GEORGIA 
State Board of Entomology 
BULLETIN No. II~JULY, 1904 
1. Fumigation of Nursery Stock 
II. Inspection Laws of Other States 
BY 
WILMON NEWELL. 
 
CAPITOL BUILDING. 
 
Atlanta, Ga. 
 
ROME. GA: ROME PuBLISHING Co} 
1904. 
 
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Georgia State Board of Entomology 
 
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O. B. STEVENS, Chairman, Commissioner of AgrIculture, Atlanta. 
 
ii P. J. BERCKMA S, Pres. of State Horticultural Society, 
 
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Augusta. DUDLEY M. H GHES, Pres. of State Agricultural Society, 
 
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Danville. 
EWELL, State Entomologist and Secretary of the Board, Atlanta. 
 
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R. 1. SMITH, . . . . . AssIstant State Entomologist Atlanta. 
 
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  BULLETIN 
OF THE 
GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ETO IOLOGY. 
 
1CLr 1904 
 
No. 11. 
 
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Fumigation of Nursery Stock. 
 
'I.'he Regulations of the Georgia State Board of Entomology* require that all nursery stock placed upon the market in Georgia shaIl be fumig-ated with hydrocyanic acid gas as a precautionary measure against San Jose scale, as weIl as for the destruction of the wooIly aphis and other insects likely to be transmitted from the nursery to the orchard. It should not be understood, however, that fumigation will in all cases eradicate San Jose scale, but when the work is properly done it appears to afford the best protection against this pest that has yet been devised. Impure chemicals. inaccurate scales, undetected leaks in the fumigating house or too close packing of the stock may defeat the object of fumigation and since one can rarely be sure that his fumigating arrangements are working perfectIy,it cannot be said that fumigation, affords absolute protection. However results of experiments conducted by this office show that infested trees, can in many cases, be entirely freed from scale by this process. The object of fumigating all nursery stock, after it has passed inspection, is to eradicate (if possible) any slight case of infestation which might be overlooked by an inspector. In this way two safe-guards are provided the orchardist who buys the stock, against the introduction of scale into his orchard, whereas in the case of inspection alone, or of fumigation alone. but one safe-guard is provided him. 
The necessary equipment for fumigating nursery stock consists of an air-tight chamber (house or box), a glazed earthenware vessel, a glass measure graduated to ounces, 
 
 Printed in Bulletin No. 10, which will he sent upon request. 
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 and a set of accurate scales. The necessary chemicals are, cyanide of potash (98 per cent.) and sulphuric acid (specific gravity I.83). Care should be taken to secure the 98 per cent. or 99 per cent. "U. S. p." cyanide,* otherwise an insufficient amount of the gas will be generated and the fumigation prove ineffective. As this substance deteriorates rapidly when exposed to the air, it should be kept in a tightly closed vessel. Its extremely poisonous properties should also be kept in mind and the material not left where it will fall into the hands of children or careless persons. The best commercial grade of sulphuric acid should be procared; it will not do to employ the low grade chamber acid used in the manufacture of fertilizer. The acid should be kept in glass or earthenware vessels, tightly stoppered. 
FUMIGATI G HOUSES. 
The chief requisite for a fumigating house is that it should be air-tight or gas-proof. It should also be of sucb shape that its cubic contents can be easily determined. The size of the house and the number of rooms contained must of course depend upon the amount of slock to be fumigated. In the case of small nurseries, either of the fumigating box s described below will be found sufficient. In the case of very large nurseries a house with three, or even four compart ments-separated from each other by air-tight partitionswill be found economical, as the work of filling and emptying the rooms can be carried on simultaneously with the fumigation. The house should be on the packing grounds and the stock fumigated as it is dug and brought from the field. A house well adapted to the needs of the average nursery may be built as follows: 
Construct two rooms. each lOXIa feet (inside measurement), IO}/z feet high in front, and 7}/z feet under the eaves, the roof sloping one way only. It is built directly upon thE' Rround, with the sills sunk a few inches in the earth, and either with or without a floor. If on stiff clay, this when well packed, both inside and outside the sills, will answer for a floor. The wa!ls, as well as the partition and roof (and 
.. Chemical analyses show that the "comercial" cyanide contains an average of 26.45 per cent. of cyanide of potash. while the U. S. P." article contains an average of 97.22 per cent. 
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FIG. 1. Plan of fumi~ating bouse. 
 
 floor if clay is not used), should consist of a double course of sheathing or matched lumber with heavy building paper between. Care should be takeu to have a smooth surface against which the paper is to fit, and the latter should be lapped three or four inches at all edges and at the corners. 
Ordinary unmatched lumber may be used for the outside walls, the boards being fitted snugly together and three-inch strips nailed tightly over all cracks. The inner walls must be in all cases of "tongued and grooved" lumber. After finisbing, the interior should be given one or two heavy coatings of paint or white lead to fill all remaining small crevices. The outside of the house should also be painted if it is expected to be safe and serviceable for more than one season. 
The roof in addition to b~ing made double, should be covered with tarred roofing paper. A door 3~x6~ feet, made double, refriRerator fashion, ~hould be placed in the end or side of each room. The door should fit accurately, should be swung with three heavy hinges and when closed the edges should come snugly against a felt or rubber seat, thus making it air-tight. In order that the room may be quickly 
ventilated after fumigation, a window 2YzX2Yz or 3 feet 
should be placed at the top opposite the door. Like the latter, this should be made double aad should close from the outside npon felt or rubber margins. The entire room, when the door is closed, should show no admission of light. 
To permit of a more rapid and. Reneral diffusion of the Ras a secondary floor should be constructed eight or ten inches above the ground or floor. This is merely a cheap frame-work of slats for supporting the stock, permitting the gas to circulate beneath it. The construction and plan of the house will be made clear by consulting Fig. I. 
Many GeorRia nurserymen have constructed fumigating houses in accordance with the above plans, which were .published in Bulletin NO.7 about a year ago. Where the amount of stock to be fumigated does not warrant the construction of a two-r<Jomed house, a single roomed house can be built upon the same plan. Such a house is shown in Fig. 
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 PIG. 2. Front and rear views of fumigating house built by Bond Bros., Roberta, Ga. (Photo by R. I .. Smith). 
 
 2, and was built by Bond Bros., of Roberta, Ga., at a cost for materials and labor of about $60.00. 
The larger nurseries of the State have all constructed houses of considerable capacity. One of the most ingenious and at the same time, durable of these is that built and operated by Smith Bros., of Concord, Ga., and which is shown in Fig. 3. This house is built of concrete and Smith Bros.) write as follows regarding it: 
"The house is 34 feet long and 14 feet wide. Height to plates, 8 feet 8 inches. It is divided into four rooms, two of them being 12 feet by 13 feet 6 inches, and the other two being 3 feet by 5 feet 6 inches. The two large rooms are used for fumigatin~ heavy nursery stock while one of the smaller rooms is used for fumigating small lots of trees or for cions, cuttings, etc., that require small space The other small room is used for storing chemicals. 
The walls are constructed of concrete and are 12 inches thick, plastered over smoothly inside and out and the rooms are also finished overhead by plastering in the usual manner on laths. The plastering on the side and partition walls is applied to the bare concrete and stands alright. The door frames'are made of 2 12 inch pine lumber. The doors are ordinary panel doors 3 and 3~ feet wide and 6~ fe~t high. They are well paiuted and hence do not shrink or swell in dry or wet weather. The roof is an ordinary frame and shingle roof. The concrete of which the building is constructed is made of broken rock and sand, with enough lime to.make a good mortar. 
It makes a very durable wall and can be cheaply put up, as little skilled labor is required, and the materials are usually close at hand over the greater part of the country. We used it in our packing house walls, while several stOles, a ware house, and recently a bank building here in Concord have been constructed of it. 
When regularly running our fumigatorium, the trees come in on the wagons and are unloaded in front of the building where the fumigating [gang takes charge of them and fills 
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 up the rooms. When one room is full it is charged and closed up, and then while it is given the usual time, the other room is filled. The rooms are always filled from the front side and emptied from the rear which opens right into the heeling yards. It is a great convenience to have doors opening from both'sides. 
We are unable to give the exact cost of this building, as we were doing some other similar building at the same time and did not keep the accounts separate. We estimate that one like it could be put up now for about $r 50.00 wherever sand and stone are within easy reach. We built this one in r902 and it has given perfect satisfaction in every respec::t and were we to build a new one now, we do not know that we would vary from this plan in any particular." 
COMPUTATION. 
The standard formula for fumigating each roo cubic feet of space contained in the fumigating house is as follows: 
r ounce potassium cyanide (98 or 99 per cent.) 2 fluid ounces sulphuric acid (sp.g. 1.83). 4 fluid ounces water. The cubic contents of the house should be accurately determined and the amounts of cyanide, acid and water computed from the above formula. For example, the house described on page 4, containing 900 cubic feet, will require for each charge 9 ounces cyanide, r8 fluid ounces of acid, and 36 fluid ounces of water. The glazed earthenware vessel should be somewhat larger than is necessary to hold the above amounts. A one or two-gallon jar is oerhaps the best container. The above strength is used for one-year-old peach and for plum, apple, pear and hardy forest trees, all of which must be perfectly dormant. For June-budded peach as well as for scions, buds, roses and tender plants, two-thirds of above strength should be u~ed, i. e., ~ ounce of cyanide (with proportionate amounts of acid and water) per roo cubic feet. For example, each room of the house shown 
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 in Fig. Ij when fumigating June-tudded peach, roses, etc., will require a charge of 6 ounces of cyanide, 12 ounces suI phuric acid, and 24 ounces of water. 
Conifers (evergreens) should in no case be fumigated, as they are not known to be infested with San Jose scale and are perhaps more susceptible to injury than are deciduous 
trees and plants. Strawberry plants can be effectually fumigated for killing 
the root-louse and perhaps certain other insects. However, it is very doubtful if they can be safely fumigated with hydrocyanic acid gas which is strong enough to effectually dispose of San Jose scale. We have never known the latter pest to occur upon strawberry plants, except when the latter were ~rowiug 1n close proximity to infested fruit trees. The strawberry root-louse is not known to occur in this State, and we do not therefore deem it necessary or advisable to fumigate strawberry plants. However, shipments of strawberry plants infested with the root-louse will be absolutely prohibited and nurserymen of other states who intend to ship strawberry plants into Georgia should see that their inspection certificates certify to apparent freedom from this pest. 
FUMIGATING THE STOCK. 
Fumigating.-The trees, as dug and brought from the field, should be placed in the fumigating house, care being taken to see that they are free from any considerable quantities of mud or dirt. Trees should not be fumigated when they are wet, as it has been shown that in this condition they are likely to be injured by the gas.* No moss or other pack. ing should be about the trees nor should the bundles be too closely tied or packed. When the compartment is filled with stock. clo!'e the window securely and place the generating jar on the floor near the middle of the room. Pour into it the required amount of water and then slowly pour in the acid. The cyanide previously weighed and enclosed in a tight paptr bag, is now dropped into the jar and the door quickly and tightly closed. The steps in this operation 
* Smith]. B., 23d An. Rep. N.]. Ex. Sla .. 1902, P.494. 
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 sbould never be varied. If water is poured into tbe acid a violent action takes place and may be tbe cause of injury to tbe operator. Enclosing tbe cyanide in tbe paper bag makes it convenient and safe to bandle and also retards tbe generation of tbe gas for a moment after being dropped, in tbus allowing time to leave tbe room and close tbe door securely. 
Tbe extremely poisonous nature of both the solid cyanide and tbe gas must always be borne in mind. The solid is best bandIed with forceps or wooden paddles as mucb as possible, and should never be bandIed by a person having open sores, cuts or bruises upon the hands, as tbe entrance of the poison into such may result seriously. The gas is colorless and if inbaled in quantity is fatal. Smaller amounts induce headache or dizziness. 
After ~he generator has been started tbe room should be kept closed for forty minutes, at the end of which time tbe door and window sbould be thrown open, care being taken to avoid tbe outward rush of gas. After fifteen minutes of airing, the room may be safely entered and the stock removed, being now ready for packing or heeling in. After fumigation the contents of tbe jar sbould be buried. 
FUMIGATI G BOXES. 
For fumigating nursery stock in small lots It is sometimes convenient to use a tigbt box of known capacity instead of a house. A box ten feet long, three feet four inches deep and tbree feet wide (inside measurement) is a convenient size for the small nursery. A box similar to the one described in Johnson's" Fumij?;ation Methods" (p. 94) is now in use among the smaller nurserymen of Georj?;ia, and may be made as follows: (See Fig. 4.) 
se plain matched tbree-quarter inch ceiling, makingwalls, top and bottom double, with beavy building or tarred paper between. Make the uprights of 2x6-inch stuff and re- 
inforce the corners with I?i x3-inch stuff and 2x3-inch battens. 
The upper edges of the box should be covered with felt, 3e'curely glued on so as to make an airtight cushion-joint when tbe top is on. AI! parts of the box, including the cover, should be given a heavy coat of white lead. On each end of 
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FIG. 4. Fumigating b x with cover. 
 
