM HM E VEl !II E **.** * * .* V ery l a rge a n d handsome. S t a n d a rd early s h i p pe r i ll som e P romising. Bes t mar ke t v ariet y . see r 's MicheL Prtd e of Ou rn b ert u nd S a m p le.............. ... .. .. Seaford S harple ss Wilson H ;'I[ VEl V ery ea rly; shy b earer . H FM L * Large. productive; desirable. P l<' M L * La rge. productive ; d esirable. P L~l M * E xcell e ll t q uall ty; large . H li F ;II M ;'I& L * .** *. *. Size !a r A ll o ld ge and favorit qu e. al i t y go od . 122 RASPBERRIES. (ExPLAXATlox s AXU Annm:n.\rIox S a s fo r oth er fruits .) I R a t i n g. REMARKS COl:;a::~~~.~{~:'~: Uu m herl a n d G regg Sou h e g u.n ,L ) E , ~l 11 ;\[ M B l\J S II E ...Iv e r y prorn tstn g ; lu rge a n d line . H e avy c r o p pe r . Best of black-clips ; a n o ld atundard, E a r ly. 2. Americall Rt'ds : Cu t h b ert.. Golden (iuee n K.i n,:: L oud on )!lller T urner "I L It ~[ ~l Y ~I * , Best and most rettabte. Pr oduc tf v e and o f IIr 8t q uality . 1\1 r... H R 1'1 1\1 >1<.. *"* _._.._ Prormstn Larg e, n n u. ndso m e , heavy , ){ It E P ro m is i ng. n J\I , H eavv bea rer; o f g oo d q ua Il ty , 3. Purple emu Gro u p: Ca r o li ne Co lu m b Ia n Hell lt n ce Shnlfer _ Z\.I y R ... .. L PE ~[ P;\I ' L P L ... Handsome ; produ ctive. . ,V lgo r o u s and productrve ; b est of Its groue Good . [to drout L a te ; productiv e; good s hipper ; succu m bs B.LACK BERRIES. Ra t.In g , - - -1- XAlI{E ~ (5 :n ::: ti ~~ ~ es -; ~'" ... tL c.: 'o0 ~ ~ Q- 5 :g C - ~ ~ .::: ..,;J ~~ J3 8 REMARKS. :Mu yos.. ... . ......... ...... .. L D ullas. .. ){ E a r ly C lus tor ........... I, Erie I, Bnrly H n rv est., B I cebor g ){ Kttta ttrmy ,... 1II Ohmer VL S tono M Tnylor ....... .... ........ .. .. M \V llson's L II II B B B II ,v 11 B B B VE VE E M VE M E M L VL J<] A l arg e Dewberry ; profitabl e for mar - . . ': L~ .~ E a rl)' ; p roducttve. [ket . Ve1T h undsorn e ; earl)' . 0" 0 of th e be st. *. * "* ... ... ... Vnluabl e a s a v er-y ear ly berr y . B e st whlt o b e rry; p r oductive. ... ... A n o ld stand a rd. . H n nd so rn e unt! productive. ... ... A g o o d late berrv, ... ... .. Gor.d quality. MULBER RIES . ,----,-- - - - - - - - - - - - I xr Dow n ing 'S ........ ... ...... P E&L ...**1** .. Hicks' .. ...... ............... 1>1 P g & L Good n nvo r.ncid : modera to bearer. ' Inferior f r u i t ; v ery pro llllc ; rec o m- ~'~ :rI~~_-------C- StUbbs'......... .............. VL P E &L m ended for pou ltry and hogs . Larjre ; v ery be st; t rn mensel y produ ct. ive , 123 FIGS. E XPLANATION OF COLUMNS- 1st, name; 2d, si ze ; 3d, color ; 4th, se ason ; r em a in in g colum ns f or re g ions, etc. ABBREVIATIO NS- Size-S, small ; L , large ; M, m edium ; Color -W , wh ite. S ea son-E, earl y ; M , middl e se a son ; E an d L , ea r ly a nd l a te. Rating . - - -- X A 1I1E o . ,; ec :i! ... 0 "0 0 - c 0 '~" T: ~2 p~:: ~" s::: :'c" ,"0.-=..... t~"'t..: eL ."..;. -""" g '" "L -, REMARKS A n g e rtqu e , sy n .. Ea r 1)' Lemon ....... ........ S W E B r u nsw rck, S)'Il . itla - .* '.~ S nu11 1jgo o dj e a r ly . donna, Con 'sp te ..... L P B lue G e noa .. ....... ..... 111 P L 1II **' * *;;: V ery larg e a n d desirable ; sh y beare r. B lack Ls c h la ..... ......... 111 P :\1 ~ ** ** ** Go od q uali t y . Hl ac.k Provence........ S B row n Tu rkey .... ..... 111 Brown SIuyrlul ... .___.. 111 Ce les ti a l ....... .. ... ... ... ... S B II R V ErL, 111 j, ~" i:: :l.l ** *** ** ** ** _* * *t A g o od s eco n d to Ce lest in l. Bes t of a ll f ..r midd le r e g io n. V ery g o o d fi n d pr o line; sours Sm a ll ; p r olific a n d d esir a bl e. b ud l y , G reen I sc hia, syu s. , '" lVlt ite Is chia .G rcen g. Ital ia n ...._.. ..._.. ..... 1I1 G .::: lII L ** ** . * Ve ry g ood ; exce ll e n t q u a lity. ''I" J u pan.. L emon ...... ... .............. .. ........ ........ . .... .. . 1I1 'y" Marse i lles ...... ... ......... 1I1 '\V N ey r el!.. ..... .... ...... ... ... R \\' V fo le f R ou nd .... ..... ... M '\\' W h it e Ad rt att c ... ...... . .. . .. . -. e P r od u cttv e ; poor quat tt.y , *4< ** *. Go od. 111 * Go od ; v e ry en rl v . L 111 ", , " * * * Rnthcr dry, h u t p rolific . j')x l"ell ent q u u lt t v : pro lific h ut t end e r. 124 CHERRIES. Explan ations and ab breviati ons sa me Figs, except colo r . R , red; A, a mber; DR, dark red , or n earl y black; Y, ye ll ow ; YR, ye ll ow r ed. NA;\n; REMARKS . g ,; oLo liller, Colu m b us , Ga ., fo r furn ish in g la n d a t Zellobee on wh ic h ex pe r imen ts we r e con d ucte d in 190:', 1906 a n d 1907. Mr. E d. Howell , Vienna, (l a .. for f urn ish i ns; la n d for e x pe r ime n t a l pu r pos es in 190 6, 1907 and 1!JOS. :\Ir . .J. H. .Iordan , P elh a m , Ga ., for la n d furn ishe d for ex perimenta l purpose s in 1908. Col. W . D. Hamm a ck , Col eman, Ga ., fo r t es t ing and g r owi ng for us d ifferen t se lecti ons a n d h yb ri ds . Parties desirin g to p urchas e resi stant cattail seed m a y be ab le to se cu r e t h em f r o m th e fo llowing parties, who h a ve bee n growin g the r esista nt cotton f or s e ve r a l years. Mr . E d. H ow e ll , Vie n na, Ga ., h a s g rown t he Dill on , Di x i e a n d Resi st an t Strain of Excelsio r. l\'1 r . O. A . Bo zeman, As h bu rn , Ga ., has g r own th e Dixie. 11\ 1'. G. L . Co lli ns, Ar li ngto n, Ga., h as g r own th e Dillon . 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Ln t ro d uct ion 5 Dl atrfbu tlo n 5 Annual L oss f ro m B la ck Hoot.. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (j External S YIl1 Vt OlllS of t he Di sea se . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . .. . . 7 In ternal Sym pt om s 7 rr he Ca use of l ll ack I toot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 P lants A t ta ck ed by t he F un g us . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 7 Con diti ons F avo ra ble t o t he Disea se . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X Natu r e of S oil In fectell . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S R otati on 0( Cr ops .. . . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . X H EI'OHT o x E x l' u : I ~ 1 1': X T " FI W .\1 190" T O 1!lOX. No n-Effe ct of Fertili zers in Con t roll ing t h e Disea se . No n-E ffect of F ung icirles . Da te of P la nti ng . Com pa r at ive R es ist an ce of Di fferen t Var ieti es of Cotton . 10 L ist of Vurf e t.iss T ested a nd P er Cent. of E a ch t h at Di ed . . 10 T ests of Di llo n a n d Di xie Cotton s . l~ R ela ti on of Nematode Worms t o Bla ck Root . 12 Lis t of P la n ts S ub j ect t o Atta ck by t h e Nem a to des Effect of Ro tatio n of Cr ops on Nem atod es . 1~ .. . 1, Li st of P la n t s not At tacked by t h e N anm torles .H Selectio n of S eed fr om R esi sta n t P la nt s . 15 Met hod of S electi ng Seed . 15 R esults S ecu r ed fr om Select in g R es ista n t P la nts . 18 H yb r id izing Ex per im ents ( Cro ssi ng Va ri eti es ) . 18 D is t r ibu tion of R esi st an t Cotton Se erl . 20 P la n of F utu r-e Work . 21 Summary of R eports fr om Indi vi du al P la nte rs wh o h a ve tested the Res istant Cotton . 21 Summary a n d R ecom m en da tio n s . 23 ~'BLACK ROO T" DISEASE 0F COTTON IN GEORGIA AND ITS CONTROL By A. C. L E W I S . IN TRODUCTION. In Bull eti n No. 22, of th e Geo rg ia State Board of Entomology, iss ued Decemb er , 1906, the "Black Hoot" d isea se of cotton was des cri bed in det ail. In th is bu ll eti n a repor t wa s a lso made on t he expe ri ments con ducte d in 19051906. S ince the n t he ex pe r ime nts ha ve been cont ln ue d a long th e sa me line on a mu ch la rger sca le w ith ve ry valuable .a nd gratif'ylng r esu lt s. T he results repor ted befo re, h av e been confirmed anti cer ta in fa ctors ha ve proven to be of p rime Importance in th e control of th e d ise as e. I n order that these latest r esu lt s may be placed in the cott on g rowers hands a t on ce it is deemed advisable to iss ue t h is bull etin at this time. It is beli eved t ha t if the recommendatio ns g ive n are follow ed this se aso n a nd in the fu tur e by the cotton growers who ha ve t he d isease on t heir far ms, it will r esult in a great -sa vlng to them . DI STRIBUTION. Th e "b la ck root" or " wil t" di sease of cot ton, a s it is somet imes called, is now k nown to occu r in th e foll owing States : North Ca rol ina, Sou th Ca rolin a , Geo rgia, Flor ida , Alaba ma, Miss tssi pp t, Ar kansas a nd Lou isiana. In Georgia we k now the disease occurs in the follow ing cou n ties : Berrien , Bibb, Brooks, Burke, Cal houn, Chattahoochee, Colquitt, Columbi a , Cowe ta, Cri sp, Dool y, Dough erty, Early, Effin gh am, Emanu el , Grady, H a rris , Houston, Irwin, L auren s , Lee, Lowndes , Mac on , Marton, Mcfruffi e, Montgom er y, Muscogee, P ie rc e, P ulaski, Randolph, Ri chmond , Sch ley , Stewart, Su mter , T albot, T errell , T elfa ir, Thomas, Troup, Wash in gton , Webs ter and Worth .* ' Pro b abl ~' occu rs in ot her countics a lso . 'I'h e di stribu t ion as giv en wa s det erm ine d by per so n al In vest lgnt lon. in a majorttv of t he counttes. and al so f ro m co rrespo nd en ts wh o se n t specim ens of di sea sed pl a nts to be Ide ntified. 5 ANNUAL LO SS FROM "BLACK ROOT." The ann ual loss to the cctton growers in Georgi a f rom blac k root is very g re at, a m ou nti ng at least t o tens of thousands of doll ars . The followin g ca ses which have come under obser va ti on will sho w h ow h ea vy the loss has been t o some individuals: In 1904 Hon. B. S. Miller pl a ced t he los s on h is plantation a t Zellobee rroia U,OOO .OO to $1,500.00. I n 1905 Mr . Ed. Howell, Vie nna, Ga ., placed h is loss at the same amount. In 1908 Mr. C. C. Clay, Cobb, Ga., lost from te n to fift een bales , and Mr. C. R. Whitley , Americus, Ga ., lost as much if not more than Mr. Clay. In many fields we have seen from on e to five acres killed ou trig ht, and t h e remainder of the field stunted so as to greatly r educe the yiel d. Prof. W. A. Orton estimates the a n nual loss from black root in the infecte d Sta tes at $2,000,000.00.F iguring upon thi s ba si s a conservative esti m a te of the loss each ye a r in Georgia is ab ou t $200,000.00. Fig. I -Cotton Plant Dyin g f rom " Blac k Root " Disea se. F rom pho to LJ~' Wilmon New ell. ' F armer's Bull et in. U. S. Departm en t of Agrtcultu re, No. 333, p, 7. 6 EXTERNAL SYMPTOMS. The first out wa r d sympto m of black root is ge nerally a w ilting or som e of th e leaves as s hown in Fig. 1. Ma ny of the yo u ng pla n ts die within a few days after th e fir st symp toms of t he disease appear, whi ch is usually when they are about s ix week s old . Plants will cont inue to di e now a nd then u n ti l frost. Some of the plants attack ed may pa rtia ll y recover from t he dis ea se, and p ut out s id e b ranch es near th e ground, but as a ru le thes e branches do not produce mu ch cot ton . In the cou rse of tim e pl a n ts k ill ed by the bla ck root di sea se lose a ll t heir leaves , and th e sma ll bran ches drop off leaving on ly th e blac kened s tem s ta n di ng . "Ia n y pl an ts that are not k illed out r ig ht by t he di sease a re mu ch stu nted in g rowth a nd t heir yi el d red uce d. This ph ase of the disease is often overl ooked by ma ny planters. In several in s ta nces near ly whol e fields hav e bee n found in t h is stunted condit -on a nd t he own er wa s no t even a wa re that t:le cotton wa s di seased . INTERNAL SYMPTOMS. Th e internal sy mp toms of this di sease a re very ch a ract eris tic, so that it is not difficu lt to tell bla ck root fro m a ny othe r d isea se t ha t cott on is s u bjec t to in Georgia. If the roots and stem of a di seas ed plan t are exami ned by cu tting len gt h wise, it will be found th at the wood y portions are bla ck or m uch dis color ed . This is th e sy mpt om tha t ha s g ive n th e d isea se t he nam e " bla ck r oot ." TH E CAU SE OF BLACK R OOT. The ca us e of th e co tto n dis eas e comm on ly cal le d "b la ck ro ot " or "w ilt" is a f un gu s, N eocosm ospora cas intec ta (Atk .) E rw. Sm ., which attacks the roots a nd ste ms of the plants. Du rin g t he winte r the tungus liv es on t he decay in g cotto n roots and stems and in the soil mainly in t he form of sp ore s. ( The s pores correspon ding to the see ds of the h igher pla nts .) I n t he sp r ing wh en t he cotton begi ns t o fo rm r ootl ets a nrl roots t hese a r e atta cked by t he f ung us . T he fu n gu s penetrates the r oots and g rows up in to the s te m foll owin g th e w a ter du cts a nd plu gging them wi th its my celiu m. This prevents the upward flow of sap fr om the ro ots, t hus cutting off the food s u pply and s t u nting or k ill ln g the plants. PLANTS ATTACKED BY THE FUN GUS. So fa r as kn own cotto n a n d okra are th e on ly plants th e bl a ck root fun gu s lives on as a pa r a site. In some par ts of the Sta te cowpe as wilt and di e in mu ch th e sa m e wa y as cotto n. This d isease is ca used by a fun gu s wh ich is closely re la t ed to th e fun gu s that a ttack s cotton. On th is kind of la nd the I r on cowpea should be planted , as it is very 7 r es is tan t to thi s di seas e. The wa termelon wil t is a s imila r fungus di sea se a nd sh ou ld be fou g h t by r ota ti on of crops an d the pla n ti ng or r esi sta n t seed. Prof. 'IV. A. Ort on, Bu reau of Plant I n d us t r y, U. S. Departm en t of Agr iculture, Wa sh ing t on , D. C., h a s by se lection se cured a strain of wat ermelon that is quite res istant t o this di sease. CONDITION., I.<'A VORAB LE TO T H E DISE AS E. Some se a sons th e bla ck root di s ease is wo rse than in other seasons. This may be du e to on e of two ca u ses, th e weather co n di ti on s or the nu m ber of n ema t odes in the so il. Thus it has been observed that t he d iseas e is m or e severe d uring a wet seaso n th a n in a dry one. F r eq ue ntly we have r eceiv ed lett ers f rom cotton gro wers st a ti ng t hat in a f ew da ys after t he las t r ain m u ch of t he ir cotton wil ted a n d d ietl. T hey wan ted to kn ow t he r ea son fo r t hi s n ot s us pe cting before th e r a in t ha t th e cotton wa s di sea se d. W h ile it is t r ue t ha t we t wea th er is favorab le, a n d dry weath er un fa vor abl e to t h e di sease, w ea th er cond it ions such as h ea l or COllI, hav e n ev er been kn own to exter m ina te t he fun gus. NAT URE OF SOIL INFECTED. Som e co tton growers in Geo rgia have tho ugh t t h at d ise as ed land wa s defic ient in so me n ecessary elem ent or ele me nts of pl ant foo d. To determ in e t hi s we h ad Dr. Ed gar Everh a rt, che m is t of the Georgia Geo log ical Survey an al yze a sam ple of soil taken f rom a d isea sed field a t Zellobee, Georgia. H is ana ly sis showed t he soil wa s n ot deficient in any elemen t n ecessa r y fo r pla n t g rowth except lime , con tain ing o n ly .047 per cent. of lime. As noted elsew he r e the addItion of lime to th is soil did not r educe the sever it y of t he disease T he n ature of t he soil, w h ether sandy or clayey, seems to go ve r n in a la rge m easure th e distr ib ution of the disease in Geo rgia. It h a s been ob served t ha t t he disease is wors t on th e loose sandy soils of South Georgia. Th us the sample of so il we had a n al yzed contain ed a very la r ge per cen t. of sa nd or s ili ca , 90 pe r cent . The wors t aff ect ed spot in a field is u sually th e lowest place wh er e the sand is washed in fo rm in g a ve ry loose sandy soil. The d isease h a s n ev er been found on the cla y soils of Ge orgia. The fun gu s ca usin g t he bl a ck root di sease of cotto n m ay be lo ok ed upon as a weed in di genous to s ome soils, and like t he m t h r iv ing best on cer ta in soils. ROTATION OF CROPS. As t he fun gu s ca usi ng th e black roo t di sea se of cotton only a ttacks cotto n and okra it f ollows that pl antin g t he land in other cr ops will s low ly s ta r ve ou t t he fun gus. Thus far t ho ugh a ll att empts h av e fail ed to completely eradic a te t he fun gu s f ro m t he soil of infect ed field s, even 8 with a r ota ti on of ten years. * R otatio n of crops is impor tan t h owever in t he cont ro l of the black root disease on a ccount of the nem u tocl e worms. For a full disc ussion of th is subject see pur ag rap h on pa ge 11 Relation of Nem atod e worms to bla ck root. REPORTS ON EXPERIMENTS FROM 1905 TO 1908 NON-EFFECT OF FER T IL I ZE R S. In Georgia man y cotton grow ers are of th e opin lon t hat th e continued use of com me rc ia l ferti li zers is responsib le in a great measure for the severity of the black roo t diseas e of cot t on . To settle this point we began in ] 905 to test the effect of d ifferent fertilizers on th e di s ease. In our exper ime n ts, now cover ing four years, we used a cid pho sphate, muriate and sulphate of po ta sh, kain it, n it rat e of soda, st r a ight and in various combinations , wi th no effect whatever one way or th e other ' on th e di seas e. We a lso teste d li gh t (100 lbs , per a cr e. ) and hea vy (300 Ibs. pe r a cr e.) a pplicatio ns of mu r ia te of potash, kainit, an d several standard brands of guano with the follow ing resul ts : On the fertilized plats from 70 per cent . to 90 per cen t. of the cott on died; on t he unfertilized plats from 70 per cen t. t o 95 per cen t. of the cotton died . T he cotton di ed as badly on the plats recei ving li gh t a ppli ca t ions. as on the plats receivi ng- heavy appli cations of fertilizer . From t h is it will be see n that th e variation in the per cen t . of cotton t hat died on th e fer tili zed a n d un fertilized plats is not sufficient to indicate tha t th e fertil izer was of a n y be nefit or detri ment in con t ro ll ing the di sease. NON-E F F E CT OF F UNGI CID E S. Our exper ime n ts and th ose conduct ed by Prof. \V. A. Orton show that fun gi ci des, su ch as Bordeaux mix t ure, copper sulphate, coppercarbonate, li ver of SUlp h ur, forma li n, sulph u r , su lph ur an d lime a re of no va lue in contro lli ng th e blac k ro ot disease of cotton. DATE OF PLANTING. From Our expe r im ent s and observations i t is now a ppa r en t that Jate planting can no t be relied upo n as a remedy for the black roo t dis ease of cotton . I n 1905 on e plat of cotton was pla n te d Ap r il 18th . and an oth er .Tun e 5t h. Over 75 per cent. of the cotton died on both pl ats. I n 1908, at Vienna, Geor gia, cot t on planted after oats di ed very badl y. In four yea rs I have seen bu t one field of late planted cotton th at did not d ie t o any great exte nt. This was a field wh ere the first planting of cotton was n early all k ill ed by the di sea se, and ' It was r eplanted Farme r' s Bulletin No . 33 3, p . 13. 9 about the lOth. of J u n e. In t h is case I t h in k t he wea th er con d it ions ha d m or e to do wi th t he re sults t han the la te p lanting, the weather being dry a nd warm for some time after the cotton was replanted. COMPARATIVE RESiSTANCE OF DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF COTTON In our expe r i me n ts we ha ve te s ted so far 4S va r ieties of cot t on, to s ee if we could find a variety t h a t would be r es is tant to th e black r oot di sease of cott on . The d iffer ent varieties s howed g re at vari ation in r es ista n ce to th e disease, but n on e of th em were resi s tant enough to be wo rth propagating for t h is purpos e. In all but one of t h e varieties , nam ely, R ed Shank 50 per ce nt. or more of th e cot t on died from t he bl a ck r oot dis ease. Wh ile t he R ed Shank was some wh a t r esi stant, 45 per cen t . dying, it was di scard ed on a ccount of its poor yield. Of t he lon g staple cotto ns t ested on ly one t h e Mi tafifi showed any ma rk ed resi stance, a nd this variety is not a dapted to Georgia condition s. In t he f oll ow in g li st the figures after each var iety s ho w th e per cent. of cot t on that di ed fr om the blac k roo t d is ea se. In ea ch case here ana elsew here in t his bu lletin t he pe rcentage of dead cotton was deter mined by a ctual conn t made as follow s: A few days after the cotton had been ch opped out to a stan d a coun t was made of the n u m ber of stalks in eac h pl a t , and at th e la st picking t he live stalks wer e cou nted. Stalk s n earl y de ad or badl y s t u nt ed, enough to be of no value, were counted a s dead. List of Variet ies Tested and Per Cent. of Each that Died . SHORT S TA l'LE OR Ul'LAND COTTO:"S. Var ie t y R ed Sh ank Corley's Wo nd erfu l Boykin Sha.nk High Schl ey H awki n s Lewis' Prize Tool's Prolific Ro wd en Au gusta Lluster Triumph Dongola B a t es Dral, e's Cluster T ex a s'Vood All en Bi g Boll L ayton Pride of Georg ia Will et's R ed L eaf Per cent. dead. 45 54 55 55 55 56 57 58 59 60 60 61 61 62 62 64 64 64 61 Variety P er cent. dead. Kee nan 65 K in g 's I m pr oved 65 Storm Proof 65 Bau ghn's 66 Texas Oak 6G So uthern Hope 66 Colu mb ia 70 Gold Standard 70 Har din 72 Po u lnot 77 E xcelsior 78 Bro a dwell 's Doub le-join te d 80 Brancroft Her long SO Gold Coi n SO P eterkin 81 K in g's E arl y 87 Cook 95 Cu lpepper 95 Russell 96 10 Variety l \ l i t a fifi Floradora Sunflower All en Griffen L ox u S'L\l'LI'; Co'rroxs. Per ce nt. Va r iety dead. 22 Sea Is la nd 50 Boyd's Prolific 50 Clarkesville G3 Ou nce Bo ll Go! Edisto Sea Island P er ce n t . de a d. GG Gli 70 70 83 T E STS OF D ILLON AND DIXIE COTTONS. T he se two var ieties of cotton were or ig inated by Prof. W . A. Orton, o f t h e Bureau of Plan t Industry , U. S. Departm ent of Agriculture. Washington , D. C. In variety t ests m ade in 1900 by Prof. W . A. Orton, t he Jackson Limbless was found to be the m ost r esi s tant to the disease of the va r ieties tested . By con ti n ue d se lection of t he most r esi st ant pl ants from t h is var iety he has secured a strain of th is type of cotton w hich is very r es istant to th e bl a ck root disease of cotton. T hi s r es ista n t strain h e has named the Dillon. The Dixie originated fro m a se lectio n m a de by P ro f. W . A. Orton, in Alabama in 1901. In 1905 Prof. Orton kindly furni sh ed us some se ed of both of these va r ieties. E ach yea r in our tests t hey h ave prove n to be q u ite r es ista n t to the d .s ease, on ly 10 per cent. t o 15 per cen t. dying, wh ere 75 per cen t . t o 95 pe r cen t . of th e ordin a ry var ieties die d . F ig. 2 sho ws the cornpa r at ive r esis tance of the D ix ie and Native Green Se ed . RELATION OF NEMATODE WORMS TO BLACK ROOT. Many far m ers in Geo rgia k now from dea r ex pe r ienc e t hat cotto n frequently di es very badly wh en planted a fte r th e com m on cowpea. T hat t hi s is du e to t he fa ct th a t t he cowpea increases the nu mber or nematod es in th e soil and that thei r p resence in the cotton r oot s Increases t he s ev er ity of t he black ro ot di sease of cotton is we ll k nown . T he n em atode wo rm, H et er odera r adicioo l a ( Gr eff. Mul.) IS a parasite w h ich infests th e roots of m an y plants, an d ca uses the knot" co m monly known as nematode ga lls . Affected pla nts are ve ry much stu nted a n d so metimes k ill ed. A fe w weeds and a g reat n umber of cu ltivated pla nt s are subject to a ttack by the n em ato de worms . The mo st comm on of t hese in Georgia are : Cotto n, cowpeas (all varieties exce pt t he I r on ) , watermelons, cuc um bers, cantaloupe, sugar ca n e, ok ra, ca bbage, col ln r d, pot ato, swee t pot a t o, tobacco, mulberry, peac hes and figs . In ad dition to the above Prof . Atk inson mentions t he following plants a s being badly affected in Al abama: Citron, bird's foot clover t Lotus cornicu latus) , ru tabaga , parsnip and salslfy.- In Farmer's bulletin No. 333 Prof . W . A. Orton m en tions the follow in g weeds as being s ubject. to a ttack by the nematode worms ; purslane, pigweed, (.A.maranthus), Alabama Erper imont Stn t ion, Bnll ctin No . n. new "cries. I SDD. 11 Fi g. 2-Vnrlety T est: On left, U. S. No. 14 8 or Dixi e cot t on ; on r ight, Nn tive Gree n Seed. Shows greu t d Iffere nce In resis t a nce to Ri nck Roo t di sease, Or igi na l. ";\Iay-pop," " In dia n potato" and " Sa w bri er. " Prof. Orton a lso sta tc.. that " B.er m uda grass , ch uf'as, an d su m me r oats are slig h tly s usce pt ib le, but probably ca n be used in ro tation when roo t-kno t is only slightly pr evalent." All of ou r exper i me n ts and observations go to sh ow that crops wh ich suppor t the n em atod es sh ould be avoided if it is desir ed to raise cotton on the land. Thus at Vienna, Georgia, on Mr. Ed. Howell's place a field wa s sown in oa ts in the fall of 1906. The n ext summer after the oats were cut , pa r t of the field was sown in cow pea s. In th e sp r ing of 1908 th e who le field was planted in the Dillon and Dixie r esi st ant cotton . The cotton planted after the cowpeas, died very ba dly, in sp ots. from 25 per cen t. to 50 per cent., while on the other pa r t of t he field not over 10 per cent. to 15 per cent. died. In 1905 at :Zell obee, Georgia, a plat of land wa s sown in so rg h um , on which in 1904 f rom 75 per cent. to 95 per cen t. of the cotton died from t he black root dis ea se. In 1906 this pl at wa s planted in corn , and just before th e la st cultivation Iron cowpeas were s own . In 1907 th e plat was planted with Dixie and Native Gre en seed cotton w ith , I ,I '/ / / 1\ Fig. 3-Iron Cowpea . Roots a re F r ee from Nem a t od e Gn lls . Or igi n a l. 13 .". . ~. ." iI ,J \. ! oj ,J , ,. J/ 0' V\ \I \ \ ,\ Fi g. 4- Xematode Gall s on Hoot s of Un k nown Cowp ea . Ortgina l. the follow ing r esult s: About 25 per cent. of t he Native Gr een Seed cott on di ed, a nd only 5 per cent . of the Dixie cotton. Another very ma rk ed difference between this and another adjoining plat which had been in cotton conti nuously for five yea rs, was that the cott on on th e plat whi ch h ad bee n in cotton for t wo years wa s twi ce as tall as that on the other plat, an d yielded at t he r at e of a bale per acre. T hi s exper iment shows the imp or tan ce of r otation of cr ops in cont r olli ng th e nemat odes and the black r oot disease of cotton. In the ab ove an d oth er exper iments we fail ed to find an y nematode galls on t he roots of th e Iron cowpea. Th e roots of the Iron cowpea are sh own in Fig. 3, and in Fi g. 4, the roots of the Unknown cowpea are shown, n oti ce the galls on th e ro ot s of the Unknown cowpea. Fig. 5, shows nema tod e galls on can taloupe roots. We can not too strongly advocate th e pl an tin g of this valuable cowpea , the Iron, on land infested with nematod e worms. In add ti on t o t he Iron cowpea any of t he following crops may be 14 Fig. G-Xem nt ode Ga lls on Cn n t elo u pe Ro ot s . Origin al. used in the rotation, as they will not support the black root fungus nor increase the number of nematodes in the soil; corn, wheat, rye , oats, velvet bean, peanut, and hairy vetch. SELECTION OF SEED FROM RESISTANT PLANTS . No doubt many cotton planters have noticed that in a badly affected area where nea rly all the plants die, or are badly stunted, there may be a few plants that are apparentl y thrifty and . re sisting the di sease. Such a plant is shown in Fig. 6. Evidently these plants are exposed to th e disease to a greater or less extent, but do not succumb from some inherent cause. Knowing that Prof. W . A. Orton had by careful selection greatly improved the resistance of the Jackson cotton and originated the Di xie resistant cotton, we at once began work along the same line to see if we could secure a resistant strain of cotton from some of the varieties commonly grown in Georgia. METHOD OF SELECTING SEED. Some cotton growers make a practice of going through their fields, picldng cott on from the best stalks, and planting the seed to improve 15 F ig. G- A ;: p L ife hIHl 0\ l IS ; )()tj 11 1 ,,1 1 J(I~ -llIi ~ Ili . ~_t L-' 1Il Ilr,1 1;:1 r):! ;j .-, tl!) :"~I: a l i.-II :~ :: ;-; l lif; ; , ::(;;. I V, 0' i l f; ~. l (i% sc;; Total wormv --- I ~;>O f...,;:,r. ,, -(' - ') l i!l l Ii:!.'.! La rvu -- -- - '-11 zs :::! :! I 1~ ::!I:.O! :!I f; ; 1.->0 11' :'-5 t hun I"" T he t abl e sh ows in round nu mber s t hat 74 per cen t. of a ll infestation s occu r r ed t h rough the ca lyx end an d only 16 per cen t. a nd 8 per cen t., r espectively, t h r ough th e s ides a nd stem en d. No app recia ble d ifferenc e in t he rel a ti ve perc entage of in festations t h r oug h the ca lyx end, as comp ared to th e side a nd stem en d, wa s no t iceabl e at an)' tim e d uring t he se aso n . They wer e m a r k edl y u n ifor m . The pr eva lent idea t hat m ore infestati on s occu r t h roug h t he side as t he se as on advan ces is erron eou s, as t h e results show. Ch a racte ristic entra nce of th e la rvae . Infes ted ap ples a r e rea dil y r ecognized by a m a ss of brown borin gs and excre me n t en ta ngl art in si lken threads at t he en t rance to t heir bur rows. (F'ig. 4. ) As (h ey t u n nel to wa rds th e core, thei r ob jectiv e point appa ren tly, th ey push t heir bor ings an d exc rem en t to the su rf ac e and t he re t he y ,HIhe re en ta ngled in silken t h reads. La te in t he sea son the la rvae mor e serio ust v disfigu re the fr uit by feeding near the s u r face some ti me bef or e bor ing in ward. Area s from one-half to a n in ch in d iameter a re m ine rl un der a nd t h us ma ke wha t a re k no wn as " wo rm y spots," ver y noticea hle a nd conse que n tl y dep re ciate t he va lu e of t he f ru it. T ime s pe nt in t he fruit . T he tim e spe nt by t h e la rvae in the fru it is exce ed inglv va r ia ble. F ro m th irt ee n obse rv a t ions on the fir st brood of la rv a e t he ti m e varied f rom se ven tee n ( 0 fo r t y-one clays or a n av era ge of a bou t fou l' week s. 1"1'0111 for t y-five observatio ns m ad e du rin g .I uly, th e ti me va rie d from th irtee n to th irty -si x day s or an a verage of les s tha n th ree weeks. From the fifty -eigh t observatio ns m ad e duro 10 Fig. 4- W o r m ~' appl es, s h owing- t he ch n ra c ter tst tc mass of bro wn pa r ticles at points of entra nce of cod li ng- moth la rv a e. ing th e seas on, we wou ld hav e an aver age of about t wenty -four days t hat the la rv ae r em ain in the fruit. In ge ne ra l, it may be stated that the firs t bro od spends fro m seven days to two weeks mo re ti me in the frui t th an later broods, except pa rt of the season 's last bro od, wh ich ma y r em a in equally as lon g ow in g to cli mat ic condit ions . Some obse rvations on the length of the la r val stage ta bulated wer e as foll ows: I La rv ae e me r ge from eggs a nd ent er fru it La r vae ente r cocoo ns Apr il ?<) ~'" 1908 23 24 -? "- ~n 26 26 27 ,) - -I :\l a y 2 ') ~, 1908 23 20 ~ ;~ ~ :! 27 21i 22 .Iull e 4 Total time 29 days 30 26 28 27 31 30 25 38 11 T ABLE-Conti n ued. La r vae eme rg e from eggs and en ter fr uit. Larvae en ter cocoo n s April 27, 1908 30 May 2 11 June 8 12 13 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 22 22 22 22 23 23 24 June 2, 1908 10 May 29 28 June 26 July 1 4 8 10 11 11 5 11 4 4 8 7 12 7 16 5 4 13 12 11 7 ?~ -1 11 7 8 9 6 13 6 7 9 10 8 23 9 12 Total time 36 days 41 " " -? I~ .. 17 .. 18 19 " 21 " 21 " 23 " 24 " 23 " 17 " 23 " 16 " 16 " 20 " 19 " 23 " 18 " 27 " 16 " 15 " 24 " .. 22 " 21 .. 17 " 3G 20 " 16 " 17 " 18 " 15 " 22 " 14 " 15 " 17 " 18 " 15 " 30 " 15 " T ABLE- Conti n u ed. Larva e eme r ge fr om egg s a n d enter fr u it. Larvae enter cocoon s June J u ly 24, 1908 24 24 24 24 ?~ ;") 30 1 3 Ju ly 7, 1908 7 7 7 S 10 19 22 20 Total ti me 13 days 13 13 13 14 15 19 21 17 Fig. v- Inte ri or of worm y ap ple s how ing fu ll g rown larva a n d excava tlon to a nd around t he core. Ap pe aran ce of t he f ull g ro w n larva . A full gro wn larva ( F ig . 5), u su all y m ea sures a bo ut t h ree- fo u rths of a n in ch in len gth and h as a pink tsh or flesh color. Th e ch a r a cte r is ti c colo r is so met imes a cquired by h alf-g rown la r va e. T h e bla ck h ead and cer vic a l sh ield , so no ti cea bl e w h en t he la r va is yo ung, ch a n ge to a br own colo r . P r e pa rat ion fo r leav ing t h e fruit. Befo re t he larvae b eco me full grown they m a k e ca r ef ul prepara t ions for leavin g t h e fr u it. In en terin g , t h eir objectiv e poin t is a lways t h e core , a n d t here t hey fee d on and a rou n d t he see d of w hi ch t hey are very fond . Several days before t hey a ct ua ll y wis h to leav e t h ey ea t a passa ge way, usuall y t he shortes t , to t h e exte r ior , 01' r e-t r avers a t h eir ou t ru n ce t unnel. 'Wh en n ea r t h e surface t hey m a y r em a in for se ve r al da ys feedi ng an d mak i ng f ur th er preparati on s for lea ving t he fr u it foreve r . 13 Are two or mo re, a pples entered by a s ingle larva ? 