FIG. 5 Fumigating box without cover, showing generating jar ready to receive chemicals. 
 
 the box should be nailed two 2x6-inch beams with mortised ends projecting a few inches above the top for keying down the cover. A slat framework (removable) should be placed eight or nine inches above the floor to support the trees and to allow better circulation of the gas. 
On one side about seven inches from the bottom and directly over the point where the vessel is to be placed, an inch and a half auger-hole should be bored, slanting .downward. Two funnels should be provided, one for the acid and water. and the other for the cyanide; also a tightly fittinR plug to close the hole after the chemicals are in. A small door about 8x8 inches, double, swunR on hinges and closing upon the felt or rubber margins is even preferable to the hole. With the door the cyanide can be placed in a paper bag and dropped into the acid and water mixture as indicated above for fumiRating houses. 
In operation the empty vessel is pla~d on the bottom of the box, just underneath the hole or door, the false bottom inserted and the box filled with nursery stock. The cover is then placed upon the box and two 2x8-inch timbers, eleven feet long, are placed lengthwise the top with the ends inserted in the mortises of the uprights and are keyed down tightly with wooden wedges. The required amounts of water, acid and cyanide are now poured through funnels into the dish in the order named, using one funnel for cyanide only. The hole is then tightly plugged. 
If a door is used funnels of course are unnecessary. For fumigating apple and pear stock, plums and peaches one year old, the charge is as follows: 
I ounce cyanide, 2 ounces sulphuric acid. 4 ounces water. For fumigating Juue-budded stock and for roses, buds and scions, the following charge should be used: 
7'3 ounces of cyanide. 
I ~ ounce sulphuric acid. 3 ounces water. 
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 In both cases the stock should be exposed to the gas for forty minutes. 
A cheaper but less convenient box can be constructed the same as the box above mentioned, but lacking the cover, projecting uprights, felt edges and hole or door. In operation this box is filled with trees to within about ten or twelve inches of the top, the false bottom placed on top of the trees, securely fastened and the entire box inverted on level ground. One end of the box is now raised and supported by a block about a foot long. The vessel containing the acid and water is placed beneath the box, the paper bag containing the cyanide is dropped in and tbe block knocked from under the edge (see Fig. 5). The dirt is quickly piled around the edges of the box stopping all openings and compacted with hoe or spade. At the expiration of the required forty minutes it is only necessary to turn over the box, and after allowing to air a few minutes, remove tbe stock. 
Tbe boxes above described, containing 100 cubic feet, are considered by some as a little too beavy for convenient bandling. A box made upon tbe same plan, and baving tbe same deptb and widtb, but being only five feet in lengtb would contain just 50 cubic feet and tbe cbarges of cbemicals tberefor would be exactly one-balf tbe cbarge given for tbe above boxes. 
FUMIGATION OF BUDDING WOOD, CIONS, ETC. 
Budding wood, dons, grafts, etc., can be safely fumigated before being used for propagation Only in tbis way can tbe nurseryman guard witb certainty against tbe introduction of San Jose scale into bis nursery upon tbe buds or clans. For fumigating peach buds, etc. the weaker strength of tbe gas (I. e. 2-3 oz. cyanide-with proportionate a~ounts of acid and water-to each 100 cubic feet) should be used, but tbe time of exposure sbould be reduced to thirty minutes. 
It is often convenient to use a comparatively small box for tbis purpose as usually only a small bundle will be fumigated at one time. Any small AIR-TIGHT box may be used. and the amount of chemicals can be determined by mulHply- 
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 ing the number of cubic feet contained in the box by two- 
tenths (.2). The resulting number will be the number of grams of cyanide required. For example, a box containing 19 cubic feet would require (19 x .2)3.8 grams of cyanide of potash, with proportionate amouuts of sulphuric acid and water, wnich in this case would be 8 cubic centimeters of acid and 16 cubic centimeters of water. The writer wilt take pleasure in giving the exact formula for use in a box of any size, upon receipt of its exact INSIDE measurements. 
The P. J. Berckmans Co., of Augusta, Ga., have fumi- 
gated buds and grafts of various kinds for several years, in a box 3X3X3 feet, using the following formula: 
Cyanide of Potash, (98 per cent) 6.75 grams, Sulphuric Acid 9.5 cubic centimeters. Water, 15 cubic centimeters. Exposure to gas, 30 minutes. It will be noticed that this formula is somewhat stronger than we recommend, yet they report that they "have never detected any injury therefrom whatever." When fumigating buds or grafts, as when fumigating other classes of nursery stock, it must be borne in mind that the STOCK MUST NoT BE WET, that is, must not show visible moisture upon its surface. 
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 REQUIREME TS TO BE COMPLIED WITH WHEN 
SHIPPING URSERY STOCK I TO OTHER STATES. 
For convenient reference a brief summary of the requir(ments of other states regarding the shipment of nursery stock therein is here given. This list has been corrected by direct correspondence with the officials named and is corrected up to June 1st, 1904, except where otherwise stated. The names given are those of the officials having the inspection work in charge, or from whom additional information can be secured: 
A labama-A signed copy of inspection certificate must be filed with the Secretary of the :Board of Horticulture, Auburn, Ala. At same time a money order should be sent for the necessary number of official ta~s, which are furnished at cost of printing viz: First one hundred 65 cents, each additional hundred 35 cents, or ~2.25 per thousand sent by express. Each package delivered in the State must have one of these ta~s attached. This means that if a nursery ships a box of nursery stock to an agent each individual order must be'If an official tag.-R. S. Mackintosh. State Horticulturist, Auburn, Ala. 
Arizona-No law.-R. H. Forbes, Director of Exp. Station, Tucson, Ariz. 
*Arlal1lsas-No law.-Ernest Walker,Entomologist of Experiment Station, Fayetteville, Ark. 
Cali(01'nia-All nursery stock shipped into this state shall have marked upon it in a conspicuous place and manner, the name and address of the consignee. The name of the state, country or territory where the stock was grown must also be shown. All stock is subject to inspection and disinfection after its arrival within the State. No apricot, peach or nectarine trees or cuttings, ~rafts, buds, etc. of the same, will be admitted when they have been in a district where rosette or yellows is known to exist.-Alexander Craw, State Horticultural Quarantine Officer, Room 11, Ferry Building, San Francisco, Cal. 
Colorado-Shipments subject to inspection by county inspectors, under direction of the State Board of Horticulture, Denver, Col. 
.Connecticut-All nursery stock shipped into this State must bear a cert~ficate of inspection, together with a statement that it has been fumlgaterl.-w. E. Britton, State Entomologist, New Haven, Conn. 
Dela'ware-The law requires that every package or car load of n.urser.y stock coming into the state shall bear a certificate of inspectIon given by a reco~nized entomologist and stating that the stock has 
een examined and found to be free from dangerously injurious in- 
bro ~n the ca e of those tates with au asterisk, our letters of iuquiry have not in ug t any response: heuce we take it for granted that no change has been made 
ce 1903. 
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 sect pests and plant diseases. The inspection must have been made not earlier than AUj{ust 1, and the certificate is good for one year from date of inspection. The stock must also bear the certificate of the nurseryman or shipper stating that the stock has been properly fnmigated witb hydrocyanic acid gas. No official tags are necessary. It is not required that the certificates be filed in the office of the State Entomologist. No fees are charged outside nurserymen. All nursery stock not accompanied by a proper certificate is held up at the railway station or other transportation oflic"e and cannot be delivered until it has been examined by a state inspector. Tbe Entomologist and Cbief Inspector is 'Wesley Webb, Dover, Delaware. 
Florida-No law.-H. A. Gossard, State Entomologist, Lake City, Fla. 
Idaho-All nurserymen doing business in this state are required to furnish a Surety Company bond in the sum of $1000, conditioned upon a faithful compliance with the law. Requirements are: (1) All representatives must have a certificate showing that their firm or firms have given bonds; (2) That the stock being shipped in has been examined by a duly authorized officer, and a certificate of inspection attached to each package or shipment; (3) All trees, shrubs, plants, etc., must be true to name; (4) Any pit fruit coming from sections where peach yellows are known to exist is absolutely prohibited from entering the state. Also shipments from sections where pear blight or Oyster Shell Bark Scale is known to exist prohibited in any case.-A. McPherson, State Horticultural Inspector, Boise, Idaho. 
Illinois-All nursery stock coming into the state of Illinois shall be officially inspected, and certified by a state or government inspector to be apparently free from all dangerous insects or diseases. 0 charge is made to otltside nurserymen except for expenses of inspection in case stock is received without certificate.-S. A. Forbes, State Entomologist, Urbana, Ill. 
Indiana-Every package of trees, shrubs, vines or other nursery stock shipped into this state from another state shall be plainly labeled on the outside with the name of the consignor, the name of the consignee, and a certificate bearing the current year's date, signed by a state or government inspector, showing that the contents have been examined by him, and that to the best of his knowledge and belief, such stock is free from San Jose scale or other destructive insects or fungous enemies.-James Troop, State Entomologist, LaFayette, Ind. 
Iowa-Each shipment into this state must have attached to it a copy of the certificate of inspection of the state from which the ship ment is made.-H. E. Summers, State Entomologist, Ames, Iowa. 
Kallsas-No law.-E. A. Popenoe, Official Nursery Inspector, Manhattan, Kan. 
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 Kt'I""cky-A copy of the inspection certificate and also a list of the contents, should be attached to each bundle or package of nursery stock shipped into this state. To avoid possible delays, etc., a copy of the certificate should be filed with the State Entomologist.-H. Garman, State Entomologist, Lexington, Ky. 
Louisiana-All nursery stock shipped into this state must be accompanied by an inspection certificate.-H. A. Morgan, State ~nto mologist, Box 583, Shreveport, La . 
.Maille-All nursery stock shipped into the state from any other state, country or province shall bear on each box or package a certificate that the contents of said box or package have been inspected by a duly authorized inspecting officer. and that said contents appear to be free from all dangerous insects or diseases. If nursery stock is brought into the state without such a certificate, the cousignee shall return it to the consignor at the expense of the latter; provided, however, that any box or package bearing a certificate of fumigation, which sball be an affidavit made before a justice of the peace that all stock sold by the consignor has been fumigated in a manner approved by the state nursery inspector of the state from which said nursery stock isshipped the same may be accepted as though bearing a proper certificate of inspection.-A. W. Gilman, Com. Agr., Augusta, Maine. 
ilIarylana-Nurserymen shipping stock into this state are required to file a copy of their certificate of the apparent freedom from injurious insects and diseases, issued by qualified state officials, in this office. Each shipment shall be plainly laheled on the outside, with the name of the consignor and the name of the consignee, and a copy of said certificate attacbed.-Thomas B. Symons, State Entomologist, College Park, Maryland . 
.AIassac;'uselts-Copy of iuspection certificat~ must accompany al nursery stock shipped into this state. An affidavit, executed before a jnstice of the peace, showing that the stock has been fumigated with hydrocyanic acid gas, using not less than two-tentbs g' am of potassic cyanide per cubic foot of space and exposing the stock to resulting fumes (in an air-tight compartment) for not Jess than forty minutes, will be accepted in lieu of an inspection certificate. The affidavit must set forth above points clearly, and a copy attached to each package, bundle or box.-H. T. Fernald, State ursery Inspector, Amherst, Mass. 
ilIiclllgall-Nurserymen who ship stock into this state upon mail orders, must fumigate the stock and place upon each package, in addition to the usual certificate of inspection. a certificate to show that it has been fumigated. Michigan nurseries and those of other states who sell stock through agents must take out a license previous to the 1st of August of each year. The license fee is $5.00 and a bond for 
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 $1000 with two sureties must be filed. '1 he conditions under the bond are that only stock which has been inspected and fumi~ated will be sold, and that a list of the customers will be furnished if requested. To avoid possible delays, etc., a copy of the inspection certificate "hould be filed with the State Inspector.-L. R. Taft, State Inspector of Nurseries, Agricultural College P. O. Mich. 
 
Mi1lnesota-Nursery stock shipped into this state must bear a copy of the inspection certificate.-F. L. Washburn, State Entomologist, St Anthony Park. Minn. 
 
Mississippi-Importation of nursery stock and agricultural produce from boll-weevil infested districts of Texas and Louisiana prohibited unless accompanied by a certificate of an Entomologist of the U. S. Dept. of A~riculture stating that said stock is free from Mexican Boll Weevils. There are no restrictions upon the shipment of nursery stock from localities other than above stated .-Glenn W. Herrick, State Entomologist, Agricultural College, Miss. 
 
Missouri-All nursery stock shipped into this State must bear the names and addresses of consignor all.d consignee, and must have a proper inspection certificate prominently attached.-Geo. B. Ellis, Sec., State Board of Agr., Columbus, Mo. 
 
Montana-All nursery stock shipped into this state shall come 
 
through one of the designated quarantine stations, (Miles City, Bil- 
 
lings, Dillon, Missoula, Kalispell, Great Falls or Glasgow,) and there 
 
be unpacked or unwrapped, inspected and fumigated. Iuspection and 
 
fumigation of imported stock is provided for at any point of delivery, 
 
provided the importer pays all expenses thereof.-C. H. Edwards. 
 
Sec. State Board of Horticulture, Butte, Mont. 
 
Nebraska-An inspection certificate should accompany all ship- 
 
ments into this state.-Lawrence Bruner, Professor of Entomology, 
 
and Acting State l';ntomologist, Univ. of Neb., Lincoln, Neb. 
 
Nevada-No law.-J. E. Stubbs, Director Exp. Station, Reno, 
 
Nev. 
 
New Hampski1-e-AII nursery stock shipped into this state must 
 
bear a certificate of inspection upon each bundle or package. A satis- 
 
factory certificate of fumigation (see form of fumigation certificate re- 
 
quired in Mass.) will be accepted in lieu of an inspection certificate. 
 
C. M. Weed, Entomologist, Durham, N. H. 
 
. 
 
New 7ersey-Requires that every shipment of stock sent into the 
 
state be accompanied by a certificate from an official inspector, State 
 
or Station Entomologist, that the stock has been inspected where 
 
grown and has been found free from dangerously injurious insects. 
 
The certificate is not conclusive and the stock is liable to local inspec- 
 
tion if it seems suspicious. No official tags are required; there are 
 
no fees or charges of any kind; filing of certificates is not required; 
 
-20- 
 
 but where copies are sent to the State Entomologist at the beginninl{ of the shipping season, shipments will pass unquestioned if the llbove requirements are complied with.-John B. Smith, State Entomologist, 
ew Brunswick, N. J. 
JVCW Afc"ico-No law.-Luther Foster, Pres. N. Mexico Agr. College, Mesilla Park, N. Mex. 
lITcw York-A certificate of fumigatiou should be attached to each consignment of stock shipped into New York. In addition, all shipments into the state are inspected by New York inspectors.-Charles A. Wieting, Commissioner of Agriculture, Albany, N. Y. 
JYortk Caroti1w-No nurseryman can sell stock in this state unless he be in posses~ion of a valid certificate of inspection, and every delivery of nursery stock in this State mnst be accompanied by a certificate tag of this sort. It is not required that nurserymen shall secure tags from us, but their own tags will answer. The Crop Pest Commission reserves the right to forbid transportation companies from delivering within the State the stock of any person, firm or corporation, if it has reason to believe that such stock is infested, or that their business is being fraudulently conducted. It is necessary that nurserymen file in this office a copy of their certificate of inspection. Circular No.3, new series, Crop Pest Commission gives in condensed form all the information necessary for the guidance of nurserymen outside of the state, and will be sent to anyone on application.-Franklin Sherman, Jr., State Entomologist, Raleigh, N. C. 
Nortll Dakota-No law,-C. B. Waldron, Entomologist, Agricultural College, N. D. 
O/n'o-Nursery stock shipped into Ohio must be plainly labeled on the outside with names of consignor and consignee and must be accompanied with an official certificate of inspection or fumigation.A. F. Burgess, Chief Inspector, Dept. of Agr., Columbus, Ohio. 
Oklahoma-No law.-O. M. Morris, Horticulturist, Experiment Station. Stillwater, Okla. 
OrcgOll-AII shipments into this state are inspected at district quarantine stations or at point of destination, regardless of any certificates which may be attached thereto.--Geo. H. Lamberson, Sec. State Board of Horticulture, Portland, Ore. 
PCllllsylvallia-Whenever any trees, shrubs, plants or vines are shipped into this state from some other state, country or province, every package thereof shall be plainly labeled on the outside with the name of the consignor, the name of the consignee, and a certificate Showing that the contents have been inspected by a State or Government officer, and that the trees, vines, shrubs or plants therein contained appear free from all dangerously destructive insects.-N. B. Critchfield, Secretarv of Agriculture, Harrisburg, Pa. 
-21- 
 
 Rhode Islalld-AIl nursery stock shipped into this state must bear an inspection certificate. A proper fumigation certificate (see form of fumigation certificate required in Mass.) will be accepted in lieu of an inspection certificate.-Hon. John G. Clarke, Providence, R. lsI. 
SOlttl, Carolil,a-Nurserymen, residing without the state of South Carolina, but who are doing !)usness therein, are required to file in the office of the S. C. State Board of Entomology, Clemson College, S. C. their certificate of inspection and fumigation furnished to them by the entomologist of the state in which the stock is grown. To those who comply with above requirements, the official tags of the Board are issued, upon order, at a cost of eighty-five cents for the first one hundred, and fifteen cents for each additional one hundred.-Chas. E' Chambliss, State Entomologist, Clemson College, S. C. 
SOtttl, Dakota-No law.-W. A. Wheeler, State Entomologist, Brookings, S. Dak. 
Telt1tessee-AIl nursery stock coming into this state must bear the tag of inspection of some reputable entomologist, either state or national. Infested stock, whether certified or not, is subject to confiscation.-Geo. W. Martin, State Entomologist, Nashville, Tenn. 
Te.'(as-No law.-E. Dwight Sanderson, State Entomologist, College Station, Texas. 
Utah-All nursery stock shipped into this state must be certified to as having been properly fumigated with hydrocyanic acid gas before shipment.-Jos. H. Parry, Sec. State Board of Hort., Salt Lake City, Utah. 
Vermont-No law.-Wm. Stuart, Horticulturist of State Experiment Station, Burlington, Vt. 
Vi1'gi1tia-Nurserymen who ship stock into this state are required to send to the Auditor of Public Accounts (Richmond, Va.) a certified check for 120.1l0 drawn or endorsed payable to the Treasurer of Virginia. Certificates of inspection must also be filed with the State Entomologist at macksburg, Va., and official tags secured from him for attaching to all shipments. These requirements apply whether nurserymen sell through agents or conduct only a mail order business.J. L. Phillips, State Entomologist, Blacksburg: Va. 
Was!,illgtol.-AIl nursery stock shipped into Washington is inspected by county inspectors upon its arrival at destination.-A. Van Holderbeke, Commissioner of Horticulture, Tacoma, Wash. 
IVest Vil'gittia-Shipments must be accompanied by certificate of inspection and be plainly labelled with names of consignor and consignee.-J. H. Stewart, Director of Experiment Station, Morganstown, W. Va. 
-22- 
 
 ~Visco/lsin-All nursery stock shipped into this State must be accompanied by inspection certificate--E. P. Sandsten, Horticulturist, Univ. of Wis., Madison, Wis. 
Wyoming-No law .-E. C. Buffum, Director Exp. Station, Laramie, Wyom. 
***~ ***~ ****** * * * 
Cl/llada-AIl nursery stock cominj:{ into this country must be fumij:{ated at one of the designated ports of entry by a federal official, at j:{overnment expense. All nursery stock must be imported through one of the following ports of entry between the dates specified: John, N. B.; St. Johns, Que.; Niagara Falls, Ont.; Windsor, Onto and Winnipeg, Man., between March 15th and May 15th or between October 7th and December 7th. At Vanconver, B. C. during the winter months only, between October 15th and May 1st.-James Fletcher, Dominion ~ntomologist, Ottawa, Can. 
 
    GEORGIA 
tate Board of Entomology 
BULLETIN No. 12-SEPTEMBER,1904 
The Mexican Cotton Boll Weevil 
A CIRCULAR OF I FORMATIO 
BY WILMO NEWELL 
 
CAPITOL BUILDI G 
 
Atlanta, Ga. 
ATLANTA, GA. E. W. ALLEN & Co. 
1001 
 
 Georgia State Board of Entomology 
 
ORGANIZATION. 
 
O. B. STEVEr S, Chairman, Commissioner of Agriculture, Atlanta. 
 
P. J. BERCKMANS, Pres. of State Horticultural Society, 
Augusta. 
 
DUDLEY M. HUGHE , Pres. of State Agricultural ociety, Danville. 
 
WILMON EWELL, tate Entomologist and ecretary of the Board, Atlanta. 
 
R. 1. MITH, 
 
Assistant tate Entomologist, Atlanta. 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
PAGE. 
 
Acknowledgments 
 
6 
 
The Mexican Cotton Boll Weevil, General 
 
Consideration 
 
7 
 
Hi torical 
 
10 
 
DE CRIPTIO OF THE BOLL WEEVIL 
 
The Adult Weevil 
 
II 
 
The Egg 
 
The Larva 
 
The Pupa 
 
Rate of Increa e and De tructiveness 
 
Remedie- 
 
20 
 
The Relation of Birds to the Boll W f:evil Problem 2 I I. ECT FREQ,UENTLY MI TAKE FOR THE BOLL 
 
WEEVIL: 
 
The Cowpea-pod Weevil 
 
23 
 
The Acorn and Che tnut Weevil 
 
24 
 
The Blood-weed Weevils 
 
Other Snout Beetles 
 
25 
 
Click Beetles 
 
25 
 
The Cotton Sharpshooter 
 
26 
 
The Cotton Boll Worm 
 
26 
 
The Georgia Boll W eevil ~arantine Law 
 
28 
 
5 
 
 Acknowledgments. 
In the preparation of this little bulletin-which is little more than a brief compilation of facts secured through the investigations of other -the writer wishe to acknowledge his indebtedness to the following partie : 
To Dr. L. O. Howard, of the Bureau of Entomology, United States Dept. ot Agriculture, for the 10'ln of the excellent cuts illustrating the greater number of insect which are commonly mistaken for the boll weevil. 
To Professors W. D. Hunter and W. E. Hind, who e careful investigations of the boll weevil and its habit have added much to our knowledge of this insect. The writer has quoted freely from Bulletin 45 ot the Divi ion of Entomology, in which the facts determined by the e gentlemen ar~ set forth. 
To Professor E. Dwight Sander on, tate Entomologi t of Texas, we are indebted for the u e of the very excellent photographs ot the boll weevil and its work, which are used to illu trate the first part of thi bulletin. It is very rare that such excellent photographs, showing a these do, the various stages of an insect's development, are secured. 
The writer is also under obligations to the member of the Georgia tate Board ot Entomology, for ugge tion as to what pha es of the boll weevill problem should be treated of in this bulletin, and what feature. would prove of most interest to our cotton planters. 
6 
 
 GEORGIA 
STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY 
BULLETIN No. 12-SEPTErlBER, 1904. 
The Mexican Cotton Boll Weevil. (Ant/zonomus grandz"s Boh.) 
There are at present but few farmers in the South who have not heard of the cotton boll weevil of Texas. It is doubtful if any insect ha within recent years threatened uch widespread destruction, ~nd certain it is, that no inect problem has been more difficult of solution than the problem pre ented by this little weevil from Mexico. The intere t manife ted throughout the cotton-growing state~, in the progres being made by the weevil in its spread, and in the many attempt made to combat it, is universal. "' ell may it be so, for since the arrival of lihis pest in the Texa cotton fields about twelve years ago it has caused the 
o~~'L, Adult Cotton Bon Weevil, Much Enlarged. (After anderson, Proc 
. esslon Texas Cotton Convention.) 
7 
 