'Whe n two apples touch , a s they ve ry of ten do, a sing le larva ma y infest both appl es , buc in on e insta nce t he a u thor observed a la r va make it s exit f rom an appl e a nd en ter a not he r s ix in ch es or more away while the ap pl es were still on th e t ree. The refor e, in r are in stan ces it may be sta ted that t wo a ppl es are en tere d by a s ing le la rva ev en when they do no t t ou ch , bu t on acc ount, p resumabl y, of t he fir st quarters becom ing water-soa ked , a s we ha ve fo und la rvae dead in thei r bu rrows a ppa re n tly overcom e by t he s ti cky liquid in t he cha n ne l in tr ying to m ake th eir wa y out, or dro wned ou t ri gh t at the fu rt he r most en d of t he i r t u nn els. Tw o la rv a e a re ve ry seldo m a ct uall y found feeding in t he sa me ap ple, thoug h ap ples a pp aren tl y doubl y infeste d a re frequ entl y observed . In a great many cas es so not ed, on e larva ha s m ad e two in fest ations, feedi ng in on e burro w for some tim e a nd t he n com ing ou t a nd re -entering at som e ot he r poi nt for no obvio us rea son u nl ess i t is on ac coun t of t he fir st bu rro w becoming wa ter- soa ked. Ma n ne r of leaving th e fru it . Wh en rea dy to leave, the la r va e pu sh the plug f ro m thei r a lr ea dy p repa r ed exit hole a nd immedi a tel y seek a pl a ce to spin their cocoons and ente r t he pu pa l sta ge. In m ost cases, if t he a pple is upon the tree, t he la rv a e will cra wl from the apple to th e tw ig and then by wa y of the branch to t he trunk, wh ere u nder the rou gh , loo se bark a nd in crevice s a g reat man y pupate, o r els e continue do wn th e tr unk an d from t he re until a suitable pl a ce is found. Anoth er m eth od some ti mes e mployed, or h app ens more often a ccid en tall y perhaps , is that in wh ich th e la r va lets itself dow n by a s il ken th re a d t o the gro und. The ex act proportion that drops to the g r ou nd or fa ll s wi th t he fr uit a n d ascends the tr unk in sea rc h of a pupa tin g pl ace is fo rty per cent. , a s com pa red to sixt y per cent. tha t crawls down t he trun k. T he result s a bove quot ed we re obtai ned by placi n g three ban ds a ro u nd a num be r of t rees , t he middl e ba nd bei ng dipped in ta r , th us prev en ting the larv ae from pa s sing t hat band in eith er directi on , a nd a reco rd k ep t of a ll la r vae ca ugh t und er t he t wo remaining ba nds. The maj ori ty of la r vae th at we could k eep r ecord of, crawl dow n the t r unk of t he tree, thoug h th e pro ba bili ty is t hat only a few of those tha t drop to the ground in the a pples or by m eans of s il ken th rea ds a scen d the t r un k of t he t r ee to pu pate. P lace of sp in ning cocoon s. No r m a lly in orchards coc oo ns a re m ost r ea dil y fo u nd un der rough , loose bark a n d in t he cre vices on the trunk s of apple t rees. Deca yed li m bs or hollow ca viti es a re fa vorable places for t he larvae t o ma k e t he iI' cocoons. IVe h a ve fo u nd larva e pu pating wi th in their burrows in a pples and a lso under r ubbish ben eath th e t rees . In ge neral a lmost an y pl a ce tha t will afford prote ction from t he weath er , s uch as a fence or under th e shingl es a nd in the crev ices of a n ol d hou se, is a llk el y pla ce to find them. 14 If the worms are carried in apples in to the stor e roo m t hey will sp in their cocoons in crac ks in the tloor and wa ll , under trash, beneath the hoops of barrels, and in the corners an d cr evice s of boxes a nd bi ns, and wherev er su it a ble pro tection is found . The author found as many as twen ty sec u re ly hid den under one ho op . Apple storage hou ses con stitute a n important sou rce of infestation in th e spring a nd should receiv e th e a t te nti on of the or ch ardi st . a s is t reated more fully elsew here. F i!':. G- Cocoo ns a s t IH'y up peurcd bcn ea t il t he h oop of a barrel in apple s t or a ge cclln r, n a t u ra ) s ize. Appearance of the cocoons. Th e co coons (Fi g. G) are m ad e to fit the cre vice s the la r va e crawl into to pupate, a nd t heir exteriors assume various sh ap es . The in si de is a lways sy mmetr ica l and li n ed with a layer of smo oth white silk, an d th e outside is more rou gh ly m ade with silk and bits of parti cles r emoved by the larva In ho llowing out a cav ity for its bod y, with It s j aw s. If th e larvae a re removed fr om th e cocoon s before having ch anged to pupae, th ey will at onc e find a su ita ble place a nd make another. In fa ct someti mes the la r va e, and especia ll y t he hib ernating la r va e, will leave th eir first cocoons and mak e ot he rs, probably on a ccount of th eir first quarters becoming damp, or else they were made so securel y t hat It wou ld endanger t he moth's li fe In emergIng . It Is apparent that cocoons m a de la te In the season, In which the la r vae wish to pass the wi nter, are mu ch t h icke r and more securely made than tho se m ade by othe r broods. Duration of the cocoon stage. The larvae, aft er makin g the ir cocoons do n ot, as a r ule, at once ch an ge to the pupal stage; mor e variati ons occur In this respect than a ny other phase of the moth's li fe 15 history. The winter is a lways passed by the larvae in cocoons and not until some time in th e spr in g do we find the m cha nging into th e pupal st age proper , or afte r t he lapse of seven or eigh t mon th s, normally. From a re cord k ept of twenty la r va e of th e firs t brood, a fter leavin g the fruit, we find th e ac t ua l time th e la rvae remain ed in the cocoons a s su ch, varied f rom two to thirteen da ys, and one of t he larva e h a s not yet changed to pupa, and evide n tly will pass the winter before it does. The total time sp ent in the cocoon as a la r va and pu pa varied from eigh t to twenty-five days, or an average of a li ttl e over fou r t een days. At no time during the season did the adult s em er ge after th e la r va e en te re d the cocoons in less th an a w eek's tim e. TA BL E S H OWI X( ; L EX GTH OF C OCOON STAGE . Larvae ente r cocoons Change to pupae Emerge as adults ti m e Total :\lr,y 20 May 28 June 2 18 da ys 21 June 3 14 14 22 May 25 2 11 22 27 25 14 22 28 7 16 22 26 4 13 23 31 12 20 . 23 25 5 13 ' 23 25 May 31 8 23 Larva still in cocoon . 24 26 June 6 13 24 28 -1 11 27 30 9 13 28 30 12 15 28 30 22 25 29 June 1 12 14 June 2 9 20 18 4 7 17 13 6 9 20 1-1 10 12 21 11 - -- - - - - - -- -_._ - - Eme rgence of t he ad ult i ns ect. '1he pupa , by m eans of s pines on its abdom ina l segments, work s itself pa rtially out of th e cocoon , and then the pupal sk in splits down the ba ck and the adult moth fo rc es itself out. A few seconds elapse before t he newly eme rged moth ga ins fu ll us e of its win gs, during whi ch time it gene rall y cra wls r apidly rrom place to pl a ce. After th e wings of the mo th become fu lly ex- panded it takes its fir st flight, and is soon lost t o vi ew by It s qui ck, erratic mov em ents so cha racte r is tic of th e famil y of which it Is a member. 10 Appearance of the adult or moth. The adult codlin g moth (Fig. 1) has a wi ng expanse of one-ha lf to t hree-fourths of an in ch . E xtending fr om its body its fron t wings a re covered with g rey intermixed wi th narrow, wavy li nes of brown sca les, a nd nea r t he ti p of each wing is a spot kno wn as a n ocellus , of brown and metalli c colored scales, and a long the border of each wing is a deli ca te fringe of scales. The mot h wh en a t re st folds its win gs over its bod y and its general a ppea ra nce is su ch as to harmonize with its surround ings and is not re adily disting uis he d from the gray bark of the apple trees u pon whi ch it re sts . The m al es and femal es a re eas ily di s tinguish ed. T he mal e has an elongated , bl ackish sp ot on th e lower surface of the fr on t wing, and is distinguish ed from t he female by a narrow penc il of black h airs on th e upp er surface of the hind wing. Hab its of the moth. The moths a r e no cturnal in t he ir ha bits, resting during t he da y on the foliage in the shady re cesses of some apple tree, and onl y ventu re forth late in the after noon or on very cloud y da ys, unless dis turb ed. As the evening shadows begin to fall , they are particularly alert a n d by t he ir ch a r acter isti c flight the y a r e at on ce recognized as they circle a ro un d th e a pple trees and se t tle down from time to tim e on the foli age. While con duc ti ng this investigation at least thirty moths must have been seen ci rc li ng and dartin g a mong t he ou ter limbs of a large apple tree. As th e eve ning sh adows beg in to fade aw ay the moths becom e less numerous. Whi le spr ay ing trees duri ng th e middle of the day we h ave ve ry often disturbed the moths, and have seen them settle again on t he up per surfaces of le av es exposed to t he sunlig ht, but th ey a lways re ma in in active. The moth is capable of t ak in g food by means of a sl ender, pointed ton gu e, an d is supposed to feed u pon s weet substances. W e have observe d them sip t he ju ice from bruised apples, but in no k now n wa y can they be drawn in numbe rs to feed on any subst ance an d t r app ed. They are also no t a ttracted by li gh t to an y great extent, but we have tak en a few around lights. Length of life of the moth . On an av er a ge wh en confined they live less than a week. In on e ins ta nce in a breeding cage wh ere the dirt in th e bottom of the cage was kept moist a nd a portion of f resh apple su pplied ev er y few da ys, on e mo th out of a number placed in a cage lived tw en ty-five days. Th e majority di ed inside of ten days . In a large cage en closing a small ap ple t re e and admitting of normal outside conditi ons the moths seldom li ved two weeks, We would conclude from the foregoing th a t the mo ths are short-Iived, two or three weeks at the outside, marking their a vera ge exist enc e normally. The av erage length of th e resp ective stages of the insect's life given in th e foregoing, is , for the egg , seven da ys ; t he larvae, t wenty -one da ys ; the pupae, fift een da ys ; an d wit h five days intervening as the prob able time from eme rge nc ies of the mo th until egg laying begins, 17 there is a tota l of fo rty-eig ht da ys. R ecords of t he tota l tim e in the lif e cycle of indi vi dual moths vari es from th i rty-five to si xt y-five days, but in g en eral it may be said that app rox imately se ven weeks a re requi red. Num ber of gene rat ions o r broods. In t h is lati tud e there are t hree a nd a pa r t of a four th gene ration. On pa ge 18 in chart form we g ive the time of occurren ce a nd number of ge nera tio n s for 190 8. It should be rem embered t hat t he sp ring seas on for t hat yea r open ed extrem ely ea r ly a nd gave t he mo th in propor tio n a lon ger ac t ive existence . Some ye ars it is probable t hat t he ge nera ti ons will no t excee d two a nd a part of a third. In fa ct , ou r som ewhat imperfect observations dur ing the latt er part of seas ons 1906 a ncl 190 i . t hough not g iven a s impli citl y r eli abl e, owing to th e in ter ference of transien t wo rk la te in t he season . led us to beli eve that t he gene ra t ion s di d not exceed three fo r those two yea rs. At Corn elia, Georgia, wh ere t he work was con ducte d in 190G, there was only a s ligh t eviden ce of a part of a th ird generati on. Bein g located in the m oun t ains, t he season s are a lways two to t h re e weeks sho rt er t han t he y a re at eithe r T all a poosa or Pomona, fu r ther sou th , a nd a t the ext r em e foot h ills of the moun tains, and this may acco unt partiall y for th e varia tions in th e gene r a ti on s. We ascertained the num be r of g ene rat ions by selecti ng eggs of the first broo d o f mo th s and re a r ing th e larva e that came from them in breed in g ca ges on apples and la t er noting th e eme rgence of the adu lts . Soon af ter t he mo ths em erged, egg s would bec ome quite numer ous in t he orcha rds showing t hat the maj or ity of a dults of th a t br ood ha d emerged . Newl y la id eggs wer e then collected for th e nex t se ve ra l da ys and the la r vae r ea red and a d ults ob t ain ed from the m as befor e, and so on for th e en ti re sea so n. The re sult s obta in ed by m ean s of br eeding cages wer e chec ke d by observa tions in t h e orcha rd . Jus t h ere, th oug h, we wi sh to sa y t hat we ha ve li vin g speci mens of larvae of eac h brood yet in cocoon s t hat undoubted ly will not eme rg e a s a du lts un til sp ring , The fa ct proves conc lus ively th at t he in sect is ca pa ble of liv ing fro m ten to ele ven mo nt hs in the cocoon, and , in all proba bility, the hi bernatin g larvae under certa in con diti on s will live over an entire sea son an d em erge t he followin g yea r . A dry and w ell prot ect ed con dit ion is on e essen tial, we th in k, in ca us in g th e la r va e to remain a conside ra ble ti me in the cocoons. Comparativ e im p o rta nc e of d iff e rent g ene ra tio ns. In the im po r ta nce of the diff erent ge ne r a ti ons when th e moth's control is desired, th e firs t is a ll im port a n t. On th e time a nd proper spraying prima ril y for the fir s t brood han gs i 8 per cen t. of the success in t he con t r ol of th e moth for th e en ti re season . Bu t cons idere d fr om th e size of each gen eration alone th e m ot hs increase greatl y in number in ea ch succeedi ng ge ner a ti on a nd th eir capacity for doing dama ge, a ll condit ions equ al , of cou rse in cr eases proportionall y. In r eality, t he fir st brood , wh en considered a lone , owing t o it s small s ize and th e ext ra am ou n t of f rui t 18 generally on the trees at the tim e it app ears, would no t greatl y affec t t he numb er of apple s gath ered in th e fa ll. On t he other hand , the second brood, plentiful in n umber a nd ca us ing pra ct icall y to tal loss of a ll infesta ti ons mad e, is felt th e most . The third and fo urth generati on s do not increase by any me an s in th e same proportion as th e fir st and second ge nerati ons. P redaceou s an d parasitic ene m ies are a t their best at the time at wh ich th e th ird and fou rth gen er ations appear, and the fruit, too , is la rge in s ize and infestation s do no t ca us e to tal loss a s th e apples will ripen no rm a ll y a nd a re of more or less va lue . PARAS ITIC AND PREDACEOUS ENEMI ES OF THE CODLING MOTH. At no time duri ng the life hi story. of th e codl ing mo th is it secure from th c attack s of ene m ies . Ev en th e tiny eggs of the mo th ha ve t hei r parasites. F ig-. 7-'1 'r iGJw!ll'amma prctio sa . E gg par a site of the cod li ng moth , grea tl y enla rge d. From ( H i ley . 4th R opt . Ent. Com . U. S. Dep t. of Agri . }. 'I'ricnoaramana pret io sa, Fi g. 7, is the most ben eficial parasite of t he egg. It wa s observed wo rk in g on th e fir st brood of eggs in a sm a ll way and with the adven t of th e sec on d brood , its effor ts were encou r ag ingly satisfactory. By consulti ng tab le on pa ge G i t will be see n t h at of 964 eggs observed of th e sec ond brood , 184 wer e parasit ised , or in ot her words, a fraction ov er 19 per ce nt. It is a fa ct worthy of note that as th e se ason advan ced th eir work wa s more pronounced and th at t hey a ided m ateriall y in t he cont rol of the sec ond and la t er broods. T his parasite is wid ely di stributed and is w ell known as attack ing the egg and rendering invalu abl e servi ce in lesseni ng th e losses from t h e 19 cotton worm. As hi gh a s five of th ese para s ites wer e bred f rom a sin gle egg not larger than an ordinary pin-he a d, a nd they mayor ma y not eme rge from their ho st th rough se pa rate exit holes. Of t he ene m ie s of the larval a n d pupal st age s, the p re daceous enemi es a re parti cul arly ab u nda nt. Several sp ecies of s pi ders find in t h em a most t empting meal. The sm a ll red spider, A nvs t i ao ilis, is pre-emi ne ntly a ctive. T hey ca n be found constantly t ra ve li ng over t he foli age of a pple trees, and if hy cha nce a newl y ha tch ed larva comes thei r wa y it is invari abl y se ized. In our egg bree di ng expertmen ts the first obj ect to in sure su ccess was to be doubl y s u re th at no red spiders wer e inclosed in th e hr eeding jars. Fi g . S- PN 1Ilsy lvu n ia so ld le rl>e e tl e ( Ch aulioYlla1//11. p ClIlI sy/rull icu s ) . The larva of the P ennsy lvan ia Sold ier- beetle (O luuuioqn at lvu IJelln, sylvani cu sj Fig. 8, search es a ll n ooks a n d cre vice s on t he t r un ks of trees, a nd countless n umbers of app le worms, while getting r eady t o spin their cocoons, fall vic ti ms to the i r g ree dy jaws. E ven before th e larvae leave the frui t a nd after they h av e m ad e t he ir cocoons the y a r e located by this prying in sect. F ig. 9 shows the la r va attacking a codling moth la rva ; not e the pow erf' ull y developed ja ws. Fig . U-L a l' va of th e P ennsy lvan i a So ldie r- bee t le ar tuckt nc a codl lng moth la rv a . Most all a nts will arrest the codli ng moth la r vae in their exposed travels an d with some spe cies of an t s the cocoon is not a ltogether a p rotection. Four specie s of ants : D orymyrm ex pyramicu s Roger, Stenamma (Apha eno gaster j [uhnnn . Ro ger V Q1'., M Oll om or i um m inlltllm May r var. minimum Buckley, an d Cre nuist oitas te r aslim etuii Mayr, we re observed to gnaw into t he cocoons and drag fo r th the la r vae and eventua lly put the m to death. A h ym en opter ous para site, Haltich ella sp., wa s br ed freq uently fr om the pupae and seems to be quite a valuable parasite. The grub of this insect lives within the body of the larvae and the pupa e of the app le worm until m ature, and th e adult eats its wa y throu gh t he pup al sk in and cocoon of its ho st. Birds are on e of our most efficien t aids in controlli ng the codli ng mo th . Practi cally a ll bi rds that frequent appl e orchards fee d by chance, more or less, upon the several stages of the moth. One sp ecies, the down y woodpe ck er, needs to be pointed out particu larly a s workin g energetically, in season and out, in searching for th e larva e a nd pupae in cocoons on the trunks of trees. Th e te lltale hol e in emp ty cocoons in ea rly spring lea ves no doubt of the va lu abl e se r vices rend ered by this friend, the woodpecker. Bats are recorded as feeding upon the adult moths. We h ave obs er ved th em circle abo ut apple trees in t h eir fligh t and it is li kely th a t a great m any ad ult moths perish in t he ir fro li csome jour neys lat e in the afternoon fro m th is so urce. Several other predaceous and parasitic en emi es that a id in combating the codling moth have been noted in different sections, but a s Prof. Sli ngerla nd has we ll sa id, " I n sp ite of the n umerous enemies, eno ug h codling moths succeed in running the gauntlet every year t o allow it to take rank as the most destructive apple pest in nearly a ll parts of th e world ." 21 PART II. EX P ERIMENTAL SPRAYING. T he sp ray ing feat u re or the codli ng mo th investigation was con - du ct ed in orc ha rds at Tallapoosa a nd P omona. At th e form er plnce t re es of the Ben Dav is va r ie ty com pos ed experime nta l plats, a nd at th e la tter , T erry's Win ter. T he I3en Dav is t re es wer e eight years old a nd th e crop gat he red was the first impo rtant one bo r ne by them . The majori ty of trees in th e orc ha r d at Tallapoosa , how ever, wer e fr om fiftee n to tw enty yea rs old, and at no ti me had th e orch ard bee n sp rayed for th e codling moth . T he Terry's Wi nter t rees a t P omona were t welve to fift een yea rs old an d h ad been sp raye d fr om on e to three times for t he codli ng m oth s ince th ey came in t o bearin g. or yea r ly for s ix or seven years. F ro m eigh t to twelve t rees were included in eac h plat at bot h places and the arrangemen t of th e check plats in th e experimen t block of t rees wa s as is illustra ted in cha r ts I and II. The location s of t he exp eri m enta l plats in the orchards and their prox im ity to storage h on ses a nd cella rs (see charts I a nd II ) were so me what differ en t, but bot h orc hards were equa lly fr ee fro m infestati on from surro nnding or ch ards. Ar senical Bo r dea u x of the fo r m ula , lime G poun ds, bl uestone 3 pounrls. Dis parene 2 pounds, wate r fift y ga ll ons , was t he spray nsed . T he foll owin g sp ray ontl ine wa s tested : SP RAY I N G OUT L I N E. Nu m ber of Sprav tn gs and T ime of App lication a s Indicat ed Be low, I I Plat. Just a~ I }ll'tals fall l .J lI~t be for e _" _"1_YX__ '_'1_0:_-'- C_' T t' ll tl a y ~ 1a fit, 1' lu st U I__ l_da_la<_~ir._.. _ a"pP"LlI'e~lll~:~!~ntcell;~:b-;r-lo'~o~:dO; \ Two \\'1'1'1\~ lat el' I ] ,1 '.!1lc1 ::1'11 II 1, 1 :!1 1l1 III 1>1 1\ ' 1,1 ~ l l( l v 1>1 :2l1tl \'I 1,1 :!1l 11 :;n l \ ' 11 1>1 :!ncl ;;1'11 lI h \'I ll 1>t IX ] ,1 '.!Ilfl Gr eat care wa s ta ke n to have the di ffer en t s pr ay ing s appli ed at t he desi gna ted ti me indi ca ted in the out line, and the exact da tes on whi ch t he spray lngs were m a de were as foll ows : ;~~ ~ ' f!"'( ., ~ .~~: ~ r Jb ~ ~'~f, 1 .1 "I 0 1,: 0~ "c'1:..1I ,. ,~ i '. I W 1I JI. ..J. ) 1', 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .,1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 . , 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 000 000 ~ . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 . . e n: i O1: co -v" L ~c--o '.3 tPffi , ,1 '.1 ,,. t r, r, '" ..... o . Ap p les on g ro u nd so u nd. t ho se in ba sk et wormy . l'i g. lI-Frui t rro m t ree in pint -I. Appl l's 0 11 g r ou nd s ou n d, th os e in baske t wo rmy . 26 Fi g'. 1 :!- -F'ru i t ( 1'0 111 t ree in pl a t n. .-\pplt :-: o n t he gTll lI l H l so u n d , th o s e In hn:-:kpt wormy . F ig. 13- FI'u it I ro m an unsprayed tree. Apples t o th e righ t sound and th ose in and near basket wor my. Bordeaux, th e t rea tm en t of th ese se ve ra l t roubles is com bine d and th e cost re duce d to a pi t tan ce wh en compa re d to th e high er per centage of soun d, bright fruit ga th ered at picking time t ha t wou ld no t otherwise be obt a in ed . Fi ;.:. l G-Tree in ch eck plat a t gut h ering ti me . No t e t he der olt.iti on du e to lea f s pot , and sea rei ty of appl es on tree. One thorough spraying with Bordeaux ju st after the trees ha ve fully leafed out is sufficien t an ordin ary year to cont ro l leaf spot. Du ring a n exceedingly rainy season two sprayings, the s econd coming three to fou r weeks after the first, give better results, in that t he apples are colo r ed more highly. By com pa r ing Figs. 16 and 17, th e importance of preventing leaf spot is more r ea dil y appreciated. It might a lso be stated that t he apples gathered from the unsprayed trees sold for just halt wha t those did that ca me off t he sprayed trees, and that the yie ld was only about a fourt h wh at it wou ld have been if trees had been sp rayed pr ope rly. So me harm ful effects of improper spray ing . Wh ere Bordeaux en ters into the a r sen ical spray, care must be tak en th at it be not too st r ong. T h e us e of more than th ree pounds of bluestone in fifty gallons or 29 Fig. 17 - ::; p ra ~'et . i ].I " :.!S ti:l 1:; 1 1:1, .~ r) CJ'2 From five of the sixteen trees, 3,920 infested apples wer e gathe red ; or, in oth er words , eight a n d a fr action per cen t. of the codli ng mot h larvae th a t ente re d t he fr ui t were trapp ed. In view of the fa ct that so few la r va e are trapped ben eath th e bands and t ha t considera ble t ime is consume d in exa min i ng th e ban ds weekly, the ba nd in g sy stem, to pu t it m ild ly, is a n en ti rely obso let e m ethod, even as a n adjun ct, of figh tin g t he codli n g moth eco no m ica lly a n d ad vantageo us ly . Beneficial measures in cont rolling t he Cod ling Moth. Of t he ben eficia l measu res against th e codling mot h clean culture is one of value. Clean cult ure, with mos t hibern at in g ins ects, ca n not be r econu u end art too hi ghl y. The fac t t hat th e la r vae pass the winter in cocoons und er th e rough , loo se bark on the t r un ks of th e trees , wh ere sufficient protec ti on is a fforded them, m a kes it very im por tan t t hat t he trunks of the trees be kep t clean of loo se bark , as well as t he orcha r d free from r ubb ish or ot he r suitable hi bern a ti n g places. The dead bark ca n be clea ne d from the trees to a g reat extent \;y s pra ying with Bordeaux or by thoro ug h ly scraping t he tru nks of the t rees wi th a blun t tool of so me kin d. As a lready stated, cellars a nd stora ge houses cons ti t u te an important so urce of infes tation. Hundreds of larvae are taken wi th the frui t in the fa ll to cell a rs a nd stora ge houses wh er e t hey h ib ern at e unt il spring, an d or din aril y wh en the a dult m oth s ap peal' tney m a ke their esc a pe to som e nea r by or chard . Wh er e it is poss ibl e to s cr een th e cell a r s or storage houses, it is no t necessary to seek out the cocoon s in win ter ; in st ea d t he adu lt moth s ma y be a llowed to eme rge a n d lit erally star ve to dea th in t he sc ree ne d com pa r tm en t s. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS. The firs t or h ibernating codli n g moth s m a ke t he i r a p psa rance In f rom ten da ys t o tw o weeks a fte r the apples bl oom In spring. Eighty-six per cent. of the eggs a re laid on t he upper surfaces of th e leaves, and th e yo u ng la r va e in a great many cases a r e fo rced t o s ubs is t for se veral da ys by feeding on th e leaves befor e t hey fin d a n a pple. Abou t three-fou rths of t he la rv ae enter the fr uit by way of th e ca lyx end. 36 APproximately seven week s a re cons ume d in the life cycle of the moth, a n d we have three a nd a part of a fou rt h ge neration, or brood, when sp ri ng opens early. Parasites a nd predaceous ene m ies of the moth a re very ac ti ve a nd aid ma terially in holdin g t he pest in check. Th e an n ua l loss from t he cod li ng mo th in the Sta te is sa fely fro m fift y to se vent y pe r ce nt. of the app le cro p wh er e spra ying is not pr acticed . T he t ime to apply th e fir st s pray ing is ju st before th e ca ly x closes . On the time a nd proper a pp lica tio n of th is spray ing hangs 7S per cent. of th e succe ss in the control of th e cod li ng moth for the enti re se a son. Two sprayings, the first a pp lie d j ust before the ca ly x closes a nd the second from seven to eigh t weeks later wh en t he second brood a ppea rs, give the best results from an eco nom ic stand point , 90 per cen t. of th e fr uit being protected. Late spray ing s a lon e are of ve r y li t tl e value and, u nless pr eceded by a spraying befo re t he ca ly x closes, should not be a tt empted . Ca re ful a tten ti on should be g ive n the sp ray operation . All pa rts of th e t ree sho uld be tho rough ly cove re d and the spray app li ed un til it drops fr eely from t he foliage . To do this most con venien tl y a hi gh pr ess ure sh ould be main ta in ed so as to se cu re a mist-lik e s pray, and th e nozzle should be t urned at a n an gle so that t he oper ator ca n direct th e spray eit he r upward or downward at hi s will. Ba nding even as an a dj unct m ethod of figh tin g th e codli ng mo th is a waste of time. S pra.yi ng costs a me re trifle a s comp a re d to the value of th e crop protected from the codli ng moth. 37 NOTICE. Th~ Bulletins ot the Georgia State Board ol EntomoloZT. whieh are of present practical value and aWl avanable, are mentlon~d beloW'. (The numbers Dot mentioned are either out of date or exhaust~~ . Appllratlon for any ot these numbera should be addressed to tho Stat. Entomolog ist, Atlanta, Ga. Bulletin N o. lZ.-Mexlcan Cotton Boll Weevil Bulletin No. 1S.-Some Common Insecta Injurious to the Appl~. Bulletin No. 18.-Pear Blight Disease in Georgia, and Pear Leat Blight. Bulletin No. 20.-Part I. Report ot State Entomologist tor 1905. Part II. Crop Pest Law and Regulations. Bu ltetln No. 21.-Sprayin' to Control the San Jose Scale. Bulletin No. 22.-Black Root Disease ot Cotton. Bulletin No. 23.-The Apple Woolly Aphis. Green Apple Leat Aphis. Remedial Measures tor Same. Bulletin No. 24.-Cotton Anthracnose and Cotton "Rusts." Bulletin No. 2G.-Peach Leat Curl, Yellows, Rosette and Little Peach . Bulletin No. 27.-Proceedlngs ot Horticul tural Society tor 1908. Bu lletin No. 28.-"Black Roo t" Disease ot Cotton in Geor gia a n d Its Con trol. Cir cular No. G.-The Use ot Sol uble Oils Against San J ose s cate. Ctrcular No. 7.-The Hessian Fly In Georgill.. Circular No. 8.-Report on E xperIm ents tor Control ot San JOse Sca le. 19071908. Circula r No. 9.-The Brown -Ta ll )loth. E . L . WOnSH vxt. State Ell tomologtst . Georgia State Board of Entomology BULLETIN No. 30. DECEMBER, 1909 Proceedings Of the Thirty-third Annual Meeting of the Georgia State Horticultural Society Held at Athens, Georgia, August 4th and 5th, 1909 Published by the State Board of Entomology and State Horticultural Society. Georgia State Board of Entomology Bulletin No. 30 . December, 1909 Proceedin gs Georgia State Horticultural Society 1909 Published by State Board of Entomology and State Horticultural Society A'rLA N'l'A, G A. C IIM;' P . Bvnn, STAT E PIII ]\'I'E I:. HJOD. Georgia State Board of Entomology OR G A N I Z A T I O N T. G. IIUD SOK Cha i r ma n, Conu u iss io ne r of A gri culture, Atl anta Ex-offlci o M om b ur P .r. BERCIO L\ XS Presid cu t., S t a te H orti cultural Sociotv, Augusta E x-otn ei o :Mplllb e r .T. .T. COX N lm Prr -sidr-nt , Stat e Agri cultur:i1 Koeip!., -, (' a rtp rs " illc E x-otncio )[eIll1le r Eo L. , \' OHSIL\)[ '5tate Entom ol ogist ancl Scerctu ry of th e B oard, Atl anta A. C. LEWI S Assist ant St at e E nt omo logist , Atl ant a W. Y . H E E D Fi eld As si st an t Ent om olo gi st , A tlanla W. W . CH AS E D epu t y Inspect or, Atl autu G. H. CAS E Y Deputy I ns pecto r, Ad n lrs v il!e Georgia State Horticultural Society OFF I C E'R S 190 9-1 91 0 P . J. BEH GIDL\l\S PHESIDEX'l' VIC E -l'H ES lDEl\ TS 18t Congrcss ion ul Di st rict-e-L. H. FAID lEi{ 2nd Cong ress ional Di stri ct-H. C. WHITE 3 rd Congressio na l D ist rict-C. W . WITHOF 'l' 4t h Congressiona l Di st ri ct-c-J. .T. S'l' HAKAIL\l\ 5t h Cong r essional Di strict - CHARLES DECKXER lith Cong ress ional Di strict -A. D. W I LLIA ~ IS 7 t h Cong rc ssion ul Di st r ict -G. H . ~ l lLLER 8 t h Congressio nn l Dist ri ct- B. W. H Ul\'I' !J tlt Congre88ional D istrict-I. C. ,V AD E 10th Congre ssionn l Di strict-e-W. T. HABLEY 11 t it Congre ssionn l Dist rict-D. 11. H UG HES SECHE' l'AHY .1 B. W IG IIT 'l' HEASU HI;' R LO UIS A. B E HCIO IANS Augu sta Lou isv illo De W itt Fo rt Va lley B ulloc hv illc At lanta Yat esvi lle Home E at on t on Corne l ia Sparta Dan vi llc Ca iro Augu st u STANDING COMMITTEES '1'. H. :l\ l cl lattoll L. A. Bcr ckm an s .J. B. ,V iglt t H. R. Staigltt H erber t C. W hit e OX NEW FBUI'l'S. .- .. __ __ R. C. Berck muns H. B. Cha se G. H , ~l i ll er ON SYl\ON YIIIS. __ 1 Ath e ns Augustu Ca iro Demo rest DeW it t Augusta __ . . . . Huntsvi lle, Ala Ro me U. \V. Hun t A l f'rc d Cu t hb er t H. C. Ber ck mun s II. L, B oon e ; _. , _ __ ' __ Eat 11111011 Au gu st a ,\ ug us t a \' alll osia O~ \,El ;ETAflLE ClJ LTU I:J-: Prof. H . E . S t oeJ; lJri tig e I f. L . L ong __ __ Cha rl es D cck ner .Ino, A. Cob b "" " " Ch a rles S. B ohl er ,\ t la lli a Ll'es1J u l'g ,\ t la nt u A me ri cus A ugu st a OX J>ACKIX G O F F HU IT S ,\ X \ ) Y IX :I;TAflLI;S. U. ' W . Withoft F ort \ ' a ll ey C. .T. lIood __ ' . . Comme rc e W. II. 'F elt on , .1r. M acon I. C. W a d e _ ' __ Coru el in ON ',t' H"\ K SPO H'L',\'I' IO:\ ( H' 1'ln ; IT t\ ,\ :,\ 1) v 1';<:1;T ,\I IL ES. I. M, F'lem i ug '. ' \ lIanta .Ioh u 'f. " ' cs t __ __ Th o I Il SOIl Willis .M. 130.\'<1 ,\ t1 a irs \ille Geo. Wh it e, .l r., _ Sp a rta \\'. C. Stafford lla ru vs vi llu D ud ley :'1. Hu ghes .Io h u F . \, cst Geo . Gilmore C. .r. H OOlI W. H . F elt on , .Jr. . O X 1.1';<:IS L,\'1'1OX . _ _. ' __ __ Duu vi lle 'l' homsou W urf hcn Connnerc o :. Iu (' 0 II Prof', A lf' rcd A k ermu u Eo L . \\'orsh alll A. C. L ewi s __ ox F O I{ I,;S'l'HY. 0 :'\ .mo r.o Y. \ t.he us At.lu nt u At lnnt a " ROLL OF MEMBERS THE GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 1909-1 910 Ak er muu, P rof . A lf red Alst on, Dr. N . E . . At hens Ri cbland Ber ckmau s, L. A. . lJpr ckm an s, P . J . . Ber ckman s, Mrs. P . .J. Ber ckm an s, H. C. . __ __ I3er ck mans, J' . J. A., .Ir. . Boo ne, H L. . __ __ Bo hler, Chas. S. . Boy d, Willi s :i'lL _. , __ Bl a ck, H. H. . Augus ta Augusta Augusta Augusta Aug ust a Va ldosta Aug ust a . Ada irsville Corneli a Carroll, J . S. . Cha se, II. 11. ' Cla rk , J no . \\ ' . . Cob b, .Tno. A. . Cut hb er t, A lfr ed __ __ __ ' __ Atlanta Hu ntsville, Ala August a Am er icus August a Dec k nor, Chas Atln ut n Fa rm er , I,. H. . F elt on, W . H ., .Jr. . __ Fo rt, J . P. . F leming , 1. ?If. Fl em in g, .Tas. L . . P ng az zi, ?If. __ L ouisvi l!c M acon At he ns __ Atla nt a Augusta ~ O-1 Si xt h st. , Cincinn a t i, 0 Gilmore, Geo . . Gr iffi ng, C. ?If. Ha rl ey , ' V. J. . H ood, C. J. . Hughes, Dudley ilL Hu nt, B. W " ' ar th en Ineksouville, Fl n Sparta Comme r ce D anvill e Eatouto n Long, H . L . . L eesb u rg Lew is, A. C. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atlant ll 3 Mid dle to n, I V. S MiIler, J . C. . Mi ll er, G. H . . Nc Cl esky, L . L l\LcI-Iatt on, T . II . . Mo rril l, C. W Cla rk s H i ll S C HOllie H Ollie A tl an t a A t hon-, Atla nta itog(' rs, .T. X ., Gra n it e Hill Ag rl. S chool. Row land , \\'. 