 Texas planters a loss aggregating not less than $75,000,000. Dr. L. O. Howard, Entomologist of the United States Dept. of Agriculture, e timated the loss to the Texas cotton crop, due to this in ect, at $15,000,000 for the year 1903 alone. E timates made by cotton statisticians and by prominent Texa cotton planters placed the estimate of damage much higher than this. 
. 0 far as can be een at pre ent, this pest will ultimately reach all part of the cotton belt, and e timates made by prominent authorities place the po sible ultimate damage at $25,000,000.00 annually. The prospect of such a loss to the main crop of the South is appalling, and not only those directly interested in the cotton industry, but legi lators as well, are giving the problem careful thought and attention. During the winter of 1903-04, the State Legi lature ofMi is ippi appropriated $10,000 to be used in enforcing quarantine mea ure intended to prevent the entrance of the boll weevil into that tate. The State Legi lature of Loui iana, convened in special session for the purpose, appropriated $25,000 for a quarantine system against this pest, which is perhaps the mo t stringent quarantine ever inaugurated against any in ect. The State Legi lature of Georgia has not been asleep to the po sible danger ofintroducing this in ect into Georgia, and during the es ion of 1904 the General s el1.Jbly passed an Act including uitable quarantine measures against the introduction of thi pe t, ano also appropriating a sum of $10,000 per annum for the use of the State Board ot Entomology. While this sum of 10,000 is to be used tor all the work ot the Board, including in pection of nurseries, control of fruit tree insect and di ea e , investigations of in ect and di ea es of garden and field crops, printing and di tribution of bull~tin upon injurious inf>ects and method of controlling them, etc., as much of this sum a may be nece ary will be u ed for enforcing the quarantine measures against the boll weevil, and in preventing in every way po sible the introduction of this pest into Georg!a. 
In addition to the appropriation of 10,000, which does not become available for use until Jan. 1st, 1905, the Legislature appropriated a pecial urn of$2,000.00, made im- 
8 
 
 m diately a\'ailable, in order that the quara~tine ~ight be made effective at once, that the Entomologl t mIght take step to determine whether the boll weevil already occurs 'in th tate, and to di eminate information among th~ cotton planter regarding thi insect. 
portion of thi arne fund of $2,000.00 is being u ed for an investigation of the "Black Root"* disease of cotton, and for the inve tigation of other cotton disea e . 
The tate Board of Entomology ha already di tributed copie of thi law to all tran portation companie operating in thi tate, ha inve tigated a con iderable numb r or report d occurrence of the boll weevil in Georgia. and is at pre ent eDgag d in locating 0 far a po sible all localitie in Georgia to which agricultural product from T xa -e peeially cotton product -have beeD hipped within recent y ar. II uch localiti are carefully in- 
peet d to det rmine if the boll weeyil i pre ent. While no boll weevi: hay been found in Georgia up to th preent time,yet it i till too early in the inve tigation to draw any conclu ion along thi liDe. It mu t be remembered that th tate Entomolgi t ha not h retofore be D furni hed with any funds or mean tor sy tematically inve tigating the variou reported occurrence of the boll w evil in G orgia, and a, the average cotton planter in thi tate ha n ver e n a boll we vii and would not ther fore be likely to r cogniz it hould it appear in hi field, we are not yet pr pared to ev n gue at what mayor may not, OCcur in th cotton fields of Georgia . 
.In thi work of preventiDg ifpo sible, the introduction ot th boll weevil into Georgia one of the main object of the Board of Entomology i to thoroughly familiarize the ~otton llanter of the tate with the appearance of thi tn Ct, it mode of attack. tc., in order that they may be on the con tant lookout for it. Hit fir t appearance can be promptly d tected -and it will appear ooner or later-the c~anc, of exterminating it, or at least of materially reduCtng It rat of pread, will be greatly increa ed. The 
Board m~ t of nece ity depend largely upon the hearty 
o-operatlOn of the planters throughout the tate if its ffort along thi line are to meet with succe 
 SIOI'II. UlIJ/(pfua ,'usin!ecla tA tk.) 
9 
 
 The present bulletin aim. to give only the main fact ~ garding the boll weevil problem, and by the descriptions and illu trations herein to enable the cotton planter to readily distinguish the boll weevil from all, or nearly all, of the in ect resembling it. All planters hould watch their cotton fields closely and carefully examine any new or unusual insects that may be found upon the cotton plants. In the case of insects which may ~o clo ely reemble the boll weevil as to make their identity uncertain, specimen should be sent to the State Entomologist, Atlanta, Ga .. n a tightly dosed tZlz or wooden box. The Entomologi t will at all times be glad to inform the ender of the identity of uch in ect . 
The que tion of remedie are not di eu sed at any length in thi bulletin for the reason that the pest ha not yet bEen found in Georgia ana space can be more profitably devoted to a description of the in ect. When the weevil doe appear, will be the timE' for a long and tediou di cu sion of the mea ur that have been tried again t it with partial ucce -or a ha more often b en the ca -with no succes at all. 
Historical. 
A ide from it occurrence in Texa, the boll weevil occur in Mexico and Cuba. One of the e countrie , probably Mexico, is undoubtedly the original home of the in ect. The boll weevil wa fir t de cribed in I 43 trom pecimens obtained from Vera Cruz, and in 187 I the boll we viI wa recorded a occuring at Cardena in Cuba. The fir t injury to cotton by thi pecie appear to haye been in 1848 in the tate of Coahuila in Mexico. although there i orne little que tion whether the damage may not have been cau ed by the boll worm or the cotton cater- 
pillar. * 
In I ~ the boll weevil wa received at the Dept. 01 Agricultur at Wa hington, D. C., from northern Mexico. It made it fir t appearance near Brown yill Texas, about I 92, having doubtle s cros ed the Rio Grande River in unginn d cotton or in cotton eed. Without 
 Hunter, W. D., Bulletin 45. Dlv. of Entomology, p. 11. 
10 
 
 going into detail, the subsequent history of the insect's progress may be summed up by saying that it has spread 
Fl/(. 2. Adult Boll Weevil upon a Flared otton quare. (From a photograph by E. Dwight anderson, tate Entomologist of Texas.) 
at the average rate of about fifty mile a year until now th infe ted region embraces the greater portion of the cotton-growing area of Texas, and the pest has been' found in two or three localities in western Louisiana. In the ca of the latter every possible means has been adopted to exterminate the pe t and to prevent its further pread. The effort of Prof. H. . Morgan, tate Entomologi t of Loui iana, along this line, have been att nded with remarkable ucces and in everal instances ~t appear that the insect ha actually been exterminated 10 the ca e ot everal limited infe tation . 
Description of the Boll Weevil. 
The Adult Weevil. 
The adult boll weevil if; a browni h b etle varying in length from one-eighth to five-sixteenth of an inch, and mea uring u ually ~lightly over one- ixteenth of an inch 
II 
 
 aero the body at the wid t part. The weevil is provided with a long" nout" or "probo ci " and i not unlike the common acorn we vii in appearance. It i not by any mean a far-di tant relative of the che tnut w evil, the 
Fig. 3. ide View of au Adult Boll We vii, )Iuch Enlarg-ed. (After:t pholol;raph by E. Dwight ander on.) 
plum curculio and a number of other common \ pe\'il with which almo t everyone is familiar. The adult boll weevils vary con iderably in size a is shown in Figur 4. In color the boll w e\'il vary from a light gray to a 
),, 
FII'(.4. A Series of Adult Boll \\'eevlls. showing Variation in ize. (After ander on, Proc. econd An. ession 'rex. ottOIl 01l\r.) 
dark chocolate brown or black. As a u ual thing, the older the weevil the darker in color it become, owing to th minute hair or cales wearing off the body- urface. 
nder an ordinary magnifying glas the weevil is se n to be covered with minut cale cIo ely re embling hair . 
12 
 
 The e hair-like cale are clearly hown in Figure 3' Th 'elytra" or wing-cover in the ca e of beetle what appear to be th forewing are in reality development of the chitinou body-covering which cover the true wing, but th e "elytra" are not u ed in flight) are al 0 seen to b finely lin d, the fine line or ridge 'running lengthwi e of the body. By far the mo t reliable character in di tingui hing a boll we vii from other imilar weevil i 
 
th pre ence of two mall pin upon the interior of the femur "upper joint" of the fore-leg. One of the e pin icon iderably larger than the other. rrhe e two pin are not found upon the fore-leg of any other of our common weevil although the occur nce of a ingle . pine i common to many different weevil. 
rrhe adult boll weevil pa the wint r in tra h, rubbi h, gra . old otton boll, and imilar material about the inti ted 11 ld , and aloin the leaves and trash of timber 
 
land. The e hibernating wee- 
 
,oil J ave uch quarter in the 
 
pring, at about the tim the 
 
fir t cotton i above ground 
 
and beginning to form quares, 
 
and having fa ted ince the pre- 
 
viou autumn, begin to feed 
 
to a con iderable extent upon 
 
the tender bud and tem of 
 
the yuun cotton plant. 
 
noted above, the weevil ha a 
 
long beak at the end of which 
 
i a pair of mall but very 
 
trong mandible. With the e 
 
mandibl the outer la} er of 
 
the cotton bud or quare i 
 
f_~Fi~d.i 
 
fj. 
ng 
 
('OttOIl "q""re . howing l>nnclUrl' mndl' by Boll 
 
\ll' \"11. LHtHa photo byE.Dwight 
 
torn off, the b ak in erted tIle 0 fit r tl. sue beneath 
 
into an d 
 
"'and r~Oll.l 
 
thi latter actually con umed. 
 
quare howing a numb r of feeding punctur.e mane bY.th~ weevil i seen in Figure 5. Puncture are made in a 1mllar way by the female in which to depo it egg, a 
W II a for feeding, but according to Prof. VV. D. Hunter, the puncture made for feeding ar u ually much larger 
~d deep r than tho made for recei ,-ing the egg. * 
 
 !.IU". rit. lJ ..1'" 
13 
 
 The Egg. 
The egg of the boll weevil is descr,ibed by Prof. W. E. Hinds as being pearly white in col0r, elliptical in form, and about .8 mm. (approxi mately one-thirtieth ofan inch) 
in length by .5 mm. wide. '* The egg i deposited by the 
female weevil in puncture made in squares or bolls tor that purpose. Within the quare or boll the egg i well protected from para ite and other enemie. An egg is shown among the anther in an unopened square in Fig. 6, the position of the egg being indicated by the arrow. 
Fig. 6. nopened Cott n Bloom, howing Egl'r of Boll Weevil among the-An thers, Much Elllarged. (after ander on. Proc. ec. An. es. Tex. Cot. Conv.): 
The duration of the egg tage varies with the temperature and the time of ea on. Ie r. Hunter and Hind have found that during eptember the egg tage, from time 
of depo ition to hatching, la t from 21- to 3 days, but that 
in ovember when the weather i cool r the egg tage av- 
erages from 31- to 4 day. A a rule the fi males deposit 
only one egg in a quare or form and mor than oile is rarely depo ited in the arne square ullle .. a i the ca e during middle and late urn mer, quare are not produced upon the plant fa t enough to accommodate the many females then in the field. In uch ca e the egg are frequently deposited in the young boll and sometimes 
 Hinds, W. E., Bul. ~;;, Division or Entomology, p. 20. 
+ Loc. 'il. p. 21. 
/4 
 
 more than one egg i depo ited in a single quare. s long a there are plenty of uninfe tp.d quares in the cotton field there is little or no egg deposition in the bolls. Owing to the difficultit> of ob ervation. it i hard to say just what is the general average number of eggs depo ited by each female, but Profe or W. E. Hinds made careful and accurate observations upon several females, all of 
which deposited over 225 egg each. t. _ II 
 
The Larva. 
 
The larva which 
 
hatche from the egg 
 
within the quare or 
 
boll, i a white foot- 
 
less "grub" with a 
 
browni h colored 
 
head and a pair of 
 
very substantial man- 
 
dible, with which it 
 
proceed to feed up- 
 
on the ti ue ur- 
 
rounding it. The 
 
entire larval tage is 
 
.. _ 
 
pas ed within the 
 
(!flirgg.~." 
 
Larva. or 3rub of Boll Weevil. Much En (Arter a.nderson. Proc. ec. Ann. 'e . Tex. 
 
quare 
 
rlorm or 
 
b 11 
0 
 
ot. onv.) 
 
in which the egg 
 
i' depo ited, a is al 0 the nC'xt or pupal .tage. The larva enlarge rapidly after hatching from ~he egg and by 
 
the time it has reached maturity has eaten the greater p~rt of the content of the average-sized square. During ml~- ~mmer the larval stage varies from 6 to 8 day, 
 
whIle In early ummer and in autumn it is longer. Prof. 
 
Hunter found that during ovember and December the 
 
lan'al tage averaged from 20 to 30 day . 
 
. On of the fir t indication of infe tation by boll weevil 
 
I. the fla4'ing of the involucre or "huck" urrounding 
 
the quare. Thi opening of the involucre take place 
 
u ually a hort time after the larva hatche from the egg 
 
and a few day later the infe ted quare i hed by the 
 
plant. characteri tic flared quare is shown in Fig. 2 
 
and at 0 in Figure 12. The pr nce of boll weevil in 
 
til II I. 4:;. Uh'. or En lOIll"!O/!,)' , p. f,  
 
I- 
 
 any con iderable number in a cotton field i alway accompanied by a profu hedding of quar However the latter are often hed on account of certain weather 
~FiK. '. Boll Weevil Larvae within otton 'qual' '. (Atter a phOto by E. D\\'i/(ht ander on.) 
condition, but in thi ca no in ect or larvae are likely to b found within them if th yare examined ,oon after falling, Injury from almo t any cau e will r ult in th hedding of quar , and quare. which hav been eaten 
l'iK. V. Boll \\'eevi! J,arvae within Cotton Bolls. (After It photo 1 y R. Dwight 'an, derson.) 
16 
 
 into by the boll worm (not boll weevil) are of cour 'e h d 
 
by the plant. 
 
ee FIgure 21.) The pre ence of whit 
 
lan"ae within hed quare or form 'hould be regarded 
 
with u picion and all uch hould be carefully e,amined. 
 