1\f. Sco t t, W. O. . S heppa r d, Geo. I V. . Sparta An g nst a Cla rk s H ill S C T all apoosa Staight, II. R. . St ra na ha n, J . J. . Stockbri dg e, P ro f. II. E : D e more s t B nlloc h\'i ll e 20 F'orsyt h st., A tl an t a Vo n H crff', B 93 Nassau st ., New York W a de , J . C. . Corne li a Waerni cke, H. E. : ] 300 Ponnsy lvn nin ave., \\' a sh ing t on, ]) C II' est, Jn o. '1'. . T homson Whit e, I I. K . . Sparta Whit e, H erhert C DeW it t Wi g h t , J . B . . Ca i 1'0 W i ght, ~Irs . T. B. Ca iro Williams, A. D Y u t osvi llo W hit e, Gco ., .lr Spa r t a Wi t hof't , C. W l<'ort V all ey W hitn ey , C. E. Au gu st u W or sh am , K L . S tate };n t om ol og ist A t lan ta HONORARY MEMBERS Alwood, Prof'. W. B ., V a , Poly techni c I nst itu t e Blacksburg, Vu Bail ey, Prof . L . H ., Dir . Corn ell Col. of A g r. . Ithaca, N Y Bra ck e t t , Col. G. B. , Chie f Div, of Po mology W ashi ngt on, D C "B us h, I s idor B ushb e rg, :li fo "Cray t on, H on. B . P Anderson, S U F n rn ass , H on . 13. F H ro wns ville, N eh "Gray, P r of. A sa , , Ca mb ridge , :IIfa ss Green , :1111'S. ,C. C. . Clayt on, Ala H al e, J . H So u th Glaston b u ry, Con n *H ex a mer, Dr. F . :III. :'j :! Lab'ayctt o Pl ace, Ne w Y or k, N Y J oly, Chas., V. -P . N nt'! H or t. Soc . of France P aris, F ra nce *~f eeha n, T hos. . Ger manto wn, P h ila de lp hia, Pu Mun son, T . V . . , Deniso n, 'I' ox N ewmu n, Prof . J . S. . , Cle ms on Coll ege , S , C P earson, T G Gree nsboro, N C Qu inn, ' P . T . . ?'ew a rk, N .T ' Sims, Col. H. )1. Columbia, S C "St.r ay m nu, D. I . L cn vouw or th , K a n *T Tmrh er, P r of. Geo New York, N Y "Wilder, H on . M a rsha ll P . . Bo ston , M ass "Deceas ed. b PREFATORY. Man y circumsta nces cause d a smaller a tt endanco at thi s session than usual. Several of our leading member s wer e on th eir va cation s abroad and in oth er States; other s obj ected to being present, owing to excess ive hot weather ; ag ain, th e failur e of th e fruit cro p in man y s ections of th e S tate and th e protracted drought whi ch prevail ed lately prevented our exh ibit of fruit s and vegetabl es from being as large a s usual. To offs et th e ohjec tions of man y who fail to attend our sessions on the plea of hot weather and bu sy occupation s, th e Soci et y has change d th e traditional tim e of meeting in Au gu st to th e fourth W ednesday (26th) of .Iunuary, 1910, wh en the Thirty-fourth Annual Session will be held a t Spa rta, Georgia , wh ich is a convenien t cen tr al point of th e S ta te. A s th e weather will then be less un comfortable, aIll] or chard and farm work less pressing, it is hop ed that ever y person inter est ed in the progress of fruit g rowing nnd correlated industries will be present and aid in keeping the Society up to the degree of u sefuln ess whi ch it ha s striven for thirty-three years to mainta in. L et ever y public spirite d citizen of Georgia come to Sparta, and thus show hi s app re ciation of th e work whi ch this organization is and has been doing for th e benefit of om State. Our Sparta fri ends are making special preparations for en te r taining the member s of the Society. Let the attendan ce be as large and enthusia stic as it wa s in form er years. 'I'hi s can be done hy an effort on your part, and remember th e date, .Innunry 26th , UllO. (j PROCEEDINGS. P re sid ent P. J. B er ckmans, of Augusta , culled the meetin g to or de r at 10 :30 a. m., but, as quite a number of th e memb er s wer e not present and were lik ely to a r rive 0 11 ear ly t ra ins, adjourn ment wa s had , at th e sugges tion of th e P r esiden t, un ti1 3 p. 11I. Prof. Mcfln t ton, of th e Georgia Sta te College of Agricult ur e, invited such member s as were pre sent, in t he meantime, to ride out nnd visit t he g rounds and buildings of t he new College of Agriculture, whi ch in vita tion was accepted and th e members made a very delightful and inter estin g tour under the guidance of Prof. MclIatton . 'I'he Presid ent ca lled th e meeting to or der th e second tim e a t 3 p. m., wh en a larger membership was p r esent. Rev. M. L . Troutman , pa stor of the F ir st Met hodi st Church of Ath ens, invoked th e divine blessin g fo r a successful and beneficial meet ing . H on. , V. :F'. Dor sey, Mayor of th e City of Athen s, welcomed the members and gues ts to the city, to it s churc hes, it s hom es, it s in stitutions of learning, and to it s near-beer saloon s, if any of th e memb er s could aff ord t he tim e. Col. B. 'V. Hunt, one of th e Society 's oldest and most valued members, in ap p rop riate words r espond ed to the addre ss of welcome, an d tha nked th e cit izens of Athens fo r their good wishes and kind offeri ng s of hospi tal ity. THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. ~, l ('mbe rs of t h e Cil'org ia Rt at" I In rt ien ltum l SOl'ie t y , L nrl ies an d Gent leme n : I regret exc eudingly t hat our at t end a nce t his year is so sm all. T here are a great many reasons f or t his, I suppose ; t he weather has 7 b ee n v e ry w a r m, a grea t mn ny -a rc on va cat io us, a nd a g reat man,r see m t o hav e lost th a t i nt er est in t he work of the Soc iety t hat w e ha d ho ped a nd exp ecte d t hey w ould con t inue . Se ve n yea r~ a go w e had th e plea sure of holdin g ou r nnuu ul sess ion i n thi s ci ty, but, ow in g t o t he desire of th e Georg ia St at e Ag r icul tn ra l S oci ety and of the D airy me n 's Associ a t ion to hav o a jo i nt meet in g wi t h t he H orti cultu ral Societ y, t he t i me a llo tt ed to ea ch b ody was t oo li mite d to p e r m it t he w ork of our sess ion 't o h e a ltoget he r sa tis f ac t ory a s to t he re su lt s. \\' e meet t oday u n der m an y m ore p lea si ng c. ir eu ms t n n..s, t he refo re eac h subj ect w h ich w ill b e pres en t ed hy ou r m em bers ca n r ece ive ample ti me fo r you r considcrn t io n a nd di scu ssion . It affo rds me s ince re pl ea sure i n a gai n g re eti ng you , a nd I a m su re t ha t I voi ce th e sc u t im cuts of ou r memb e rs and co-w or k ers in sa y ing t ha t we a rc gla d t o o nce mo re ho ld our a nnua l r eun ion in t his city, n ot ed a s a n ed nca t io na l ce nte r a n d for its cult ure . \ r e 'co ng ra t ula t e t his city on t he r a pid prog ress whi ch i t has mad e s ince w e met her e b ef ore, more es pecia lly upon ha y in g Ia t cl y i n a ug urated t he ina g n ifice nt Sta t e College of A gri cnlture, i n w hich a t la st our S t a te mu st h e co ugrn t ulat ed tha t a re-al College of A gri cultu ro , w ell equi p pe d a nd w it h an u p -t o-d a t e f ac ulty of ea rnost nud e flicie n t w ork e rs , h a s b een a dd ed t o i t s educa t io ua l fu cili t i es, a nd k no w t ha t ou r you ng . men , looki ng to th e li f e an d vo ca t.ion of a n A gri cultunili st , n eed 1I 0t g o a wa y f rom Ge or gi a a n d seck i nstru e. t ion else wh ere .t o b ecome p ro p erly fitt ed for t he ca re er of a success f'nl t ill e r of th e so il. E very b ran ch of t he prod uct s of our so il u ud co rrr-lnt ed i ndus tries, is recei vi ng u ntold b en efi t s f ro m t his i ns tit utio n f ro III w h ose in flu en ce new li fe is 'g iv en t o w ha t is man 's old est pursu it a nd w ill hel p it to b ecom e th e most p erfect. I ca n no t m ak e an e nu me ra tio n of th e v a ri ous t hi ng s wh ich a ma n o ug ht to k n ow wh o as pi res to b e a success f'ul H ort icult u rnl is t , b eca use t he sub jects p ertaini ng t o th is science are too ex te ns ive, a n d as mor e a n d mor e a re b ei ng dai ly a d ded t he reto hy th e ma ny sc ie nt i fic as well a s p ra ct ical di scov e ri es in t hi s a go of progress, ou r pursui t ha s n ow b ec ome o ne of specia lties. A s it is i mpossible that one man ca n b e expected to kn ow a ll of t hose va rious t hi ngs, w e ca n o nly a cq ui re s u fficie nt kn owled ge of t he m inut ia e of e ue. i s pe cinl metho d of cu lt i vu t ion fro m th c c x pc ri c n rc o f th ose wh o ha ve he come e xpe rts i n t he d iff'ere ut s ub jects w ithin t he d oma in of H ort.icul ture. Th erefore yo u r Socie ty is fo rt u uate in ha yin g so m au y presen t w ho, f oll owin g diffe re nt Ii nes i n th ese pl eas an t an d p rodu ct i v c a r t s , will g i ve th e r es ult s of t he ir ex pe rie nce; whi ch, b ei llg fr eely otl'crc d , m a k es a co mb inat io n of nd v n nt agcs se ldo m f ou nd wh e n o ne depends en ti re ly up on himself , or even ga ins kno wledge f rom ]'ea di ng- h ook s a nd period ica ls . 8 '1;he re is some d iff'ercu ce of opi n io n a s t o wh eth e r Ag ri cult u re or H or t icn lture w a s man 's fir st occ np a t io n, bu t fruit g r owe rs co n t c ud t l.u t , a s Ad am w a s th e fir st m a n e ng aged i n t h a t p ar ti cul a r a r t, a nd h is loca t ion b e ing in a ga rde n ca lled Ed en , w e, a s H orti eultu ra li s t s, may el a i m p ri orit y; an d th a t , w hil e w e ha ve mad e co ns idera ble p ro gress in a dyan cin g thi s a rt, still w e recog n ize t hat ud v a nccm ou t i n a ny of t he a rt s p er t a in ing to th e so il h a s bee n i n a n i n vers e ra t io wi th t hei r a nti quity , 'I' he cotto n tra d e, w h ich is t od ay rcce . \'l ng suc h car efn l n nd sci en t ific co ns idera tio n, is olde r th an c it her t he an cir-nt w ool or s ilk trade, hu t Llo rt icu lt n re is n ow m akin g more rapi d st ri rl es t ha n it d ill d u ring th e past g enerat ion, b eca u se as t he hum an m i nd is a d va n ce d a nd f ree from f o r merly cs t ab l is hc d prej ud ices, wh ich m ad e many t hi ngs ob scu re , th ose w e hav e n o long er to co nt e nd w it h ; t ha nk s to o ur mod ern sc ien ti st s wh o eleare :! S IO 2 .2 a . :11; Peanu t _____________ Pecan ______________ :!, , !J-I ;' 0 , 10 7, -1 :!!) . S ,Ia . ;' 11. , :\. 4 I :! . I 70 .7 S .'") :! ,I :; t W aII1I1L ______ __ ____ ;' S .S O CBheeeefsstee_a_k__(_r_o_u_n_d_)________ .r . . I );) . ':; :!7 , f I S . :! no.; I ~ J . S I:U ; "27 .7 :W .s I :;' t .1. I :! " Egl:s , b o iled ____ _____ II . :!O 0. . 0 I :! , I 10 ., :! .:! :! .H IO I. :1 :\. ;jIJO 1.7 :L 0 7i) .,1. 1 :L 7 z ..!1J54 ;0) , HSO Wh i tl'lm ",I _________ . : ~ ;) : ~ !l . :! I . :1 ;j ;"') " . tl 1.1 I . :! 1.1 Heun s , d riod , _______ P o t u t uc.-___ . ____ __ __ "20 . 0 " l :!. H :!:! .r, i s . :; .) 1 . S ;j .j . Li . 1 IS _O 1, -( I :\. ;; t , GO;, 1. 0 . :;X;j " !>11 wi ll obse rve f rom t h is com pn ri son t h a t nu t s , eve n t he s t a rc h," eh cs t nn t s , fu rni sh m o r e f u e l v n lu o p el' po uu .l t.hn n e it he r b eef', l' ggs or H CIWl1:..;e. They arc ric h i ll prot ein a nd l'a t , c o nl n i u i n g so ru sta rch u u .l but li t tl e wa t er . Th e peean is t he ri ch est ill fat , t ho ug h t he B ruz i l nu t , hiek ury nu t a nd walnu t a r e n ot far be hin d. In pr ot ein t he peanu t easi ly lead s, cont a ini ng 29.3 pe l' ce nt . pe l' pound, whil e r ound st eak conta ins only 19.8 per cent. Th e ches t nn t ha s mu ch t he largest ca r bo hyd rat e conten t , 7;J p CI' cen t., t houg h t he p ea nut sho ws nea rl y 18 p er ce nt. Nu t s a rc a lso w ell sup plie d wit h min e ra l ma t t e r. Th e a sh of the walnu t , ulmoud , e t e., is r ic h in p hosp horic a cid, compa r ing fu voru b ly wi th some of th e ce rea ls. As t o t he di gest ibil ity of nu t s 1 a m f ree to a d mit t hat they a r e in some di s reput e. 'I'h e ca use of t his , how ever, is ma inl y du e eit he r to iu sutll cicu t ma st icati on , t o crowd ing t he sto ma ch wit h t he m a ft er a hearty meal , or to ea ti ng th e m a t uu sca son ubl e h ours. , \'h en t hey a rc nccord cd a proper pl a eo in t he di et urv, do ub tless ' t hey w ill soon O\'e1'co me th is disf'a v or. P ro f .Ja ffa rep ort s a numb er of i n vcst ig ut io us cu rri cd on w ith a f ru i t a nd nu t d ie t , s ome on \'t'geta rian s, some on f'ru it uriu ns, an ti so nic on s ubjects wh o had livcd on a n ordi uury mi x ed r eg im t'n. 'I' he ge nera l ros u lt s a s t o t he cocffi ci cnl. of (lig csti biiity o] nu ts, mea ni ng by t h i.s' t he n vui lab le p ercent a ge of nu t ri men t , showe d p rot e in 90 p er cent ., f a t 9:) pe r cent., a ud ca rb ohy d ra te s 97 p CI' ce nt. As most of t he expe r ime n t s r ecord ed a t t he Ca li f orn ia a n d :Jl ain e ex per imen t stat ion s comp rise d som e nu t s not i n ge nera l u se in t he Sout h em Stat es , I des ired to fo r m a n inte ll ige nt op in ion a s t o th e dig cst.ibili ty a nd eco n om ic v ulue of t he pe can, pea nu t , a n d Braz il nu t , th ese t hree b ei n g th e on es most in f'uvo r w it h us. For t his pu rp ose I e nli ste d th e a id of :Jfessrs. J . I. M ntt hew s, J . G. D enln e,\\'. L . M orri s, G. D. 'I'h ompson, S. A. K irk land a n d E . S. D ea v e r, all t hese bein g s t u de n ts a t th e At la nta School of M ed ic ln e. Th ese ~'oun g men v olu utu ri ly offe red t heir eo-op era ti on, u n rl deserv e mu ch cre dit fo r th e pain st a k in g man ne r in wh ich t hey foll ow ed my d ire cti ons. They were a ll ow ed a su fficie nc y of carbo hy dra t es, a s b re ad a ml fr uit, bu t t ook no mea t , eg gs , b utt er, pea s or b ean s. 'I' he ir d ig est ivc fu nct ion s, wh ich w ere te st ed b efore go in g on t his d iet , w er e fou nd to be n or ma l. ]';a ch da y t hey were weigh ed , t hei r ge ne ra l cond it io n wa s no t ed , a n d t hei r e xc ret ions carefull y exa mi ned. Thi s di et w a s k ep t fo r fou l' dn y s wi th fivo of t he m, a nd three day s wi th D eaver, t his yo u ng man h ecom ing som ew hat na useated a t the e nd of th a t t im c. H e tl isco ntin ue tl t.he nu t s by my ord er, t.hough e nt irel y wil lin g t o go on with th e m. 'I'h e fo llo wi ng ta ble will gi vc on ly t he ma in find in gs, as an elu bor a t ion of all t he figu res f or eac h man eac h dny woul d he t edi ous. 15 Name N uts . D evane___ __ __ Peca n )'Iorri :;. _ _______ P e can T ho mpso n _ ____ 13ra zil D ea ve r _ ______ _ B razil Kirk luud , _ ___ _ Pe a n uts )I a tt he w_______.Pean uts No. L1",. W eigh t W eigh t Da ys. used . at st a rt. a t finish . Cost R em arks 4 , :~ ~ .i I: 140 . .10z. '14 1 . 10 0z. 75 c N or m nl condi t ion . 1 -I 15(1.11 oz . 15n . G oz. SOc Norma l co n d it io n . 4 Hi 1-10 .1 oz . 140 . Goz . 8.1C Xo rma l co n d it ion . :\ a ~-i lGS . 50z. I G8 . 0 oz . 5.~ c So m ewhu t.n au sea ted 4 4 la.S.u o z . '1:I:l. 14 oz. SOc 'N ormal co nd itio n . 4 a ~4 l GO.S oz . IG2 . -I oz. :75c 'No rma l condit ion. It wi ll IJe see n t ha t t wo g a i ne d i n we ight , t ha t t hree rc ma i uc d ab ou t t he sa me, t here b ein g a lo ss of on ly a f ew oun ces, wh ile only one' los t w e ight appreci ably. Th a t th e ca lor ies fu rni she d w e re suf fic ie nt s how ell in t hei r f eelin g of st ro ng t h a nd hu uyu uey. 'rh e.\' had no d ist urbu nen of c it her stomach or in t estina l f nnct ion, w it h t he sl ig ht cxccpt iun me nt io ucd . Du ring eac h d ay of thi s exp er ime nt th ese y oung me n soc mod " lit" i n e ve ry ,yay ; aud wh en t he cos t of t hese r esu lt s, h eari n ~ i n m ind t he a mou nt of hea t and e ne rgy produ ced , is co mpa re d wi th t he cost of a gi ve n am oun t of m ea t n ecessa ry t o g e ne rat e t he s a me hea t uu rl e ne rg-.\, i t is e nong h t o ma k e a thou ghtfu l obse rve r si t up a nd ta ke n ot ice , A s ha s b een s ho wn by t he fore go i ng , as w ell a s p rov ed hy otl u-r observe rs, the r ich co n te nt of p rot e in and fat i n n uts ca n h e ex ce ll en tl y assimi lut ed, h u t th ei r pl a ce i n t he di et , lik e t ha t of a ny ot her co ncc nt r a t ed f ood, sh ould b e ca refull y regula t ed . Au y di et , t o h e n orm a ll y p rop ell ed th rou gh th e d ig cst i ve en nul. sho uld p ossess a cc rt a i n bul k iness ; and fo r t his r ea son nu t s ca n b e b es t used a long wi th f ood s con t a iu i ng a larg e p ropo r t ion of ce llulose. " as fru it s, vegct ub lcs , bread s, crac ke rs, e t c. Alw ay s re me mb er th a t t hey s hould co nstit ut e a n int eg ral par t of t he menu , a nd n ot t o h e su pe ri mposed ou au a l rea dy suffici en t m eal. It i s to ld of a Georgia m er ch a n t t hat, on a r ecen t . tri p t o N e w Yo rk , h e w a s w in ed and din ed at f requ en t i nte r v a ls dur in g t he da y and ni gh t by so me of h is co mme rc ia l f riends. U nd e r th e se d uc t ive i nfluen ce of t emp t ing vi a nd s, good f ello wsh ip, a nd sundry mixed drinks, he ta x ed hi s st omac h to a wo nderf ul d egree, a nd just bef or e r et ir inghe pa r t ook of a s ma ll hu nch of g ra pes. In a f e w hours til e p a i ns of a n out ru gcd d ige st ive a p parat us fo rc ed h im to ca ll i n a p hysi cia n, vl.om he g-ravel .\ i ufu rm cd th at som e" V rtll' C-'," eu tvn t lur nig-ht befor e, see med to a ct ua lly p oi son him. 'I' he mora l is obvi ou s, 'I'h e t hor ou gh m a sti ca ti on of nu t s is also essen t ia l, t he co -utlle ieut of di gest ib ilit y b ein g in crea sed , a \l(] th e li ab il it y to di scomf ort h e ing decr ea sed by care in th is p a rti cul ar. Th e pop u lar b el ief t hat sa lt ad d ed t o nuts ma k es th ei r d ig os t iou ea sie r is n ot ho r ne out by inv es t iga ti on , t hough, t o ma n y pnrsou s, sa lt re n de rs th em more pala t a bl e , Hi /1'he limits of th is paper w ili no t p erm it me t o e n te r in t o ,ie t ai ls regardi ng th e speci fic u ses of nut s a nd nu t preparati ons in yaryin l-: cond it ions of hu ma n n eed. 'I' he ir nutrit ious qualiti es IUI\"e b een ut i- lized by n u mer ous institution s and ind lv id ual s in th e bu ild ing u p of wasted and i mpo veri shed ti ssu es ; their cha r ming flavors huv e enabled th e co nfectio n ers to in corp or a t e nu t s in ma ny of the de licious sweet- meats so a ll ur ing t o th e m a id en 's h ea r t ; whil e th e h ousew if e a nd ca te re r ha ve f oun d th em inval ua b le i n th e p reparat io n of count less da int y d i sh es . L et m e in conc l us ion st ress t he fa ct. t ha t t he v cgetuh lc prot e ius arc free fr om m an y of th e p oi so nous produ cts w ith whi ch th e flesh f oods abound, and tha t th ey less rnpidly und ergo put ref' act i ve eha nges in th e int est in es. Moreov er, so me of th e purest and most r eadily di - g cst ibl e f orm s of fat a rc t hose deriv ed f ro m nut s, b ei ng prov id ed a s butter oil s, or in th e emulsi fied f orms a s n ut butters. P eop le vary in their f'ood r equi rem ents, as do sto ves , f'umn ces 01' locomot iv cs i n t he ir f u el rcqu irem cnts, nnd in our effort s to f'nrnish t he u uit s of hea t a nd e nergy n ce<1 cll t o k ec p our b od i ly fur na ces xtnlcer] a nd in m nn ing ord er, w e s ho uld look w it h f'uvo r u p on th is nu t r it iou s class of food p rodu cts, whi ch n a t u re h a s so che a ply an d ho u nt if'ullv place d wi th in our rea ch, a nd wh ose goo d qu a lit ies hav e b een so scantily ap precia t ed. P ermit me, th erefore, t o co m me nd t o y ou t he st udy of n ut s nnd th ei r f oorl valu e, b cli eYin g thi s subject e nt irely wor t hy of Y OUI' so be r conside rat ion . . ,Y Col. ADE : I would like to ask th e Doctor if it is not true that sufficien t p r uss ic acid is con ta ined in th e nut or kernel of pea ches t o produ ce death ? Dr. NI LES : ~'l i ere is ju st enough to flavor th e nut. It is a flavor th at is ver y per meating, ju st as if you t ook a drop of kerosene oil and put it in a ba rrel of flour . 'I' here is very li ttl e of the acid to be fou nd in these nuts, and I do not thi nk it sufficient to p roduce po ison. Co1. ,VADE : 'The r eason I asked the question wa s becau se I tried it on a p ig, and it died. Dr. NI LE S : H ow long did it liv e ? Col. , VAT)J!J: F or severa l weeks. 17 Dr. NIL1'jS : 'rhi s a cid is an in stnntaneous pOISOll , and when it nets at all it acts at once. Col. BRACKgTT: I do not know that I have any que stion to ask on thi s subject, hut I wish to say that thi s is a mo st excellent paper and I do not feel like going away without commending the paper for the cons ideration of everyone . While at th e Chicag o gxpositi on in ] Sf/i], I met a man th er e who wa s an Engli shman. H e . told me he had lived foul' years on nothing but nuts and fruit s, and he wa s a perfect spec imen of health when I saw him . H e took ont from his pocket a littl e tin box about th e size of a bla cking box and showed me what his lun ch cons isted of. It was nut meats and fruit s, and he ate nothing else. I do not think it would be advisabl e f or a man to undertake to live entire ly on nuts. Fruits should go with it , and I think it is one of th e most healthy food s that a man can liv e on, if it is properly managed. ,Ve know that th e Indians in cer tain part s of the coun tr y I ive almo st entirely on th e nuts of th e pine tree. 'I'here are cer tain vari eti es of th e pin e tree whi ch produce nuts that are used a s food s, and we find that th ere is a perfect digestion of th e nuts when th ey are properly ma sti cated. Col. FOR'I': I have no question to ask, but my fath er , who wa s one of th e pioneers in Georgia , told me that in his early days he happened t o be stopping at an Indian wigwam, and he noticed th e Indian squaw picking th e kernels from some hickory nuts. U pon inquiry he found that th e Indian s made a kind of soup from these nuts, whi ch wa s very palatable and nutriti ons, thi s soup constitnting th eir ent irc dinner. IS ?\1r. VOK HEIU1'l!' : Th ere i ~ one question I wish to ask, whi ch, how ever , ha s nothing to do with th e nutritious value of nuts, and it is thi s : P erhaps the best kn own nut, called th e Engli sh walnut, i s"largel~' gr own in Californ ia ; I am fr equentl y asked by culturists and oth ers why it is not grown in th e East. 1\ly an swer alwa ys wa s that it leas grown in th e East , but I hav e fo und th at it is seldom th at I find an Engl ish walnut in th e East, and if I do it is 1\ very sma ll tree; in f act it is hard ly g rown there. , Yhy is th e English walnut, th e m ost pop ula r nu t, not g rown in thi s count ry eas t of th e Ro cky Mountain s '? rrhe PHESID]DNT: t will ask Prof. ?\filler to :IIl SW CI' that qu esti on. Prof.1\IILLEH: ,V e have sca tter ing trees of Engli sh walnuts f rom middl e Alabama, pe r ha ps from the F'lor ida lin e, t o New York S ta te ; but there seem t o be some troubl es to overco me, and r ecent exper iments hav e been made by gr afti ng th e E ng lish walnut up~n th e bla ck native stock, with th e hope 6 more success . I have heard from parti es in South Car olina who hav e had cons ide rable success by grafting these trees for a number of years on bla ck stock, but I think that possibl y one of th e gre a test troubl es in th e Southe rn pa r t of th e count ry is the tendency of what we call " winter kill. " Col. FO Rrr: , Ye hav e had some p r nctic n1 expe rience with the Engli sh walnut in Southwes t Georgia . Tw enty ye ars ago, before th e pecan wa s eyer budded, I planted an or chard of pecan s, and in clud ed am ong th em probably a hundred Engli sh walnut s. 'I'wo or three of th ose trees are living ye t, and as Prof. Miller ha s ju st sa id, " winte r 19 kil lin g " is th eir g re a test en emy. 'l'hey are ki lled in th e wint er, and can not be g ro wn su ccess f ull y in the alti tu de of S outhwes t Geo rgia . I pu t th em in with g r ea t ca r e, and at one time had a s man y a s a doz en or so trees g ro w. in g, but n ev er had any succ ess wi th th em. :\1 1'. VON J-n~RWF : It would seem, howev e r, that it is -not a ques ti on of t oo mu ch cold, fo r in Ca li furnin it is on e of t he mo st com mon trees that y on see alon g t he r oudways eve rywhe re, a ud th a t clima te, I mn su r e, is equa l ly as seve r e a s So u t hwe st (l eorgin . Col. FOWl' : \\' lla t we ('a ll th e E ngl is h walnu t is grmnl to a vcr)" limit ed ex te n t here, and for some c~ l i 7 mati c ca uses th ey a re n ot a success. 1 r em ember see ing up in Putn am coun ty a larg e t re e a t th e r esiden ce of Mrs. Co bb. I have climbed up th at tr ee a s a boy nnrl pu lled . off som e Engli sh wa lnuts. Prof. l'\ [ILLEH : It i s not th e se ver it y of th e cold, bu t th e irregularity of ou r se a sons, tha t produces t hi s " win t er kil lin g . " A warm sp ell with m oisture in th e soil will indu ce g ro wt h, an d a very slig h t a mo unt of cold below fr eehing po int wi ll ki ll nn Engl ish walnut, It will eve n k ill a p ec'an, i f it is in g rowing con dition when th e cold st r ikes it. 'l'h e PBI;:;SIDEX'[' : I th ank Dr. N iles f or bringing t hi s subject bef ore u s for di scu ss ion. 'I'he n ext subject in or der is " A p p ] In sect s ; Th eil' Life Hi st ory a nd Hem edi es, " by 2'1[1'. .A . C. L ewi s, ou r A ssis t an t S t a te Entom olog ist, of .A tlnnta . H e desires t o leave th is aftern oon , aud th erefor e a sk s th e p r ivi leg e of app earin g before yo u now, 20 APPLE INSECTS. By A. C. L ew is, Ass istant Stat e E ntumologist. Apple g ro \\;ing is fast b eco mi ng on e of Geo rgi a ~t' great f ru it industri es, a nd 'no w whil e i t is i n i ts infancy i s a go oel .time to ca ll att e n t iu n to some of th e m ost co m mo n a pple in sect s. In Xli c hig n n, New Y ork mid oth e r old ap ple gro w ing S tat es, t hoy h a v o fu nnel ont hy d ear ex p"rie nce ' tn a t t hey cannot g ro w applts sll c(essfnlly wi t hou t spray i llg . W h il e i t is t ruo t ha t we do not ye t ha n ' as mn ny appl e i nscet s tu cu u te nd w i t h as th e older apple gro win g S ta t es , w e hav e e llong h t u mak e i t wor t h whil e to ca refull y figh t th os e we han' . T he appl e gro we r in Geo rgi a. w he t he r he has f ew or many t re es, w ill find that i t will pa~' him w ell t o wat ch ou t fo r und t o fight t he f oll ow i ng : App !o T ree Bo rers, '," 0 011.\' A p hi, Gr ee n ,\ p p le L ea f A ph is , a nd Cod ling :\Iot h. Th ese we w i l l b ri efl y consi der i n th e order meu -: t iun cu . T. (Superdu ca nd id a Fab.) ( Chryso bo t ln -is f em orut a Fnb. ) A comm on injury to a p ple trees is t hat ca us ed by bo rers in the main trunk at or n ea l' t he su rfa ce of t he ground . 'I' hc re are t wo suc h b or ers t hat arc common on a p ple trees in this Stat " , t he Houn d and Fl a t head ed . 'I' hey bot h w ork in about t he sa me w a y ; tha t is, 'i n t he s a p w ood j us t b en ea th t he bark. 'I'h e r oun d head ed bo rer w or k s main ly o n t he t r u nk , u suall y at 0 1' nea l' 't he gro u nd, whil e t he fla t head ed b or er in ha b i ts a ll p art s of a t r ee f ro m t he tru nk to t he l i nib s, a nd show s a deci d ed pr ef er, enee f or d isea sed t rees . It takes t hre e ye a rs fo r t he ro u nd head ed bore r t o co mplet e it s l if e cycle, wh ile th e fla t hea d ed b o re r com ple tes i t s g ro wt h i n on e y ear. T he adults of h oth appeal' a bo ut th e sam e t i me i nf he spri ng, during Mu y and .I u ue , :\1]0;'1'110])8 OF CO ); T IW L. P rev en tives. Fu r hot h 01 th ese borers til e sa me p re vcu t i ves ma y bo u s ed. Wrap pin g t he t r u nk w i th s ev era l t hi cknesses of u e ws pape r, 0 1' ot he r t a rred p aper , h a s giye n v e ry good r esults . Ju st ou d of the n ew spap er, wi r e ga uze ma y he u s ed , W ha t e\"e r is u sed sho uld ex t e n d up t .h e t runk nho ut t wo f eet a ud h e cove re d at t he l insc w it h ea r t h :11111 secu re ly t ie d at t ho t op. T he w i r e or p aper sh ould h e p ut in p luce ill :\I a y ant! not. re mo ve d unti l aft er Sept ember l st . .I t is als o w ell , t o 21 lise a bove 0 1' in connec t ion with t hes e ba nds so me good det.errcu t caustic wash. Whatev er was h is used s hould be applied t horoughly e very t wo or four weeks u nti l three appli cations hav e been made. It must be r emember ed that th ese coverings and wa sh es a ct only a s preventi ves, a nd t hat som e borers wi ll gct in t he trees in spite of the m, au d so all trees s hould be w ormed. After t he borer has entered the tree, about t he on ly th ing to do is to cut th em ou t. A great many s ubst a nces have been us ed t o k ill th e b or er s in the trees, but n on e have giv en v ery good r esults. Ab ou t the best subs t a nce so far r ecommended for this purpose is k er osen e. Xl r, T . B . Ashton, a correspon dent of t he B ureau of P lant Ind ustry, says he has used k er osen e wit h success. 'I'h e ke rosene is a ppli ed to th e castings of the la rv no that arc protrudi ng t hrough t he bark . Th e cas tings ab sorb th e k er osen e unti l it comes in con t ac t wit h t he larvae, k illing t hem. Some k ill th e bo re rs by pr obing with a s ha rp w ire. All this w ork s hould be don e ill Se p te mbe r and October. T il l'; APPLE WOOLI ,Y APH IS . (Sc h izone u ra lanigera Hauss .) 'I' his plant lou se attacks th e roots of th e apple, a nd al so the limbs. .Its prese nce 011 the roots causes ga lls, and eve n on t he limbs s mall ga lls a re produc ed . '1'his plant louse, like ot he rs, sec u res it s f ood by s uck in g t he sap from th e plant by means of a slen der proboscis. 'I'his irritation and possibly a poi son inj ect ed into the plant produces th e galls. As th e ga ll s i ncre ase in si ze and numb er s, the roots soon b egin to decay. This rotting of the root s and plant food tak en up by t he lice arc a great d rain o n the vital ity of t he tree attack ed, an d soo n r esuit i n a sick ly, d wa r f ed growt h of th e t r ee. Life History. Th e lif e h is t ory of t he W ooll y Aphis in shor t is as f ollows : B eginn ing with th e f orm occ urri ng on the roots in mid-sum mer , w e ha ve wingless, agami c f emales, capable of giving birth to living young at the rate of two t o twe nty per day. This for m co ntin ues u nt il la t e i n t he season , w hen a fe w wi nged, agamic f em al es are p r odu ced . T hese mig ra t e fro m t he r oot s of th e tree wh er e t hey w ere bo rn to t he l imbs of that 0 1' ot her trees in the orchard, and t hus th ey are spread fro m tree to tree. 'I'h e offspring from these w inged, agamic f em al es are tru e ma les and femal es. Th e tru e f emal e de velops one sol it a ry eg g w h ic h, i n th e spri ng, ha t ches in to a n agam ic f ema le li ke ' t he one we s tarted w ith in mid -su mmer. T he aga mic fe ma les a re p r es en t th rough out th e yea r in Geo rgia . W e havo never fO l11111 t he eggs, but it is p ro babl e that t hey e x is t, though th eir presence i ~ n ot necessary f or t.h ~ propagati on of th e s pec ie s from y ear til rll~. ~ \!~ thi s mild climate.. Im~ lJmL\L 111EAS U HES. 'I'h e old stu udurd reme dy for th e \\"oolly Ap his was toba cco dust. .l n 1905 a nd ] 906 t he Geor gia Stat e Board of Entomology ca rri ed on experiments wi t h different substances t o det crmi no w hi ch w ou ld be th e most eff ective r em ed y f or th is i nsect . From th ose expe rime nts it w as det erm in cd th a t k er osen e e muls io n w as th e most efl'cc t iv o s ubs t a nec used. 'I'h e r esult s of t hesc expe ri me nts wer e publi sh ed in detail i n B uflet in No, ~:I, so I w ill on ly cons ide r th em bri efly her e. 'I'h e s ub st ances t ested wer e tobac co stems, kuiuit , k ainit and tobac co dust, 'I'oh aco decocti on, commo n sa lt, wh al e oil soap, toba cco potash wh al e oil soap , ca rbon bl -sulphi d e, and ke ro sen e emuls ion. T he res ults fro m t he t oba cco dust treatment wer e YNy poor as a who le ; th e ku i ni t had no effect what ev er on t he Aph is. X one of t he ot her subst a nces t es ted gn ve as good result s as t he ke rosen e cmuls lo n. Th e ke rose ne e mulsio n wa s t est ed a t ] 0, ];"j, ~O , ;10 and 4 0 pCI' cent. In eac h case it gn ve v ery /-\,ood results. :1"0 1' gcuerul usc we r ecou u ue nd th e ] ;"j pCI' cc nt. solution. In t re at ing tree s wit h k ero sen e e mu ls ion t he soil s ho uld b e re moved \<. a dep th of t wo 01' t hr ee in ches in a ei rclc fro m t wo t o six f ee t , a ccord ing' to t he size of t he t rc e, '['0 t his e noug h solut ion should be applied to sa t ura te t he so il to a dep t h of tw o inches. Af't er t reut mcut, th e soil should be re p laced . In th e expe ri me nts it wa s fo und that t he odor of til e k er osen e r em ain ed in th e soil f or se ve ra l months. T hus it will be see n th a t ker osen e not only kill s th e insec ts it to uc he s, but a ct s as a repellant and k eep s t he Aphi s f rom retu rn ing to t he treat ed roo ts . GRBEN APPLE L EAF APH IS. ( Aphis pomi D eGeer. ) Th e Gr een Appl e Leaf Aphis is very co mmon in Georgia , nnd fr equ ently does a great dea l of damage to young apple t re es. 'I'h ey atta ck the t ender growt h, ca using t he leaves to curl, a nd hln ck cn , au d mayb e die . 'I'he curl ing of t he lea f is ca us ed by th e ap his sucking t he sa p f r om t he un der si de of th e lea f . 'While t he tree is not ki lled by th e ap his, the growt h is great ly retarded an d t he lim bs d istor t ed. ' Ye will not give th e life history of this a phis i n ful l. 'I'he wint er is passed in th e egg. Th e eggs hat ch in th e spr ing int o agamic fe ma les or, as they are calle d, "ste m mothers, " whi ch give bir th t o Iivi ng young. Th e first gen eration matures i n about fift een days ; th e f rill 0 w i ng gen eration s in eig ht or n ine day s. In t he second and th ird generations a few winged fo r ms ap pea l', an d t hese a r e t he mig ra tory one s t hat sp read t he a phis f rom o ne t r ee to another. One peculia rit y of t his aphis is that t he yo ung of t he wi nged fo rm s mature wit hout wings. T hroughout th e s umme r thi s aphi s cont inues t o produ ce agami c f emal es unti l th e la st ge ne rat ion in l ite fall, wh e n w e hnvo th e tru e mal es a n d fe mal es, Aft er mat i ng th e f emales deposit egg s whi ch r em a in on the trees ov er wiuter, ani! h at ch t he n ext. sp ri ng in t o " ste m moth e rs, " RE ~ m D IA L ~mA S U RE S , 'I'h is a p his ca n b e con t rolled v ery ea si ly by sp ray i ng, i f the sp rayin g is b egun i n t im e ; th a t is, h efo re t he lea \' es cu rl. A ft er t he lea ves h a ve cur le d, it is m u ch more d iflleu l t to r ea ch th e i ns erts wi th th e so lutio n. I ha ve suc cossfu llv k i lled t h is a ph is w ith all th e following prcpuru t ion s W hal e oil so a p so l u t ion ( 1 lb. t o ;\ gal s. of w at er ) , k erosen e e muls io n ( I;;' p el' con t .), a nd t obn cco d ecoct ion (:~ lb s , t o Ii gal lon s of w a t e r, h oiling f or two h ours) , POl' the h egiu ner i n sp ra y i ug I w ould a dvise t he t ob a cco decoct ion, as it i s ea sy t o p rep are ani! i t will n ot injure t he t ree s. Th e li mb s of sma ll trees may h e d ipp ed i nt o thi s so l uti on wi th out f ear of harmin g t hem. Rem emb er, wh en sp rayi ng f or t his aphi s, t ha t th e sol u t io n . IIlUSt. t ouch t ho i nsect t o k ill it . F or t hi s r ea son i t is wr-ll wh en s pra y in l-', t o u sc a u ex tens ion r oll wi t h an el b o w, so t hat th e sp ra y ca n b e .Iirect ('d on th e under side of t he le av es. TIl E COD L I .0G ~lOTH. 'I'he Col1lin g ~roth is th e mo st ha r mf ul i nsect t.hat a p ple grow er s i n (;('org ia hn ve t o co n te nt! wi t h. It ca uses mu ny a pples to dr op oIl' hefor e th ey are large e nough to b e w ort h nuy thi ug, mill m a ny 1Il 0r(' .hop prcmu t u rc ly, or a rc wo rmy and ro t soon a ft er gat her ing . "L i f'e His t or y , Th e C\)l1 Jing M oth p a sse's t he w int er in t he larv a l st a ge in coc oons . '1'he lar va e chan ge t o p npa e a t th e approa ch of wa rm w ea th er, a ud eme rge a s mot hs so on a f t e r t he a pples bl oom i n t he s pri ng . Fou r 0 1' fiv e d ay s a ft e r emerg in g, th e moth s la y th eir fir s t eggs. Ac cording to ob servati on s m ade b y W . V . R eed , 86 p el' cent . of th e eggs are d ep osit ed on t he up per s ur f ace of the leaves, 9 p er cent. o n t he fru i t, 3 p er cent . on the lower su rfa ce of th e leaves, and less th an 1 p er cent. on the twi g s. 'I'h e leng t h of th e eg g sta ge vari es f rom e ig h t t o t en day s i n th e ea rly sp ri ng to fivo or six day s in mid-summer. L arva e. S oo n a ft er h at ching, th e l a rva e h egi n f eedi ng on w hat is a t hand un til t he y find a n apple. 7-! p e r ce nt . of t he wo rm s e nt er t he a p ple a t th e ca ly x , 16 p er ce nt. a t the side, a nd 8 p er ce n t . a t th e stem, a ccord i ng to obser va t ions mad e by ' V. V . R eed. 'I'h e time s pe nt in t he f ru it by t he larva e va ries f rom 17 t o H dny s f or th e fir st bro od ; iu .Tuly th e tim e w a s f rom ] 3 to 36 da y s; for th e sea son, th e avera ge wa s a b out 24 da y s. "T'he li f e hi st or y a s out l in ed in thi s paper is b a sed u pon ob servations mnde b y W . V . R ood , a nd p ubl is hed in Bull etin No . 29 of th e Georgi a S tat e B oard of E n t om ology . F rom 7 to ] :1 d ays elapse aft er t he lu rva en te rs th e cocoon befo re it emerges as a moth. 'I' he moth Iiv es fr om on e t o three w eeks. 'I' he tim e of the life cy cle of t he moth vuri os f ro m 3;) t o 63 days, or an average of about se ve n w eek s. Iii ] 908, t hree an d a part of the fourth gen eration w er e ob serv ed , Spraying for Codling Moth. T o det erm in e wh en and how ofte n to sp ray for the Cod ling :Jlo th , a g rea t many ex perime n ts h nve been con(~uet eu t hroughout th e U nion. In t he West , (Co lora do), th ey cla im on e dre nc hing spray is sufficien t, bu t i n the Eas t t hey usu all y a dvo ca te t wo or t hr ee sprayings. '1'0 d et ermine th ese aud other p oints of interest, spraying expe ri me nt s w er e conducted i n ] 9070S-09 by 'IV. V. R eed, of th c Georgia State Board of Entomo lo gy. '1'h e r esu lt s of t he experimc nts of 1907-08 w ere publishe d i n Bu ll et in Xo, 29, a copy of whi ch may be sec ure d b y w riting E. L. W orsh am , St a t e E ntomologist, Atl a nta , Ga . Th e r esults g ive n in t his pa per wer e tak en f ro m this b ull eti n. 'IVithou t goi ng i nto t he d ot uil s, I will give t he r esu lts in a ge neral wa y. 'I'h o sp ray u sed w as t he Arseni cal Bo rdeaux mi xture, co ns isti ng of 6 lb s. of li me, :I lb s. of bl uesto ne a nd 2 lh s, of Di sp a ren c, to 30 g all ons of water. I n a ll, ni ne plats w ere sp ra y ell a ud one to. fo ur a pp lica t ion s w e re mad e at di ffer en t d a t es. One ea rl y spraying, Ap r il 1:1, gnve f ro m 8-l t o 90 per cen t . of u ni nfest ed f ruit; one la t er spra y i ng gave f'ro m :13 to GO per cent. of u nin f es t eii fru it. On chec k plat s 32 to 48 p er ccn t. of the fru it wa s un infesteii . Two ea rly sp ra y i ngs, Apri l Gth and l :1th, gnve 88 to 90 p er ce n t.. of u uinfcstcd fruit; while two late spru yi ng s, Jun o ]2th and 26t h, gay e only 37 t o 51 per ce nt. of uninfest ed fruit. 'I'h o b est r esnlts we re secure d from three appl ication s, t.wo ea rly, April 13th a nd 27th; nud one la t e, Jun e 12th ; thi s gi vin g fr om !lG t o 97 p er cent. of uninfcstcd f rui t. General B enefit s of Spr a ying. Spraying wi th the arseni ca l Bo rd eau x not only con t r ols the Codling M ot h, hut a lso r edu ces th e in jury fro m fu ng us di seuses, such as lea f spot, apple scab nnd b itter r ot. Wh ile the result s f ro m th e usc of a rsen ical Bo rd ea ux a r c b en efici al as a wh ole, it ma y in some ca ses in jure t he f r uit if not proper ly l. u1I1e, or a p pli ed too stro ng. As a rul e it is n ot safe to u se more t ha n three p ounds of bluest one t o fifty ga llo ns of wa t e r, a nd e ve n t hen in a very wet sea son, l ik e th e present one, i t ma y p rodu ce some i nj ury. In Mr. IV. V. Rce el's expe r ime nts thi s sea so n t hree sp r ay i ng s d id cons id ern ble d am a ge t o t he fr u it a nd fo liage. T o avoid t.his d am a ge in a season li k e t his, it w ould be well not to mak e mor e t ha n two applicat io ns 'of t he arso ui cal B or dea ux solution, a nd fo r t he t h ird sp raying u s~ only two po unds of Di sp a ren e nud t hre e pou nds of lim e t o fifty ga llons of wa t er. 25 To close thi s articl e I cap not do better thun glve t he summary a nd rc cunuuoud ut i ons as given in Bulletin No, :!!l, by 'V. V. Reed: " Summary an d Recommendations. T he first 01' hib ernating 1II 0th s mak e t uei r appearance in fr om ten days to two week s a fte r th e a pples bloom in spri ng. " 86 pel' cent . of t he eggs arc l aid on t he upp er surfaces of the leaves, a nd th e y oung larv ae in a gr ea t many cases are f or ced to sub, sist f or sev eral day s by f eeding on th e l eaves before th ey find an appl e. "About threo-f ourt.h s of th e lurvac enter the fruit by way of th e ca ly x end. " Appro xima te ly se ve n week s a rc consumed in t he life cyc le of t he moth , an d we ha ve three a nd a part of a fo ur t h genera tion or b rood wh en spr ing comes early . "Para s it es and pred a ceous enemies of th e moth are very act i ve, and aid mat eri all y in holdin g th e p est in chec k. "The annnal loss f rom the Codling Mot h to t he State is safely fr om 5(1 to 70 pel' cent . of th e apple crop when spr ay ing is not pract iced . "The tim e t o apply th e first spray ing is ju st b efore t he cal yx closes . On t he t ime and proper appli ca ti on of th is s pra y ing han gs 78 pel' cent. of. th e success in co ut ro lliug t he Codli ng )Ioth f or t he enti re seaso n. " 'fwo s prny ings , t he first ap pli ed j ust before t he caly x closes a ml t he sec ond f ro m sev en t o eight week s lat er, wh en th e seco nd brood appears, giv e th e h ost r esults f rom an economic stu n dpoi nt , 90 pel' cout. 011 th e fru it being protect ed. "Lat e sprayi ngs a lone are of very little value and, un less pr eceded by s pray ing b efore th e ca lyx closes, should not b e att empted. "Ca re f ul a tt ention should b e g ive n t o th e s pray opera t ion. AI! pa rts of t he t ree should be th or oughl y co vered a nd the spray a pplied un til it dr ops freely f ro m th e fo liage. To do t his most cou vc nieut ly a high pressure should he maint ain ed so as to secure a mist-Iik e spr ay, a nd th e no zzle should be turn ed at an angle so th at t he oper at or ca n d ir ect th e spra y eit he r upward or downward at hi s will. "Banding eve n a s an adjun ct method of fighting the Codli ng Mot h is a wa st e of time. "Spray ing cos ts a mer e trifl e as compa re d to th e value of th e cro p protected fr om th e Codl iug ",roth . " The PHESIDEN'I': This paper of Mr. Lewi~' will he printed in om proceedi ngs and distr ibuted, so that it will all be thoroug hly explained to yon, because it is a very difficult matter to take in all the points ; and when you IHlYe it in print it is a mu ch eas ier matter, .. I will now introdu ce to you Prof. H. P . Stuckey of th e Geor gia Experiment Stati on, wh o will r ead you a paper on " Sp r ay ing to Contr ol th e Black Hot of 'I'omuto es." SPRA YING TO CONTROL THE BLACK OR BLOSSOMEND ROT OF TOMATOES. By H . P . Stuck ey, Horti cultu ris t Geor g ia Exper im ent Stati on . Mr . Cha ir ma n, L adi es a nd Gcn tl em en : This B la ck or Blo ssom -end R ot is t he most prevale nt a n i! d estruct ive d isease of the t om a t o. F rom i t s ravu gcs in Alabama an d So u t h Ca roli na du ri n g t he past fiv e yea rs, I ha ve fo und t hat i t ofte n d estroy s f ufl y t wo -t hirds of the yi el d a t a t ime wh en t he cro p is most va luable : th a t is, in t he ea rly pa r t of th e se as on. 'I'h e pl an t s of t wo un sp r ay ed plats at t he Ge org ia Experimen t Stat ion t hi s sea so n, whi ch wer e en t ir ely rem ot e fro m t he sp ra ye d plats, f'n ilcd to ma ture t he fir st t wo se tt ing s of f ruit owing t o t he atta ck s of t his di sea se; a nd u p to Ju ly 19th not a single fru it ha d r ea ched ma tu ri ty on ei t he r one of t hese plats. O n th e sp rayed pla t s, wh ich comp r ised practi call y one-fo urt h of a li a cre, five pickin gs wer e made prev ious t o J uly 17t h, giv ing a t ot a l yield of 2,254.35 p oun ds, of whi ch 796.93 pou nd s w ere di sea sed . At t he t im e t his f ruit w as ha r vest ed , t oma t oes w ere selli ng on t he local mark et f or an a ver age of fiv e cen ts pel' pou nd. T his mea ns a loss of $3LS4 pCI' a cr e, eve n on t he spr aye d plats, fo r t he fir st fiv e pi ckin gs, u p u nt il Jul y 17 th , wh en th e cr op w as sc a rce ly more t ha n half h arv est ed . (1 ) NAT UH E 0]<' TH E DIS EA S E. 'I'his di sea se u su ally appears on 1he ~' ou n g f ru it sho r t ly after the b lossoms s hed, a nd is gene ra lly mu ch wor se on th e .firs t set t i ng of fru it t ha n on t he f ru it of t he sa me pla n t s whi ch matu re la t er in t he s eason . As a r ul e, it. a ttacks t he blossom -cu d of t he yo u ng f ru it in t he f orm of a s ma ll, r oun d ish , some wha t sh ru nk en and sli gh tly shrivelod, browni sh bl a ck spot . Th e a r ea of th e d isea sed spo t incr eases i n s ize un til p ra cticall y the w hole f ruit i s rot t en . Sometimes t hc sp rea d of th e di seased spot is mor e ra pid t ha n t he g ro wt h of the tomat o, in whi ch ca se t he f ruit oft en deca ys b of'ore it rea ch es o uo -f'ou rt h f ull size, wh ile in ot her 'cas es t he d ecay is slow an a th e l omalo rea ches almos t fu ll siz e an d r ip ens prcmn turcl y wi th a r ott en end , ( 2) CAUS E OF 'I'm; D IS EAS E. 'I'h e cause of th is d ise ase, acco rd ing to Prof . F . S . E arle ( fo rme rly of t he Alalxu nu E xpe r ime nt St a t io n, in Bulle ti n I DS of t ha t sta t ion), is a bu et e ri um, ofte n a cco mpa n ie d by a fu ngus. H e f u rt her stated th a t the d isease i s probably tran s mitted by in sect s. I also am inclined t o. ward s this t heo ry of i nsect transm issi on , fo r wh en I inoculated th e f r uit by mea ns of a n eedl e, t he di sease w a s fou n d to h e in f ecti ou s. (3) 'r U E E X P E HDIE W1'. W orkiu g up on t h is hy p othesi s, I pl ann ed a n ex p eri me nt to a sce r ta iu w het her or n ot a f un gi ci de co mbined wi th a n in secticide w ould ha ve any e ffec t in h old in g th is d isea se i n c he ck . F'ivo st a nd a rd vari et ies of to ma to es w e re s el ected, a s fo llo ws : Cha lk 's Early J ew el, Livin gst ons Beauty, M nj es t ic, Prize B ell , a nd Spark 's Eurl iunn. 'I'h e se ed s were sown on b en ch es in th e green hou se Febru ary ~3rd. Th e p lant s w er e se t in th e op en field April l~th, and g iv en a d ist an ce of four f eet b et ween the r ow s, and three f eet b etw ee n t he p lants in t he row. Ea ch r ow h ad a n a pplicatio n of twenty p ou nds of a com p let e fer ti liz er , a nalyzing 'i p er ce nt. ph osp h or ic a cid , 4 p er ce nt. n itr oge n, a nd (j per ce nt. p ot a sh , an d th en r ece ived ordi nary cu lt uro such as is r equ ir ed fo r to ma toes. 'I' he re w er e t hr ee r ows of ea eh va riety, excep t th e M a jesti c, ex ten di ng ac r oss an a cre of groun d. This a re a w a s div id ed into fo u r p lats, eac h p lat ex te n di ng across t he r ows an d taking i n sec t ions or eac h vari ety. THE bl'RAYJ?\G. Pla t K o. 1 wa s sp ra ye d w it h a f ormula as f oll ows: Formalin, 40 p er cent. Unsla k e1'0 1.' 'I'. H. l\[cH a tton, .1\t hen s, Oa . ; Prof. H. K . ::\1 iller, Xlont icullo , Oa . Com mi tt ee on 'I'rcn surcr'.; ,:\ ('(olll lt- l 'ol. .Iolm P . li' ol't , Ath en s, On . ; L. L . Me C l c sk~', .A tl.mt n, 0 ,1. Co mmi ttee on H esoluti 0l1s-B.W. Hunt , E ntonton , Ga .; H . R ",Vnc r l1 i('ke, \\ m.;\lill ~t ()u , I) . ( '.; I ~. \Ton H erff, N ew Yo r k Ci tv . 'I'h e PRIDSlnKNT: 1 w ill n ow in t r odu ce to yo u Prof. n . K. Mi ller, who wi ll r ead n ]lnpe r on " O p po r h m i t ies for P P C' ,l1l C u lt u re ill th e S ou th en st. " OPPORTUNITIES FOR P ECAN CULTURE IN THE SOUTH EAST. By Prof. H. K . Xl il le r.. Xlout iccllo.. Ga . I n thi s <1a,'" of progress , wh ich has seen a r e-nd just men t of ec o uomi e co nd it io ns , th e oll'ee t s of w h ic h lila,'" prove f'n r-rcachi ng nnd of t he ut most cou corn to t he p rod uc e rs of ou r la nrl, it is \1'1'11 to ta k e not ice oi t he t rend of afl'ai r s i n Iml er t o must er 111'11' s it un tio us as t hey aris p. O ne of th e p re v u i l iug t e ud r-ncics is t hat of t he ru ln t i vc nd v n ncc in t he cost. of 1'00<1 p rodu et s. \ \' e a re co nf ro nt e <1 with t he fad t hat th e cost of li \'in g' is iu crcnsiug at a ra t e whi c h is provina se ri nus t o som e cla ss('s of society. On t he oth er hu nrl, d i visi o u of ln h or has e na b le d III a II,'" 37 to a ni ve a t a f a irl y iud cp eudcut st a t.iou of lifc, with ampl e meuu s to grat if y th eir w ish es as to the k i nd a nd qu alit y of f ood t hey desi rr-, 11 is thi s class whi ch cr ea t es mark e t s f or n ew a n d spe cia l f ood pr ep aration s. In man y in st an ces, t he new f oods introduced ha ve no t only proved pulat nbl c, hu t arc highl y" nu trit ious a nd occup y an i mpor ta nt place in the dietary. Am on g t hese, f ew a rc mor e impo rtu u t than nu t meat product s. 'The re i s a co nst a nt ly in creasing class wh o in si s t up on the use of nut s a s a p a rt ial subs t it ut e fo r a nima l produ ct s, whi ch ha" e attain ed almost proh ib it i ve p ric es, so th at th e dem nnd f or nut meats is sure t o in cr ease wi th rapidi ty. One of th ese mea t subs titut es wh i ch deserv es th e attent ion of Seu t he astern horticulturi st s is t he .lJecan nut. 'I'h e i nve st iga t ions of \V ood and M orrill show t he f'ood value of a pound 01 pecan mea t s t o be cqui va lcut t o ;1,44;3 ca lor ies. - ~' r o m t his it a ppea rs t hat a pound of peca n meat s la ck s only 5;3 culorics of h ein g sufJicie nt t o su pply t he dail y requ iremcnts of th e av e rage man . _<\ tt enti on is call ed t o t his f act t o show th a t pecan s huve a r eal f ood value, a nd a r c not t o he r eg anl ed mer ely as conf ec t ione ry . Th e consumption of nu ts has in cr eased st eadi ly durin g th e pa st t en yea rs, a nd will cont in ue . K a t only d o we consume pra cti call y all of th e horn e produ cti on, hut we i mpo rt between six and se ve n m ill ions of doll ars worth of nu t s per yea r. Of a ll nut s used f or t abl e purposps, th er e is non e superi or t o t he peca n. Th e pecan of comme rce is oht uin cd chie fly from na t i vc t rees of T exa s a nd th e low er Mi ssi ssippi Vall ey. It i s n eedl ess to say t ha t these a rc quit e i nfe r ior to th e impro ved kind s whi ch now h ear vari ctnl nam es, th ese comma nd ing- a pri ce f rom four to t en tim es th a t paid f or th e ord ina ry nu ts. For a qua rt er of a cen t ury a number of g r owers hav e b een . exp prim enting t o asce rtai n th e possibili t ies f or gro wing peca ns und er cultured condi ti ons. S eedlin g t r ees wer e fir st t ri ed, hut w ithout su fficie nt su ccess to warrant la r ge in vestment. 'I'hi s w as du e to th e iuferior quality of t he nut s, the lack of un iformi ty hath i n si ze a nd qu ality, irregul a r frui t in g of t he t rees, and th e long time r equired for th e tree s to come into h ea rin g . 'I'h a t orch ard s of se ed ling trees, favorabl y located a n d properl y a tt ended , would ul t imnt ely pro ve profit abl e can not be denied. 'I'Iie hundreds of old tr ees in num erous lo cali ti es t hro ug hou t t he Sout h, a t te st i n no mi st ak rn t erm s to t hi s f a ct; tre es t hat hav e p assed the qu ar t er ce nt ury ma rk in agp. Muny inst a nc es arc known of si ng l e t rees produ cin g an a n nu al re t urn of :j;25 .00 to $ 75.00, h ut in f ew of th ese cases d o t hese r eturu s b en efit t he one who th oughtfull y, pcrh ap s hopefully, pla nt ed th e seeds yea rs ago. For commer ci al purposes we mu st b e a ble to secure r eturns w it.hi n a rcu sona blc tim e. It ha s b een poin t ed out that it i s chiefly the old ni en , withou t hop e f or p er son al re wa r d sa ve th e sa t is f act ion of b en efittin g p ost eri t y , wh o ca n affor d to plant p ecan t re es, Sne h, how e ver, 38 is not th e f act. W i th t he present st ut e of our k nowl ed ge of p ecan cult urc, w e a rc assured th a t a long perio d nee d not in t erven e b etw een planting an or ch ard a nd t he t im c for profit ubl o ha rv est s. I wo uld n ot have an yon e u nd e rs t und t hat t hc details of peca n cul t ur e are- full y under stood , but am pre pared t o allinn th a t s nllici e nt i nformatio n is a va i la ble t o ena ble oue to i nte lligently uu d crt a k o comm erc inl peca n 01'charding with assura nce of success, in t hi s sectio n of our count ry . It is not my purpose to giv e a detn i lcd course to fo llow, b nt me rul y t o men t i on a f ew ite ms of impo rtanc e. Th e f ailure du e to th e usc of secd ling t rees has largely b een ov er come by th e i ntroclnct ion of va rieta l stock , v iz., grafte d 01' b udd ed trees gr ow n fro m scio ns t a ken f rom trees of know n mer it . By th e usc of suc h t rees we t end to s uch u n if or mity of gro wth t hat it is possible t o develo p a n orchard in wh ich t he t r ees wi ll g row at app roximately th e sa me rate, a cond ition wh i ch se emed impossi ble wi th seedling trees. 'I'h er e is y et roo m for im pr ovcm eu t , i nas much as t he stocks up on w hic h the t rees ar e gruf'tod w ill , in a degree, deter mi ne th e r at e of g rowth, a nd, wi th fur th e r ca r e in t he se lecti on of stocks, im prove mont i s possi bl e. Gra f te d or budded tre es will also i nd uco mo re un if or m fr uitage, bu t in th is case also t he stock has cons ideruhlo i nt lucneo ; it b eing fr equen t ly observed t hat u nd er simila r cond it ions some g ru f'tcd t rees ar e mor e p roli fic t ha n ot hers of t ill' same vari et y . Early fr uitage is anot her facto r ga incd h y t he use of g rn t tcd tr ees , it b ein g not at all un comm on f or trees to begi n f r u it ing at t hr ee y ea rs fro m pl a ntin g, a nd , wh en a nyt hi ng lilco )lr op er care is g iven , most varie ti es will f ruit by tn e sixth yea r - f'ro m pl nnti ng , a ud wi ll yield fa il' returns at t he eig hth t o t enth yea r. As a r ule , gra fte cl st ock is less s ubj ec t to t he influ en ce of f ungus d iseases, b ei ng ab l e t o ov ercom e t hei r attacks on ac count of t he vigorou s g ro wt h they mak e. Some v a ri e t ies, how ev er, are uaury aff ect ed , a nd such sho uld b e a vo ide d. Conce rni ng t he i ncome t o b e dorived f ro m a pecan orc ha r d at a g ive n age, much depends up on t he own er. It is e nt irely feas ib le for a 10-a cr c orch a rd to b e mad e to av erage fo rt y po und s pCI' tree at t he fifteent h year. I da r e say so me expe rienc ed gro wers will assert t hat th is ca n easily b e excee de d. W ith this as a b asi s and t he .n ut s sell i ng at 25c per p ound, t en acr es w ould g ive a gro ss in come of $J ,700 .00, 0 1' a net in com e of $1,500 .00, a sum wh ich will su ppor t a n a\"C rage f amily i n mod est comfort, or sup ple men t t he inco me of one engaged in some ac tive vocation, ina subs ta nt ia l deg re e. Mu ch ha s b een said pro a na ca n co ncc rn i ng th e f ea sih ility of pro du cing peca ns i n Geo rgia, F'Iuri d n :11 \11 Ala bn ma ; some insisting t hat, b ecause th e pecan is na t ive only t o t he ri ver botto ms of t he Mi ssi ssippi and it s t ributnrics, it is only t her e one ca n hope to have success, Th ese l ose sig ht of th e fact t hat. w e nrc dcal ing wi t h a n un impro ved p ro du ct , aml th a t cult urul me t hod s arc sub st i t ute d for t hc nat u ra l w ild co ndi t i o n wh ich p reva i l wi th t he nnt iv c trees of t hc ri ver b ot , toms; that i utcl lig cn t cu lt u ro i n a ll iu stu nces is su pe rio r to pri m i t i va condit ion s, Hu t a f'cw fa d s a rc worth m ore t ha n mnnv t hcories . 'l'h o t ri ck is h cin g d on e i n t hese sta tes wh oro prop erly cu lt ivut ed orc ha rds sur pa ss a ny of s i mila r :lge , in th e so -cu lle d h om e of t hc p ecan , tha t hn ve co mc t o Iny not icc , b oth a s to ca r l," fr uita ge an d q ual ity of nu ts , 'I' ho q n ost iou ud mit t od a rg umell t s cve ru l y ea rs a g o, but a t t his t i mo the re a rc to o mu nv vo u ng orcha rd s in thi s sec t ion which dc mo ust rn t o no t only t hc f'ous il. i li tj of s uecess f'u l pC I~ an cu lt u rc, hu t th c out ire CO il gc n ial ity of soi l a nd cli mate is esta b lis he d, Wi th orchu rds und er t e n y ea rs of agc comin g i nt o h earin g iu a sa t is f ac t o ry ma nn er , and wit h old t re es lim -o and t lic rc t hat hu vo w eu t he rc d t hc s to r ms of half a ec nt ury y ieldi ng h cu vy a n nua l c rop s of su pcri or nu t s, ve t a ppa rc ntly i n t heir pr ime, call w e f or a mum eu t d oubt t he f ea sib il i t y of I" 'l'an cul t ure i n t his st a te ? H is t rue SOllie j udgment is requi red i n t he sclect iou of an urc hn rd s it e. Cold, w et l uud s t hat a re sour, eruwfish lan d, nnrl sueh la nd a s euu se s co r n 01 ' eut t un t o "Fren ch ," mus t be u voul cd . :\'eg lect ing- t o ObSI'l'\'C t hes e p rceuut io us has res u lt ed ill f'a il un-s w hic h m us t b e a cce pt ed as (l a ll gl~ r ~ i g lla l s fo r f ut ur e ~ lI itlill1(' e . A (1(1('11 soil of g ood qu ali t y t ha t w ill g ro w a fa il' ~ ro p of b ot h co rn and cotto n can be dep e nded up on a s s u i t uh le f or p ecan s, Cu lt lvut io n of t he yOl' ng o rc hu rd i n a thoroug h man nor is o ne of the grea t es t osse utiu ls. P ecan trees wi ll not st a nd f or n eglect, hu t, on th e ot he r ha ud , r esen t su c h t rc nt nreu t . Wh nt th e a p ple i s t o th e Xort h a s a mon ey cro p ma y h e du pl icn t cd in th e S out h w ith th e p eca n ; t he re b e in g m an y p oi nt s i n f'uv or of t he la t t er, E a r li er r eturns ma y b e had f ro m an a pp lc or chard , hu t i t is subj ect t o mo re e ne mies t ha n t hc p ecan , is s ho rte r li ved , anrl re q uires g re ate r ca re i n gro wi ng nud ma rkcti n g t ho crop s, 'I' he pe ca n c rop is o nc of th c f e w whi c h m ay b e ha rv est ed nn d ma rk e t ed at le isu re , an ud vu ut ugc f ull y approc iato d b y those eng a g-ell i n gro w i ng peri sh nhl c crops. P eca n cu ltu re a d mi rn hlv a d npt s i t self t o t hr ee cla sses of g ro wcrs: Pi rs t, th osc wh o desi re a f'e w t rees fo r homc usc, 0 1' f or s up plyi ng lo cal d em nud . .It is t o th ese tha t t he g rea test rc lnt ive re t u r ns arc u vn i luh lo ; d ue , p rl mu ri ly , t o a p e rs unul car e num if'cst cd in a ll p ha ses fro m t he sclect i on of th c t re es t o t he /inal d isp osi t iun o f t hei r p ro d uc t s, .It is n ot un common to find in s tan ces wh e re a f'ew d oor y ard t ree s yi eld su fficien t Hu t s fo r th e fu m ilv u se :11](1 eno ug h more to mee t t hc a n nua l state, cou nt y an rl cit." t ax es on th e hom o. H i s un de r s uch circu mst nu eos tha t w e see t ill' p ecan ll'l '[) a t it s l u-s t . H rlcl ig ht s in t hr- home :11 mosph crr-, mill t hr-rr- vi r-ld x it s 1IlII', 'es!. wi th a ln v is h hand . I n t h e ne xt pl a ce, t lu- peca n w ill ub uu d uu t ly n-wa n l t he s niu ll or , c hn rdis t wh o plan t s a f e w ucres t o sup ple me n t oth er fannin g o pera 40 tion s. U n,le r s uch "con d i t ion s th e orcha rds will t hriv o llI11ler t ile p ersonal ca re tha t muy b e g iy en i n a measure iuipos sibl e wi th la rg e p la ntat ions . It is thi s class wh o may hop e f or t he grea t est retu rns prop o rt iona t e to t he i nv cst mcu t und care rend er ed . T he pla nt er wh o es tabl is he s a p ri vnt c market fo r sup er io r n u t s de ri ved f rom h is well t end ed t en or twen ty a cr es w ill be t he o ne to f ull y e mb ra ce th e opport un i ti es offe red i n th is sed ion by th e cult u re of pecan t rees . Fi uu lly, t he p eca n is p ro v i ng a t truct i vo to t he l urge gro w e r a nd th e p ro mot o r for prod uct io n o n a la rg e sc a le, an d if t he re h e a ny section o r a ny produ ct tha t ca n he com ui ue d t o y ie ld succ essf ull y to op era tion s of fhi s u nt ur c, surely pee- au cult u re i n t his r eg ion has cla i m to fi rst co usiderat ion . "W i ld ca t pru iuot io u, h owe ver, w il l on ly cl og t he wh eel of prog ress . Jj' ex pe ri en ce wi t h o t he r la rg e hort icult n rul cnt crju-ises is of va l ue, we ca n n ev er ho pe to ha ve abno rm all y hi gh p rofit s t hrou gh proj ect s of thi s kind, and t he d isappoint mc u t s arc s ure to refl ect advers el y on t he b us iu ess fo unded on a fals e hop e . I l u-Iie v e t he larg e nrc hu rds ca n h e uuul c 10 p ay uml pay ha n dso mcly, bu t it is id le 10 argn e t ha t a thousand a cres wi ll nm lti pl y t he profit s of an a cre a t hon sn nd f'ohl ; of n ec essity the y ield is propor ot io ua t ely less, aud th e cost of main t en an ce is li k ewise in cr eased . 'I'he PHE Sl()]D ~ rl' : Prof. Xl ill er, yo u st a te d that some trees a lt houg h g rafted th e sallie " 'ay, wo uld not g ro w a s thrif'fily as ot he rs, although of th e same vari et y. 'I'hat of con rse hears out th e tlieorv , as ye t not ve ry well defined 0 1' un derst ood, that th ere mu st he au a ffi nity between th e g ra ft and the stock to mak e it a comp lete success . , Vller e that nffinity ex ists we have not been ab le to find . A 11 of us know t lint ill selectiug stocks to g r aft u pon we usua lly se lect such stocks as h ve been grown f ro m th e thrifti est wi ldin gs, tluit hav e n ot g rea tly r em oved from th e n ative typ c. ]<' 01' iustun ce, th o smalles t seed lings sometimes make the best s tocks. T his r efers to up ples.. pea ches and peu r s ; 1 would like to kn ow if you have found thi s ru le true a s to pecmls l Prof. 1JILL1<}H : Yes, si1', to a cer ta in exten t. 41 . 'I'h e PH]~ SJDb} N'l' :\Vould th ere he any p ossib iii ty of arriving a t th e cau se ? Prof', l\HJ..LJ1m: J. do not kn ow th at it is po ssibl e. With see d ling stocks we obse r ve th at th e differen ce is very marked . 'I' r ees taken fro m lints ga thered in th e same locali t y wi II mani f est extreme differen ce in th e see dlings that th ey p ro duce. S ome will sta r t up a g r owt h n mon th ahead of othe rs simi la r ly p la nte d. So me will g ro w off thriftil y even if th ey st a rt out late, and will yet make goo d st ocks. It is a common observati on th at th e 'I'exa s see d lings do n ot mak e goo d sto cks f or thi s sec tion of th e country. 'I'rees g ra fte d on such stoc ks grow off mu ch more s lowly than th ey do on ou r native nut seedlings. 'I'h e PHESII )J1} WI': Does th e s ize of th e nut make an y di fferen ce 'I Prof . l\JJLLIDH : Large, solid nut s H S a rul e g ive bet ter r esults. The PHh} SlD h~ N'I': The p ecan industry is ye t in it s inf an cy, and we a re gla d t o hav e th e r esults of Prof. Mill er 's observation s; an d I hop e h e will contin ue hi s work along thi s lin e and see what stocks a re best to propagu t e Up011 . Prof. l\II LLEH : I think th e g re a tes t improvem ent to he m ad e at th e p re sen t time is to take ou r best varieties and g ra ft th em up on se lecte d seed ling s ; th at is, mo r e obse rva tion is n ecessary H S to th e source of our see dlings. 'I'he PR E Sn )f1~N'I' : 'I'ha t r ule is rath er agnin st what th e nckn owled ged id ('a IS. Wh en yo u ha ve a see d ling 1:J frnill ii yen ' b"'rentiv.. im p r oved tree., it clu es not iuu kc a tt nall y a s good a sto ck to prop a g a te IIJlOII (\:'; wh en t a ken f'ro ut a w ildi ng. -00W, vou ~ a ~' tIll' h('~t ~to( 'k~ ome from im proved 1111 t s ! Prof. ?\ Il L L I~~ H: 1 did Hot. m enu nut s J'I'O IIl gruf't ed trees ; I meant s to cks tak en from om' nufiv e tre es that show su p er ior n u t s, good, tlniftv, w e ll-filled, plump m en t ed peca ns. S uc h see d ns thn t fr om seed lillg t rue s g ro wn in ou r own sect ions u su ull y give bette r r esult s th a n 1'1'0111 seeds brou gh t f rom n d is ta nce, nnd o f a mi xerl nut. 1\ 11'. Il.U'N'I" : I s t he r e ;IllY wny of keepillg' jlt'ea lls! Appl es we ca n h av e ;1(i;) d nv s ill til e yea r, hut p e ('nll ~ , aft er three or fo u r m onth s, be co me run cid . I s t he r ; \ ll ~' wa y of preventing this ? P rof, 1 II LLE H : 'W l~ ha ve uud er tuk en to (';\11 t hem alit} keep th em out of con t a ct wit h the ail'. rr he r esult s of these expe r im en ts sh ow that, th eoret ica lly, we a re on t he ri gh t line. , \'e lind ce rt u in vn r ieti es that luivo a very d en se shell wi ll kecp ns lnng a:' two v ca rs , nnd st ill he edible. Ther e are two vnri eties, t he Curt is awl the S chley, that po ssess thi s fjllali-ly in a uuukc d d eg ree . Prof. DeLOACH : I wanted to ask Prof. Mil ler ab out hi s t heory about bori ng ho les i n the p ecan tree to ma ke t he m be ar fr u it. I kn ow mv f'nth er ha s a g ood s ized p ecan orcha r d <10\\11 ill H ul loch cou ut y , an rl t he r e w e r e a bo ut a doz en t r ees ill the orclund th a t n ev er hor e fr u it after t en yea r s, ;\11 d th onum from wh on: he got th em t old him t o bore n h ole in th o t ru e. He bored a ll of th e twelve trees, 'a n d I think tw o or thr ee of' th em Irnit e .l th o n ext y enr. J; w ant t o k now i f th er e is nnv scien t ific ox p lun a - ti on of th is, Prof cssor ! 43 Prof. I\ LIL L E H : '!'here seems to he s ome th ing in it. The nearest I ca ll -g et t o th e r ea son ,,,hy t he g r a ft cd t ree hears b etter than th e seed ling, is p r im a r il y du o to th c injurv, 01' union , :1I1(1 nothin g more. \Ye frequ ently sec injured trees in th e o rclm rd hegin to heu r as a result of that injury, and nothin g else ; :1I1c1 the re is a n o ld acce pfed th eory th at driving" na ils in an a ppl e tree will m ake it heal' very mu ch ea r lie r than ot hers. It cnuses some in flow of sa p that g ives it a bca rin g habit. '1'1Ie PHESIDEXT: I d e sire t o ann oun ce tha t th e firs t paper tomorrow m orning" will be " Ha n ly and Orn n. m ental Plants in 11iddl e Georgia , " hy ~il'. B. ,V. Hunt, of ]~atonton , Ga. 'I'hut is an es pecin lly interesting paper to th e ladi es, r elating to all th e hardy o r na me n t a l pl ant s that ca n be successfu lly cu lt iva te d in t his sectio n, and we hope we will have a larg e audi en ce fr om th e ladi es t omOlTOW morning. Ou r session tom orrow 'will begin promptl y at nin e o'clock, a s th ere is a g re a t d eal of work t o be clone. T oni gh t 's session wi ll be at 8:30, a n d wi ll be d evoted to a di scu ssi on of th e f r u it li sts ; so me correction s 1111\'C to be mad e, a s well us a g rc: tt nuury additi on s. 