In cotton field badly infe t d by the boll weevil the feed- 
 
ing puncture and the punctur . made for egg d po ition 
 
cau e the quare to hed a fa t a formed and before 
 
th y have dny opportunity to develop into boll . 
 
The Pupa. 
 
F1~ 10 Pup.,e of )Iex;c,v, Boll Weevil. IAlter anderson. P,oc. 'ee. All. e T x. Cot. onv.\ 
 
til(. 11. Boll We vIIs Within Cotton quare. Ready to EIller 'e. (After a photo Y E. DWij"(ht ander'on.l 
 
 When the larva has completed its growth it ceases tc> feed, becomes shorter and broader and enters the "pupal; stage," during which it takes no food. 
The future proboscis, legs and other parts now begin tc> appear. The pupae are well illustrated in Fig. 10. This stage last from 3 to 6 days in mid-summer and is longer at the approach of cold weather. The pupa changes in-- 
Fig. 12. Adult Boll Wepvil ElllPrj:(inj:( from quare within which it Developed (After a photo by E. Dwight andersou.) 
to the adult boll weevil, which pmerges from the square or boll ( ee Figure 12) and although light in color and oft-bodied upon emergence from the quare, it soon becomes darker, the body-covering harden and the weevil takes it first meal a a fitting celebration of its afe arrival at maturity. 
Rate of Increase and DestruGtiveness. From the foregoing it will be een that during midummer the time elap ing between egg deposition and the arrival of the weevil at the adult tage may vary from 12 to 18 day . If an average allowance of 6 days be made for the time elap ing between emergence and the beginning of egg depo ition by the adult, a generation may be produced evpry 18 to 30 day.. During late autumn the period of development i of cour e much lengthened. Upon 
[8 
 
 fact obtained by actual ob ervation in the infe ted cotton fields of Texas, Prof. 'V. D. Hunter e timate that the progeny of a single pair of boll weevil may in a season 
reach 134 millions of individuals. * 
A each female during her lifetime depo it egg 10 each offrom 100 to 200 squares, all of which are prevented from making boll, the magnitude of the destruction will be readily understood. 
At the approach of fro t in the autumn, the adult weevil eek uitable quarter in which to pa the winter. For the mo t part rubbi h about the cotton field , leave in timber lands, grass, partially opened bolls etc., are elected. In the case of baled cotton which is lying on the 
 
 
IhFlg. l~ otton 'j.lIar s from which Boll Weevils have Emcrged after Reachlllg Adult tage. (From a pbotour..ph by E. Dwight ander on.) 
 
gr ar 
 
o 
 
urnkd 1 
 
about !Tin hou Iy to enl:l ter the 
 
e during the bagging, and 
 
autumn boll if the ba, le i 
 
weevil ub e- 
 
qu ntly moved to other localitie the hibernating weevil 
 
may. b.. carri d with it. During autumn there is al 0 a 
po IbIllty of weevil. which are eeking hibernating ~uart r , ~nterin!T bale of hay, traw, etc., in the in- 
te~ ~ ~lon. During the hib rnating period the boll we vIII 10 a emi-dormant condition in which it can ur- 
 
 "Vive tor veral month without any food, and during thi 
 
time it i po ible for it to be transported many mile to 
 
new or uninfested localiti 
 
In the weevil-infested ec- 
 
tion ot Texa , holl weevil are found abundant in the cot- 
 
ton e d at gin hou e ,a weli a in cotton eed hull . 
 
would naturally b exp ct d, the hipment of the e 
 
cotton product i often found to be th mean of di tribu- 
 
ting the boll wee"il to new localitie . 
 
There is a po ibilty, and ev n probability, of the we - 
 
viI being tran ported in baled hay. traw tc., when the latter i . hipped from the infe t d _ection during the fall, 
 
winter, or early pring. During the ummer month 
 
there i practically no danger of the weevil being tran ported in hay traw, tc., a. at that ea en the boll ,n~e 
 
"il ar eeking the growing cotton in cotton fi Id and 
 
have. no occasiJn whatever to enter hay, rubbi h, etc. 
 
killed entomologi t who have carefully studied the 
 
boll weevil problem ar agr ed that there i pract;cally 
 
no dang r oftran porting the weevil in hipment of e d 
 
oat thra hed wheat, etc., during July, ugu t and eptember a the e g-rain are harve ted at a ea on 
 
"'hen the weevil- are in the cotton field and 
 
are not eeking hibernating quarter. In any eyent, 
 
thra hed grain would not offer suitable hibernating quar- 
 
t r for the we viI, and the writer que tions wheth l' boll 
 
weevil would "oluntarily ent I' thra h d grain for th purpo ot hibernating en'n wer it I' adily acce-. ible to them. 
 
Remedies 
 
intimat d On a former pag- of thi article, it i not 
 
our intention to cii cu . remedie at thi lJ0int a thi ub- 
 
ject can be t be left until th boll wee,-il i actually di,- 
 
covered in Georo-ia, and by that time (let u hope) thHe 
 
may be more effici nt remedi at hand than ar kno,vn 
 
tolay. To um up bri fly the r medial mea ure a prac- 
 
ticed and ad"ocated by the 
 
_ Dept. of griculturc, 
 
w may ay that the production of cotton in th we viI 
 
infe t d section i dependent upon u ing an early-matur- 
 
ing variety, planting it arly and cultivating it thorough- 
 
ly '0 a to force it to an early maturity. By thi plan a 
 
20 
 
 con iderable number of boll are set upon the plant before the weevil b come abundant enough by July 15th or Augu t I t to de troy all quare as fa t a they are formed. In thi way a "profit-returning" crop of cotton can be made in pite of the weevil, but if the arne improved methods of culture and improved varietie were u ed under the arne condition without the weevil being pre ent, doubtles from 25 to 50 p r cent more cotton would be made. In any e,'ent, and under any de vi able y tern of cultivation th advent of the boll weevil mu t bring with it an actual and hea\'y 10 . 
The Relation of Birds to the Boll Weevil Problem, 
While th~ entomologi-t i trying in every way posible to prevent the introduction of the boll we vii into Georgia, it al 0 behoov the planter himself to do omething in anticipation of the problem which he will ooneror later hay to confront. It may be one year, or it may be twenty, before the boll weevil appear in Georgia, but ifany mea ure can be taken now, by which the ravage 01 thi in ect can be Ie ened when it doe appear, the reulting good to the cotton intere t of the tate could hardly be overe timatp.d. uch precaution lie within th reach of the Georgia farmer. "hile without doubt, ~any bird feed to a greater or Ie extent upon boll \' ee\'II ther are two pecie at least that are of incalculabl~ "alue in thi re p ct. These are the common par- 
t tr~dge Or Bobwhite1\- and the field lark. 'fh par- 
tndg or qU:1il i a feeder upon both vegetable and animal matt r. While weed eed and grain make up the bUlk. of it food in winter during th ummer it food Con I t mainly ot in ect . mong the e in ct i incJud d, the boll wee"il. Dr. Judd record an in tanc of a 
9ual1 having eaten 47 boll weeVil during a ingle mornIng, t, thi fact being determined by an examination 01 
th bl:d tomach after being hot. The quail are with 
u dUring the entire y ar and while the mo t good would 
 "',Unl(X l'i,.uinianU8. 
t't /I rnella mayna. 
I Yearbook . . Dept. of Agriculture, 1003, p. JIJ6. 
21 
 
 be expected from them during the ummer when the weevils are active till it is not at all unlikely that they obtain many of the hibernating weevils during the winter, when the bird are constantly engaged in scratching up leaves, trash, etc., in their earch for food. 
In the case of the field lark, the writer while in Texas during 1902, knew of a case where the stomachs of field larks, shot in a cotton field, were examined. In the stomach of one field lark the remains of 27 boll weevil were found and in the stomach of another 14 were found. It i true that the field lark i rarely with u during the entire year, but it i usually abundant in spring when the boll weevils would be emerging fr':lm wintt'r quarter and again in the fall and winter when the weevil are in hibernating quarter. The field lark i mainly a ground feeder, earching over meadow" and fields for its food and without doubt many boll weevil are de troyed by it in the weevil-infested ection . 
The benefit derived from the e bird - 0 far a the boll weevil problem i concerned-will depend entirely upon their abundance, and if they are plentiful when the boll weevil reache Georgia the ravage of the latter will be Ie ened con iderabl y. J.tural enemie of the boll weevil are carce, and when an opportunity tIm pre ent it elf for allowing two of the we~vil's natural enemi~ to increa e before the weevil arrives, it should not be neglected. 'Ve do not hesitate to ay that the killing ot partridg s and field la:ks in Georgia hould be ab olutely prohibited by legi lative action at once, and that competent game wardens hould be provided to ee that uch a law i trictly complied with. We are well aware that uch a propo ed action upon the part of the Lcgi lature would be vigorou ly oppo ed by port men and perhaps by orne farmer but hould the intere t of the cotton indu try be jeopardized in order to fumi h ple.a ure and recreation for a elect few? The farmer, even under the exi ting law, can preYent the killing of birds upon his premi e. The question i will the farmer open hi eye to hi own intere t and proceed to prevent the destruction of quails and field larks upon his plantation, in order that they may increa, e to the point ot abundance where they will render him mo t valuable ervice? 
22 
 
 Unless the farmer does protect these birds, the day will -come when he will regret that he has not done so, and it may not be at all surprising if that regrt't is made all the more intense by the knowledge that his cotton crop is being materially reduced by the attacks of the boll wee- 
vil. Insects Frequently Mistaken for 'he :Boll Weevil. 
 
Many Georgia cotton planters, with commendable zeal, have closely observed the in ECtS 0 c cur i n g in their cottOn fields within the past year, and as are ult have discovered many kinds of inects the exi tence of which wa previously unknown to the m . Many of the e have Fl/(. H. ~lexlcan ottou Boll Weevil, Antllo- been mistaken for boll "D/)1I1\1'.01o/.f' Eonrat.l,ldi".. B. Dohep. t. (oAffAtegrr.)Hunter, Bul. 45, weevlls. I n order to 
a i t the farmer in recognizing the more common of the e, a number of species are illustrated on the following page , and the differences by which they are distingui hed from the bo!1 weevil, pointed out. In most cases the illu trations will make thi difference clear, without any added de cription. All of the in ects mentioned have been ent to the Entomologist within the pa t few months, the. nders believing them to be boll weevils. For conv~nlent comparison the genuine boll weevil i shown in FIgure 14.* 
The Cowpea-pod Weevil. ( llalcodel'JllllS aeneus Boh.) 
Thi little beetle, which is suppo ed to breed in the pod of cowpeas, is about the same size as the boll weevil, ?ut i a jet black color. The body-surface is smooth hinI~g blac~, and instead of the wing-covers being finely hned a III the ca e of the boll weevil, both elytra and tho~!x are covered with minute impres~ion . 
 
enl:rThe lenlltgead. 
 
tdhrTahWe isnignsgloef 
 
this a,nd other Insects black line at the ide of 
 
UpOI1 each 
 
sub draw 
 
eqne ing I 
 
nt pages, are  however. the 
 
much same 
 
e speclmen from which tbe drawing was made. 
 
23 
 
 The u e of an ordinary hal1d magnifying gla will readily di tingui.h thi weevil from the boll weevil. Where catton follow' cowpea the aJult cowpea-pod weevil ometim attack th young cotton plant .oon after they come up, and do con iJerable damage. 
Fig. 15. 'owpell-pod W vi!. (AIler Cbittenden, BU!.45,Dlv.ofEnt, '. '.Dept.ofAgr.) 
The Acorn and Chestnut Weevils. 
'I he acorn weevil, th chestnut weevil, and other nut-feeding we vii , all of which clo ely re emble each other, are di covered from time to time upon cotton plant. It i extremely likely that their occur nce upon cotton i purely accidental a when cotton i growing FI~. 10. Acorn \I"eevll. Balani"". r;/'lnriensi, near or under ch tbit. (Alter Cbittenden. Bu!. 44, Div. of Ellt., L'. nut or oak trees. In 
. Dept. of Agr.) 
any eYent, no damag to cotton need be apprehended from them. we vii which i typical of the appearance of this group of insects i hown in Figure 16. 
 