'rile meeting th en ndj ourn or] until S ::W, and in th e m ean time m em bers en joye d a very pl ea sant trolle y r ide and barbecu e, tendered hy th e city of .A th en s through Prof. MclIatton of th e Georgia State Agr-i cultural Co llege. EVENING SESS ION , AUGUST 4th, 1909, 'I'hc m eeting w us cu lled to ord er h~' t he P res ident at S ::30 p , m. T he PH ]~~ Ll )J~N'l' :We h a ve a llotted t hi ~ eve n ing fo r th e r evi si on of th e fruit lists , It is CI matter that would JlroJlerl~' tak e CI t lea st a w eek , and 1 r egret that w e have n ot eno ug h of ou r fruit g ro we rs present t o gi ve u s the aid that we n eed . It WClS th erefore sugges te d hy Co l. B ru ckett, wh o, veu r s a go , wa s S ecr etury wh en I. ,,' a s at th e hea d of th e Am e ri('cIllPomo logi('ClI Nlwiety, to do a s we di d t he n, pu t it in t o t he h an d s of a com m itte e. No w, if th e sen se of t he h ou se is in favor or t hnt; I wo u ld lik e to know w hn t y ou r wis hes CI r e ~ -:\11'. V ON HER],F: I. beli ev e it w ould be CI ve ry g ood id ea t o put that in th e hand s of a Co m mi ttee, beca u se they ca n d eliberate on each va r iety a n d d ecide th e mutter. at th e sa me time lea vi n g it to he di scu ssed CIt th e n ext m eetin g. 'r h e PHESIDIDN'l' : We kno w fro m ex pe r ie nce th at ea ch m ember ca n on ly g ive in f'or m nti on u p on t he f ew vari eties g rown in hi s locality. :1\11'. H UWI' : I would lik e to s ny, ~ ll'. President, that 1 th in k m ore o f am lists o r fruit s that a r e s u ita b le to the moun t uin , midd le and so ut he r n r eg ion s, t han I. do of nny oth er p uh lica t ion that come's out in pri nt. 1 t u r n to it sev ered t imes a ye. u: a n d find out h ow the Stnte Hu rt ieu lt u r u l Nl)('iet.\ w ill stn nd 0 11 SO IlW pea ch or so me g ra pe, a nd th en go ha ck to see its p r oli ficn ess, e tc . I. am ve ry anxio u s indeed to have it r evi sed n p t o dat e, nnd T thin k it 45 o ught t o he d on e e vc rv y ear ; and I would lik e t o m uk n m oti on th.it th e P r esident appoint n conunltt eo of 11\'e or m ore, ut hi s lei sure, lie t o he t he Cha r im un of that Coinmitt ee. At t h e s.u ne t im e, Xlr. Y ou LIerffs id ea is good . I do not think we ought t o cu t off di scu s s ion. I thin k t he Prosid cut mi ght a sk our ex pe r ienc e a u cert uin thin gs, und th en I woul d lik e 10 pu t t luit m ot ion , that n com m it tee of fiv e be :lp poilJ1 ed , o f' whi ch t h e President sll111 1be C hn ir- mnn , 10 r evi se th e fr uit Iis t s . S eco nd ed a m] ca t-ri ed . 'I'h c P ln~ Sl j) ID l\:T : 1 II1I \'c le tte r s f ro m se \'e r a l or our m embers wh o we re on th e progr.uu , se n d ing th ei I' r e1z:>rc t s th a t t hev. co u ld n ot be Oil lumd. 'I' od u.v- w e huve . had t o d o th e b est we could with th e papers we had before n s. 'I'h e first p ape r t011l01'l'O.w mornin g wi ll he " Ha rd ~' a n d Oruam entul P ln n b-, " hyX lr. Hunt, uud th e ladi es have prom ised t o r- om e ill f u l l force . 'I'hen we will hav e " '1'he Effect of Cr oss Pol liwdion ," by P r of. Del.ouch, a n d " '1'he Tru u s locn f ion of P lant F ooel, " b y Prof. C a r r oll. .\ 1 e1' t hat we hnve "Sta rt ing' an O1'd w r d, " h~' Pr of. ~[cHattol1; aIHI w e have wit h u s .;\[1'. Wu erni ek e, r epre senting th e S outhern R nilwny, a n d Prof. Ayres o r th e U . S . D cpmh ueut of i\ g r icu lt l1l'e. ~I r . .1~'l emillg' w ill r ead u s a p a p e r 0 11 "'I' ll(' Il en cfits \\'h ich Hav e B een D eriv ed ] i'l'OJl1 th e W o rk o f' th e H' r uit ]Dx ch 'llI g'e." J\ f t e r thut co me s m iscc llun eou s bus in ess, s uc h thin g'S a s th e r ep ort of th o 'I'r ca s u rcr , r ep ort of con n n it tces, elect ion 01' officers. se ll'd io n of t he p lae e of m ectiug, r esolut io u s, ett-. or :I )1l!Ppen d ('llt t 11<11. W P 11 ;1\"l~ t h "QIIl'" t iOJl B ox " ; th nt Ila ~ alwa~' '; h Cl'JI a g l'cat lildp to our nlppj illg':", fo r )' such a ch a nge. I th eref ore muk e a m oti on t o that e ffect, so th at it ca n 1>e d on e. '1'he moti on is, that h erenf'tcr we sh a l l m e et OI l th o fourth ,Yedn e sda y in .In n n .uy , com m encing in 101 0. C ol. 'Y.AIn~ : 'I'hose of ns who ha ve been attendin g these meetings for the last ten y ears have r ealized that w e d o n o t ha v e a s ufficie n t att eJ1(11111 Ce in sunu ne r, and I am in fa vo r of th e m oti on. Secolll1ec1 and. curri ed. '1'he PJUDSI D JDK'l': I n ow introduce t o y on Co l. G. B. B ra ck ett, P omol ogis t of the U . S . D epartm ent of J\ g r i('llltllre,\Ynshin g t on , D . C., wh o will tend y on a paper on w l' llc P os sibili ti es o f A pplu C u ltu re ill No rthern Georg ia . " THE POSSIBILITIES OF APPLE GROWING IN NORTHERN GEORGIA. By U. B . B r a ck e tt, P ouiolog is t, Wa shi ng to n, D. C. Ap p le g rowing i n X ort hc r n Geo rg ia ha s lon g bee n a sub ject f or ur ge nt invcst igu t ion . W hi le pea c h cult u re has cortu inly rc eeiv ed its sh are of att e ntion from t he Georgia H or t icn lt ural So ciety, apple gro w i ug i n t he St at e se ems to h u ve b een mu ch negl ect ed . It wa s lo ng eon s id cred a doubtfu l qu est ion wh et her appl es ,'uIII.l b e grown in this St a te from t he f act t hat i I. w a s thou ght to b e tuu far sout h. Bu t n ot u nt il r ec ently , w he n ex pe ri me nts bega n to h e tried i n t ile mo re elc vut cd po rtio ns of t he State, was it a ct ua lly d emon stra t ed that appl es ca n h e g ro w n w ith p rofit and wi th perf ect suecess , provid ed a ca reful se lect io n of vnrict ies a da p te d t o t he Iocn lit ies h e mad e, a nd a lso t ha t mod ern met hod s of cult u re u nd ma rk ct i ug of fruit arc fo llo wed. Th e t es t i uiu uy und ex pn r-icnce of s uc h lIu'n as ~[ essrs. 11. H, Stai gh t th e P . .I. B ere ]u na ns Co " .1. C. J>:I'l'l' J. ~l. B on t ell e, 1> ][ Hesk ct t , a nd oth ers w ho .a r e veritn h le leaders in thi s eut erp risc, ha v e show n cou elu - s i vely t hat t he gro willg of first -c lass ap pl es ill Geo rgia is n o lon ger a doubt f'u l qu ust in u. In get t illg i nt o t he mo re ele ntle., 5 p er ce n t. co mmissio n wa s pa id t he E xc ha ng e by t he membe r. Th e a nn ua l repor t of t he Ex chan g e ha s no t be en clos ed up in f ull , but th e op erations f or th e ye a r w ill sho w a go od n e t ca rn i ng , despi t e the sma ll cro p. Th e sh ip pe rs ag ree t ha t t he m a rk et s h a ve b een ad vanc cd a ny w he re fr om 50 ce n ts or mor e p er cra te by t he E xch an ge 's ex i st enc e, a n d t hat t here has nev er b een s uc h a stro n g f. o. b . m ar k et i n th e State b ef or e. Th e or ig ina l or ga n iza t ion of t he Geo rgi a F r uit E x cha nge, lly con tra ct, co ve re d only th e 1909 p ea ch cr op. A stock co mpa ny wa s f orm ed \ nnd is no w on a good ba sis , and re-or gan iza ti on will ha ve t o be per f ect ed; and t his shou ld coy er a per iod of fr om three to five y ea rs, wit h sufficient safeg uards to ena ble th e Exchange to t ight en th e cont rol oyer t he mark et in g plans to su ch an exte nt as t o perfect it in eve ry po ssible way. 'I' he presen t organizatio n is compose d of t he' ship pers of abo ut 90 per cent. of t he 1908 crop. I wo uld conside r an Exchan ge, for a f ew years, compos ed of 75 per cen t . of th e cr op, and membership l imit ed t o suc h scic ut iflc nnd car ef ul ,.power s as will ena ble th e Ex change to pl ace a desirabl e a rt icl e on th e mark et , as mor e desi rabl e th an an Ex chan ge compose d of 100 per ce nt. of th e cr op, as ther e will always be an u udcsirnblo cleme nt who do not ke ep up th eir or ch ards nnd a rc careless i n t hei r pa cking-house methods, and will alw ay s rema in a mena ce a nd d rawha ek to th e progressive g row er s. 'I'hi s cle me nt should not be allowe d in a ny E xchange un t il th ey can q ual if y by growin g and putt in g up marketable fr uit . 'I' he Exchange has b een a ble to ass ist ve ry muc h i n impr ovin g t he t ransporta tion meth ods of ha ndl i ng t he pea ch cr op. Th ey have ex er cised a sup ervi s ion oyer all f eature s of t he movc mont, bot h as to ici ng and schedules, and t he r esult s hav e b een gra t ify ing and ca n b e i mpro ved in futur e by st ill closer or gan iza t ion on th e part of t he gr ow ers and shippe rs of peri shabl es, especia lly p ea ches a nd ca nt alo upes. Th e ca nt aloupe gr owe rs hav e been mad e to reali ze mor e t ha n ey er 't his season the necessity f or co-operatio n a nd memb ership i n the Ex cha nge ; al so the wat ermelon i nteres ts, a IHI it is firml y expec te d that t hey will b e memb er s another season . Th e an nua l meet ing of th e Excha ng e tak es pla ce in Oct ob er, a t whi ch t ime carefully pr epared report s of th e ope ra ti ons will be sub mitt ed, gjying n et r esults, et ce tera, fo r t he seas on ; an d it is expecte d that n o difficult y will be enc ount ere d in orga niz ing w ith a stronge r memb ersh ip tha n the pa st season. One of our pro min ent g row er s, memb er of t he Or ga n ization Committee, remark ed to a meetin g of prospect ive members, that he b elieved one or more y ears ' successful work i ng of a n E xch ange would bring a grower to th e po in t wh er e he would rea lize t hat his orc ha rd wa s an as set in st ead of a liability; a nd, on t hat line, it occurs to me that wh ere her etofore th e gr ow er has had t o pu t him self in t he power of t he commission man wh en he wanted ready money t o properly cultivate his crop, Li e banks in t he count ry could pr ot ect th ems elv es and k eep t he m oney a t home in sa fe In vestments by loaning th e mon ey to r esponsible gr ow er s wh o ca n show t hat t hey hav e a safe market i ng pl an f or re aliz i ng va lues after the crop ha s be en rai sed. It is a ma t t er of r ecor d t hat t her e has not be en a complete crop f ailure in Georgia for t en successive y ears, so t hat, if it ca n be r easona bl y ass ured th a t the crop call be grown as t his re cord docs show , an d 95 , th e mar ket in g plan t o get th e valu e of th e cro p, it look s li k e a reasona bly sa fe in ves t me nt for a b ank. Ev er y grower who ha s t o b orrow mon ey f ro m a commission man has strings t ie d to him t o t he extent that he ca nn ot co-ope rate full y in a ny ma rk eting pl an ; a nd th e ben efit s to th e State a t large ca n be g reatly in cr eased if it were possibl e f or suc h gr owers as mus t b or row money to ge t it at h ome. I f ear th a t I ha ve trespassed too mu ch alrea dy on y our valua ble t ime, but I f eel t hat th e oppor t u ni ty of conveying to t he peopl e of our Sta t e th e gr eat b enefit s th at hav e alrea dy been deri ved, and t hose t hat ca n b e count ed on i n future , j us t if y th e t ime y ou hav e so cheerfully give n. I th ank yo u f or yo ur at t entio n. The PHESIDENT: I will now introduce to you Prof. ",Y. T . Ayres, who came to you at my request made last year to Prof. Waite, Pathologi st of th e Department of Agri culture, and who state d th at wh enever he arrived at the conclu sion that th eir expe r iments on th e lin e of brown rot had come to some sati sfactory r esult, h e would let me know. Ab out two weeks ago he wrot e me that Prof. Ayres who wa s assistant to our f ormer Entomologi st , Mr. Scott, would be at ou r meetin gs and would give you th e re sult of th e work that th ey performed thi s summer nt Fort Vall ey. lIe sa id that he was in hop es th at th o brown rot wa s now pretty well under control ; I hop e that thi s is so true that her eafter we wi11 be fr ee of th nt scourge in our pea ch g rowing. Prof. Ayres will now address you. THE CONTROL OF THE PEAC H BROWN ROT . By W . M . S cot t an d \\' . T. Ayer s, U. S. Dep artm en t of Agriculture. l wr RODUC'I'IO N . At p ra cticall y every meet ing of th is Soci ety du r ing t he pa st fif t een yea rs the sub je ct of peach br own r ot has held a prominen t pla ce i ll y our discus si ons , and th er e has been a const a nt cla mor all over th e Eastern U nit ed States, wh er e p ea ches ar e grown, for a practi cal r emedy 96 for thi s di sease. 'I'h ero i s perhaps rarely a seas Oil in whi ch th e loss fr om brown r ot in Geor gi a alone docs not rea ch th e su m of $1 ,000,000. 'I' his loss i s occasioned not only by th e r edu ct ion of t he crop in t he or cha rd, bu t by t he det eri oration of t he f rui t en r out e t o mark et , and a fte r it r ea ch es th e mark et as well. Until r ecently we ha ve been powerl ess to p rev ent this lo ss, and could only suggest th at th e su fferers gat her and burn th e mummi es, prun e th e trees to open heads, admi tting sunli g h t, and, in ext r eme cas es, to spray wi t h Bordeaux mixture a t t he risk of def olia ti ng t he trees. Now , however, a ft er y ears of i uvest igat iou, we ca n offer a real, tan gibl e rem edy in t he usc of self- boil ed lim e-sulphur. PREVIOUS EXPERDIEKTS. Work w ith sulphur sprays as a possibl e r em ed y f or brown r ot wa s b egun wh ile th e senior writ er was y our Stat e E nt omologis t, but the self-boiled mix t ur e was not t est ed unt il 190i. During that y ear th e writ er s conducted expe r iments in Mi ssouri wi th th e r esult tha t onl y 10 per cent. of th e cr op on s praye d trees dev eloped rot, whil e iO p er cent. of the crop on the untreated blo ck rott ed . Th ese r esults wer e publi sh ed i n Ci rc ular K o. 1 of th e Bureau of Plant Industry. In 190 3 mor e oxtc ns ive expe r iments were con ducte d a t l\Iarshall\"ill e, Ga .,- Ben t onvillo, Ark., an d Ncogn, Ll l ., wit h about th e same good results as wer e obtaine d th e prev ions y ea r. An acco u nt of these experime nts wa s publi sh ed i n Cir cula r 1\0. 2i of th e Bureau .of Pl ant Industry , and th e treatm ent wa s r ecomm ended for gen eral usc in p each or chards wh er e br own r ot and sc a b or black spot occur. Experiment St at ions a nd Sta te Bo a rds wer e espe cially ad vis ed t o gi, 'c the treatment. a trial. Your own Boa rd of E ntomology spee dily took t he ma t t er up , a nd we arc inform ed th a t exce lle nt results wer e obt ai ned fr om their expe riments thi s se aso n, on th e or chard of Bet ts Br os., at Woodbury, Ga., und er th e dire ction of Mr. A. C. L ewi s, Assi stant Entomologi st. PREPARA'fION OP SE LP- BOI L E D LUIE-SULPHUR. Th e mix ture is compose d of S pounds of goo d stone lime a nd S pounds of sulp hur to ea ch 50 gall ons of wat er , an d is pr epa red ac cording to th e following dir ect ion s: Place th e lim e in a barrel and pour on enough wat er to almost cov er it. As soo n as t he lim e sta rts t o sla ke, add th e sulphur. 'I'he sla k ing of th e lim e will ge ne ra te enough hea t t o boil t he mixtu re sev era l minutes. Add more water to keep t he mix ture wet through , bu t not en oug h t o cool it b efor e t he lim e is th or oughly sla ke d. Cons ide r a ble st ir ri ng is necessary to prevent burn ing. 'Whe n the boiling ha s ceased , add enou gh water t o cool th e mixtur e and prevent furth er cooking. If th e hot ma ss is allo we d to st and twen t y or thirty minut es, th e sulp hur will g radu ally go into soluti on and produce a caust ic mixture wh ich would lik ely inj ure pea ch f oliage. Th e obj ec t is to make a good me- ~i chan ica l mi x ture of th e lim e an d su lp hur, d issol v ing on ly a ve ry s ma ll q ua n t i t y of t he la tt e r. It shou ld b e st ra i ne d th ro ug h a sieve of a hout 20 mesh es t o the inch, to t ake out t he coa rse p a rt icles of lime, b u t t he sulp h ur sho uld b e ca refull y worke d th ro ugh t he s t rai ue r w ith a p a d dle. 'I'h o mi x t ure ca n b est b e p repared ' i n la rg e q uant it ies, say eno ug h for 200 ga llo ns at a ti me. T he for mula w ou ld t hen b e il2 p ounds of lim e a nd 3:; p ound s of sulp hu r t o b e coo ke d w i t h a s ma ll qu anti ty of w at er (ab out 8 or 10 g a llo ns), a nd th e n d il ut cd to 200 g allo ns. In appl yin g it, th e mi x t ure mu st b e ke pt t ho ro ughly agi ta t el , a 1111 w e would r ecom men d t he lise of a gasoli no p ow er sp i'ayer w it h a p ro pelle r t ype of agita to r. Cm D m l{CL \ L T E:'iT. U ntil t his yea r t he wo rk has bee n d u ne i n a n ex peri me ntal w ay on s mall p la t s, a nd i n order to pla ce t he t reat ment on a p ra ctica l b a s is i t w a s n ecessa r y to ma k e a co mme rc ia l t est i n w hich la rge block s s ho uld b e t r ea t ed . A ccordin g ly , a bl ock of ubo ut 5,000 trees i n t he lI al e orcha r d at F or t V a ll ey , Ga ., w a s sp raye d b y t he D epart men t du ri ng th e p a st seaso n. Thi s orchn n l w as sclcc t cd b eca us e it. ofl'e rc d almost id eal co nd i t io ns fo r t he wo r k . 'I'h c cro p th e p re vi ou s y ear was hugely lost on ac cou nt of b rown rot :111 1 cu rc ul io, a nd t he con dit ions w ore suc h a s t o m a k e th e t est a bo ut as sev ero a s co uld b e ha d a ny w here. Xlr. lIa le fu rn ished t he t eam s an d la b or, and t he Departm en t s upp lied t he mut er ials an d th e sp raying a ppa ra t us. T he junio r w ri t er sp en t t he en t i re season at Fo rt Y nllov making th e applicat ions a nd noti n g t he results. I n our firs t exper iment s in I!lOi' it d ev el op ed t hat in orde r t o co ut rol bro wn r ot i t wa s necessa ry to p r ev en t p ea ch scu h or bl a ck spo t. It b ecam e eq u a lly a p par ent th a t fo r th e b est r esu lt s aga inst t his discase th e cnrc uli o mus t a lso b e co nt ro lled, a lt houg h i n some ca ses w e w ere a b le t o hold t he r ot d ow n to about 10 p er ce nt . w i th out t reati ng for cu rc ulio. 'I'herefo ro, on on e of t he bl ock s a t F or t V all ey , a rs en a t e of lea d wa s u sed i n co n nec t io n w ith t he se l f- h oiled li me-sul phur as a co mb ined t rea t ment f or Lro wn r ot nu d cu rc ulio. Th is w or k w a s do ne in co -operu t io n w i t h th e B urea u of E nto molo gy , under t he d ir ect ion of Xl r. A . L. Quainta uce, i n cha rge o f F rui t I nsect I uv ost ignt ious . . 'W e w ill uot t ak e ti me to d iscu ss the experi ments in de ta il, b u t ,\yill gi \' e a s um mary of th e t ront mr-nts and results, p oi nt in g out, th e m or e impor t a n t f ea tu res . P la t I , eo ns is t i ng of ;j ;j S \\' :1I1<1 cll t n -os, \n IS sp ra .,",,l wi th se lf'b oiled lnn c -su lp hn r, firs t o n A p ri l ilOth, a bo ut. a m on th a fte r t ho petal s d ro pp ed , an d, sec ond , o n Ma y 20t h, t h ree w eeks la t er. 'I' he fru it f rom fiv e tr ees, in chul i ng drop s, wa s sort eel a ud cou nt ed , wi t h t he r esu lt t ha t 17 p er ce nt . w a s f ound t o h e n ff'cc te d by brow n r ot , a nd 16 per ce n t. sli ghtly a ffect ed w it h s cab . A n exa mi n a ti on of the brown rot f r ui t s showe d t hat 93 p er cen t. of i t w a s ca used b y curc ul io pu n ctures, and 98 tha t, a side from t he cu rc ulio work , only 1 p er ce n t. of t he crop was affe ct ed wi th brown r ot . 'I'h o check plat cons isted of ] ,357 trees , a nd t he cou n ts on fiv e t rees sho w ed 491-2 pel' ce n t. of th e cr op aff ect ed with b rown r ot and 911-2 p er cen t. a ffec te d with scab , a th ird of whi ch wa s so b ad ly affect ed that i t w as unmerchan t abl e. Th is s ho ws a d iff er en ce in favor of t he sp rayed bl ock of 32 1-2 pe r cen t . on rot a nd 75 1-2 p el' ce nt on scab . In thi s cas e SO p el' ce nt . of the brown r ot infecti on s w a s a pparen t ly cause d by eu rc u lio p un ctures. P lat 2 w as a b lock of 1 , ~ 7 5 W udd cll t rees sp ruycd only o nc e, April 30 t h. 'I'he cou nti n g r ecord of t he fruit f ro m five t rees sho ws 121-2 p el' cen t. a ffec te d with brown r ot , :111<1 :12 pel' cent. aff ect ed w ith scab , only a f ew specimen s of whi ch w ere b all . H er e, a ga in , 8-! p el' ce nt. of t h e brown r ot i nf ect i on s w ns du e to cn rc nl io. A r ecord of t he so rti ng' pnek iu g-h ousc wa s also k ep t . Th e crop from p la t ] ( 5GB trees sprnycd t wi ce ) vlelded 18:J 1-3 nat es of goo d fru it, a n d 24 1-2 bu sh el s of culls, or ubout I :J p el' ce nt . cu lls . Plat 2 ( 1,2 75 t rees sp rnvcd once ) gave H-! cra tes of good fru it , and 711-2 b us hel s of culls, or 17 ppr ce n t. eulls. a Th e check pl a t of 1,3,') 7 trees y il' lding o nly ~ UJ 1-3 crat es of goo f'ruit a nd 83 bus hel s of cu lls, 01' abou t 38 pe l' cent. of t he fruit b ro ug ht into th e p a cking-h ou s e w a s di scard ed as cnlls. The crop was li gh t i n th e or ch ard, a n d the yield w a s n ot la rge i n any case, but th e f a ct that 444 cra t es w er e p a ck ed f ro m 1,275 sp ra ye d trees and 219 1-3 cr ates f rom 1,357 un spray ed trees s ho ws th a t t he sp rayi ng more th a n d ou bl ed the y ield of m er ch a ntable f ru it p el' t re e . You hav e se e n fro m th e ab ov e figu re s th a t t h e sc ab 0 1' bla ck spot w as a lm ost en t i re ly prev ent ed :11](1 t hat brown ro t w a s materiall y re du ced ; but complete success in th e con t rol of br own rot wa s r endered Imp oss ibl e by th e in t orf'ereur-e of t he cu rc ul io. Th e fo llo wi ng dat a will sh ow the ' rc ma rku h le efl'oct of t he co mb ina ti on of se lf-bo iled Ii me-sulphur :11](1 arsenat e of lend for th e co ntrol of browu rot u n.l c u re u l io. P Ia t G, cons is t i ng' of 1, 100 suv en-yeu r-old Elh ert a trees , w as spr ay ed. fir st, on March 3 1st (as th e caly ces were shedd i ng) , wi th a rsen a te of lead, 2 po unds to ,')0 g a llons of w a ter; s econd, o n Apr il ~ 2 n d, wi th 8-8 50 self-bo ile d lim e-sulph ur a nd 2 po unds a rse nate of lea d ; third, on M ay 21s t, with se lf- bo ilcd l im e-su lphu r a lon c ; a u d, fo urt h, on Jun e Dth , wi th se lf -bo iled li me-sulp hur. 'l' he cost of m at eri als, labor and t eam wa s $62 .38 o r ii, ti ce n ts pCI' tree. 'Yhen a s sort.cd n nd eou ut cd, t he frnit fr om fi ve t re es had o nly 41-2 pC I' ce n t . aff'c ct ed wi th br own r ot , a bo ut hal f of w h ich was ca used by curc ulio. O n G1-2 1' ('1' eu nt . of t he fruit s ho we d sea h marks, and th ese w ere mos t ly s ma ll i m-ou spi cu ous specks. 'I'hc cu rcul io i nf'ost ntion was 271 -2 p el' cent. From this block 3271 -4 crates of fiue fr ui t were pac ke d, and th er e w ere :11 1-4 hn s h nls of culls. 99 Th e ch eck w a s com p ose d of 1,224 Elbert a trees a dj acen t to th e sprayed blo ck, a nd of the sa me age a nd gr owi ng un d er the same con dition s. 'I'he onl y differen ce i n th e two bl ock s w a s that on e wa s spray ed and t he ot h er w a s n ot . In t his un spray ed b lo ck, a cc ordi ng '.n the cou n ts of th e fru it fro m fiv e tree s, 63 p er ce n t. of the fru it h ad brown ro t , 99 per ce nt. w a s a ffe cte d w it h sc ab, a n d 97 1-2 p er ce nt. w ormy. Al thou gh t his bl ock hall mor e trees b y 124 th an the sj.rayed block , a nd a t t he b eg in ni ng of th e seaso n hall ju s t as g ood a cro p of frrut , it y ie lde d onl y 333-4 cra tes of good f ru it. A side fr om th e loss i n t l.e or chard, 45 bush el s of culls w ere t hrown out a t t he p a cking-house. T he cr op w a s v er y li gh t in both bl ock s to sta r t w i th , but th e sp rnying he ld t he frui t on th e spra y ed b lock , w hi le t he un sp ray ed b lock lost its crop a l mos t e nt irely . S H IPPI j'W '1'ES'r . I n or de r to d et ermin e t he d iff e ren ce in t he ca rrying q uu lity of t he spray ed a n d u nsp r ay ed f ru it, two te st ca rs of pe a ch es f ro m th e cxpo ri ment p la t s w ere s hi ppe d t o ); e w Y or k , exa mi ned on arrivnl a nd so ld in th e u su al wa y throu gh a comm is sion hou se. The f'ru tt in th e first ca r w a s pi ck ed on F'ri day, Ju ly 9t h, i n t he rai n, and a lth o ug ': du o on th e mark et Tu esd ay mom ing w a s del a y ed en r out e, a nd w as n ot so ld unt il Wedn esday morn in g. 'I'he m ark et w a s al most g lu tted wi t h p oor fruit and th e prices ranged lo w. 'l' he t est ca r conta ine d E lbe rtas an d Bell es- sp raye d a n ti u nspray ed . T he sprayed El b ert ns from th e limesulph cr- a rs c nut c of lea d bl ock sold fo r $2.00 a cra te, a n d t he un sprny cd E lb ert as fr om the a djacent un sp r ay ed bl ock so ld fo r $l.M a cra te, mak in g a d iff er en ce of 50c a cra te . Th e sprayed B elles sold fo r $ 1.25 a cra t e, a nd th e un spra y ed Be lles fo r $ 1.125 . An ex a mi nat io n of the E l be rt as s howed th a t 34 p er ce nt. of th e u nspra y ed fr ui t wa s specke d w i th brown r ot , whil e on ly 6 p er ce nt . of t he sp raye d f r u it w as aff ect ed . Th e seco n d ca r a rri v ed W edn esd ay ni gh t , a nd w as so ld T hursd ay morn in g, .July 15th, a t t he fo llowing p ri ces : S praye d E lb er tas a t $1.-);) p er cra t e . U ns prayed E l b ertas a t $1.25 pe r cra te. Sprayed Be ll es at $ J.;)() p el' crate. Unspraye d Be lles at $1.14 p el' cra t e. 'I'h is sh ows a d iff er en ce of 20 ce nts a crat e for th e E lbe rtus a nd :Hi ce nts a crnto fo r t he Be ll es. An oth er sigu i flcu ut fac t is t ha t a ll th e s prnvo rl fr u it in eac h case w a s solrl b ef o re t he bu y ers b l'gan pur ch nsi ru; t he un spruy cd f r u it. It w ill be see n tha t t he diff er en ce in mark et valu e in f'av ..r of th e sp ra ye d f ruit , t o say n oth i ng of the loss i n th e or chard, p a y s th e cost of sprayi n g sev eral t im es over. 100 COST OF TREA TnI E NT. The spraying wa s don e wi th a gasoli n e p ow er sp rayer, equi p pe d wi th a 20 0-gallon t ank a nd p rop el ler agit a tor, tw o 25-fce t leads of hose, a na d oubl e V ermorel n ozzl es. Th e mix t ure wa s pr ep a red in quan lili es of 32 pounds of lim e and 32 pounds of sulp hu r i n a b arrel w ith a sm all quantity of wa te r, th en st rai ned in t o t he sp ray t ank a nd d ilut ed t o 200 g a llo ns . With cu e man to p repa re th c mi x t u~'e a n d d rive the suppl y tank , a n d t h rec men ( neg roes ) to opora t e th e spray ing ou t fit, 900 to 1,000 mat ur e trees wer e sp r ay ed in a da y . 'I'h e cost w as 1 1-5 ce n ts t o 1 3-5 cents p el' tree f or eac h a ppl ica tio n, or a n a verage of 41-:3 ce n ts per tr ee fo r t h rc e treat me nt s. 'I' he comb ina t ion l im c-sul phurars en at e of lead t rea t ment cost 5 ;~- ;3 ce n t s per t ree f or f oul' a p pl ica t ion s. Wh ere lab or is high c r a nd w orkin g hou rs s hor t e r, t he cost would, of cou rse, b e g rea te r, but if a n ex pcn dltu re of e ven 10 ce nts a tree w ill Inc re ase th e y ield 2;) p er cent . to ;30 p er cent. , a n d in a d d itio n e nh a nce the m arket valu e of th e f rnit 25 ce u ts to (iO cen ts a cra t e, th e cos t would see m in sig n ifican t. DA K GE R OF J K.JU HY . If th e se lf-boi le d li me-sulpuur is prope rly prepared , t he re is no d angel' of in j uring th e fruit or fo liage a n d e ve n w hen ca reless ly p re pa re d, th e da ng er of in jury is n ot g reat. In a ll ou r w ork thi s ye a r not the sli ght est inj u ry d e vel op ed on nnv of t he seve rn l t.hou su nd t rees spr ayed . Arsen at e of lcud, how e ve r, some t imes i nj ur es t he p ea ch , aud for that r ea son it ha s not b een gen e ra lly recomme nd ed f or use on th is f ruit. No injury wh at ev er occurred on th e bl ock w hic h w e sp ra ye d wi th th e poi son a t Fort V all ey , a n d f ro m the ovi dc nce at ha nd it se ems th at . in th e ma j ori t y of ca ses wher e a rse nat e of Ion.I ha s b een used on pea ch es !H, in jury ha s OC C\llTe,1. HE CO~InIE N DA'1'J O N S . In v iew of t he fa ct t hat arsen at e of lead occ a sio na ll y i nj ures t he frui t a n d f oli a g e of pea ch, w e w ould n ot recommend it wi t ho u t due cau tion . H ow ever, si n ee th e con t rol of th e c urc ulio i s a n ecessa ry ste p h i th e treat ment of brown r ot , p ea ch grow er s ca ll p ro b ab ly affor d to take so me cha nces in th e u sc of a rs enat e of le a d. Se lf- b oile d l im esu l p h u r a lone will en t i re ly con t rol pea ch sc a b u nd will cont ro l b rown rot wh en th e curculio d ocs not i nt erfe r e, bu t it ca n u ot o vorc om e t he infe cti on s whi ch t ak e p lac e t hro ug h th e pun ct urc s of thi s in sect. Arse na te of l ead is th eref or e in clud ed i n t he course of t reatm en t r eccnun cnd cd b el ow, with t he a pprov al of Mr. A. L . Qu a int an ce, who has for se veral y ears cond uc te d ex pe rime nts fo r t he co ntro l of th e cu rc ulio. For Elb erta, B ell e a n d oth er va r ie t ies of th e sa me s eas on, the fol low ing course of tre at men t wo ul d see m ud vi sn h lc, ju,1g in g f rom the r esult s di scu ssed a b ove: 101 1. Ab ou t t he ti me t he ca ly ces (or s hucks ) a re s hcd d in u, sp ray w ith ai sc nnt e of lea d , 2 p ou nd s t o ;, 0 g al lo ns of w a t er. 2. Ab ou t t hree w eek s la t er spray w ith t he self-boile d liru e -su lpli u r, 8-8-50, a nd 2 po un d s a rs en a t e of lead t o eac h 50 gallon s. 3. Abo u t a month b ef ore th e f ru it ri pe ns, sp ray wi th sc lf -b oiled lime-sulphur al on e, om itting th e a rso nn t c of lead . In orcha rds wh er e t he eu rcul io is no t a se ri ous p est, th e arsen a t e of lead sh ould h e omi t tc d a nd th e t rees sho ul d h e spr a ye d with self -bo ile. I Jim e -sul phu r ab out a mon th a f t er t he pe t al s fa ll , a n d a mouth b e f ore th e f ru it rip en s and hal f -w ay b etween th ose d a t es. POI' ea rlie r vnri et ics , su ch as W add el l, Ca n na n an d H iley , spray (lst ) w hen t he ca ly ces a re shedding, wi t h a rse nat e of lead 2 p ounds to 50 ga llo ns of w a t er ; and (2 nd ) abo ut t hree week s lat er with se lf bo iled l im e-sul p hur a n d arse na t e of lea d, 2 p oun ds t o 50 gallo ns of t he mixture. In w et seaso ns b a d rotti ng va r ie t ies w ill requi re a ' t h ir d ap pli ca ti on a b ont t hree week s aft e r t he sec ond. Mr. L. A. BlijH CKl\IANS: 1 would lik e to a sk Prof. Ayres wh a t IHlYC been th e r esults of h is ex pe r ime n ts Oil th e S an J ose scale '! Prof. AYHE S. W e do n ot kn ow yet just exact ly wha t th e effec t is, hut last year, in A r ka n sa s, an orc ha r d wa s selected where th e sca le was very had. 0 11 th e sp r aye d trees th e f olia ge stayed on, whil e on th e un sprayed trees the fruit and th e f oliage were lo st on a ccount of the sca le. That is th e only in stance with whi ch we hav e had an y expe r ience so far. Prof. :i\IeHA'r'rON: Di d you eve r try yo u r spr uvmg' f or brown r ot all th e A lexander vari et y of penches ' Prof. A rHES : )Jo , sir, hut we tried it Oil th e Bed River, whi ch is ab ou t as bad a s th e A lexander. 'Ve had very go od succe ss. Twenty-five p el' cen t. of th e lUl sp r aye d fruit rotted , whil e all th e sprayed fruit \Ve 1'1' - dneed it t o abon t ten p er cen t. ] 02 Mr. ROWLAND: I would like to ask if it would he practical for the Society to publi sh th e p ap er s of Mr. Ayres and M1'. Fl emin g' that we have ju st heard ? 'I'h e PRESID.E'lN'l': W e wi II do our best , Mr. Howland; we will endeavo r t o have th ese pap er s, and all th e others, before th e next meeting', which is to be held in January. The only difficult y st anding' in th e wa~o is th e condition of our tr ea sury. Mr. RO'VLAKJ) : Iu ease these paper s are pu hlishetl, including 1\11'. H unts, I would like to ma ke a mot ion that a numbe r of copies be seut, wit h the compliments of t his Society , to the ladies of th e 0111'(1en Club of .At hen s, 'I'he motion wa s duly seconded and carri ed. Mr . ROWLAND: 1 would like to move, that if ,IllY of th e proceeding's of th is meet ing are pub lished, Mr. Ayres' r eport he in clud ed in it. 'I'he PRESnHJN'1' : W e will make a str ong effor t to have some pecuniary ussistnn ce fr om th e State Hlld also from th e U . S. Department of Agriculture. I will take great pl ea sure in submit ting th e matter to Sec re ta ry ' Vi lson, as he is always eage r to help us in an y way he ca n. Mr. MORHILL : I run (\ member of th e Hurti cult uru l S ocieti es of abo ut a ha lf dozen States in th e United States. I have met with thi s Society a numb er of tim es, but I have never been a memb er of it until today, although I have been livin g in Georgia siuce 1878. In order to get these papers publis hed, I will be one of ten, 0 1' five, 0 1' wha tever may he necessa ry to publish these re po r ts, to . give $10.00 towards tha t obje ct. 103 Mr. LEWIS: I might say th1\t th ere is a bill befo re the Senate now , approp r iating $10,000,00 to th e Stato Board of Entomology; and if that bill pa sses the Senate, we can publi sh th ese proceedings. Mr. H UNT : I do not want thi s to ge t to be a beggin g' meeting. I do not think we ought to ask our in dividu al members to go into th eir pocket s ; we will accept evidence of th eir good will in some oth er fo rm , but not in that way. 