 The Blood-weed Weevils. 
 
During the winter a careful ex- 
 
amination of the stems of ragweed 
 
or blood-weed about almost any field 
 
will reveal the presence of long slim 
 
weevils in the pith or interior of the 
 
talks. These are the blood-weed 
 
weevils, ot which there are several 
 
pecies. They are readily distin- 
 
guished from the boll weevil by the 
 
fact that they are long and slim, as 
 
hown in the illustration (Figure 17.) 
 
LFinIKls 1s7p. B. loo(Ad-rwteeredHWuenet"elrl, Th e maJ.or.! ty 
 
f 
0 
 
these 
 
bl 00 d -weed 
 
Bu1.4li, 01". ot,Ent, U. ~ weevil are one-half inch or more in 
 
D~pt. or Agr.) 
 
length while the boll weevil i ordinarily about one-fourth 
 
inch in length and of an entirely different shape. 
 
Other Snout Beetles. 
The plum gouger, Fuller's rose beetle, the imbricated snout beetle and even so common an insect as the plum curculio have been mistaken for boll weevils. N one of these feed upon cotton and when found upon cotton plants or among cot- 
 
FIg. 18. 1mbr'iCa.t ed ","U8 imbriC'llu8 Say. 
 
I llout (Alter 
 
Ree tl f', E:.p'tChittenden, 
 
ton s such 
 
eed thei places 
 
r occurence mu t be co 
 
in n- 
 
B!11. 45, Dlv of Ent., U. . Dept. vf Agr.) 
 
Idered as accidental. The imbricated snout beetle i 
 
hOWD in Figure 18. 
 
Click Beetles. 
 
Every country schoolboy is ac- 
 
quainted with the long, flattened 
 
snapping beetles, which when laid upon 
 
their backs, "snap" violently into the 
 
air. puring mid-summer these snap- 
 
ping beetles are occasionally found 
 
in cotton bolls which have been injured 
 
by the boll worm. They seem to be 
 
.~Fonigo.cr1e9.piCdliiuc8k Bt'eee8tpleer~ IlnU8. (From Chitten- 
 
present for the purpose of feeding on the decaying tissue and exudations follow- 
 
d~netn.,\ 
 
Bul. U. 
 
45, . 
 
Dlv. Dept. 
 
or of 
 
ing the attacks ot the 
 
boll 
 
worm. 
 
We 
 
gr. 
 
think it extremely improbable that they 
 
25 
 
 are responsible for any damage to cotton, as we have never learned of their attacking healthy boll or squares. Their shape, a well as their habit of " napping," when laid upon their back upon a level surface, will readily enable anyone to di tingui h them from the boll weevil. 
The Cutton Sharpshooter. 
It seems strange that an in ect which is not a weevil at all or which i not even a beetle, should b~ mi9t:aken for a boll weevil. 
The cot ton s h a r p shooter, shown in Figure 20, is about one- half inch in length and i not infrequently Fig. 2<'. Cotton harpshooter, IJomalodisca lriquelra found upon cot- 
lAfter Riley & HoWlird in In eet Lit .) 
ton, which it injures by puncturing both the young growth and the quares and forms. The insect i very agile, running to the oppo ite ide of the cotton tern when approached, and ftie readily. It i not ea ily captured, and thi fact alone will always relieve the plant r's mind of any fear that it may be a boll weevil. Ordinarily the real boll weevils can be picked from the plant or quares without any precaution being taken to avoid their e cape. 
The Cotton Boll Worm. (Heliol/zis armiger.) 
There is a tendency on the part ot orne person , not familiar with insects, to confu e the name 'boll weevil' and "boll worm," believing that the e terms apply to one and the same in ect. As a matter of fact they are entirely distinct and separate insects belonging to two widely separated Orders or group . 
26 
 
 The parent of the boll worm is a moth, not likely to be taken for a boll weevil by even the rno t unob erving. The attack of the boll worm larvae upon the cotton quare or boll often give ri e to reported occurence of the boll weevil. The attack of the nearly-grown boll 
F~g. 21. Cotton Squa.res Injured by Boll Worm Larva.e. (Photo by R. I. Smith.) 
Worm upon the bolls, takes thE form of distinct'lfhole , which are about one-fourth of an-inch in diameter, made u ~a!ly in the ba e or ide of the boll. o' uch injury as thl I ever made by a boll weevil. The holes eaten into quare by the very young boll worms may, however,~be conf~sed with the holes made in quares by adult 'boll weevils when the latter emerge. Squares injured by 
27 
 
 young boll worms are shown in Figure 21. In the case of injury ot this kind, a careful earch will usually re- 
veal the young boll worm in the act of eating into the 
quare, or even eating within it. The boll worm larva is 
readily eparated from the boll weevil larva. The young 
boll worm is supplied with leg whereas the boll weevil 
larva i a footle s grub, white in color, and incapable of 
crawling from quare to quare as the young boll worm 
do. 
The Georgia Boll Weevil Quarantine Law. 
The following Section from an Act of the General 
embly of the tate of Georgia, appro ed ug. 15th, 
1904, are given for the information oftran portation com- 
panie ,planter and other intere ted. 
I<:CT10'< IS.-It hall be unlawful for an)' person to knowingl)' bringinto the Slale of Georg-ia an)' living Mexican Boll Weevil, or any cotton bolls, square~, plants or seeds containing the adult, pupal, larval or e~g- stage of aid Mexican Roll Weevil unless the person shall immediatel)' upon its di covery at once de~troy the same or turn over the arne to the State Entomoloo-i t. Violation of this Section shall be punished as provided by ection 1039 of the Penal Code of Georgia of I 9:. 
SECTION 16.- 0 cotton seed, seed collon, cotton seed hulls or cotton lint, in bale or 100 e ~hall be brought into this State from any points i:1 the 'tales of Texas and Louisiana, Or from any other point in any other State ')r country whert'in the Mexican Boll Weevil is known to exi t, without haYing attached thereto in a prominent and compicuOll manner, a certifitate igned by a duly authorized State or Governmental Entomologist stating- that said cotton seed, eed cotton, cottoneed hull or cotton lint, \Va grown in, and that the hipment (Jf same originated in, a locality where by actual inspection by said offic:al or his ag-ent, the Mexican Boll Weevil was not found to exist. Any Steamhip, Railroad or Express Company or other common carrier, or any firm, per on or corporation bring-ing into this State any of the articles aboYe mentioned, without the pecified cenificate attached, hall be deemed guilty of a mi demeanor. In case any common carrier enumerated violates lhi Section then the General Manager of such Common Carrier or the Captain of such offending vessel hall be deemed guilty and upon conviction shall be puni hed as provided by Section 10.'9 of the Penal Code of Georgia of 1895. 
SECTION 17.- 0 oat, hay, fodder, husks, straw, forage of any kind, 
corn in the husk, or ship:nents of nursery stock, furniture, g-la sware, machiner)' or supplies of any de cription which are packed or partially packed in or with straw, hay, hu.ks, gra ,leave, mo or other material orig-inating upon farm or plantations, shall be shipped into this State from point in Texas and Louisiana or any other State or Country in which the Mexican Boll Weevil is known to exist, without having attached thereto in a conspicuou manner the certificate provided for in Section 16. 
28 
 
 SECTION IS.-Transportation Companie hall immediately notify the State Entomologist (Atlanta, Ga.,) when by over ight, negli/!'ence or otherwi. e. any shipment of the nature de ignated in Section 16 and 17, without a proper certificate attached, ~hall arrive at any tation or wharf in this State, and it shall be his duty to proceed as speedily a possible, by him~elf or a i tant to jnvesti~ate such shipment. If upon inve tigation, he find the shipment to be of the nature herein designated he shall order same removed from thi State. Upon failure of the owner or shipper to remove same within forty eight hours after notice ha been ent him by wire, said shipment shall be seized and burned. 
SECTION 19.-The State Entomologist and his as istants shall have authority to enter, during reasonable business hours, any depot, warehouse, freight, wharf, transfer, steam hip or express office in this state and shall be allowed full access to all way-bill, in"oice and bill of ladin~ therein, when he or they may deem it nece ary to determine the presence or record of any hipments of the nature designated in Sections 16 and 17 of this Act. The State Entomologi t and his as.i tant shall ha\'e authority to enter at any time, for the purpo e of inpecting hipment therein, or for determining the nature of shipments therein, any express car or steam hip when arne is in transit or lying at dock or depot in charge of any emplo}'ee or official of the company owning or operating arne. Agent and employee of railroad hall be required to open for in pection any car, sealed or un ealed, at any siding, freight yard or depot in thi State, when so ordered by the State Entomologist or hi a sistant. Any per on who hall refu e to comply with the in tructions of the State Entomologist or hi " i tant a herein pecified, or who hall offer any hindrance or hall obstruct the State Entomologist or his a istants in the di charge of their dutie as herein pecified hall be deemed guilty of a mi demeanor, and upon conviction shall be punished as provided by Section !039 of the Penal Code of Georgia of I 95. 
ECTI0N 20.--The State EntomoloF:i t, himself or a sistants, hall have power to enter during ordinary I>usine_ hours any pr~mi e , depOt, warehou e, cotton mill, oil mill, or other building or place in this . tate where agricultural products are or are suppo ed to oe, for the purpCJse of in peeting and determining whether any boll weevil are there pre enl. In ease of finding any material therein infe ted with the Bol: Weevil he hall at once give instruction to the owner, agent o~ tenant thereof, to de troy, fumigate or treat ueh infe ted material in uch manner a in hi judgment he may deem be~l. But in the event aid material hould be ordered de troyed the owner hall be compen ated a. now provided by law in ea e where property i condemned for pubhc u.e. Failure of the agent, owner or tenant to comply with aid directIOn (un Ie s an appeal be taken a provided for in Section 4 of this Act), or ~he removal of said infe ted material or any part thereof from the p.reml e hall be deemed a misdemeanor and hall be puni hed as prO'nded by ~eetion 1039 of the Penal ode of Georgia of I 95. 
 
  .' 
 
 ~ University of Georgia, 
ATHENS, GA. 
~ECHNICAL Training in Agriculture, 
~ Horticulture and Dairying is offered to 
young Llen at the State University, Athens, Georgia. 
A short Winter Course in January, February and March, for those who can spare only a short time froUl the farm. A One Year Course for those who can take a more extended course: and a:four Years Degree Course for specialists. 
There are no fees. Rooms in dormitories are free and board in the Dining Hall is furnished at $8.50 per month. 
farmers' Institutes are held in each Senatorial District annually for adult farmers. 
For Bulletins and further information address 
WALTER 8. Hill, L L D., Chancellor, 
ATHENS, GEORGIA. 
 
 GEORGIA 
State Board of Entomology 
BULLETIN No. 13-0CTOBER, 1904 
Some Common Insects Injurious to the Apple 
BY 
R.I. SMITH. 
 
CAPITOL BUILDING 
 
Atlanta, Ga. 
 
ROME. GA. ROWE PUllLISHING CO. 
1804. 
 
  GEORGIA 
.State Board of Entomology 
BULLETIN No. 13-0CTOBER, 1904 
Some Common Insects Injurious to the Apple 
BY 
R. I. SMITH. 
 
CAPITOL BUILDING 
 
Atlanta, Ga. 
ROME, GA. ROME POBLISBING CO. 
1904. 
 
 Georgia State Board of Entomology 
OROftNIZftTION. 
O. B. STE'~EN , Chairman, Commissioner of Agriculture, Atlanta. 
P. J. BERCK~[ K , 
Pre ident of tate Horticultural ociety, Au usta. D ~DLEY lVr. HuGHE , 
Pre ident of tate gricultural ociety, Dam'ille. WILMO... T "l\EWELL 
tate Entomologi t and ecretary of the Board, .-\.tlanta. R. I. ~nTH 
istant tate Entol11ologi.. t, Atlanta. 
 
 Fig. 1. 
Fig 2. 
Fig. 3. Fig. I-Codling moth, enlarged 4 times. (After Simpson, Bulo 41, Div. of Ent., 
U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.) Fig. Z-Codling moths, natural size. (After Slingerland, But 142, Cornell Uni- 
versity Exp. Station.) Plr.. 3-C?dling moth larva or "apple worm," enlarged about 3 times. (After 
Slmpson, But 41, Div. of Ent., U. S. Dept. of Agriculture,) 
 
  BELLETIN 
O~ THE 
GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTO~f.OIA)GY. 
 
OCT08EN, 1~I04. 
 
Vo. 1.1. 
 
Puhlished by the CeorgiaState Board of ],;nloomo!ogy, Atlanta, Ca., aud seut free of charge to nIl residelllsof the State who make request for same. 
 
SOME COMMON INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 
R. 1. SMITH. 
Appl gl'owing in Geol'O'ja at pl'esent COil titute but a mall palt of the tate', fruit indu, try. Other fl'uits, .sllch a peach, plum, p ai', etc., have been considered a more profitable and as better lldapted to the climate. In outh Georgia we find only a few I'll pIe 11'0(,',' planted the e b in'" mostly in family orcbard for home use 01' fOl' the tl'i tly 1 cal market. In fiddle Georgia apple' are J.!I'OWIl somewhat more extensively, while in Jorth Georgia an apple rchal'd of ommercial importan e is not lillcommonly met with. 
Almost everyone baving a family orchard attempts to grow a f w Yluicties of apple', and in fact, u h an orchard would not b by any 111 an, compl te without tbi delicious and appetizing frnit. Ilen e it rna not be out of place to describe in this short pap l' a few of the in ects which annually interfCl' with succ ssful 31111 pl'Ofitable apple production in Georgia. 
Th fa 't that oue may, ee tandin'" in various parts of Middle /lnd ~orth Georgia, apple tr es 0 old that the olde t inhabitant docs not know when the 'vere planted, indicates that the apple is well adapted to thi, climate and that with proper care it could be d velop d into a mo t important part of Georgia's fruit industry. 
The commercial apple grower will find that his trees must l:!e 
 
 protected from insects and di a ,and that they , ill need fully as much care in this regard as any oth l' cIa s f fruit. '1'ho e who grow apples merely for the table will al 0 find much ati fa tion in harvesting the clean, healthy fruit which r . ult from proper tr atment for, and preventive m asures al"J'ainst, the in ects that II. sail the apple each season. 
The compl te Ii t of in cls which at Lim .. aLta le the apple is a very long one, including upward of a hundr d cliff r nt species. In this paper only four of the most injurious will be considered, not only because mention of more would occupy too much space, but because the ones herein mention d are of most common occurrence and for the most part are readily recognized by the fruit growers. 
THE WOOLLY APHIS. 
(Scldzoneura la1ligera.) 
This little insect b longs to the ame family as the plant lice which infest the buds and leav of the apple during the early summer and differ from the latt l' mainly in that it rete a white cottony substance about it body and infet a' a rul , the roots of the tr . Where tre . ar inf -t d when Lh y c ill ir 111 the nurs ry they are lile ly Lo b fund eriou 'ly injut' -d in from two to four year aft l' planting. It pre enc on the 1'0 t i indi ated by cottony ma e, under which, by a clo examination, may be detect d the browni h-pink bodies of the 11 . By f edinO' upon the root th . e lice cau e abnormal swelling ralls th ti ue of which OOI' di and the roots are destroyed. '1'he main uPI rt of the tree b iug thu impaired a hiO'h wind . on toppl ,it er. The root-infe ting form of the wooly aphis is hown in Figure 5. 
Be ides the root-infe tinO' form, there i an" a rial" form ( FiO'lu'e 4) which attack the trunk and limb but the injul'y ft' 111 thi form is not "Teat. Thi form f 1 mo tl in crack old ul' or brui ed pIa e in the bark and it pI' ence i readily detect d by the white ottony app arance of the oloni . Th damage done by this form i little m re than a killillO' f the bark at the point 
6 
 
 Fig. 4-Woolly aphis ( dll'zollellra Ial/igela). a, A~amic female; b, larval louse; c, pupa; d, winged female with antenna enlar~ed above; all ~reatly enlar~ed and with waxy excretion removed. (Marlatt, Circ. No. 20, sec. s., Div. of Ent., U. S. Dept. of Agr.) 
Fig. 5-\Voolly aphis ( cl,,'zollellra lalligcra). a, Root of youn~ tree illustrating deformation; b section of root with aphids clustered over it; root louse, female-a and h, natural size; c,'much enlarged. (Marlatt Circ. No. 20, sec. s., Div. of Eut., U. S. Dept.~of Agr.) 
 
  of attack. The aerial form is readily killed by spraying thoroughly with a whale oil soap solution made of one pound of whale oil oap to each gallon of water; with kerosene emulsion, or with orne tobacco solution such as diluted Rose Leaf Tobacco Extract. 
home-made tobacco decoction is easily prepared by boiling three pounds of tobacco stems in five gallons of water for three hours, adding water from time to time to make up for evaporation. These colonies on trunk and limbs must be thoroughly drenched with 
hatever insecticide is used, as the cottony covering protects them effectually from any light application. We consider the aerial form more of an advantage than otherwise, as it serv~s to give the orchardist warning of the more serious injury that is likely occurring on the roots .of the trees at the same time. 
An apple tree having the roots infested with wooly aphis usually presents a sickly appearance, with ellowish foliage and a noticeable scarcity of healthy leaves xamination of the roots will tlsually disclose the "aphis gp,l . -such cases. 
A the root-infesting f 1in of'ttiis insect is the most injurious, 
ma it ill important that the n:r "edial measures should be directed 
a(;{aiu. t it. The rem is ea y to apply, but its efficiepcy depends upon its use whe he -aphis first appears and while t e trees are young. Toba u t is an effective remedy and has been usert with most ffying success in Ohio. 
In app i)1 this to four or five-year-old apple trees, remove the soil for about two or three feet on each side of the tree, and to a depth of three or four inches. Into this opening sprinkle about five pound of tobacco dust and replace the dirt, Larger quantities honld of course be used upon older and larger trees. Other re~edies, such as boiling water, potash soap, ashes, etc., have been tried but always with little or no success. The tobacco dust remedy Bhoul,d be applied in the sprinO' as soon as the grolmd is "settled," and Its thorough success "rill depend upon its application before the trees get old and becom b.adly infsted, 
APPLE TREE BORERS. 
(Sape,-da ca11dz'da and Ch1'ysobothrs femorata.) 
A common injury to apple trees is that caused by borers in . the lUain trunk neal' or just above the surface of the ground, There 
Stedman, J. M., Western Grower, April, 1904. 
9 
 
 a.re two borers wlllch may cause serious damage, known as the 
round-headed and the flat-headed. These names are descriptive of 
the larvae of these two different insects, and, as they imply, 
the one is nearly cylindrical in form, with a head about the same 
size as the body, while the other has a flattened head, which is 
very broad as compared with the width of the body. rhere i. also 
a marked differen, ce in the life-history of the two insects. The adult round-headed borer is a beautiful beetle, about 
three-fourths of an inch in length, of a pale, brownish-yellow color above and having two broad, creamy-white stripes running the entire length of the body These beetles appear during May and June and the females soon thereafter commence to deposit their eggs in cra k or crevices in tIle bark near the ba e of the tree. The egg hat he~ in about two w k into a minut worm wllicll immediately bores through the bark and commen to fe d on the sap-wood. For the fir 1, year, the larvae confine their attacks to the sap-wood, making a di c- haped burrow about the size of a silver dollar. Dnle several are present the injury is not likely to be very noticeable the fir t eason. At the clo e of the fir t sea on the larva or borer, which i a yet but partly grown, goes to the lowest part of the burrow and there remain qui tly through the winter. 'he second year of the borer's life i al 0 pa ed in the sap-wood but it no longer confines itself to a small area, but may work around a small tree, completely girdling it. When more than one borer is pre ent in a yOtmg tr e thi i oft n the ca e. rlhe second winter"is a1 0 pa ed in th 1 w 1, part of the burrow. 'I'he third sea on of tb borer's life find him borinO' int the h art of the tree, and in the cn e of a mall tr e the chann 1 may extend nearly or quite to the oppo ite side of the trunk. 
The borer attain its full development the third ummel' and after borin 0' into the h art of the tree the channel through which it entered is closed with a", dust-like ca tings and another opening is made through wbi h the adult beetle may escape the following spring. in this latter channel the larva pass s the third and la t winter of its life, and in spring th complete change to the adult 
10 
 
 takes place, and there emerges the beautiful beetle already 
 
described. 
 
When a borer is discov red in a trc , the only remedy is to 
 
dig him out with a sharp knife. This can be t be done in August 
 
and eptember. Knowing the life-hi tory, it is evid nt that borers 
 
hould be removed every year, in order to get them while till in their fir t season's davelopment. If a borer has gone into the heart 
 
of the tree a sharp wire may. be thrust into the opening and twisted 
 
about to kill the borer, even though he may not be entirely 
 
removed. 
 
When looking for borers, a sharp lookout should be kept for 
 
discolored patches of bark, which, when pressed with the finger, 
 
give way and indicate the hollow underneath. Oftentimes the presence of a borer is indicated by an exudation of ap toO'ether with some of the sawdust intermingled. rrh sap, or gum, 11 wever, doe not often come out in great quantiti s a it d s upon peach trees which are attacked by the peach tree borer. 
m addition to apple trees, the round-head d borer may atta k 
 
quince, Juneberny, native crab apple, ash and po ibly other tre . 
 
The adult flat-headed borer is a beetle about one-half in h in length, with a flattened, oblong body, tapering toward the po terior end. 'l'he color is greeni h-black, with bronze reflections, while the leg shine like burni hed gold. 'l'he feet are shining green in color. As to the life-history of the flat-headed borer, but little 
 
need be said except that it i upposed to compl te its tran forma- 
 
tion - from egg to a lult - in a ingle year. From egg tl1at are laid this summer, adult beetles will develop next summer. The remedy is the same as for the round-headed borer and should be attended to at the same time, namely, during August and September. 
 
Aside from the knife remedy, the tree may be protected by a 
 
coat of whitewash or a thick alkali oap olution. 
 
till better 
 
plan i to wrap the trees, to a height of about eighteen inches, 
 
with thick brown paper ti d firmly and pre ed into the cracks 
 
o that no insect can crawl underneath it. Dirt should be pil i around the lower end of this band. Whitewa h or the soap solution 
 
may be appli d above the band, but what veri used for a protec- 
 
II 
 
 tion . hould be applied a early a fay 1 t to be thoroughly effective. It i al. 0 advi able to rep at thi application about June 1st, especially if ther have been h avy rain. When paper i used thi latt r 'hould be removed after th fir t f AuO'ust. All the, e exterior covcl'in N and application, of whitewa h erve only to di couraO'e th .IaA<l'l'\'lqA\ '1:><l;ua ou <lAUq puu ~.o ~rq:'1~ odap UIO.lJ anaaq 'Ill1])P. upon borer that may all' ady hav ntered th tree. 
THE CODLING MOTH. 
(Ca1'pocapsa p011lo1lella.) 
This is one of the insect enemies that have supposedly come to us from the Old World, and i~ has now spread to nearly all parts of the 
nited tate where apple are grown. The annual damage to the apple r p of th country by thi, in ect i enonnou, being e timatetl by P'of. t. B. , il1lp"ol1 at 12000000 barr I , worth ab ut $11,400,000. 'L'h "Teat maj I'ity of thc 'w 1'111' , found in appl ar th lan'ile of thi in, t. An xamination of a number of xhibit of otherwise fin appl s from North Ge rO'ia w~' made by the writer dLlrinO' th pa t umm 1'. It wa fund that fully 95 pel' 
nt. of the e w re wormy. oming, as the apple did, from va I'ion. ,ection of I orth G orO'ia, it is vid nt that the codling moth is a })[' nt workin N more injury t th apple crop ofeorgia than any oth l' pe t, th an Jo al not xcepted. 
l'h adult c dling moth is a small but b autiful insect, bnt on a count of it diminutive ize j ldom noticed by the average apple ,'ower. rrhe adult moths ar w 11 illu tl'at d in Figur 1 an12. 
l'h moth app a1' in th ,pring at 3 bout th tim th appl tJ'e ,'31' in bl om and Ct~ ar del it d on b th the young appl ilnd on th folia . Ther ar many opinions a to how and where the youn N larva fir tenter th apple but it i well tabli hed that a O'reat majority of th prinO' O'eneration crawl into the blo....om end of th ,mall appl, and there burrow into the fie h f th latter. rIhe larva, when I artiaUy 0'1' wn i of a d Hcate pink 
*Bulletin41, Division of Entomology. page 1 .: 
12 
 
 Fig. 7-A wormy apple showing the mass of brown material thrown out at the blossom end by the codling moth larvae. (After Slingerland. Bul 142, Cornell University Exp. Station.) 
Fig. 6-Showing the right time to spray for codling moth. The bunch on the left is at proper stage for spraying, while the apples on the right are too far developed for spraying to insure best results. (After a photo by A. L. Quaintan<:e). 
 
  color, and wb n matur d may attain a length of one-half inch or on'" (, Fi me 3). 
rany of th wormyappl , drop b fMe altailling th ir full lze, but thO larva within tll 111 ntinu to .Eerd until rown, wh n they burrow out of: the appl and ..el ct it prot t ] pla e in whi h to spitl th it, cocoons. Loo' bark an 1 rubl i h off t' fav rable indlll'clll nt t th e larva an I it is in .. ueh mat rial io th app1 orchard that many cocoon will be found. Imowl dg of this habit is of importance as bearing upon the c ntrol of this in ect. 
 