'I'h e Pl~E SIDENT: Mr . L ewis, who is our Assi stant State Entomo logist, is befo re yon, and desires -to read H part of ~Ir . , Vorslwm 's pap er . Mr. LEWIS : Mr . W or sham wa s not ab le to be her e on account of thi s pending bill, and he wanted to get it thr ough if possible. I think it is th e most important mea sure that lias come bef or e th e sess ion, and it look s now as if we will ge t the approprintion ; and if so, we will publish th e proceedin g's as we did la st year. Mr. , VOl'sh am '~ paper is on "Pea ch In sect s, th eir H istor y and Con tr ol," bu t I will not take up your tim e to re ad all of it. , Ve have made expe r iments on cu rculio fo r the last three yea rs, and I will r ead that part of th e paper r elating t o this pa rticula r subj ect. PEACH INSECTS. By Eo L, W or sh am , S ta t e Ent om olog ist . Th e insect ene mies of th e peach cost t he State of Geo rg ia abo ut two hundred thou sa nd t o f onr huud rcd thou san d dollars wh en ev er we ha ve an y thin g li ke a fu ll crop , T he greater portion of t his in jury can b e preve nt ed if t he rcconuuc nda t io ns of t he vnri on s cnto mol og ists, who ha ve work ed on th ese prob lems , are adopted. 104 ln fighting pea ch Inse cts th ere ar e a few gen eral dire ctions that lIIay b e followed , but it is w ell to know wha t th e i nsec t is, what it s life history is, what is t he b est tim e t o fi;,:ht it , a nd wh at is th e best in scc t ieidc to omploy. U nless t lu-se point s a re kn own , wa rf'n re on i usect s is a wa ste of tim e and mon ey. W he n an entomolo gi st rec omm ends that ce r ta in results can be expected from th e ap plica t ion of certa in i nsec t ic ides, th e recommendat ion is made aft er a ca ref ul study of th e in sect , a nd a fte r haying con du cted yery ca r eful exp eriments ; but if yo u exp ect t o ob ta in s im ila r r esults, dire cti on s mu st b e ve ry curo f'ul lv follow ed. If y ou de via te fr om these y ou arc l iabl e not only to f a il to kill th e in sect, but yo u a re l ia ble to injure the tree. Of a ll t he ind us t r ies i n Gcorgiu whi ch ar e d ep end ent upon th e State Bo ard of Ent om ology , th e p cueh indu stry is th e mo st dep endent. Without the ca reful iu v est ig nt i on s whi ch ha ve b een mad e by th e State Entomo logi st and hi s a ssi st ant s, th e b euut if'ul , blu shing Georg ia p ea ch would not hnv e Ii ve d to pl a ce Georg ia am ou g th e for emost p ea ch -growing se ctions of th e world, 'I'h o Sa n .I oso sca le w ou ld have made pea ch glowing impossible if w e had no t le a r ned to chec k its ra va ge s by methods whi ch are simple , a n d whi ch ca n be a pplie d by a ny pea ch . grower. Th ere a re about tw enty -five in sects whi ch a t t ac k p ea ch es, but i n a pape r of th is k in d I t hi n k it b est to t ou ch upon j ust a f ew of th e mo st import ant ones . SA N J OSE S CA L E. The San Jo se sc a le is by far th e most ser io us pest th e fr uit growe r ha s to contend wit h i n Geor gia . Jt wa s introd u ced from Ca lif orni a in a b ou t ] 889, a nd si nc e that .t ime ha s spre a d th r ou gh pract icall y every fruit growing sec t ion of th e St at e. Jt is r espon sibl e for th e g rea t ad van coment made in Am eri ca in econ omi c ent omology . When it b eg an its ravages in Ca li f orn ia it wa s se en th at unl ess some m ean s cou ld be d evi sed to chec k it , it would be a bsolu te ly impossible to grow fruit. Legislatur es b eg un to be lib er al i n appropriati ng mon ey for its i nve stigation, and whi le t oday it is a 1II0St se ro us p est , it is on e of the easiest to control if th e d ir ect ion s of the inv est igu t ors a re follow ed. Perhaps those of you wh o arc no t f amili al' wi th the li ttl e in sect would be int er ested in kn ow ing so mcth ing abou t it. To t he nuk ed ey e it is a most harml ess lookin g crea t u re. It is ve ry s ma ll; t he f em al e b eing 1110re or less round , a nd th e mal e mor e 01' less elo nga t ed. Th ey are both rat her d arkl y colore d, b ein g d a rk at cc nte r and som ewhat Lig ht er t owards th e ed ge . B oth ha ve a d ist.in ct wa x co Yeri n g, whi ch is secret ed by th e in sec t . 'I'h e cove ri ng re sembl es a sm a ll sc a le, and fo r this r ea son in sect s of t his t yp e a re ca lle d sca le insects. B en eath this scale i s a very hig hly organi zed insect. It J,()long s to the su ck li ng 105 , cl ass of in sects, a nd is prod ded w i t h probosc is or suc k in g ap parat us, wh ich is thru st in t o t he t issu e of t he pla nt f or th e pl1l'pose of ex t rac ti ng th e plan t j ui ces fo r f'ood . A t t hi s lut it.ude th ere arc a b on t f ou r d ist i nct broods or gcn er a ti on s. T hey r ea lly co nti nu e t o b re ed un til t he cold w eather of D ecemb er an d J nnu ary. 'I' he most inte re st ing t hi ng abo ut Sa n .Iose scale is , t hat it is ca pa ble of reproducin g pa r t he noge net icall y , o r w i th out p a ir ing . T he f e-ma le n e v er e me rges fr om und er t he w a xy sca le. 'I' hc m al e is qui t e sma ll, a n d w hen it emerges is cap nble of fl ight . A ll t he sc a les d ie in wint er ex ce pt t hose' t hat a rc on e-t l-ird g ro w n, an d on e-ha lf of these arc kill ed b y co ld w eat her. Were it not for ot he r a g e nci es th is i nse ct would n ev er h av e go tte n i nt o thi s cou n t ry, a nd eve n afte r it w a s i nt rodu ced, it would ha v e trav el ed sa slow ly th a t it w ould p robably have take n a 1lU1H1red y ea rs to t rav el ncross t he co nt i nen t.Un f ort un nt elv, how ev er, it is carricd f rom one pl a ce til a no t her b y va r io us a g en cies. B in ls a nd in sects pl a ~' a la rge part in th e di s t ri bu ti on of sca le i nsects. 'I'h ey arc ca rri ed on t he f eet of b ir ds, an d on t he f eet of oth e r in sect s. \\' he n once stn rt cd i n a n orc ha rd t he y ou ng g et into t he clo t ho, in g of t he p eopl e eul t i vat.i n g t he or cha r d, a n d lik ew ise up on mul l'S a nd horses w hich co me in co u t ac t w it h in f est ed t rees. N A'rU IL \L EN E~LIES . S a n .Iose s ca lc ha s qui t c a numb er of n a tural ene m ie s whi ch p rey up on i t , a n d i n so m e sect io ns of t he country a rc sufficie nt t o hold i t in c hec k . Among t he m ost etl'cctivc na t ural en em ies a rc s ma ll lady b eet les. W hen t his pes t w a s t race d t o .China , it w a s d is cov ered t hat it w a s reall y n ot a p est t he re on a ccou nt of t h e li t tl e A siat ic 1:1I1y b ee t les, w hich kep t it in co nt ro l. Effor t s w e re m a d e t o es t a b lis h t h ese l it tl e fel lo ws in t his cou ntry, b ut a ll atte mpts fa iled. Con d it ions are n ot fav orable h ere f or their d ev elop ment. In a d dit ion to th e la dy b eetl e, th er e a r c v ery s mall, w a sp-l ik e in sec t s w hi ch arc p a r a sitic on sc a le, a n d w hich , u nd er ce r t a in co nd itions , destroy a la rge p CI' cent. of t he m. In t h e l ine of p arasi t es, t he f un gus di sea ses a rc so me ti mes v e ry e ff'ect ive. Sa n -I ose scale a n d m a ny ot he r sra lc in sect s arc somet imes held in cont ro l, in F lorid a a nd ot her se mit ro p ica l secti on s, by fungus di sea ses. In Geo rgia we can no t r ely on na tura l ene mies to do t he wor k f or us ; we mu s t figh t it ourselves, It is n o lon g er a qu estion of wh eth er we sha ll li ght , h ut wh en w e sha ll fight a n d wh a t w e s ha ll figh t w ith. R E?lIEDIES. Alm ost e ye ry k n own r om edv t ha t ha s b een successf ul in co nt ro ll ing insects ha s be e n us ed on t hc Sa n .Jose sca le, bu t ' a ft e r mu ch experi - 106 iiiCntl ng w e ha v e d isco ve re d a r em ed y on wh i ch \I -C ca n re ly f or u lmost !,prfeet re sul ts , Th e rem edy t o w hi c h I r cf c r is lun nc-ruudc Ji me-sulphur wash , ::!O lHlulHIs of l im e, 1;; p ound s of s ulp h u r, ;:;0 g a llo ns of w ut cr. Ca reful di r ect ion s fo r i ts p rcp nrut i ou ca n h c oh tu i n cd o n H''1IH'St to t he S t a t e Ent om olog ist , A t lan ta. Lt eIoC's not hu rt th e t rec if a p plip ,l in t lie fa ll o r win t er w hjle t he tre e is d ormant , a nd one appli cati o n a ,)'pa r, if t horuu g hly mad e, w ill b e su fliei c n t t o k ecp t he sc ule in cou tro l uu d p re ven t a ny inj ury t o th e tree. Th e f n ng ic ida l va lu e of Iitu e -s u l p lru r is no t to b e ov e rloo k ed in se le ct ing r e med ies for s ca le, We ha v e dcm o ns tru t cd t hat it wi ll pr ev en t l ea f cur l, a n d 110 d oub t h as some cfl'c ct on bro w n r ot . It s ca usti c prop ert ies m a k e it m ore or less objc ct lo uu b le to han dl e, h nt i ts d oubl e v al u e as f ungici de a n d in scct i cid o w i ll se rve t o k ee p it in th e l ead [I S a r em ed y fo r sc a le. R ecen t ex pe r i me nts see m t o s ha ll" t hat t hc p rep ar ed lim e-sulphur : is pra et icul l v a s cff'cct iv o a s th e hom e-m ad e prep a ra t ion . I n th e prep a red l im e-sulphu r , t he li me an d s u l ph u r a re o ncout rut cd , n nd a ll th e g ro wl'r ha s t o do is t o dilut e wi t li wat er ail e] a ppl y to th e t ree . In our ex pe r imen t s th e d ilut iou of on e t o n in e or on e t o t e ll, see me d to g i,-e h est results. 'I'hi s ha s s ome ud v un t ug c, i n t hat i t is m u ch less t rouble and is 1.1I0rc easi ly appli ed . 'I' hcre wi ll h e pra ct ica ll y n o difl'crcn cc ill t he cos t betw ee n th e t wo . 1\ t a cost of 1I0t more tlm n o ne an d one- ha lf t o two ce nts p e r t re e, a nyo ne ca n k eep h is t rc os f r om h e in g eIam agpe] h y t he sc a le . W E S T 1:,\])JA X SC\ L E. W est Ind ian sca le is q u i tc d es tru et iv o t o pea ch es in so me sec t ions of Geo rgia. F ortun nt ely it i s 1I0t wi dcly di s t ribu t cd . It occ urs in onl y a fe w l oca lit ies. It s li f e hi st ory is so mew ha t si m i la r to t hat of Sa n .Jose sca le, a nd t he sa me rr-mcd i es en n h e r el iC' eI o n f or i t s con t r ol. L'E.\ C][ LECA :'\ I U:\I. 'l'h er e is also a soft s ca le or " Le ca n iu m" wh ich is some ti mes quit e a l m u da nt on p ea ch es, hut as a ru le not ve ry destru cti v e. It is k now n a s " Peach L ecan i um )) or '''l' ur t leh a ck sc a le, )) a ile] ca n h e co nt ro l led in t he sa me w a y a s Sa n .Ioso sca le . PEA CH 'l' BEE B O BE B. Xex t t o Sail .Io se sc a le, p er ha ps th e great est IIIJ ur y t o p ea ch t r ees i n Georg ia is d on e b y t he b or e r, whi ch a tt a ck s t he r oot s . Th e re a rc a n u m b e r of b o re rs a tt a ck i ng p ea ch t rees, hu t t h is on e a tta cks on ly t he roo t s, an d i s t echni call y k no wn a s " S anui na ex it io sa. " It s pr esc ncc is det ect ed a bo ut t he b a se of th e t r ees by th e ex udat ion of g um f ro m p oi nts of a ttack G reat ma sses of g um oft e n e x te n d e n ti re ly ar ound t he b a se of i n f este d t r ees. 'W he n t hey arc ab un dan t th ey sue - 107 eeed in gir dli ng th e tree, an d its vita lit y is nec essa rily int erfei'erl wi th . Thi s bor er bel ongs t o th e orde r " Le pi doptera, " but , ex te rn a lly t he adult r esembles ver y littl e th e oth er 'members of th is or de r ; f or t hey resemble wa sps in sh ap e a nd size, a nd arc ofte n mista ken for th en-. The adult s appeal' ma inl y during th e lat ter part of Au gu st and th e first part of S eptemb er. Very soon a fte r em er gin g, th e f ema le begins t o dep osit eggs on th e t runk of .th e t ree. 'I' he eggs soo n hat ch in t o tiny worm s, wh ich begin to bor e in t o th e b ark n ear t he g round, cansing an ex uda t ion of g um. Wh en f ull g row n, t hese worm s are about one inch in length; ye llo wis h-wh it e in color, wit h t he head and first bod y segm ent brown . When full grown t he worm, or la rv n, leav es its chan nel in t he tree an d constructs a cocoon at the surface of t he g round nea r t he ba se of t he tree f rom which it em erges a nd chan ges to ch rysalis, 0 1' pupa, i n t he cocoon. F ro m th e cocoo n, th e ad ult mot h ' issues, escapi ng from th e pupal ski n, whi ch is usu all y left att a ched t o th e cocoon. HElIlEDIAL ]\[EA S UHES. N o spray, no wash, a nd no r em ed ial measu res ha ve eve r b een suc cess f ul in fight in g thi s i nsect in the Sout h. P rof. lI. N . S ta rnes, fo rm er H ort icul tu r ulist of t he Georgia E xp er iment St at io n, was th e first t o wor k out the li f e hist ory of this i nsect i n Georgia, a nd sin ce we now und erst a nd i t t h or oug hly t he re are means to wh ich we ca n re sort to pre ven t t he bo re r f ro m in j uri ng the t re es to any g reat extent. Sin ce t he eggs are la id on t he t run k of t he tree, i t has b een fo und that a gr eat deal of good ca n be acco mplis hed by w ra ppi ng the trunk bef or e th e eggs a re depo sit ed. T he wr appin g should b e don e wi th brown pap er or new sp ap er , to a hei gh t of ab ou t eightee n in ch es, a nd should be f a st en ed to th e top with a small wi r e 0 1' sto ut twin e t o . prev ent th e larvae fr om ente r ing th e paper from abo ve. Th e wr app in g pap er sh ould be put in pl ace by Au gu st 1st, as i t is in te nde d t o hind er th e first b orn larvae f rom ente ri ng th e trunks of t he trees. ]\IOUND H W . After t he p a per coyer is in place, th e soi l shou ld be i mmediat ely mou nd ed abou t t he base of t he tree t en inches hig h, coveri ng t he lower part of th e pap er. Wh en t rees are t reated in thi s way , larv uc ha t chin g hi gh up on t he t runk a nd main lim bs, after d roppin g to t he t op of th e mound, will b e for ced to r ea ch t he tree t hroug h th e paper wrapping at a point t en inc hes a bo ve th e level of th e ground. Before th ey suc ceed in effec t i ng a n ent ra nce , many will b e devoured by th eir na tural en emi es, suc h a s an ts and birds. 'I'hi s will al so prevent t hem fr om getting very f a r down into t he' gr ound, an d th ey will t hus be more ea sily see n a nd gotten out wh en we are r ead y t o worm t he t ree s. lOS WOHl\IlN G. Afte r wra ppin g a nd moun ding ha v e b een att en de d t o b y Au gust ] st , it mi g h t se e m t hat th e trees will b e thoro ug hly prot ect ed , b u t f or s om e reaso n t his is n ot t ru e. Th e la rv a e manage to get i nt o t he b a se of t he t ree in sp ite of e ve ry preca ut ion t hat can b e t a k e n. All ki nd s of dev ices ha ve b ee n r esor t ed to in or de r to keep t he m out, but in spi te of a ll t hese t hey man age to effect an en tranc e. Conse que n tl y , w orm il'g s houl d alwnys f oll ow wrapp in g and mound in g . W orming s ho uld begi n t he la st week in Octobe r, fo r it is kno wn t ha t n early a ll t he eggs arc ha t ch ed by Octob er };"ith. By d oi ng thi s we ca n destroy a grea t man y of the y ou ng la rva e b ef or e th ey hav e i nj ured th e trees. By thi s ti me th e wrap pin g a nd th e m ou nd s ho u ld be re mo ve d , a nd it is quit e a n easy ma tt er t o r em ov e th e yo u ng larv a e, whi ch ca n b e seen on th e s urf a ce of th e bark f eedin g on t end er s po ts a nd covere d wi th a ma ss of gum min gl ed with exc reme nt a nd bo rings . 'I'h is gummy m a ss, t og ether w ith th e worm b en eath, ca n b e r em oved with a cu r ve d bill hook nrra u gcmo n t , bluntly point ed at on e e nd and provid ed with a doubl e edg e whi.ch s hou ld not h e sharp, but about l ik e a du ll t ab le knife. T he maj or ity of yo u n g borers will b e found on th e tre e trunk s sev erul in che s ab ove g ro u n d, and, being for th e most part on th e s u rf ace, they ca n b e eas ily sc ra pe d off, DET ElW EN T WA SHER 'I'h e most sa t isf ac t ory w a sh t o a p ply afte r wormin g is a co mpo u nd of l ime -su lp hur a n d g a s-t a r, whi ch w a s first reco m me nde d by P rof. Wm. S cott. Thi s is mad e as f'ollo ws : Slake one bu sh el of lim e wi th a s ma ll am ou nt of w a r m wa t er. Whil e th e lime is slak in g , add t en p ounds of sul phur p r ev iou sly stirred int o a paste. To t his m ixture add one -ha lf g a llo n of g as-ta r an d then dil ut e wi th w a t er to a bo ut 50 gallo ns . This wash ca r ries su fficie n t l ime to fo rm a good co ati ng oy e r th e ba rk , w hil e not be ing t hic k en ough to flak e off wh en d ry, a n d w ill se rv e to k ill man y of t he yo ung whi ch yo u fai l t o find wh en wormin g . TH E CU RCUL IO . T he g reates t dama ge don e t o t he f r uit is d one by t he cn rcul io. Th e curc ulio, is a dark -brown b eetl e tha t look s lik e a dri ed bud , wh en slukcu f rom th e t rees . _"'heu it f all s t o th e g rou nd i t ha s a habit of pl ay in g " p ossum, " r emaining f or a time wi thou t mo ti on, see m ingly lifel ess. Th e b eetl es v ary in size, but nvcrn ge one -fift h of an in ch in len gth . Th ey are provid ed wi th win gs with wh ich th ey fl y ea sily for a cons ide rn b le di st an ce. LIFE HISTORY. T he b eetles p a s s t he winter und er protection of weeds, rubbish, e tc ., i n th e orc ha rds und er a nd a ro un d p ea ch trees , and a ls o in lea v es Ion and bru sh iu t he ed ge of fores ts whi ch adjoin pea c h orchards. I n t he spring, wh en p ea c h t rees arc j ust pu sh ing on t th e t ender buds, th e cu rc ulios emerge fr om t heir w in t er quart ers a n d co mme nce to a t ta ck th e y oun g p ea ch es. ::\[a tin g so on t a k es pl a ce, a nd hy th e t ime t he first f ru it i s se t t he f ema le s arc rc ndy to d epo sit eggs. 'I'h e eggs a rc d epos it ed by t he f ema le on t he p ea ch es, bu t , b efor e d epositing th e eggs, she mak es a s ma ll , crc sc u t -shupcd in cis io n wh ich s he a lways employs t o fo rce t he eg g un der t he sk in. On ly on e eg g is d epos it ed in a pl a ce, a nd a s a ru le only one to a pea ch ; hu t i f t he fru it is very scarce, severa l egg s may h e fo und on a sing le p eac h. 'I'h e eggs t hu s deposi t ell soo n hat ch in t o s ma ll, whit e g ru hs , w h ich imm edi a t ely b or e t oward th e cent er of th e fru it. Xl u ch of t he infe st e d frui t d r ops w he n qu it e sma ll , b ut mau y of th e pea ches a re not st u ng unt il t he fr uit is somet hi ng li k e hal f gro wn, or la r ger, a nd in t hi s ca se t he fr uit is force d to r ip e n p re ma tu rely. In fall en , w ormy f ruit th e g rubs co mplete th ei r growth , Ie uv e th e fr uit , e nt er th e ground and t ran sfo rm into p u pa e. I n abo ut t hr ee or fo ul' we-eks t he pnpa e c hange i nto a du lts. Th er e are a bout two br oods a y('ar i ll Geor gia . 'I' ho C'g'g lay in g }Ipr iod of :t si ngle f'r-mul c J n a~ e x t e n d o v e r ('ig hty d uvs, This' ac count s fo r th e fa d t ha t s ma ll wor ms arc found in JJ(arI S matu re pea ch es. .Ta rrin g t he tree s in th e early s p ring for colle ct ing t he ad ult be et les wa s for a long tim e th e onl y th ing pra ct iecd by growers in trying to co nt r ol curcul io. R ecen t ' ex pe r ime nt s sh ow tha t jarriug do cs very li tt le g ood . In our expe ri me nts th is y ea r jarring, wh il e pa rtia lly successfu l, w a s not fo un d to b e practica bl e exce pt on a v ery s ma ll s ca le. Aft er th e su m me r is adv a nced :1Ilc1 t he ea rly mornin gs a rc warm, jarr ing is of n o valu e. At t he b egin nin g of th e se a so n, w hen th e tre es are blo oming, it i s po ssib le to ca t ch g reat numb er s of t he b eet les , and in th is wuy r ed uce t he percen ta g e of w orm y f'ru it . AHSEXA'1'E or LEAD. Experiment s fo r th e co nt rol of curc nlio are cond uc t ed this y ear a t Bagl ey and W oodbu rv, Ga. 'l'he method u sed w a s the same as t hat e mp loy ed in Hl OO a nd ]OOi , v iz. : s pra y ing w ith arsena t e of lead . Arsen at e of lead was u sed at a s t re ng t h of t wo p ounds to fi fty ga llons of water. '1'0 thi ; mix ture w a s a dd ed a mi lk of lim e so lutio n mad e fr om three p ounds of fresh sto ne l im e; thi s solution b eing int ended to r edu ce th e t cn dc m-y r of th e fr ee arsenic of t he co mp ou n d to b urn t he foliag e a nd f ruit. T hree p la t s of a bo ut 300 trees each were sprayed at thi s st.rc ng th ; t he plats receivi ug one, t wo, a nd three uppl icat.io ns re sp ect i vely. "\ not her plu t wa s sp rayed th r ee times, at t.hre e po unds to fift y gall ons of wat er, with out. the addit iou of tho lim e w at er. 110 Brl c flv , i t mav be sta t ed that ar sen a t e of loud wa s a g a in su ccessfu l, t o a gn' a t l ant s d eriv e th eir f ood fr om th e ai l' a nt i th e so il. 'I' hc a il' s np pli es d ire ct chiefly th e c 'c mo ut ca rh on , al thou g h it is t he origi na l so urce of hydr ogen, oxy ge n a nd nitrog en . H yd r ogen a nd oxy ge n arc sup plio.I m ainl y thr ou gh th e so i l in th e f orm of w a t er . About 95 pel' ce n t. of t he t ot a l d ry matt er of p la n t s comes fr om t he air; t he r em ai ni ng 5 p CI' ce n t . is t he i nco mbu s t ib lc 0 1' a s h const i- t uents wh ich a re sup p lied exe l us i vcly by th e soil. Th ese a s h co ns t ituents a r e i nd is pe nsu b le , fo r w ith ou t th e m t he cu rbo n of t he a il', t he hy drogen a nd oxyge n of th e wa t er, a nd t he nitrogen of t he so il a nd air could not en te r i nt o pl a n t li fe. T he plant ta k es it s fo od t hrough t he lea ves a nd r oot s, wh ich arc ca lle d t he organ s of nutr it iou . 'I'h e chloro p hy ll or g re e n col ori n g in the lea f- cell play s a n impor t a nt p art, f or it is i n t hese lea f cells t ha t t he ca r bo n ic ac id of t he ai r is deco mp osed t hro u gh th e in flue nce of ligh t a nd hea t , t he carho n lle ing r et ain ed wh ile t he oxygeu is gi ve n off. 'I' his p rocess is ca lle d ass imi lati on, an d t a k es pla ce durin g "t he d a yt im e, w hil e a t night t he 1'0011 m a d e durin g t he day is cha nged w hereby it ca n b e t ran s f e rred i n sol ut ion wh e re ve r it is ne ed ed . Iron as w ell as da yl ight is n ecessa ry i n t he f or mat i on of ch loro p hy ll. T he ca r h on a bsorb ed b y t he pl a n t :11\11 t he hyd rogen a nd oxy ge n ta ken up by th e r oot s i n t he f orm of wa t e r meet in t he lea ves of the p lan t an d a re fo rme d in to st a rc h, sug a r, f at , e t c., ana t he sa me cle me nts, toge t he r wi t h n itrog en a nd a l it tl e s ul- phu r, fo r m t h e a l bu mi n oid s. Th e mann er i n w hich t he r oot s take up foo d is v erv d iff'c rc nt f ro m th a t of th e lea Yes, fo r t he surfuce memb ruu es of t he ro ot s arc n ot f ull of hol es, a na solid ma tter ca n n ot p ass t hroug h. Th erefore, th e f ood mu st b e i n so lution, a nd it s abso r pt ion by t he r ootl et s is ob t a inc d by mea ns of d iffu sion or "os mos is. " Th e fo od deriv ed fro m t he soil is no t t a k en up a s i n d ividu nl ch emi ca l ele me nts , h u t ch iefly i n t he f orm of a cid s 0 1' sa lt s. T hu s, n itrogen is comb i ncd wi th oxy gen to fo rm nit ric ac id, and wh en u n it ed w ith b a ses li ke p ot a ssi um or ca lc iu m f or ms p ota ss ium n i tra t e 0 1' cal ciu m ni trat e. T hese weak so l utio ns t ak en up by the r oo t s are co n centrat ed in t he up p er p a r t of t he pl an t owi ng t o rap id eva p ornt ion by t he lea v es, and are used i n th e f or mati ou of ne w tissue . ' , Whil e co ns idera b le r esea rc h ha s b een g iye n t he w ork of de t e r mini ng the f un ct io ns p erf o rm ed by t he d ifferen t co nst it ue nt s t ak e n in t o t he p lan t , y et t her e is v ery lit tl e d efinite kn owl edge on th is sn hject a t th e p resent t ime. As t he mat eri a l f u rui she rl by t he ail' is s u pplied f reel y a nd nh nn dnntl y t o every pl a n t , it w ill n ot b e n ecessary to dev ote an y t ime t o i t , bu t w e will t urn our a t t ent io n t o t he subs t a nces f urnis he d by t he so il. Th e soil does no t al wa y s s up ply t he p la nt w it h suf flei e nt mat er ia l fo r it s .g row t h, a nd a s th es e d e ficie ne il'S must b e ma de goorl hy 11 4 ina u before ilc ca n hope f or abundant harv est s, we win con s ide r f or li f'ew mom en t s t he part t hey play in plan t lif e, Of t he ele me nt s suppli ed by t he soi l as plan t f'ood, magn esi um , iro n a nd sulphu r, and some t ime s ca lci u m, arc usually found t o ex ist in sufficient quanti ti es to sup ply th e rc quiru me nt s of plants, Potassi um, phosphorus and ni trogen , and some t i mes ca lc ium , a re not a lways present in suffi ci ent am ounts in a n av ni la blc f orm to s np p ly t he n eeds of t he gr owi ng plants. Su lphur occ u rs in plant t iss ue i n compurut iv clv s mull am ounts, It is taken into plants in t he form of sul p ha tcs, as pota ssium sulp ha t e, ca lci u m sulphat e, a nd other sulp hntes, a nd play s a very importa nt part in t he for mation of albu min ous matt e r of plants, T hese a lbum inoi ds mov e about in t he plant, p ri ncipall y to wa rd th c g rain a nd f ruit. In some pla nts su lp hur is a con stit uent of t he esse n tia l oi ls, an d ca n be det ect ed hy the odor, s uch as in th e onion, ga rl ic, hor ser adi sh and ot he rs , Whil e iron is n ecessa ry fo r pla nt gr owt h a nd i s a lways pr esen t in pl ant s, i t occu rs in abou t t he sma ll est am oun t of a ny of t he as h ele - ment s. 'I' he f u nct ion of ir on is t o as sist i n t he for ma ti on of ch loro - phyll, or t he green color i ng ma tt e r of plant s, Jt is n ot kn own y et wh e th er iron en te rs into t he che mic a l co mpositio n of c hlo rop hy ll, or is me rely as soc ia tea with it. :Ma g nesium occurs i n mu ch sma lle r umu u uts t han cu lei u ui does, a l- thoug h i t is st ore d up i n th e see as abou t three ti mes more l iberall y t han is ca lciu m. Ma g ues iu m a ssim ilat es mor e slowly t ha u an y of the ot he r ash constituents of plants. It e nte rs into th e che mica l compositio n of t he chlorophyll , altho ugh pla n t s do no t r equ ir e mu ch ma gn esi um u n t il th e period of format ion of the see ds , It ha s been found t hat plants glOwn wit h au incomplete su p ply of ma gn esium frequ en tly have st eri le seed. Ca lc ium is always present in th e a sh mat eri al , a nd plants cannot r ea ch f ull maturi ty without it. In fa ct, s ome crops, such as clover, peas, alfa lfa , r eq uire so mu ch ca lci u m t hat th ey are called ( , lime pla nts. " 'I'he sp ecial fu nction of ca lciu m is in assi st ing in t he con- st r uct ion of the ce ll wa ll s, a nd no new pl an t ce lls ca n b e form ed wi th - out it. Cal ci um is found i n t he leaves of pl a nt s at a ll st ages of gro wt h, a nd is yery ne cess a ry for t hei r f ull development. Jt has b een stated t hat ca lci u m compo un ds ar e necessa ry f or t he conversio n of st a rch i n t o ce ll ulose. Wh en th e gro wt h of a pl a n t has bee n chec ked b y wi thh olding ca l- ciu m, th e pl ant will show incrouscd vigo r wi thin a f ew hours afte r sup plyi ng it. Ca lci u m, unl ik e ma gn esiu m, is assi mila te d in the early st a ges of th e pl an t 's grow th ; fo r exa mp le, i n wh ea t SO pe r ce nt. is assim ilated b ef or e th e pl a n t head s. It d oes not accu mulate t o such all exte nt i n th e se eds a s d o s ome of th e ot her a sh cleme n t s, f or on ly ] 15 a bout 1/ 10 of the a mou nt remo ved by gra in crops is in t he seed s, tl1(> rrmai u ing 9/ 10 be ing d ist r ibu t ed t hro ug hout t he st ra w, It is p robable t ha t more work has b een d evot ed t o t he st udj- of n itrog en as a f ood f o r plan t s t ha n to a ny ot he r cle me nt. 'I' his is a specia lly int er estin g su bje ct f or t he reas on that pl ant s a re s urro uml m] by an atmo sph er e of ni trog en , a nd i t wa s t o det ermine wh et her it was possib le f or plant s t o use t he nitrog en direct fr om t he ai r. It has been f ound th a t th e re a re only cer t a in pla n t s ca ll ed " legu mes " th a t ha ve th e po we r of ut il izi ng t his n itroge n for f ood by mean s of n od ul es 0 1' t uber cles on t he i r ro ot s. Ni tro gcu i s t ak e n up by t he roots of plants i n t he f or m of ni t ra t es a nd comb ines w ith ca rbon, hyd rogen , and ot he r ele me nts, t o f orm t he n itrog enou s compo u nd s so la rgely prese nt in pl a n t s. In t he a bsence of n it rog e n, ' a pla n t ma kes no appreciable gi owt h, and wh e n t her e is a n i ns utlicic nt sup ply of t his ele me nt the pl a nt 's fo lia ge d oes not d e velo p a ri ch g ree n color , bu t t a kes on a y ellowi s h tin ge. Ph osph oru s occurs in pa rt s of th e plan t in th e form of ph osph ut os, 'I'h ese ph osph ates play a yer y import a n t part in t he de vcl opm on t of th e yo u ng pl ant at th e t ime of ge rmi natio n. Ph osph ori c aci d is one of t he cons t it ue n t s of chlo rop hyll , a nd is nec essa ry f or th e b ui ldi ng up of evcry. pla nt cell. . It is not only imp or - t a n t t o yo u ng plant s, but is necessa ry a t a ll stages of t he plan t 's g row t h. Th e chie f fu nct io n of ph osph orus may be s ai d t o be a id in th e p ro- du ct ion a nd t r a nsp ort a t ion of t he p rot e id substa nces. 'I'hese prot e id b od ies w hich a rc p rod uced i n t he lea ves a re finally tra ns ported t o t he se ed , w he re t hey acc umu lat e t o t he g reat est ex te n t. F ro m 60 t o 75 pe r ce nt . of t he t ot al ph osph a t es r e mov ed in a crop is f ound in t he seed s. T he tran slocat ion of p hosph ori c a cid in t he pl ant is ve ry in t eresti ng, It is th e most mobi le s ubs ta nce of a ll th e inor g a nic cons t it uen ts of plants. It i s con t inu al ly movi ng f ro m t he low e r to th e u pp er pa r t of pl ant s, an d a la rg e per cent a ge of ph osphor ic a cid f ou nd i n the grain wa s moved f ro m t he lea ves an d s t em s of plant s e ve n a f t e r it had on ce come t o a r est in t hese orga ns , In spea k ing of th e f n nct ion of po tassi um, P rofessor Snyde r, in h is .cx collcnt w ork on " T he Che mis t ry of Pl a nt and Ani mal Li f e, " s ays : " Pota ss iu m is one of the most import an t a nd leas t var iable of a ll t he cleme n t s f'ou ud i n t he as h plants , It is qui t e eve nly d istribu t ed throu ghout th e gr owi ng pl ant , an d ge nera lly OC CllI'S in th e e nt ire pla nt. in. t he larg est p r op ortion of an y of th e es se n t ia l a sh eleme nt s. It is t ak en up in . t he ea r ly s ta ges of plan t growt h a nd is a l ways p re sent to t he gre a test ex t en t in th e ac ti ve a nd g ro win g pa r t s as in th e lea ves w here t he produ ct ion of pl a nt t issu e oc cu r s. P ot assium is one of t he e le me nts most esse nt ia l for t he plan t 's d evel op men t . " 11 6 II The f unction of potassium is appa rently to aid in the produ ction and t ra nsp or tat ion of t he enrb ohyd ra te compounds, a s starch aud suga r, a nd t hus indirectl y i n th e form ntion of all orga nic ma tt er . I n sugar and starch-p rodu cin g crops , as sugar beet s and potato es, it tak es an important par t in th e gro\Y th and dev elopment . Po tassi um doubtless has mu ch t o do in the way of regulu t ing th e a cidity of the sa p by f orm ing orguu ic salts, suc h us potu ss ium bi tu rt rn t o in grapes_ At th e t imn of see d form utlon t hur e is 11 s'ig ht r ot rogrud o mov em ent of t he potas h) in some cas es a small pn rt bo ing r et urn ed t o the soil. 'I'ho sup pl.y of avu i'uhl o po tas h i n th e soi l ha s gr ea t. Influen ce u pon th e vigor of plant gr owt h. W eak and sickly pla nts arc always deficient i n potash . Som e crops req uir e mor e f or gro wt h t ha n do oth er s, a nd so me exper ien ce difficulty in obtainin g it. Some plants cont a iu snch l a rge amounts of pot ash th ut th ey a rc ca lled 'potash pl a nt s. ' !, All rese a rc h shows t hat in t he high er orde r of pl a nt s potassium ca nnot be r epla ced 01' su bst i tu t ed hy an y ot he r cle me nt. It is a common f ac t to nil plan t s t hat t hc va ri ous co ns ti t ue nts mov e about in the plant during its gro\yth. Th e leaf of th e pla nt is it s lab ora t ory wh er e foo d is pr ep ared f or th e support of t he pa rts of t he pla nt. But wh en the lea f ha s gr ow n old and th e purpose of its exi st ence has been per f orm ed , i t giv es up its li fe a nd subs ta nce t o per f ect th e new pa r t of th e plan t und fin ally to t he perfection of th e see d wh er eb y th e plan t may perpetu a te itself. It is know n t ha t pla nt s do not hnv o th e sa me che mica l composit ion nt diff eren t stages of gro wth , an d it is du e to th e di scovery of t his scientific p r iuciplc tha t we ha ve b een t a ug ht. some highl y i mpor t a nt lessons as to t he tim es aJ11l seas ons a t whi ch cro ps may b est. h e ha rvest ed . , T here is yet. mu ch work t o be done in a dd ing t o ou r presen t. knowledge of th e spec ia l fu ncti ons of d ifferent. plan t f ood const itu cu t s, a nd no field of research offers b et.t er opportu ni ty to our sci ent ists t ha n th e i uv est ig at ion s of t his cha racte r. The PRI~SIDENT: Gentl emen, thi s ends the program of essays that we have bef or e us. Now, we have half an hour befo re dinner and, as a g r ea t ma ny of th e members wish to lenve at :2 ::30, we will have to conclude our work within that tim e. , Vc will now heal' th e r epo rts of committees, t hen comes th e election of officers, the selection of th e next place of meet ing , th en the r esolutio ns, and the question box. The tim e of meeting ha s bee n changed to the fourth W edn esday in Junuary, 1910, 117 whi ch is the 26th of January. I think the next thing to be det ermined is, wher e shall we meet'? 'Wha t is your pl ea sure on that subje ct, gentl emen ? 11'. HOGEHS: I r esp ectfully invite you to meet next year with us at th e Agri cultural College near Spart a, Ga. Mr. MORHILL; I wish to invite th e Society to meet at Ma con next ye a r . It is th e most cen tr ally locat ed city in th e State; it ha s railroad s en te ring it from ever y point of the S t a te ; it is th e Hub of th e State, and I would like to have you meet th er e, at th e .A uditorium. 'l'he PRESIDENT : I do not wish to say anything 'detrimen tal of Ma con, hut th e last two sess ions we had th er e our a tendance wa s ver y small. 11'. \VADE : I mov e that th e invita tion fr om Sparta be accepted. _ The motion wa s dul y seconded and carried. . '1'11e PHESIDJiJN'1': 'I'he next bu siness in order is th e elect ion of a Presid ent , Secr eta ry and 'I'rea surer for the en suing year. Prof. 1cHA'l"l'O N: I mov e that th e present officers . be r e-ele cted for th e next year. 'I'he motion was duly seconded and th e present officers were declared r e-elect ed for another yea r, to-wit : P .I. Berckman s, Presid ent; .T. B. 'Wight, S ecretary; L . A . Be rckmans, 'I'rea su rer. 'I'he PHESIDEN'1' : I have been trying for thirtythree years to get out of harness, hut it seems yo u won't let me. I am willi ng' to do the best I can for the success. llS of the orgnnizatiou , hut Twill 011 1.,' un clettake to se rve yon u pon con d ition t ha t we ha ve m or e en t husi a sm nnd m ore interest t a ken in th e welf'a r e of th e S ociety; and , unl es s w e ca n g et a larg er att endan ce at th e n ext m eeting und show th at ou r work is nppreciuted , th en :r wont promise y ou t o d o a s mu ch a s T hav e d on e here t of or e. J think y ou owe that to y ourselves, t ha t y ou k eep up t his o r ganiz ut ion w ith g rea t er zeal th an y ou h ave manifested lately. I th a n k you very kindly and, a s I huve sa id , 1 wi ll ser ve yon to the best of my ahilitv OJ) th ose con d it ion s . 'I'ho n ext thing in or de r , gen t lemen, is t o fill some va can cies a m ong om Vi ce-Presidents. Mr. \\TIGHT : T IlIO\"C that th e President he a u t hor iz ed to fill a ll th ese v a ca n cies a s h e mav sec fit . The m oti on wa s dulv sec on de d an d cn rri ed , and th e P r es id ent autho rized to fi ll th e vnr-an cie now exist ing. 'I'h e PRESII1EJN'1': \ Vo wiII 1I0W henl' the r eport of th e Co m m itte e OJ) R eso luti ou s, hy 2\1 r. H. 'IV. Hunt, C ha ir ma 11. In Mr. N'J' : 'J'h e Com m itt ee 011 R esoluti on s d esires t o r eport a s fo l lows : I s t , \\' e wi sh to e xp res s t he a pp reci ation of all me mb e rs of this Associu t io u t o t he p re sidin g offic e r fo r h is t a ctfnl an d k in dl y se r v ice, n ot o nly on t his occa s ion, bu t f or t he p a st t hi rt y-t hrc o ye a r~, whi ch hns b ee n un selfish ly g i yen t o th e a dva nc e me nt of hort ic ult urc a mo ng us . 2nd. We d os irc to t ha nk t he Sout he r u Express Co mpa ny f or er.urt csics, 3rd . W e wish to r et urn t o t he prop ri etors of t he pa lat ial Georgi a n H ot ol ou r t ha nks fo r th e use of th e nu d ito rium d nr i ng ou r mcot i ngs. -lt h, Th e ci t ize ns of A t he ns m ak e u s d eb t or s t o th em f or t he b onnt if ul barb ecu e a nd th e pl ea san t excurs ion t hr ou g h th ei r h ist ori ca l city of hea ut if ul reside nces. 119 5t h. 'ro t he press of Geo rgia for f ree publ ica t ion and a n uou nce ment of 0111' a nnua l sess ion, we are tr uly grateful. Gth . \Ye thank the South ern Railway Compa ny for the presen ce of th ei r re p res entati ves. 7th . W e ex te nd our a p preciative t ha nks to t he lI on.Tam es Wilson , Secr et ary of Agri culture, fo r ha vin g r equeste d t he pr esen ce a t our a nnual meet ing of Col. G. B. Brackett, Chief Po mologi st of the Unit ed Ht a ll' s Department of Agricu lture. St h, To President Sou le of the State Agr icultura l Colle ge and mem ber s of its f a cult y , we e xt end our t han k s fo r t heir valu abl e aid i n mak i ng our session success f ul. Our Se cret ary is re quest ed to send by ma il a copy of th ese resolut ions to in t erest ed part ies. B. , V. H UNT, B. VonIIERF, II. E. WA ER N ICK E, Commi ttee. Col. ,V l\DID: A~ I beli eve the ques tion box is now op en , th ere are two que stions which I wish to ask. In th e fir st pla ce, th e qu esti on of th e shipment of di sea sed trees into th e S ta te is one of ser ious moment. I think th e matter ought to be tuk en bef'or e th e L egi slature, and make it a cri me fo r any nu r se ryman to ship diseased trees of an y kind into thi s S tate . It is a qu esti on th at has been di scussed man y tim es, but no acti on ha s eve r been t a k en. My second qu esti on re lates to th e pear or leaf bligh t. I find it imp ossibl e to exte r mina te thi s dreadful scourge ex cept by cut t ing out th e limb, or th e en tir e tree. I have n ever been abl e to find anything th at would con tro l it , but I hav e -a letter f rom Ca lifo rni a stati ng that it can be cu re d. If an y of our Expei-imen t Sta tion p eopl e here can tell us anything about it , I should lik e to heal' fr om th em. Prof. nfcH A'I"l' ON : I wa s go ing t o ask a qu esti on ab out p ear blight myself. The Agricultural Department 120 at 'Washing ton ha s a r emedy whi ch they offere d to furDish me if I would gi ve th e r esult of my exper imen ts to the world; I have t ried it fo r a yea r, bu t wher e I put it on according to directi ons it didn 't hav e any effect at all, and wher e I p ut on enough to kill the bacteria it also kill ed th e tree. , Ve had a long cor re spondence on the subj ect, and nearl y came to blows th r ough th e mail , so to sp eak. Col. , VI\ DE: I would like to as k if ther e is a ny way to stop cr own ga ll, and t o know wheth er , if one tr ee is affected with it , it will g'ive th e di sease to the next tree, or th e entire orchar d ? Mr. LEvVIS : I don 't think th er e is any dan g er of tran smitting th e disease by coming in conta ct with it. The experimen ts seem to indi cate th at it is not ver y COlltagi ous ; there arc tw o fo rms of th e di sease, however , and one is much marc con tagious th an th e other . Col. 'VADE : In 'one in st an ce tha t I kn ow of, it dest roye d an ent ire orc ha r d. Mr. L E , VIS : It has been found that it can be prevented by using rubber bands aro und the t r ees. Prof. McH ArrT ON: I wish to mak e a moti on th at th e Presid ent at his leisure appoin t a Committee to draw up some r esolutions on th e death of Ca pt. R. E. P ark, who wa s one of th e Vice-P re sidents of our Society ; and th at a copy of th ese re solutions be sent to th e fumil y of Cap t. P ark, and that they also be spread up on th e minutes of the Georgi a State Horticultural Society. 121 ('o1. B'OHT : C'npt. Pn l'k hayi ng been n personal f riend of m in e, I r equ est th a t I be in clu ded in t hat Com. mittee : The PHE~IJ) J~NrL' : I wil l app oint y ou Cha ir ma n of th e Com mit tee, and y ou may choose yo u r own co-o r d inates. ~[r. WI GILT : There are a great runn y p la nts t hat h a ve been or iginated 0 1' introdu ced into Geo rgia by n cer ta in party, a nd Georgia hor ti culture owes mor e to th a t pa rty in t h is r espect than t o probably eve ry othe r perso n in th e S ta te. It is n ot necessary t o n am e th e pe rson t o wh om I r efer, uud 1 sho uld lik e to ma ke a moti on t hat President B er ckman s be r equest ed t o prep ar e a p aper fo r th e n ext m eet ing of t he S ta te H orti cultural So ciety, g iving an a ccoun t of a ll t hese in troducti on s. T he m oti on wa s duly seco n de d an d ca rr ied . :;'\ [1'. l1UN 'I': I think it is emine n t ly lit and LJrope l' that we shou ld work .\11'. B erckinan s for hi s own ben efit , as well a s for ou r own . H e ha s been g iving his life and h is se r vices t o u s with verv littl e h op e ~ f r eward, and what goes down in perman ent form ov er hi s sig n a tu re wi ll be a ccepted as nut hor it y in y ears to come . B ut we a lso p rize it. That is th e fie ld in wh ich h e can do th e best wor k. ,Ye wou ld not hn ve known Da rw in if he ha d 11 0t left u s hi s works, ]I' ]) 1'. B e rc kmn n s t ak es u p ha lf t he ca ta log ue, so mu ch th e bett er. A mo ng th e pla n ts whi ch he ha s or ig inated a rc tIle three hiotu s whi ch J r e fe r red to. J wen t t hro ug h Ba ilcy 's Cyclopmd in of Pl ants, and th ere is pra ct icall y n othin g 011 th e subject of bi ot as, just a fe w lin es. 'I'ha t is a point Mr. B er ckm nns sho uld 122 covel', and abo Iri s introduction from .Inpun of that Citrus 'I'rrf'oliuta .mcl what it ha s d011e for th e citru nge ; and many other plant s that I cau not euume ru te . If a citizen of New York had d011e half th e ori ginating that Mr. B er ckmans ha s done, th e nurserymen and th e press would publi sh hi s fam e abroud ; but th e people down here don't know him. I want him in thi s paper to turn him self loose, and tell how he did it and why he did it, so that the p eople who come after him may imitate him. Col. ,VADE: I wish al so to in sist 011 thi s motion. 1 think we ought to appreciat e our President while he IS st ill with u s, and not wait until he is dead to cove l' hi s grave with flowers. :1\1 1'. :i\lOHRILL: 1 will hav e to diff er with my brother, Col. Hunt. 1 have ulwnys been under th e impression th at Mr. B erckninn s had a world-wid e reputation , not only ill th e 80nth and th e U n ite d States, hut th e whol e world. I hen rd of him before 1 ever cam e South, iII th e W est and ill th e Ea st. Yon ca ll not can fine Dr. Berckmans to tile State of Gcorgia ; the world know s him, and I wi 11 have to differ with my broth er on that lin e. Col. .' V.A DJiJ : I wnnt to ask Mr. F'lemin g a qu estion about our Fruit Exchange: Where did you ge t this in formation , that 2,000 ears thi s year netted about the same a s (i,OOO ea rs la st ye a r? Mr. FLRl\1l NO: 1 wnsn '] uccurutelv quoted 011 that point. 'I'h cro wa s 110 iufnrmution nt hand ns to what thi s crop la st yc nr n etted, and ceitninly th ere could be no information a s to what th e cr op thi s year netted. The papers have no doubt drawn more or less on their im- 123 agination, but we have pretty good ideas in a general way as to results. Col. 'VADE: Have you any ~sti m a te as to what the average car sold for thi s year? Mr. FLEMING : It would be a matter of gu ess work for me to estimate it. Col. 'VADE: It see ms to me that th ese figure s hav e been over-rated. The r esult is that, whil e the Exchange will help cen tr al and southern Georgia and we want to see the organization succee d, we don't want it to succe ed by hitting somebody else . I s it not a fad that it wa s on account of th e short crop that you had so many cash buy ers this year '? Mr. :E'LJD MI NG : No, sir , I don't think so. 'I'he shor t cr op played but a small part in the f. o. b. propo sition. As I understand it, the mov ement from your territory IITas made up entirely of miscellaneou s shippers , and you can not exp ect cas h buyers .to come into a territory wh er e th ere were no solid cars loaded. Col. 'VADE: 'I'here were three cars loaded th ere; our normal condition is about 500 cars . Col. FORT: I mov e that we adjourn until January 2Gth. The PHESIDEJNT. I thank you , ge nt lemen, for the attention you have shown in th ese delib eration s, and al so for your kindnesses to me; and nOIlT , wh en we adjourn until .Iunuury ~Gth, I hop e you will not come to that me eting with only a corporal's guard, as you did thi s time, but with a brigade. I now pronounce this sess ion end ed. 124 CAPT. R. E. PARK. :1\11'. .T. P. F ort, at hi s own r equ est, wus app ointed by th e cha ir t o prepare m em ori al r esoluti on s r elative t o th e death of Cap t. H. E. Park. Mr. F ort brought forward th e f ollowing r esoluti on s a nd th e sa me, on bein g approved , were pl a ced u p on th e m inu te s of th e Society : 'I'hi s Society, as well a s th e S t a te of Geo rg ia, su ffer ed a great lo ss in th e death of Ca pt. Pa rk. I kn ew him pe rson a lly fo r nearl y half a cen tu r y. A man of g re at p ro hit y of cha racte r, of un sw er vin g integr ity, nnd s t r ong in t ellect. H e il lustrat ed our State upon th e fi eld of battl e. In all t he r elati on s of life as hu sb and a nd fath er hi s cha r a cter sho ne fo r th a s a tru e S out hern ge n t lema n. Our eyes a r e suffuse d with tea r s wh en we bid fa rew ell t o thi s intrepid so ldie r and hon es t m a n. H e se rved th e Geo rg ia S ta te H orti cultural Society as Vice-President for th e S eventh Congression a l District durin g m any y ears, wh ere hi s wi se counsel and good work in it s p rogress were alwa ys fr eel y g ive n. His a ssociates, who mi ss hi s comp an ionsh ip, hereby dedicate th is pag e in our proceedings t o the mem ory of' one who wa s an enrn est co-wo r ke r in our ca use. .l 2!'i CAT ALOGUE OF FRUITS. PLAN OF CAT AL OGUE. T o ena ble t he So ciety t o p ublish a full a nd reliab le ca ta log ue of frui ts which a rc s uccess fully c u l t.iv nt ud in Georgia , a nd in vi ew of the va st, differ en ces whi ch the clima t ic infl uen ce of t he seve ra l sec t ions of o ur State ha s up o n t he sa me fr ui t cult ivated up on t he m oun ta in s or ncar t he sea coas t, it ha s been d eem ed advisable to di vid e t he St a te into four di stinct sect ions. L The Upper or JlIou nlai nou s Ii eqio n, co m pris ing the co u nties of B a nks, B artow, Ca t oosa, Cha t t ooga, Che ro kee , Cobb, D ad e, Dawson, F anni n, Fl oy d , Forsyt h, Frankli n, Gilm er, Gordon. H ab ersh a m, H all, H a r al son , Lu m pkin, Milto n, Murray , P a uldi ng , Picken s, P ol k, R abun , St ep he ns, T own s, Unio n, W alk er, Wh ite and Wh itfi eld . 2 . The M i ddle R egion , com p r ising a ll of t he counties of t h e St a tc n ot in cluded by n am e in t he ot her t h ree regions. 3. T he South ern R egion, com p ris ing t he co u nt ies of Appling , B ak er, B en H ill, Ber rien , Brooks, Calhou n, Cha rlt on, Clinc h, Coffee, Colq uit t, D ou ghe r t y, E a rly, E chols, Gra d y, Irwin, J eff Davis . L owndes, Mill e r, Mit ch ell, P ier ce, Thom a s, T ift, T urne r, W ur e, W a yn e a nd W or th . 4 . T h e Loicer or Coast R egion, com p rising t he co un ti es of Cha t ha m, B rya n , Liber ty, M cl nt osh, Glyn n an d Ca m de n . The ex pla na ti ons of t he colu m ns w ill h e found u nd er eac h class of Iruit.s . The v ar ieties nam ed in t he severa l lists a rc of re cog n ized /!:ood quul i tv, inf erio r or re je cted va r ieties bein g om itted . Synonym s a rc given in a few in st a n ces only wh ere it was d eem ed n ecessary ; t he se arc pl aced a fte r t he adopte d n am e. One "*,, in dica t es t hat t he va rieties su cceed well in the r eg ion named at t he h ead of colum n. T wo ,,,,H:' " ind ica te t he varieties mo st h ighly r ecommended . No "*,, ind ica tes n o repor t, or t hat t h e variety is n ot suf- ficien tly t est ed . A da sh " - " in d icat es t h a t t he va ri et y is un su it ed . EX PL\N:\TION OF T AB L E . E XPLA NATION OF Co r.u xrxs-sColu mn I-Nam e of va rieties . Colum n 2-Seaso n of matu ri ty. Colum n :]- The p a r ti cul ar usc for whi ch it is best adapt ed . Colum ns 4, 5, G a n d i - T he regi ons for w hich t he vari eties a rc r ecom m end ed . Colum n 8- R emar ks. 120 APPLES . E XI' L A X A'l'IO X O F A nuH E\"L\TI OX S - Column 2-Seaso/ls-S, su mmer ; A, au tumn; ' Y, win ter, E, ea rly ; L, la t e ; E. S., early sum mer ; L . ' Y.) la t e wint er, et c. Column 3-Use- K, design a te s varieties recom men ded on ly for t he k it ch en or cooking purposes ; D, for drying; C, for t hose specially intendc d for cide r; ~I , th ose m ost va lued for m arket Vnrreti es not marked may be cons ide re d as to blc or desser t sorts : Hating. N .-DI E. ."I:i:; :~:t,-: ,~:_! '::1 0' i"Z; :: I"' :~: I i ~ ~ J"1 I ' ~' , .2...... :..:..:.. I~F=1 :l:"c:> l 1 , HE)IAHKS. A st.rnch an He,!. Arkansa s Black , E S - ) II**" *.; ':' j P rofi t abl e early m arket : very prolific. _ W )1 ' __'__' Late keep er. B en D avis. (...y n ., N ew Y ork P ip pi n) _ LW 'I I ) 1 ' * __'__' Second quality, ex cellen t, k eeper . ** ** , Bl a ck \\'~rrior . _ L"- ' )1 Exccllcn t ; finc keeper : prol ific. * B O Il1.lIfl __ A ) 1 ' c * _.1An ex cellen t la t e fa ll apple . Bunco m b e (s y ns. , :\Ici gs ' R ed Win tor P cnrm uin , R ed F all P ippin _ , ::: *::; _,.'__I E xcellen t : i ll .sollie so ils liabl e t o bli ght of Caroli n a Green ing (svn s ,t , b loom b u ds , **' _J Gree n Cran k, Southern G ree n ing, Green Chee se) W Ca rolina 'V a t.,oIl S I Ca rter's B lue (syn .; La d y , )1 xr *** * __,'___'I Exce Very lle ln nt rg . c : pro lific; profitnblc ma rk et . Fitzp a trick ) Cates Chat.tnhooche e Coffmun , Cullusngn , Di sh nroon , ' * ' _ A A ' ~ [ ,__. *; *1 *, Lar::;e, s u ga ry . v e ry fine ; s p len d id gro wer. 1 ) 1 '__ Profit a bl e fu ll apple. _ * -_-_'-- i _ EW )1 : ' ,** :\1 .__! E xcc llon t a n d finc keep er . 1_ _ An un p ro ved B ed Ju n o, _ j*:! :'__;__: _ E 'V A 'I l~ equi res s~ roIl g; cla y so il. . ( loa d q ua lity; fm c growe r. I Early H nrvcs t., El gin P ipp in _ _ ES A :\1 I**j**' e, *1Un ive rsa l fa vo rite. ~I _~ **.__1_ _ 1 La rge a n d v ery good . E q uin e tclce (sy ns .. Ba ch e- ; I: **,** __ * lor, Buckingham) _ A , ~[ **1** - - >;<1Vcry good ; need s strong so il .suh iect to borers . I 1l~ot:o,1lWP~!ilp(psi>nn;, Coop c r's R ed) ,; ,V A : :~\[1 ' * * , .! ~ Very goo d; fin e keep er . Largo a nd v ery good . (lific . *,** __ *. F amily I U ra ve ns tei n , _ _ S ES )[ I Excelle nt and profit ab le s u m me r apple; pro- l( ' , :~ *~I= : ,;: __ Prod u ctive ; a v nl uable s u n~me r vnri cty. , I nrimcs ' Go ld en H a rg rove H iley' s Eurek a H ocke t t's Sw ee t _ EW _A _ L"_ L"~ )[ )[ )[ :\( H* '*"* *_*.*_, ' H omin y (svns. S ummer I Very good 1Il ) Io u nt ",n R egi on . ' Goo d qua lity and m arket so r t. , Lat e keep e r. . Prol ific a n d go od keep er. QofuWe einnoef) K en t u ck y .Sop _s ****__ ':' 1I0rn _ S :\1 L\V ' ;** :I' *:i:* :;: H orse , _ ~,: I~ ,*::: Excelle nt; p ro lific. ' Goo d keep e r ; o pe n gro we r. (t wo months . ~~u perio r fo r cooking a nd d ry ing ip ro lific .las ts -Iowe t t 's B c.-;L .Iulia n **** _ .:J ofo _ H , I( ;I ' e ry l :l r~e ; ye ry good : s to ll t g rower. Prod uctive ; e xc ellen t for cide r ; showy frui t . K an sas Qu ecn _ S .:\1 i :;:*':: ' Very showy ; relia ble h ea rer. K en tu ck y R ed Strea k , K i{nsnyanr.d, ,B~radford 's B cst) _, L a n ier _ A ,! III, :;: ". W A )1 )[ * ':' __ _*-, ' I F in e growe r . :: SEhxocwclylcfnatllfonrp ) [ountain ple : good R egion . quality . :\la ngu nL :\Inv eri ck' s Sw ec t , __~ )I a y P ipp in )lit ch ell 's Cid er _ '" )[ ,* ':' ** _-, __ E xcc llcnt; p roli fic, sub ject t o cod lin g m oth , *** _ ,V , :\[ _ ES 1 *. _ S C " ! Very goo d; good keeper. (Re gion . " *- *- - .I Very ca rly Pro m isi ng ; rel ia bl e in )liddlc we ll ; la t e su m mer . n nd )I ou n t ~in I ' I! AP PL ES.- Continu cci. I~la~~Il~' i'~ ~!f~ NA ~IE 'I1 -~ .~ ,.;:x~,: I.I ~c~ "~-r -~ HE~ IAnK S . ~ [1:1ij j - - CI- i- - ~I Oll[Crie. (sy n ., Indian __ W in Ce r) LW ~ l[ I. ::: ;:: <~ - - I ', ---- Ylrs. B rv nn , ' A .\ I Co od nu d Ia t o keepe-r. ;-;h owy a nd exccl lcnt : vn lun l. le for run rk o t. N icknj a ck (sy ns , Su u un er- o u r, Be rry, ' YOlH1er) , y xi l. , :_. __ E xc ellent in :30 111C s ect ion s o f ) fiddl c R r-aion: unrcl inb lo ; apt t o dro p b efore n t t ni ru r ur oo~? ncc .Grc enr' n g ~.\~ ~ ' . \. 1 ."'1j f u ll s ize . .- - __ E xcel len t . t:~It~2~~Z~,~~;l~~:~~~~ ~ ~~~ 't "W;-; :';';:=::: Red Bcitigcimcr, S how v a n d prol ific ; fro m H u nga ry . Ylcd ium : vcr.... goo u ; p ro lific, (;ool! ke ep er. i Prorui -siug fur Pi edmo nt a rca . A K *1':'1- " -- P ror ui -in g we ll. R ed .I u nc, (s y n ., Carolina ! H ell J un e) FS \ 1 ,;::!:* ~: ,:: * . E arly , pr-o lific-, ve ry g-:)(l(l; l.curs vvrv y o u ng : . -- -- - -- - - -- - .. . . " ,,.1" .". .. 1 uro fitnb lc fo r mu rk c t . Hh od est Ornngo ES E x ccll on ts u u n n crIru i t . H~~~\~1:~~~~~C~,:,f\~::::::: I\\~. -:~.)i.l-;",':;i.: i,'I"-::;-.:',=-,:_, :-,~: ~~~)i!t:il\:iil\~~:~~.~\;i:~(~~\ in(~:,~; ::.tain Hcgiou. R oy a l Lim hurt wig \v .\ ... ". . (; (JOd for Mo un tn iu R eg ion. Ha uta r~\Y \ ' p r y ~o() ( I ; l nt u k eep er, r-von ( Ill co ast. ~ ~lOcklcyt - - - ----- - - - - -- - L\ \ ' }:\} .,'.-."_': ,*~~. :;: :::. . Helinhl c in e n ' l'.\' scctio u : profita b le. S tnunons H c(L :::; ~ ... :\l a t 1lres f r uit fro m .l u nc t o Oc to ber. S tephenson 's \\'i n te r L" r Htriped .Iu nc , (sv n ., r~ arl.r R ed ) [arga re c of t he S o uth ) ES S u m m e r C hcc..: c _________ _ :-i S u m mer Q UC'CIL _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ :-; :\1 '* I *I::::!:I :I )[ ,* ''',* ':' ]( 1 :: =" 1 ' Un suru u-,.sed in q ua lit y ,l H'ari ng: an d kC'('pi ll/l:. *'*:: E x cellen t: fine gro wr.r a nd prolifi c, (jug . J.a rtrc , prol ific ; cx cc llon t. fo r c:ooldll g a n d d ry Uood run rk e t app}('. Swee t Bo uuh , (s yn , Sweet JI aIT C.':it ) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ S :\1 :i ': ~ *" \ 'cry go od ; onrlv : swe e t . (o p en g J'OWP I". Tuu n t o n , A _. _1 ' L argo. s howy: zoo d y : q u a l i t fi ne I o r m nrk c t : :i:~~~l~-ki =======~ ========ri~~ _~l_ i_ :~I"';~ =. == l~:.~)~,~i~ytl~~~l~I~~~e~~~::~.~r'~.:~I~/l1ali ty; prof tnh lc ' Vad e, (svn .. P uo r H o use) _ \ V 1.,\ I[ i, ::: ~~',. _- __ ,_' '_ E x c('ll eu t~...int er 'lJlple o'f p'ipp in type . "r **. __ W ulla cc II owa n L A ., 'Yhi t~ " ' in te r Pcurmain __ Very sh o wy ; cx ccl lcut , Goo d . W inesap L \V ~ l ,:::::,, Q u a li ty \" ('1'.\ . [~()o d . ' Yin te r Queen, (S:rll ., P o or H ou se " ' in tcr Ucm ) Y atcs Xcllo~v Tra ll "J~arc JlL Yopp'x Favorite Yo rk flll lw r ia L __ __ ___ '" :'\1 . . Hcli ab le h earer : vu lu uh lc and lnt u keep er . L \\' I';: .., ,. __ 1_ _ Ypr y ccod qual it y; s m a ll . I' 1,;:; .\! :;:;:* :--i IIOWy an d ea rly , I ' __'__ ;-; h . \ 'ery g-nod ; p roli lie : lJea r.-; yo u ng ; d esira b le , \ Y . ) l .. __I_M I__ CR .\ B AP P L ES . I H :tt ing . : XA ~ IE O~ I '-~,~"_, II' -_"~";;'~"" : H E~ [AnI\S d O ::: CoJ I "':j ::" , ~ ~r. .s::: I :,::~ 1 '/ :=> 1--- , --- ..:,-\-- _. (;oh l"n Beau ty _~_:~~"_,-A-- -f: \- H ed S ibr-rluu M L~ C ,_ Trnn s ccnd a n t. LS C :,: L:tr g"(,.,( and m os t s ho wy. Ye llow :-;ib"ria lJ " ,,,',~J",'S"-___:C'::....:..._ _ ~ _ 12:'; API'L E S.-Co ntinu ed . - LE ,\.D!X G VA IU E Tl E S OF , \.I ' I' I. E '; F OR ~ L\ ll KE'1' OJ( C I LUW S . S U ~Dllm-A s t rn eb nl1, E nrly Harv est, Gruv en st ci n, H omin y , H orse, Kan sas Qu een , R ed J u ne, Yell ow T run sp nrent. A UT U~[ x-Bun c olllb e, Eq u inet el ce, Fa ll Pippin, H urgrnvr -, Bonu m, Mrs , B ry an , Hom c B ea u ty , Str ipe d Jun e, Wu llacc Huw urd . \ Yl x TEH- Ar ka nsa s Bla ck , Bla ck Wurri or, Ben Da vis, Grim es' Golde n, H orn, Ho ck et t 's Sweet, Xlu ng u m , H om anit e, H ough und R ea lly, Shockley, S tep he ns on 's Wint er, T crrv, Yat es, Wi nesap, W int er Queen, Yo rk Tmperial. P K \ CHE :). E XI'J..\.xATIO :'\ .0 1" COLL' ~i:'\ ,; . - l s f, n .un c of vn riu t y ; ~d, ela ss-fre es t onc or clingstone; ;;<1. color of flesh ; -l t h , sr-nso u ; .it h, use . R cm ni n in co lu m ns denot e th e regi on. etc. '\ BllHEVU TlO:'\:-; .- Clas s- F , Irccst ouc ; C, di ng,to ne; S . C., sem i-clin g F le sh- \ Y, wh ite ; Y, ye llow : H, r ed . Scas on- -E , ea rly; VE , very ea rl y : :If, m edium ; L, la t e ; VI. , vcry lnt c . Very early , ripe ns from end of :lIay to Jun c ~O( h ; ea rly, fr om A ugu st 10 th t o Oct oh er L.; ( ; \'l'r y lat c, fro m Oct olic r l st (0 No vc rub cr 10 th . U se- F , for fami ly usc only ; :II, t he m ost va lua b le I'm mark ct ; D , th e mos t d esirab le For dry ing. U:ttin g. X A ~ I I :. ,L , H~I~" ;,I ~ 3! i [5 If! '" "'i",lv H E~ IAH K S . A lbri~h ( 's O et'- =~rf, -'\,:-vT:TI;:-' ,:: -?~!~ , A ye!'}' uoo d Into vnrict y. ---.- Al ex a n d er, (syn .. A Ill:HleJl,) , be :\\ I \ b I' xr I' -." i';' i +" i"',(l",uah ty ('0 10 1'; goo d. fo r It ::; xcn so n : b ri gh t s t ill p rofltablo in so me sec - Amelia, (sv n ., Stro m a n 's i i i ti on s . Ca ro lina ) F ,\" I:~ I: :~ :~ I :~, ,': Ve ry large : ve ry go od . B al d wi n 's La te F ,,~ : \ L :': ::: Good la t c fre est one . B e lle 1: B e ren ice Hra udvwiuo _ ___________ F lt us tin n 's Octobe r C Cn rmn u , __ _ ___ _____ __ __ F Cha ir's Ch oice __ ________ F Cha m pion 10' W';l1 ;II ,:",. " ':' __ Of Chiuc.sc ty pe : ea rlie r th an E lb erl a 'Y , L ~l F :', La rge, s ho wv , excellent. ' "I'{ ' :.\ [ .\1 :!" __ 1 __ Fo1' h om e uuu-k ct . VL .:\1 .,.... :;: An excellen t very lat e clin g. W I \' E ;II ,'"'" ",, " S up eri or- tu 1\' a d dcll. Y .:'I I F (: ou d Ire e.-t o uo. 1\ ': ;1 1 ~ IF Of exc ellent. q uali ty . Chi nese Cling; 1 C \ \, : ;If 10' ,', Ch inese Free 10' \\' i ~I ~I Fy i cCOu{r~'l~m~~l)_ia=,= (=s=y=u=s=.=, =I=n d=i=u=u=.= =1 CUrIH~ I i ~ L IFt' ~ I :\I D \\\\""1\~'fL ,'j1I0F' :_'_:' :YI' I:;: Crnwforcl's E nrly F E 'F Cr uwfo rd 's L a to Darby :"'* cF ['WY I :\1 VI. : ' 10' 10' ::' Ex cell ent a n d l a r~e: s ub icc t to rot. __ Sc uicwhnt ea rlier t han Thurber. * _ Ex r-cllon t fo r a ll purposes :' __ _ -_-_ SPurepceerdioesr tHoelBlea:ldpwroinm. isin g , * __ (;o{)d, bll t s tlwll . Variablc :rotsin SOI lle sca sons . An exce llen t Octobe r elin g . D cu nn iu g's Sc p t cm hct-. Doct o r Hcr ck mo ns E :lt]y Tillo ts on __. 1 C [Y I L F .Iw..1 xr -' F " '; E ! I F ::: F! ~1 I"::;' :: "'1 Si mil a r to Lem on Clin g : r iu cn s one mon th lntt -r. E xccllcu t.: of Ch ine-. c t yp e. :;: V('ry good; inf eri or to H ill'.)'. J 2D P EACH ES--Conl illllctl ----- . ' ... ;ii ,IHH C;: ( ~ :..J' T. ::i I~ -1-.-:~(:I--:~~I-"',-l-,J)-c-r-;.-lI-. Eaton's G:ld--en- . -. -. -. -. -_-__-_ o '1.,:3 -cl-iJ-' I-.<-fo-r pn"er"in !,. - - - El b erta ; F Y ) [ ~[ I * * * * * * * * Yc ry large a n ti ln uu lso me ; s ta n d nrd 'Ii , . : -;.' - F Y .\ 1 EE mvemrbac.n_r .in_g., ._._._.____ ____ I~ \\-I '~ .' l _ u uirkr-t v arie ty . (se ct ion s. "." "," "," __ ~o l.l ows U n Iq ue: Egolloxd-rtfuo:r pf'mnmfi.illayblucsci.n Bs oeamne Fl ewell en _ _______ C It E F * two m on ths. Gu od l'arly cliu x or rndia n type. F le it as St. J ohn, (syn ., Ma y Beauty) F F ord F Fox . F F r a n ces . __ F Y E ' I __ ** ::: ::: Vt'r y goo d; early. h ut sma ll. * "" E _\ 1 __ :: Lnr ge , e n rl y ; lJrotll b.;jJl ~. , : - ~ i - - j,' - :!:: ~ :\ la t c Ir cc- nonc. :: __ . _ Very la rge an d h nndso nu -. G eLneeera) l Lee, (syn. , lL E. _ C General Taylor ~ Go od e' s O ctob or , .. _ ____ v Go rdo n .... ... 'C G reensboro F c H eEanthglWishh)it e,(sy u , W hi te _ H iley , (syn ., E arly 11,,11(') _ F Ind ia n Blood C .JU Il O C K eunes nw, , ____________ It' K en t , (sy n .. Dr. H og g) ' C L ad y I n gold ,F Lem on Cling, (sy n , P ine- ap p le) C Ma yfl ow er. .: F Mam ie ROs:5 'F Miss Lol a :F Mountuin R osc :F Mu s cogce 'F N ewing ton Cling . !C O ld m ix o n Free .F w It E' 1 It VL YL \\' VE W W jL.; It Y 'I L "" \ ' E y, L Y ~I Y .\1 "" VE \V E Wi'Y , E ~l ,," , ~[ '"''. :)\11 (esc Cling ** )1 ,!,*" ,!:>!: ,!c':: ~ ro rc re liab le t h an it s pa rent , Chin * ) 1 :::* ' c ry goo d curly elin jr. 10" *" ::: Ve ry z oo d luto I ndi a n ('li u,!!. ** )[ __ *" Excellent la te vurict y : go od quali ty :\1 ::<* ** ** Q u ality y ery goo d : profi t ab le m nr ket so rt . (m a rke t . * F ~l F F '.' "," ::: .::* *:: :: ::: * __*__VIEmxtrcn,e)rlo.lievunoictmycfaounrt p res r-rvi ug a on Tilio b oll . d ;,!;ood . ( th nd an h om e oriole, ** * 'i' _ _ Ex cell en t q unlit v: t h ree weeks lnt cr F 10' **':: Fo llows Ca r u mn : p ro rn is in u. Larue. ~ood q u a li ty . E xc ellent : somcwhn t oa rlicr th a n E Crawfo rd , F ':: ** ,;= __ S u perio r fu r u rosorv uur. :\1 F _. ' __ ** Said t o h e t he e. u -l ics t uf a ll. P re m isin g ru urk ct va riety. Promis in g. F F F' F :" __ :;: ::'* *'*:' * ** ..* __ __WExhoicllelofnletshqeudnlCitovlu. m * ;-:; u perior to O ldm ixo Good fa mil y variety b n . ia c : li !;OOlI. n g. Old m ixo n Cling O r iole .. Osceola , __. _. P a llas 1 C \\' , ~ l ' C Y ~l I"" ! F' Y L ,F ~I F ',* ** __ * G oo d fa m il v v a r ie ty . F * ** O ne of t he Iics t. ve llow Julv clin gs. F *:1: Good Ir ccst o nc o f I n d ian type . F - - * __** Seed lillg of h o ney ; h et te r nnd rulin P en dl et on .C P iequ ct 's La te Pl an t. _ _ F C' nr~e~~~e_r~~ : : : : : : : : : : :: ' F F Rober t, F Salway F Scott's O ctob er _ _ _ ___ ___ C Sl appey 10' Sneed . SC Stinson's Oc to be r C S t u m p t h e W o rld _. . F S us q u ch a n nn h 10' T exas F T h urber F Y L F *,' ':' b l". *' Y Y L ~[ F'D I,' *****"* :: - Best . Freest on e o f its s oas o n . Large, sh owy; Au gust . "" V E ~I __ ':' Excell en t m a rke t varict v , ' Y YE F :1: >;:** **** E xe'('llcl1t q ua lit v: m edi u m s ize ; too \\' ,r Jt, * * , ~l t en d er fo r uu u-kct , S u pe rio r to Old ~ li xon Free : Vl' I"J Y i L ~I Y , VL F * :::'. rel ia bl e. Follo ws E lb e rt a :1..';; a s h ip p e- r. Goo d lut e clin g . 'I ****:-* __ **. __ Y 'I W VE ~I W V I, )1 *'~ I * :!: Pro m isinn for m arke t. A v e ry ea rly s h ipp er : poor qua li ty. Bes t v er v Ja te m arke t va r ie ty. W ' ~I Y i .\ 1 WL w )1 __F_ __*_*"' **., 'I *,**1"* Not as v~ll u abl c as fo r merly . Lar ge : s u per ior t o L. Crawfo rd . La t e fr ees t on e ; pro mi s in g. * La rge ; ex cellent qua lit y : nrofitnhl e 130 PEACHES-Continued . Hating HE ) IA HKS . - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - -* ** -- - Goo d lnt e cling . * :t- in !: _ _ ~ S im ila r to Le mon Cling: J un c. (is in g __ * . Very enr ly; goo d qunli ty: v ery prom - *' ** Ear ly und p rofit ubl e ; matur es wit h Carman . ::: Good lute Ireesto uo. I. E.HlI X G y ,\Il I I-:T I E S I X o H\ H:n O F ~ L\ 'lT J! I TY F o n F .U lI L Y \l S E OJ! II O ~n; ~1.\ Il K E T . ~ [ ayJl o \\" er, Vie t or, Sue cd , Alex and er, (Iree nshn ro, Hed R ivor, Ford, Ca rm a n, Wadd ell, K ennesa w, :\[am ie R oss, St. .Iohn, Hi ley , Lady Ing old , D r. Bcrc kn uui s, :\Iount a in H ose, Ch a m pion, E ver beuring , Ea rly Cra wford , P allas, Ge nera l Lee, Chinese Free, T hur ber, Ori ole, E lbe rta, Cha ir's Cho ice, Beren ice, P la n t, Colu mbia, Hober t, Lem on , .lun o, Su lwu y , P ie'[ ue t, " ' hite H ea t h, D nnn u iugs , P en d let on , E a ton 's G old , COI'a, Alb righ t , Su m merou r, Sti nson 's Oct ober. I.E .\DI XG V A IlI E 'I'I E S FO il :> Il I I' ~n; X T TO XlJllT IlE IlX ,\ X U \\' 1-::>1' - E Il :-f ~1.\Il K E 1' S . Gre ensb or o, Ca r ma n, Wadd ell, Mnmi e R oss, Hil ey, Bell e, Chine se Fr ee, T h urber, E lher t a, Hobert , Snlwny. X E CT A RI ~E S . B ost on , Coosa , D own t ou, E a rly Newin g tou, E arl y Sc a rlet, E a rly Viole t, E lru ge, Go lde n Cling, H urd cw ick, Hun t 's T uwny , New Wh it e, R ed Hom a n, St nnwi x, Vict ori a . R epor ts from eve ry sec t ion st a te th is fru it t o be uu reliuble, owing t o att a ck s of t he Cu,"('ulio, a nd , unl ess ca ref ully s pra ye d , is unpr odu ct ive. AP RI COTS . E x pla na t ions a nd ab b re via t ions sa me as P ea ch es. 131 APRI COT~C ontinu ed . .- . _- i 1 ,i ~ 01 1 ~ l~ ! :~ i NA~IE, i I i ]~ II 'Ei :o ~, :~ Ii ~0 ~c : ~l::: I ~ 1 c~ 5 !U Hrcda ; , _..-_- --.-. -..-.-..-:--jC-I'Y I,l o; EI U1 ,':-::-5":'-JI; ;:5-:;;;;;~-;;; g J.) -_. 2 'U r: - I1 :- - - - - j m~IARKS. -- - - - - - -. - - Early Go lde n FY ,fi jI{aishaj~f -- ----- -- H emskirkec ; ; _ _ . _ Ja rge ca r y ... _.... __ F ~j'.~, R ,;'{ Large Hed._._. . .. ... , j. Moorp ar k F lY E: * I ':: I M -- --I i'~"I[ ] " :=.=====1==.: == Trees in orc hards a rc liabl e to b e l * _ L . . . _.__. kille d b y sp rin g fr os t. On ly d esir ab le fo r ci ty ga rd ens 0 1' Oran ge .. __ . . _ C P ea ch. _. . _. _ F R oy aL _ _. . F TS tu.rAkemyb_r.o_se_. __.. __ _ F: ,y lY Ylt 'I YyH ~[ ~[ Mi[ _ * -- -- 1I ,- - - " !" -I- :p, - - - - - - - - ,- - ! wh e re pro t ect ed in g buildin gs . j====;--: ==,== . - - - - ," i-. by s u r ro u n d - P0:lI E GR AN ATES. The Clima t e of Mou n t ain R egi on is to o cold t o grow th is Pl an t. I' 1 N A ~ IE, HE.\IARK S . Acid , * S ub A 1 La rge _ _________ ___ ___ ____ __ chL S weet , __ 'I____' *** S pa nish Rugy , (sy n . P u rp le I -,. * ':: f S u it a b le for t he Middle, Sout h e rn and Coas t J regions . seed ed ) __ ' __ _ _ I__ NUTS. E:,{( iLI SIl:- J uylans regia-Th e m ost suita ble soils a rc calca reo us clay , loa m , gra velly 0 1' st ony, nat urally well d ra in ed ; stiff clay s reten tive of humid it y, a rc un suited . P art icularl y in t.he Sout he r n a nd Coast regions t he Engli sh waln u t do cs not li ve well on its own root s. The Bl a ck walnut is bein g ex pe riment ed with a s a st oc k on wh ich t o bud or graf t the E ng lish walnut, a nd results so fa r are ver y prom ising , 132 :E:NGLISII OR coxr xrox -c-This is t he typi ca l vari ety, from wh ich are d erived t he foll owi ng forms of sub-varit.ies n ot p rofit abl e east of the Ro cky Mountains. Chaberte- N ut oval, med ium, full kernel, ri ch in oil, bl ooms la t e . Early Bearing (P r rcpnrt.uricusj -c-X ut s med ium , nearl y r ound, go od quality . The t ree is rem ark ably pr olific nnrl begins t o yie ld fruit a t fr om four to five years from seed . H al f h ar d shell. Franquette-Large, oblo ng, po inted, full kernel, h alf hard shell. j1I ayette- N ut s produced in pa ir s, hal f hard shell, full kernel, ex cellent qualit y . Parisienne-Large, ob long , half hard an d ro ugh shell, kernel sca rce ly filling the shell. Ver y prolific and of good q uality. S t. J ohn-Nut s mediu m , hard shell, goo d q ua lity . Bloo ms la t est of all, a n d va luab le whe re la t e sp ri ng pr evai ls. Th in Sh elled-Nut s large, ob long, very th in shell, of excelle n t qu al it y a nd t he st a nd ard d esser t va ri et y . K eep s sweet a lon g t ime . Its shell is likely t o be cru shed whe n r ou ghl y h andl ed . Bmthere-Nut very lon g, hal f h urd shell, full kern el. A ilan tu s L eared- F r uit pr od uccd in pen d ulous clusters, wh olly of or na me ntal value. Cut Leaved-Leav es d eeply laein a t ed . Nu ts medium, of good quali ty . Long Beaked-Fruit wit h a long bea k . Of no special com me rc ia l value. ' YALXUT JAPA X: (1) J uglans Si~bo ldia na- A na ti ve of t he mountains of Japa n ; extremely hartl y nn rl vigorous grower, wit h bea ut ifu l a nd sy m me t rical fo rm . N uts ha ve be en prod uc ed a t three years of ag e. Wo nde rfu lly pr oduct ive. On old er t.roo s t he clus t ers co nsist of from (j to 20 nu t s. She ll t hic ker t ha n t h a t of th e E nglish Walnu t. Ment sweet and of goo d qua lity . (2 ) J u qla n conlt/onn is-Differ s from the pr eced ing v ari ety in t he fo r m of nu t, which is broad poin ted an d fla tt en ed ; of m edium siz e, wit h t h inne r shell t han Sicboldirma , a nd if cru ck cd lon gitu din all y th e kernel m ay be remo ved en t ire. Meut of g ood qu ality. T ree very vigo ro us grow er; attains great heigh t wit h ma g n ific en t head . Probably t he be st of t he cu lt ivated walnu ts for t his sec t ion. ' VAL:\ UT, Axnc n rcx r; B LAc K- (Juyla nr, niYl"a )-Fruit lar ge, ve ry h ard shell, kernel sweet. Doub tle ss susc ept ible of prod ucing improved va rietie s by jud icious select ion. Ti m ber valu e fo r cabinet wo rk. ' VALXUT, A S Il Y GUE Y on B liTTEH J:\ uT-(Juylan s cin el"ca) - :.\Io u ntain di strict s, n ut large, hard shell. May be impr oved un d er cult iv nt ion. The ti m be r is va luable for ca b inet wor k . 13 3 P E CA NS. (List Revi sed by J . B. W igh t, Ca iro, Ga .) (llicora pecan.y P ecan s succeed in a lm ost any soil exce pt dee p, poor, sa nd, but m o r e fertile the soil t he)etter, T hey sho uld be ca re fully cu lt iva te d t.o sec u re best resu lt s. H ardy from F lo rid a a nd Texa s to Nebr ask a . N ut s va ry in size und sh a pe, fr om t he ver y h ard she ll nu ts to t he very th in pa per shell, wh ich so met imes att a in t wo a nd a hal f in ch es in len gth. Fo rm s rarely rep roduce t he m selve s from see d . The P a per Shell com ma nd s the highest m a r ket prices. In s ha pe t hey vary from two a nd a hal f in ch es long by t hre e-quarters, to one inch in d iam eter to ot he r shapes a pp roac h ing to t hc mo re glob ula r, b u t t he d istinct iv e charact er ist ic is t he more or less t h in shell, whi ch is well filled by a sweet a nd well fla vored kernel. ) Ian y form s of t he pap er she ll class are n ow p rop a ga ted a nd sold und er recog n ized n nm r- s, t he best k no w n of which follow in ta bu lat ed for m : EXPLA:-I Al'lOX OF COLU )[XS AXD All llHI:nATro :-ls -lst, na me of vari ety; 2d , origin ; :,;,1, size- ) I, medium ; J., large ; YL , very large ; 4 t h, sha pe 0 , ov oid or plump ; L, obl ong; P, poin ted ; ;i t h, '1ua lity- C, good; VG, very goo d ; 13, best. Rvrr x o-c-Snmo as for ot he r fr uit. The followi ng list includes t ho se that hu ve p roved t he best for Geo rg ia . Severa l vuriet ies form erly cutu logu cd ha ve been left, out from th e fact t hat t hey arc n ot su fficientl y mer itorious. A few new a nd promising v arieti es hav e bee n in trodu ced . "i ::== ".~ Co. l 0 ~ :::: " N A ~m ~ ,: lli',H HE ~ I A H KS . __ rn ~ C! ~~ n ::3 - -- - -- - -- -- '-_. .._- - '- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - Alley . ~I iss . L ; 0 * YG 1_ . ' * ,\ v ery promising var ie ty Brad ley . _ Fl a ____. ' , ~ cw bu t promIsm g. Curtis, . Delm as F la . ) Iis:; 1\[ ; OP VL LP B G _. __ **.**** *** Ex ccllcnt Ea rly and q ua li t y . abundant h e a rer . Frots ch c r ' J.n. L 0 VG. _ ****** S t:llll ia rd ; h ea lth y; reli a ble . Seed ling of J erom e . ; Ln. VI.. a YG '::* ** ,;:* __ Col umb ia Seed ling of n; v ery p roli Pride of the fic. Coast , bu t g reat - ly s uperio r to it , and produ cti ve . * ) Ioncym akcr __~ La. J.., ; 0 G :;: lj: _ _ Vigor ou s gro we r. l N e ls on La. , VL ; LP G !A new and pro misin g va riety. * Pubst; ~liss . L i I, VU __ " * A s t a n d a rd; p ro lific. Presiden t Hchley ~t u a rL x u ccoss T ech e F la. )Ii ss , ~,!ss . ~ lIss . ' La, L I LP G __' A new and p rom ising v arie ty . L ! L : LP 0 . VL j 0 , vcB:a __ **** * Early bea rer; quality b es t . "** -: **,S ta nd a rd ; a n old fnvo rit c . 'iC __ .New: ve ry large ; pronusmg. ~ :\ [ l OP ' va __ * * * Verv p rolific : p romisin g. -...: .~:~I)l .!2!:I Il:I!l_ - _.:" -; J~~.,--_ _ T~ __h~_ . _Yg ** ** ** Standn.nl; ~n_e of th e b C'5t. 134 H ard-Sh ell Pe ca n s var y in size a nd sha p e of nu t s, the larger forms bein g t wo inc he s b y t h ree- qua rt ers, a n d m any are of excelle nt qu ali ty bu t a s a co m me rcial co m mo d ity d o n ot com m a n d the high prices of t he form er . N OTE-The impression pr ev ail s t hat wh en ev er t h e ta p ro ot is cu t in t ranspl anting t he tree nev er bears fru it. This is a ridi cul ou s as sertion a n d is mi sleading, as it is con t ra ry to all p ast 'ex perien ee, be ca u se of t he fa ct tha t m ost of t he th ou sand s of bearing Pe can t rees found throu gh out t he Sta te, h ad t he ir t ap r oot some t imes redu ced to a few in ch es in len gth . CH E ST NU T S. Ll lllcr /can (Cas ta ne a d cn t nt n). Nu ts of med ium size, u su all y t hre e in a burr, the mi ddl e one flnt.tencd and sometimes imperfect, t he ou t er one s p la no -con vex ; flav or sweet, succee ds in almo st a ny soil n ot too m oist , bu t t hrives b est in r ich , clayey or r ock y soils in t he upl and di stri ct s. Man y forms h ave been pr oduced by ca refu l select ion of th e largest nut s. Chinquapin (Cas t a ne a p u m ila ) -N u ts sma ll, solita ry in burr, flav or swee t . A sma ll tre e or large sh r ub , su ccee d ing in mu ch l ower sectio ns of t he Sta te t ha n th e ch estnu t. An improv ed for m is d isseminn tr-d und er t he n a m e of " R us h H yb rid, " E uropean (Cas t a n ea v esea)-In eac h co u ntry in E uro pe arc fo un d forms which see m spec ia lly ad apt ed ther et o, a n d kn own m ainly und er local n am es. The f'ollowin sr ma y b e cla ssed as prin cip al varieti es a n d kn own a s co m me r cia l sor ts : Ordinruy-e-N ut s mediu m, very productiv e, u su all y pr op aga t ed fr om see d a nd t he vn ri ct ics kn own as E ur op ea n or Spa ni sh . Exalu de -e-N u ts la rge a nd ' cons id ere d of t he b est qu ali ty : t ree rat h er dw arf a nd pr oductive. P ourt al onne- Nuts ver y lu rge. Green of Lim ou sin-Lar ge, and keep s swee t and a long time. Com bale-N ut ver y lar ge a nd trees v ery producti ve. Nou rzill nrd e-c-Very large, a n d requ ires a warm soil a nd sect ion. Lyon s, Luc, Lusignan, d ' Agen , ctc., arc n am es given t a t h e large nu t s u su all y found in co m me rce. Iden ti ca l reproduction b y see d is un relia bl e ; fi fty p er cent. m ay b e ta ke n as a fa ir a verage , The best v ari eti es a rc in cr ea sed by grafting. J apan-This is a d ist.in ct typ e, resembling t he E u rop ea n more closely t han t he Am eri can, a n d con tai ns m an y forms. N u ts gro wn upon seedlin g t rees v ary re ma r ka b ly in size, some bein g sca rce ly a s large as t he Am er ica n sweet ches t nu t, wh er ea s ot h ers arc lar ger t ha n any of the Europ ean sor ts . H en ce t he b est fo rm s ca n only b e reli ably prop agat ed by gr a fting. 'T he word Mumm ot h ca n n ot always h e applied t o seed lin gs, bec au se of t he grea t varia ti on in size , 135 The tru c Ma m m ot h as p roduced u pon graft cd trees, is of very largc size, so meti mes at ta ining onc und t h ree-qu art er s by on e a nd on e-half in ch es. F lavor sweet b ut inferio r to t he Eu ropean so rts. Bur rs ofte n producing four t o five nuts, a nd occa sionally as ma ny a s se ve n. T rees a re v er y d wa rf gro wt h, and begin t o h ear fru it at t wo years from gr a ft , b ut see m to be sho rt liv ed . T he follo wing t abul at ed list in clud es t he v nrio t ies of t he E u uoP EA:-' (o r Spa nish) a nd J AP.\ XESE t y pes most commo nly d issem inated : EXPLAxATIOx OF CO L U ~I XS ,\ XD AUBH EY IA'fIOKS- l st, nam e, va riety; 2d, size of burr-S, sma ll ; ) 1, me dium ; L, large ; VL, ver y large ; l\IL , m ed ium t o large; ad , size of n ut-a b b re viations sa me as for burr ; 4th, m aturit y. R ATIKG has been om itt ed wit h t his nu t , a lt ho ug h nearly eve ry v a riety will succeed in th e Mou nt ain R egion, m any in th c Mid dl e R cgi on, a nd a few in th e Sout hern R cgion. ----~----~- _. ----~-~--_ ._~~~~- Ruting . JtE) I A H K~. (E u ro pe a n Tn)e.) Scott )1 M. ua nmnbuoln, (sy n ., S tye r) _ )x!t Pnragon V I. xr ~l I. I. i: I. )1 ,' E ====== =Sta ndard early va riety . )1 _ _ 1_ _ Standard: midsea so n : productiv e. R id geley ) 11. ) 11. L . :__ S ta n da rd lu t o v ariety . (J a pa nes e T ype.) BAdidvdalne ce , )) 1l VI.I. ;I VLE . .1!____Earliest of all: very la rge. m a ek . , I. I. E Cge K cnt , I' I. VI. 1 ::: ::: : : Of excellen t quality. . S ) I J' i E E arly bearer. - \;L I I{~rr-- - --- - - - - - -- - -- - S )11. ,)1 ~{ ll1e !'- I' VI. I. l' l a r ! m L \ I. I. )l eF ::r land : \:L L IVE Pn r.r~ __~ __ _- - - - - l \ ' L " L L R eli an ce : ~ l ~ l L I. '__ Ver y prolific : of good q ua lity. 1__ n epu l~d a. b es t of t he J a Plll1e?'e t yp e. 1_ _ Tree VIgo rou s ; qu a lity o f nut in fe rior '__ Largcvv ery ea rlyt finc quality. . 1_ _ St un du rd : verv large and fine . :__ P recocious a n d h ea v y beare r , I AL) IOXDS . As a rul e unsui t ed t o t hc S ta te of Geo rg ia owing to fr u it bloom s bein g injured by spring frost s. Occ asiona lly suc cessful in t he Coast a nd So ut hern Reg ion s. Suited to th c P a cific Coa st ancl W est, of R ~cky ) 1 ounta ins. 13 G' Il aTd-Shell-T h is sect ion co mprises se ve ra l va r iet ies w ith swe et a nd b itt er kernels. The latter r esist s p ring fro st s bett er th a n the sweet va ri eties, a nd ofte n y ield good cr ops of nu ts, whic h a re , h ow ev er , of littl e v alu e for cu lina ry p urp oses . Wher e s uc cessfu l, t he f oll owing s u b-vari et ies produce swe et nut s : Ord i nary, L arge Green, Il alf llanl S hell, a ll swe et n uts ; Mo theron e, Mo liere, P isiache. Sof t or P aper S hell, Prin cess, S u ltana, Il elcrophy lle-This is t he m ost es tee med for using in a fre sh st a t e. P each Alm ond, a v ariet y wi th occasionall y a flesh y hu ll, in t his resem bling a pea c h. Of li t tl e v alu e as a fruit. F I LBERTS. (Cory lus Avellnnn .) T hese a re di vid ed in t o two classes : 1. Filb er ts , or wi th lo ng husks . ? H nzl cn u ts, or with short husk s. These plants t hri vc b est in lig ht b ut r ich soils, a nd not too d ry . P la nts m u st b e tra in ed to sing le s t e ms and very lo w head s, a ll s ucke rs carefully re move d . T he best var iet ies- are Cosfo nl , K cntis li Col), L ombard , P ur ple Filbert, ]V hite F ilbert. -. PEARS. E XPL,D.ATIO:- OF COLU.\l:-S- l st, na m e of v a riet y ; 2d , se as on ; :3d, u se ; 4t h, stock u p on which t he variet y s uccee ds best; re m a ind er , t he reg ion in w h ich the va ri et ies a re r co m rn en d ed . AIlIlHEYIATIOXS- Sea son a nd Usc, sa me as th ose for App les. Stock Q, (d w a r f) quin ce; S, (st a nd ar d) pea r stoc k . Where n ot mark ed , the variet ies thr ive equally u p on quince or pear. NA~lE . :5 :: ~ffl~ "~& :.~~ n m I A R K S. ~ cdr. I' ) ~ 12d : ;:eo>n1(.u8 l .s=,..o; .-; Ii:'=" :0 ,TJ I P~~~ s S l'S Bartlet L . __., . _... . .; I---S Belle Lu cra ti ve *1 Bcu rr e Bose ~ S 4 _ _ A ** :. * . . j**I'G=o--o'-:I--e-\"-e-r)-"-" I-,e- r-e-, -:-b-u-t-s-u-b-je-e-t-t-o-b-I-jg-h-t-. - S **1*** -- --'-*- Goo d for fa mily use. Vari a bl e as to soil. U~~~~~ S!f~T~~~' ~ ~ = = === ~ ':iC~ *:1*: .: *: \~~;ytG~~:I. it s foliage. Beu rr e /l id . __ A :. . ' , * _. '. . Goo d . Be urre E as te r ; : ' " _. . '" **1 . . __ A la t e keepe r. **1** -- * Beurrc Giffurd , ES Q Very cur ly; ope n ~rowth. ** :;.: Bcurre L{ln ~cli c r - - - - - - - A __~ __ Very finc in .' lou n t a ;n R egion. **.** __ * Beurre Su perfin , S :\1 1_ _ Ex cellen t. b u t rots a t t he co re . * Cla pp 's F a vo ri te H p .i\[ S *,** __ Ve ry good; finc colo r ; ma tu rcs rn p id lv s ta n - Doy enne d ' Eto _. I-~S D oy enn e Boussoc k _ _ ___ t) Duchcssc d 'Ang o ulcmo__ ::; Early H a rves t I'~ Fl em ish Beau ty S '.. * :::; **1**-- ~ [Q FH ** ::\1 S ' ,** . * <;lood ; ve ry ea rly b u t s m all. (d a rd ~ n ly . *1 S low bea rer. *' * ** ) l os t profi table of a ll 011 q u in ce. Su it ed to so nic se ctio ns. *1** __ Go od . bu t lia bl e to rot a t co re. _.1 _ t _ Glf!lS~elrl - - . ~ ~I[ S .:': : : :.: ~rip~ltal t,)'I)C, goo d ; follows Lecon t e. owe -- --- - - -- - - -- -- - ~ .- - cr y goo u. 137 P EARS-Continued . N A~IE. : ~' ~ I~I =1 '& ~ :,'0.. .9 t,{ ' ... , , c ~ c ".:;:; -5 ;3 ~ l e ..;l 1' :;l ~ i - :C , '5 , ~ ! _ _ _ _ _ _ _mII _.,...?.; c.ns l-r2-:. ~ _~ g: gi _ia ~ o :I:- R E~[AR K S . -- ti ~l !** JJ~r:~.~\fTT~~C;_-:~ = = = = = = = = = = iI \ Lo u i-;c BoIlllCdc J cfz? Cy _ 1 A xt S s I *******R*_:!'****/rLPVnraorrJdi:a!u:bccaltncitv:llcf::iinat ocn;dqfiuvnaaclgliu:tryuob.\\l"ccru;sb a la te cs t o n pear. stanl la n l Loco nte , )liPknedaro)~~ (syn ., ~:::~ ~ Clu llcsc : ::: : : : l, i _. ::; A r )1 ~ 1** **'**:** Va lu ab le in So ut h Ge o r gia ' v ery good fu r " Good for ca n n m g. (ta ble a nd m arket. )( m e . Vo n S eibold O n on daga 1*:*:.__;__ .~ :; 1 : :'::l :\[ S _ Good fo r ea n n ing. 'Vigo ro us g ro we r ; goo d qualit y. Osbnud's Ott, S,U~ Ill Il1C f P e t!t c )I arg ucrit c ::i *:: :: 1 ~ i V\':BL ::: - ,*** ** __'__SSeme adllli.ngb ut of excelle nt Do y en ne and d'E p ro du ct ive . tl', a n d b e t to r. *******"* It eh an ee , :,; :; 1 St. )li('}l:l<.'l A rch an gel , __I S 1* * Scckcl , , A )[ Q E x cellen t q u a lity : reli ab le hea re r. ** Fi n e ~rowc r ; goo d fru it. * :; lo w bearer; fruit be s t q un lity, S~hteevlednons ,--G.-e-n-e-se-e--- - - - -- I1 J::~:;" ! Smit h", ST * " -ilcle r VI' T T :-; S :; - ,_;; (I * * :*. _ Ori en tal t yp e; resem bl es L CCIJn t c , but litt le ISh ow), s m a ll , goocl, b u t slo w b ea re r .(ea rlicr. IlE"'r YAllIETU;S FOil ~ I AIl K E 'r IX OIlDEIl OF ~ IAT[jHITY . Ox (l u Dlc E-13eu rr c Giffa rd, tit. jl ich acl Ar cha ngel, H o well, Duchcssc d ' Angoulcrn e, Socke l, Bourre (l 'Anjo u . O x STAXDAHD- Doyc n nc d 'Ete, W ild er, Clap p's Fn vo ri t e, Beu rre S upcr fin, B nrtle t t, ~3elle Lu cra t ive, LcCon t e, Fl e mi sh Bea uty, Seckel, B ourrc Clnirgoa u, L nw ron eo, Ki effe r, Bcu rr c Enst e r a nd Win t er Nelis. J .\I' A:oJ ESE T YPE-Mikad o, G a rbe r, Xlme , Von Sei bo ld, Mag nol ia a n d Gold e n R usset. Ver y p r od u ct ivc a nd valu a ble for ca n ning nru l evaporating only . PI. tnrs. (No tii and Euro peani; E XPLAX ATIO X OF CO LU ~I XS-1st, n am e of va rie ty; 2d , co lor ; 3d, class - w het he r free or clings t one ; 4t h, sea son; rem nind er , region in w hi ch t he v ari eti es a rc reco mm ended. AUD REVlA'I'lOx s- Color -R, red; Y, ye llo w; 13, blu e; G, g ree n ; P, p u r pic or purplish . Scaso n- As for P onchos. Class-C, clingst ono, 10' freest one. 138 NA~ IK PLU~I S- C ontinu ed. - _. ~--=-_ ._ - - - --:-===---_.- n E~ IAnK s . Ty pe lIor (ulan e-1\' ild Cu tubGcrolousnedGroup. _ ' Yild Go o.;;<:' _ YL *: * __ Produ ct iv e ; POO l" qu ali ty . E ., ., *1 " . . Infe rio r to Clifford an d Wil d er . T ype-e-Chi ck ns uw : Beau ty _ )H1Hu gu hsoens _ . It ! C )1& L :__ * _. It C Y1l. C :\ 1 & 1 ~ ' "E __ !. **, ' CTY p rodu ct iv o , season la.'ib five we eks. Over produr-ti ve ; holds fruit five week s . Produet ivo, j u jcy ; ~ood fa m ily plu m . Typc-r- Cr-rnsi fe rn : D"Cara :l\\' CD C'S Gol d en Dro p ______ y'" C Colu mbia PF ~l :\1 :\1 *1I * * *I' "a illa h ic o n ly as a fo rage plan t. i ** 1 '. ====T hc Cu rc ulio a n d brow n ro t. prev ent t his D um - on , (s vn. . Bla ck) _ _ _ B F E '>" * ** I cln ss of p lum .s fr um b ciu e ra ised to a n y Dunn e's Purple PU Green Ga"e UF !: I m pe rial G ugo - - - - - - (1; Lombard _______________ v n ~I o ~nl . (syn ., ~l () ro cco) . C :\1 ' * * __1__ ex te nt . " he re specia l cu re is taken t o :\1 :\1 )1 :\1 I *. ._*_:. ***.:- - * - - .~ d est cd roy arc t he insect s, th e recolUlll cndcd . varie t ies ma rk. * :\1 0 111'0 <:' _ ~I i. . " . '. _, )lo o rc 's ( A rct ic) O rleans (S m it h's) R ed Ga p;e S hi p per's Pride P PF PF ~. F ... :\1 , * __,__ 1__ 00011 q ua lity in moun ta ins. .\1 '. .1. . . __. : :\1 ~[ *.**'. _. . l~~II~\~~t\7~le.~ : : : : :: ::: : Y F --:-\1- --,----11**.-__- j - _ -1 _ jP ro f us c ben re r. J AP ANESE PLU~IS . Prun us Triflora of Hotunist s-e-Prunus J ap on ica of P om olog ist s. F or m an y years past e ffor ts have been mad e t o simplify th eir nomenclat.ure a nd remo ve t he perp lexi ng sy no ny my resul ting from t he J a pa nese nam es, which usua lly refer to a class or ty pe or the locali ty from whi ch t rees a re ex porte d, and hav e result ed in t he confus ion wh ich h as e xist ed in t hei r nom en cla ture. Specific nam es hav e lat ely been ad opt ed by lend ing Am eri can P omo logist s, a nd plums di sseminated und er these. A nBIlE\'I.\ TIONS AXD EXI' LA XATIOxs- Same as for Native un ci Europea n Plu ms. Sy nony ms en te re d in small type a ft er t he accepte d name of each vnriety . 13!) J APA N E SE PL U~I S- C on ti !lu c d . R a t in g . N A) IE A bun d a n ce .Y It !-C - - E ---- : : : ,~ ,;: On e of t he be st; reliable ; goo d q ual it y a ll I B olan . s h ipp er. In, Yellow F lesh Bolan . B ub coc k : _______ R C B eCr chkamb oatns(',I) y lt C ) 1 D iffers b ut ~l igh ll y . if a n y, from Cha bot Qu a lit y goo d in so m e sect ion s: ap pc.u . True S wee t Bu lan. Hu rb nn k , Ch'aYhnost5.u . Bailey . Yll ! C - It I C I I, :': ** n , ** u n ce Lnrge : att apt ruc tu tivc. overbea r; ord ro op in g ha h i; ; go od shi pper. ' .' E x ccll cu t lut e v ari e ty; g"C) ()U sh ip pe r . Ch ase . F u ru j iy n. DoOu'gHlnast,ta nk io . H y tun kuyo . - It C VI. :;:; ~ Clus clv rese mbles Ch a b ot . G c:o.\IrUgIcl:siOOItLl . H nt t unkio No . 1. ~Ii k ad o . K ePlsreoyli fic. y ., C l' SC K err Y IC Hat t un ki o N o .2. LuOttbslon g H a t l a n kio . PC W usse-Bot nn kio. Ogcn yF H eSllhJizuonSc mo mo . It C Nu gntc-n o-B otu nkio . SatHseudmNa a ga te . PC Yo n c-m o m o . Y ou c-smor uo . ~i~~~~L~~:~-_~ ~ == = === = = \f 'C C Am(Cerroicsased Vnrict ics.) Yl l. C A pBpolctan a n d R ob in son . P C BSaarttslueml La a nd R ob in son . R C ChDa lecloaw a re a n d Simo n , P C S imo n an d Bu rhank. Clim a x It C A bu n d a n ce a nd S i- mon. Comb in at ion D or is R It C C B obinson a nd Abu nd - I, ::: __ - - , Go od q u ality; s u itab le fu r loca l m nrk r-t . i \ . ],1__ I 0;- Lu rtn- , e xcel le n t q ll. d it y ; va riabl e : l o t .. I u n less su rfne -c soi l I:; nut dis t ut-bcd : : ruorelv k r-p t f re e of we-eds . E ::: :!<- - E xcel lent. early p lum , h u t of we a k CO il s t itu t iun . . I YE ", - - - - ! Enrl ies t of t h i-, lis t ; goo d size ; d es irab le . EI YE .': __ - - fGo oj;';: *c* ***** ) Ios t ce rt n in ln-n re t-: go od w in e Pulp di s- olvin g. An t' x ('plIen t ea rl y v nrict'v . g rap e. IIE;;T Y .IUI E 'II E ,; F O Il )L\ HK~; T 1:\ UH D E H OF ) IATUH/TY. Moore 's Ea rly, Dia mond , ~[ o Ol'e ' s Bright on, I Yes, D r-luw nre , N iaga ra , Conco rd, P erk ins, Dia na, Ca t a wba . ' Vord en. BF.ST YAH/ IIT IE;; FOH WI :\ E . R ed-e-N ortons Virginia, Len oir, Clin to n, Concord , 1ves, Th oma s. Whit e-c-Xlissouri R iosl in g , Cata wba , Delaw are, E lvira, W urrc n, N oah , S e u p p e r n on g . EU RO PEA N . Are on ly suit ed fo r cold gr ap eries, t he bes t arc Bla ck lI a m bu rg,rl\I uscat of Alexand ria. wh it e Cha sselas, etc. 1 4~ ST IU .WB ERIlI E S. EX PLA X.\TlOX OF COL lT ~I X,;- ls t , na m e ; 2d , sex; ;M, or igi n; -Ith, lise; 5th, sea so n. A UDH E\'IATIOXS- Sex- l ', Pi st illa t e ; H , herm a p hr odit e 0 1' bi sexual . Use - F , fam ily; jI, m arket ; Lj[, local m ark et. Sea so n-E, early ; VE. very ea rly; L, la te. lh ti nl(. ____. ~" 0 '8: ..;; 'E( "; . ~ ::.J - ~ .\~ :~ ; 1ll!i!! HE ~ l A ]{ K:,; , ~---- Be.' _-- -. -. - -. - - - ~ - - :-' ] , 11111, \\ ick . ( ~.\ n ... .. .\1.1- d o n na , COIl':,p le) L Hla ek Is chi n , L Black Provence :-3 Hro w n T u rkoj- . .\1 Cvlc st iul , ::-) U rocn Js ch in. (..'.ya ~ " \Yh it el :-;c h h , UrL'('1l Ita lia n ) __ .. .. __ .. .. :\1 .~\J~a'~~r!.;'I~iill(l~" ~ , ~ _ _==_=_=_=_=_=_=_=_=_=_ ~~ ~ .\ t ' io It.t l t ou u d ,\ 1 .\l a ~n ()li a L I . " L "'1'" ',' :,)llIa Jl; g:ood: ca rl v. P L ::: ** 1 :~ ' "e ry l :lrg(~ and dcsi rub lc . B j :\1 .z :;"; (';::; :) ( ; 0 0 <1 q uali t y . B , EL;, i- - __ ~\ good s r-e-ond to l'el l" t i:d . B L .;: :::*( * :::* . Be ...t o f a ll fo r ) l id d lC' HC'I.d on . , - E ~ ::::' I:~ '''' I.::: :, Smul l: p ru lilic a n d d cd rub!c : h a rdy. .:. ( ; :\11, v !:. ,__ * w E E .. . .... " (ry aoo d : oxccl len t q ua lity. ::~ ; * ( ;o od . ( :ood ; n~ry ea r ly . \\" ~ I * .::':'1 * ';: lt u thcr d ry , hu t prol ifk . \\' .\ 1 B ~I --I .. - T: l.nrc c a nd 1'1'0 <111 ('1in'. CII E R RI EH. EXPI,AXATIO XS AXD AU Il R EYl ATIOXS sa me Figs, exce pt colo r . H. red ; A, ambe r; DU, d ark red, or nearly bla ck: Y, y ellow; YR, y ellow r ed. NA~ lE il ell e d e Choisy " i ] .2o ~ ..: ,, .~~,g.:: I 1l R E ~IAItKS . ~ t~ j ~o~li 2 2 W~. -0 U 0 ~g If ;...-:....-; -n :::.:> -'-I .i~!IDI~t , ~" II '~~ -P-ro- I-if-i,C-..- - - - -- -- --- - - - il e lle c t ~ [ a~n ifi C]ll c * ** 1 ) [ \, _, :*: Black Hear-t, Werder's ; L n n E * * BI:lC'k ~ar ta r i aIl __- - - -- 1 J~ DB ) [ I. A s t a nda rd so rt. Vc ry eu rlv . Bl a ck E uule Bcau m un 's ),lay Ca r na t ion Coo's Tran spu ren t , Dy eh ouse .L 1L ~ _ _I ) [ -i~ ~ ~I DR ' H. It AnY E )[ ),[ * __ lICheexr rics cep t n rc in u ncer t uin in :\IiJtllc region, a few loca lit ies, wh er e goo d *" __[; 1 * * __ i cro ps arc so me t imes p roduced , t he 1 .:\lorcllo class b ein g: most d os iruh le. \' E __ .. __ :: T rees sh ou ld a ll b e gro wn o n ~ I a h al e" Early's Ri ch mond __-- _ ~ I Engli sh ~I orell o ~I n It gL Go ve rno r W oo d : L It ) [ ~ ["y Duke , LitE *** *** '*.j':**.*__-__- :,;0::: I' I stock. Monnutimreo) ren cy (Drd i- II ~[ ~ ap ol co IL - - - - - - - !L R ockport; iL WRerinngegHorten se _-- L I: ~[ Y ellow S pn trish i 1~ I It It AR It l' It L ~[ E xt r. xr ******* **** R eli abl e. Q U I N CE S. N Am:. ltE ~ I A n KS . 1- 1- -- - - - - - - - - * ,, - - \, - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A U g CT5 Ch inese Ora nge or Apple P ortugal, R ue' s Xlonu not h ~ l c eclL _ _ __1__ 1-rn c q ua ity, *'-(1__ Succeed s best in So ut hwest (;eorg:ia ; goo d for pr e- _-' * __ _ _ I ' S f' TV IIl g:. *1 *" -- - - Xlcs t gene rally cult ivat ed . 1__ Large a nd 1(00<1. _ __ -: **1 ** ---- 11----;: Ear ly and la rg e. Qui nces need st ro ng ('la ~- soil. All, exce p t Ch inese arc un pr odu ct ive in gray la nd . 146 .JAPAN I' EH Sl.\L\I OX S. ( Dios py r os K uk i.) It is a lm ost impossib le t o g ive a n a ccurat e n o mencla tu re, owi ng to t he co n fusion wh ich ex ists in t he colle ct ions import ed from Jap an . These collectio ns se ld om cont a in m ore tha n tw elv e v a ri e t ies : y e t wh en the t re es bca r fr uit, t he sa me nam e is oft en found to a p ply to se ver al d isti nct v nri ot ies, or one v.u-icty has se vera l n a m es. The best mul mo st d istinc t va r iet ies ha ve b con incl uded in th is lis t , a nd wi th suc h sy n on y m s added t he re to as h a ve bee n ns cert nincd af tc r se ve rn l y ea rs' t ria l ; a n d w hi le n o cla im is la id t o s t r ict acc u racy, t he ai m h as bee n t o rea ch t hi s a s nearly as possible. All t he vur iet ies a rc h nrdy in t he .\1id dl e a nd Coa st R eg ion s, a nd oc ca sio nally in t he .\Ioun t a in R egi on . T he fru it is u s ually of a brig h t or a nge red or ve rm illion , t he color be in g m or e or less in t ense, acco rd ing t o v n riot.y, a nd heg in s t o colo r when h a lf g ro wn , hut sh o uld h e nllow cd to han g upon t he trees until j us t befor e fr ost is ex pec t ed ; or wi th th e ea rly r ipe ning vn ri e t ics u nt il full y soft. ][ gn t horc d before fro~ t th er e is a slig h t as t ringe ney nex t ( 0 t he s k in, b ut thi s di sappears nft e r heing kep t in t he h o use for a fe w d ays or wee k s. If a llo we d t o be sligh t ly t ouched h y fro st , t he Ila vor is mu ch imp ro ved, bu t it will t he n no L kee p m a ny d ays . It is, t hore f'ore , d esira ble to ga t he r t he frui t befor e fr os t, if iut e ud cd for keep in g, a mi t hen so me v uri e t ies w ill kee p un ti l Jun u ury or Fe b ru ary . The fles h is soft, r ich a nd s we e t, a n rl wi th a slig ht ap r icot Iluvor. The fruit s h ould be ea te n with a s p oon . SOllie v nri e t ies a rc ap t t o o ve rb ea r, a nd s ho uld have t hc fr u it. t h in ne d as soo n as set in April. T rees a rc pr opagat ed ma in ly by g ra ft ing u pon the collur of t he r oot s a n d up on th e n ut ivc s peeies . See d lings vnry in size, sha pe a nd q ua lity, bu t as the la rgest. propo r ti on a rc m al e plant s, a nd t ho se wh ich a rc fruitful a rc a pt t o p r od uce s m all a nd wor thl ess Fru i t, ve ry lit tl e r eliab ility ca n th er efo re h e p la ccd u p on see d lings , so far as y ield ing ed ible fru it. AIII Ollg , or Y e m on ( na me o f a .Iu pu ncsc orun mc n t j -c-R ou nd, flat t ened , d ee ply r ibb ed, d a r k ora nge red , n nd so met im cs y ell owish red, tw o a nd a half t o t hree inches in di a me t er , a ve ruge weigh t six oun ces, a nd occasionally a s pecim e n weig h ing six t ee n o u nces is prod uc ed . Ver y swe e t , flesh red, und is ed ib le w hi le st ill solid ; q ua lit y im prov es a s it b ecom es so ft . .\Ia t u r ity , Se p t ember t o e nd of X o vomh r-r. Trees of m od erat e heigh t. I l aclioj a (" lk eh iye" III .Jap a nesl') Sy nony nls : Cost a t u, Imperial , Y om a t o, e t c, Oblong; wit h blu n t a pe x, slig h t ly r ib bed , t wo a n d a h alf by th ree inch es ; nvcrugc we ig h t five ou nces, F les h d ee p or a nge r ed ; as t ringe nt whil e solid , bu t s wee t uiul very good wh en soft S hould b e h ou se-ripen ed a nd ea n be kept un t il .\Ia rch . T re e of v igor ou s a nd t al! ~ I'ow t h . 147 Il if aku.me (weig hs one h u nd r ed "me," a uni t of J a p a nese weigh t )- This is perha ps t he m os t de sirable of all the r o und , red flesh ed vari ct ies an d as t he fr uit aff ect s v ario us s ha pe s, it is k no w n u nd er m uny n a m es, s uch as P ound , T une-na s hi, or Seed less, etc. T h e Agri cul t u ra l B ureau of Tokio g ive s t he latter na m e to a va ri e ty with black m ot fle d apex, but we fin d b ot h r ou nd a nd cnlo ngnted for m s u p on t he sn mc t ree, as a lso u nifo r mly orange ami ora nge ye llo w co lored s pe cime ns, 'I"hi lo m a ny a rc hea vi ly tipped with black. The v a ri nti on of forms a nd "colors do u b t less led t o it s a r ra y of sy n ony ms . Frui t large, nv er uge three inc hes in d iam et er, and five ou nces in weig h t; u su all y fla t t e ned , b ut elong a t ed form s are quit e com m on upon t he sa m e branch . Fl esh brigh t orange r ed . K ee ps ve ry la t e. :\lust be soft bef ore bei ng ed ib le . T ree of m od orn t e heigh t ; apt t o be of d wa r f g ro wt h . l ouum Guki (na m e of locnli t.yj-c-Xled iu m t o large, r ound b u t som ew ha t n a r r ow er at th e ape x; y ell ow is h ora nge, wi t h d a r k bl nr-k pr-ru-ilings a t ap ex. F les h d ark brown or grayis h b row n ; YN y sw r-c t . Ca n b e eat en w hen solid; four to six ounces . K uroku ma (T h is m a y possibl y b e Go sh io-h iru, or I' uluce Pors iun uon ) - Very la rge, round , so me wh a t flatten ed ; three to t h ree a nd a half in ches in dia met er ; aye rage weigh t t en ou nces, a nd so me ti me s yi eld s pe ri nrcns of six t ee n ou nce s in weight ; keep s la t e . F lush red . T r ee cre el g ro wer. .1l i!Jo-ta n- Sy no nym : Ma zclli. Hound or ~l igh t ly oblong, t wo a nd a h a lf inch es in d iamet e r ; u vern ge we ig ht fi ve a nd a h a lf o u uccs ; ~ligh t l y ri bb ed . S ki n de ep ora nge red . Fl esh u sua lly d eep b r own r ed ; b u t b ri g h t r ed or hal f red and h alf brow n fles hed spcc imo ns a rc ofte n. p rodu ced u po n th e su ni e t re e, t he res ult s of cross-Icrt ilizat ion by ot her vuri ct ios. T re e of m ed iu m or dw arf g ro wt h; exceedin gly p r olific . F r uit keeps v ery la t e . The brow n flosh cd spc r-imc ns arc edi b le whil e soli d, a nd a ~ ea rly as October I . Okum c (" S t o nt yo ung gi rl " in J a !,a n ese) -~y n o n Y lll s : Ubl o ng H ya kum o. Xlikud o, etc.; m edium to large, t wo a nd a h al f by t h ree a n d a h al f in ches ; d ee p red; n ea rl y a lwa y s seed less ; k eep s la t e . T'suru- no-ko ("S t or k Egg " )-Sy nonym: :\linokaki (" I'c r" illlm on from :\i ino, " a loca lity.) L arge, ob lo ng , p oin t ed , t w o an d a half by th re e an d a h alf in ch es ; weig h t fo ur t o fiv e oun ces, so me t imes t en ounce s. S kin b righ t r ed ; som e sp ecim e ns bl ack a t a pex. F lesh rrI, very g ood . K ee ps la t e ; ed ib le only wh en soft. F oliage long and sh iny; tree compa ct n nrl v ig or ou s p; ro,,"cr. Th is v nrio ty v nri rs H ' ]'y m ue h a s t o size a t differen t se as ons. Y cdo-Icki (" X o . 1, " or " bcs t in Y ed o, " lnt tcr bei ng t hc old n nm o of T ok io)- Synon ym : :\Ia ru- Ga t a (" ro u nl l sh a pe.") Med ium , ro u n d , S O I Il (~ s pec ime ns slig h tl y ob long , fla tte ned at ba se and n nrrowi ng a t a pex, s ki n d a rk red , often with black m o lt ling s n ca r ap e x; ' !Iesh ma ho g nnv b r own . with d a rk er sp ots , b ri t t le a nd is edi ble wh ile solid , as early a s 148 Oct ober 1. \' er y prolific a nd bea rs fr uit in la rg e clusters. T ree a n up right gr ow er. Z en ji, or Zing;i (na me of J ap an ese v illagc.) Sma ll, one a nd t h ree four t hs by {"'O inch es ; weigh t t hree t o fo ur ou nces. F lesh d ark bro wn , wi t h d ar ker spo ts ; ver y sweet . Ed ible as ea rly as mid-Ilr- of Sept em ber, while st ill solid , a nd lasts t h roug hout Octob er . 149 INDEX. 'P age Address, II . .E. \\"a orn ick e liS Almonds : l ;ltj J\ IJIJ] CS 1 ~7 Ap ple Cu lt ure , Po ss ibilit ies of in X o rt hern Geo rg ia, G. D. Bra ck ett . . 47 Appl e In sect s, A . C. L ew is ~1 Apricot s ] ;n Dl uckbcrrics 1H Bro w n Hot of !' pa (h :1I111 its ( 'an t ra L " ' . :\f. Seo t t :11111 \\' . 'J' . Avres . . !llj Ca t a log ne o f F ru it s ]~ Ii Cherri es ] 1 i i C hcst nu t s .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. 1;;; Cra b App les ]~ S Cr oss-Poll i nat ion i n H or t ienl t nr al Pl a nt s . 1:t1'pet s of , H. .r. H . l Jr--Loru-h ,I rigs , ] -1 ;; F'i lb ert s , . . . . . . . . . . ] ;1 , Fruit E xchuu g, B c ncfit s of , T. ~r. F len llnin g . . ,.. .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. DO Grapes _ 111 l it M emori am-c-Cnp t . H. E . P ark ]~ ,; .1np a ucso P e rs imm ons 11, .I npn ucse Pl um s ] ;l!l Xl ulb erri c ].J I X ectariu l's ]; 11 Nuts, Nu t ri t iv o a na E eo nomi c Y a lne of - Gpo. ~r. "'i les, ~r.D 1~ Orchard-Starti ng , '1'. H . Xlel l ntt ou . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I; ; Ornnmen t nl ( H a n ly ) Pl :lJd s i n ~ li ,l dl e C: ('()I'gi a , B. w . !fnnt . . . . . . . . S I Peaches 1~!J Peach In sect s, E. L . " "orsl,," " 104 P ea r s . . " ] ;;, P ecans , ] ;;-1 Peca n Cult u re, Opportuni ti es in t he S on t hpa st , 11. K . ~ [ ill e r . . . . . . . . ;\7 Pl a nt Fo od Const it ue n ts unrl t hr- ir F u u-t lo us ill Gro wt h. .r. ~. (' a rroll l ]~ Plums 1:13 P om egran a t es I :I~ Presid ent 's Addr ess 7 quinces ].J(; Raspberrie s ].J.l Reso lut ion s , . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . 11!) S trawb erries , ., 1-1:1 'I'omat oes, S prnyi ng 10 ( '01111'0 1 l ~ l n ( ' k 111' H!osso nl-"n,l Hoi'. l I. 1' . St uck ey ~7 'I'reusurcris St llt em l'n t , , . . ti l Tru ck F a r min g . 1-;'1. .T. 1rf' r ri :1I11 J~ " 'nlllllts .I I I " . , , . , . , '1 :1 '~