REMEDIES, 
 
Spraying with an aI'S ni al poi, on ha. b en found highly profitable, but thi praying must be done at the proper time or it will be of little value. The right time for spraying is just after the petals have fallen, and while the calyx end of the apple is still open. At tbis tim it a1 will be noticcd that the appl s all tano rl.'ct in u h a wa that a drop of wat r or pray mixture will b h Id by the apple as in a cup. ( e Figur 6). '1'hus the meal that await th odJin rr moth lat'va is a poi on d on , and as rno t of the la I'W1 III L' ih. blo....om enJ .f th appl th y will not lin to " a h the interior of th frui t. '1 hi.. poi on 81 ray i. be't applied in lh form of Bot'leanx mixtul' 4-6-50 to which ith l' i. ounc!.'s o[ I ari' gre n 01' two no 1 a halE p uncl of: ai' enate of 1 ad i added. Th p i, on hould b mixed "'ith a v ry mall amount 
 
-Bordeaux mix.lure i the most commol.11y used of all preparations for the control of 111il 
 
dde and fungus diseases of various kinds, although in ilself it haq, liltle value as' an insectiw IlonI~""pt '!S a repelleut. For couvenience. the iUR'redients (copper snlphate, lime and water) of 
 
of aux mixture, and their amounts, are desiJ?;lIated by an abbreviated farmllla, the number 
 
.J::.'dndsdof copper sulphate (blueslone) heing wrillen first. numberof pounds of lime written 
 
Bard an n.umber of gallons of water written last. Thus the formula 104-6_50tI indicates a ~?IU. mIxture madeof 4 pounds copper sulphale, and 6 pound lime in 50 gallons of water.  ter O~Ula "3'9'50" would indicate 3 pound copper sulphate. 9 pouuds lime and 50 gallons of 
 
fOlloW' e c. Bordeaux mixture to be tho'oughly effecti"e must be prepared carefully. The 
 
dO!,' raIdt tl.~:c.:i:ngdRBm'ea/eotshrmeod,amlolmf aepmrrseoipnuagnralintoiofthnwewahtieolrlt.iwnIsafutreherogttoi 
 
od resulls: Dissolve the bluestone in a harrelor water is used the bluestone will dissolve most 
e up the blue tone loosely in a piece of burlap 
 
all di lion 
 
et 
 
. 
H 
 
a cord. Place this in the water and keep mO\ing. The bluestone will have m a few minutes. when Ihi solution should be diluted with clear water to 25 
 
tr lMpIdlilhl ~ . 
 
In another Walf:{ from 
 
tvie~snesetlostliamcke 
 
lhe reqnired amount of JitT'e. usiuR boiling hot water to prevent buruing. \'"hen slacked dilute to 25 gallons. 
 
and Dip 
 
lid 
 
mreit n~so 
 
autlttohnesy 
 
WIth buckets are emptied 
 
and pour them simultaneou.ly 
 
t02'ether into a and not too fast. 
 
third barrel, holding the The streams should meet 
 
"' l i'e~BtUrIfna'1eh,?of gtehteh~hrq uiIl.'dmiind 
 
-air the 
 
so that the solntlons are thoroughly mixed before they barrel. \Vhen both solutions have been poured into the 
 
reacb third 
 
is ft'ad If DlaUller. sLir up the mixture vigorollslv with a paddle aud the Bordeaux mix 
 
JlGUon 1d 
 
ibseI~,Y~~osreuds.e. 
 
I~ is WhIle 
 
also now ready praying out the 
 
for the addition of Bordeaux mixture 
 
Paris only a 
 
greeu pump 
 
or other poison, if with a good agitator 
 
15 
 
 of wateJ', into a pa te, 1 efor it i. a 1dec1 to the Bor leaux mixture, 
 
Th ar. nate f lea~ is pI' f rahl t Pari' green, as th form I' i' 
 
not a readily wa hed off by ra in., Pari green, if used sli ~htly in 
 
ex e.. i lik ly t hum th foliaO' . v rely but with ar en- 
 
ate f lead tll l'e i. not this dang 1', rl'hi' pl'ayinO' 'bon11 
 
b r peated two week laler, u inO' th arne formula f I' B rd aux 
 
mixture and the arne amonnt of poi on. a danO'er may be 
 
appr hend d fl'om the e early prayillO' ,,-ith p i oned Bard aux 
 
a by th time the appl ar e lible - even for cooking puepo 
 
all of the poi on will hav b en wa. hed IT by the rain, When it 
 
i.. a1. a desired to ontl' 1 the appl scab, 'or wher the appl ' al" 
 
ol'dinarily atta -ked by th hitter rot Iungu.., it third spl'ayin ct h ull 
 
be giv n th tree. ab ut thl' e w 1<. aCt l' th 
 
0111 It ma:) 
 
be w 11 to mpha .. iz the point tl1at by "pl'ayinO', we do not m an 
 
". prinklinO',' prayinO' m an, a thorough but thin appli ation 
 
of the pray mixtlll' to all parts f th tr e and foliage, a well 
 
a fl'llit and thi appli ation eau be mad only with a O'ood f I' ('- 
 
pump which i quipped with a O'ood, fin 
 
rmorel Mist),y 01' 
 
B rdeaux nozzl, II wh "lwinkle" may xp et failure, 
 
1\:[ uti n wa mad abo"e or the fa't that. appl , fallillO' pre- 
 
maturel 
 
ntain tit larvae ill vari II sta~e of d velopment. 
 
Fat.' thi, l' a. all all wilJd-fall ... houl1 he kept 01 aned up during 
 
th entir a on an 1 iUler bUl'lled I' fed t to k, in order that 
 
the larva within th l1l lllay b de'troyed herol' ]lavilllf a chan e 
 
to e 'cap. III thi wny the future gen('rntion of the in 'cet will 
 
b 'onsid rably re luced. Where apple are tOl'ed in e llars bin 
 
or out-han e the latt r 'hOllld be ar fully and. thol' uO'hly 
 
reened to prey nt th ap of adult moth, which may 1 v lop 
 
from any infe.. t I appl s pIa cd in ,to rag-e. 'cl'ions illf .. tations 
 
h r th odling" moth hay ften b en tra d c1 i1'(' ,Uy to carcl ,n ..... ' 
 
in no prop rJ re ni11O' t 1'aO' eenal'~. By takil1O' a lvantaO' of th habit of th lan'a" aft 'I' leaving 
infested ",ppl .. upon tll tl' of crawling dO,,",1 ih' tl'ullk to filiI it 'h ltel'ed pla ' in whi h to .'l i IJ '0 OOD . w a1'a lle1\' a im ple method of tl'appiuO' the111 hy pntting baud' al ut the tr e. Fat' thi, Put'PO e trip of burlap, old ack 01' hl'own 1 ap I' may b u ed. The, band bould b foul' or fise in he wide an I held in 
 
16 
 
 place b ,tout twine. - ne band bonl\. b pIa d about tb 
 
tl"Unk of th t .. e and on aL'ound ea hI rin ipal limb. l'he e bands 
 
'hould b put in pIa e witbin tll[' 
 
after the bloominO' 
 
p riod a lid xamin d v L'y W k or t 11 days and all larvae, PUI a 
 
0[' COOll found lmel r th m ue tL' ye 1. Ith [[O'h the cocoon' arc 
 
n t ov I.' lJe-hali inch jlJ lenO"th, they llL' white in col [' and readily 
 
fouod. 'l'he bands mu t be examin d at least ev ['y ten da~" to 
 
prevent th adults from e capinCf To place bands upon the trees 
 
and neglect them, furnishes the codling moth larvae with the most 
 
favorable conditions for successfully reaching maturity. 
 
*'rhe orchardist should not be deluded bv the gladllZ 3.11d euthu iastic claims made bv the vcnders of patent I,tree bands" and worm traps," The best of lhem will serve the p\trpo~ no better than last year's worn-out collon sacks. 
 
tJ~i~, ~ ..... -~~ 
 
." 
 
.. . 
 
... .. ; 4 ... .. ' .' 
 
. 
 
17 
 
  DIRECTIONS FOR SENDING INSECTS AND' PLANTS. 
This o~ce is at all times glad to render any assistance possible in determining the identity of insects and plant diseases and advising measures for their control. 
Do not send insects in envelopes or pasteboard boxes by mail, they are inevitably crushed beyond recognition. Send living insects in strong wooden or tin boxes by mail. r 0 openings are necessary to admit air. Whenever possible enclose some of the food-plant for the insects to subsist on while enroute; specimens showing the injury done are desirable. The lIame and ,idd?'ess of sender slwuld be on every packag e. It is again t the postal regulations to enclose a letter in a box by mail unless sent at letter postage rate. Specimens of caterpillars, worms, etc., in alcohol or other liquid can be sent by mail oluy when n regula?' maihl/o' tubes. We will be greatly aided if correspondents writing about insect pests will give as full a description of the habits, food-plants, injury and abundance as possible. 
Spt:cimens of twigs, living plants with foliage, etc.. should be ',vrapped in damp (not wet) cotton cloth so as to reach us in fresh condition. Fruits showing injury or disease should be wrapped well with paper and packed in a wooden or tin box. 
Correspondents can materially aid the work of this office by communicating with us concerning their success or failure in using the methods advised for controlling injurious insects and diseases, giving a careful detailed account of the methods used and the results obtained. Such information will prove of value to all. 
WILMO' EWELL, State Entomologist. R. 1. SMITH, Asst. State Entomologist. 
 
   II 
University of Georgia, 
ATHENS, GEORGIA. 
Technical Training in Agriculture, Horticulture and Dairying 
Is offered to Young Men at the State University, Athens, Ga. 
A short WINTER COURSE in January, February and March, for those who can spare only a short time from the farm: a ONE YEAR COURSE for those who can take a more extended course: and a FOUR YEARS DEGREE COURSE for specialists. 
There are no fees. Rooms in dormitories are free and board in the Dining Hall is furnished at $8.5'0 per month. 
FARMERS' INSTITUTES are held in each Senatorial District annually for adult farmers. 
For Bulletins and further information address 
WALTER B. HILL, L.L.D., Chancellor, 
ATHENS, GA. 
 
 h 
GEORGIA 
STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY 
BULLETIN NO. 14-1"Iovember, 1904. 
Experiments With The San Jose Scale During 1904. 
BY WILMON NEWELL AND R. I. SMITH. 
 
CAPITOL BUILDING ... 0 
 
Atlanta, Ga. 
 
ATLANTA. GA 
. W. A.LLllN " Ceo 
lllOio 
 
  GEORGIA 
STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY 
BULLETIN NO. 14-~ovember9 1904. 
Experiments With The San Jose Scale During 1904. 
BY WILMON EWELL A D R. I. SMITH. 
 
CAPITOL BUILDI G .... 
 
Atlanta, Ga. 
 
IATLANTA, GA. 
E. W. AUEN & Co. 1004. 
 
 GEORGIA STATE BOARD Of ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
ORGANIZATION. 
 
O. B. STEVENS, Chairman. Commi sioner of griculture, Atlanta. 
 
P. J. BERCKMANS, Pres. of State Horticultural Society. 
Augusta. 
 
DUDLEY M. HUGHES. Pres. of State Agricultural Society. Danville. 
 
WILMO 
 
EWELL. State Entomologist and Secretary of the Board, Atlanta. 
 
R. I. SMITH, 
 
Assistant State Entomologist, Atlanta. 
 
 GEORGIA 
STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY 
BULLETIN No. 14-NOVEnBER, 1904. 
Published by the Geor~la tate Board of Entomology, Atlanta, Ga.. and sent free of charge to all residen ts of the t&te who make request for ame. 
EXPERIMENTS WITH SAN JOSE SCALE DURING 1904. 
In October, 1903, Bulletin o. 8 of the tate Board of Entomology was is ued, and contained directions for the preparation and application of the lime-sulphur- alt wa h to orchard tree infested with San Jose scale. These recommendations have been cIo ely followed by the great majority of the owner of infe ted orchard in Georgia, with uniformly good re ults. While a better scale remedy than the lime-sulphur- alt wash recommended in Bulletin o. 8 i not likely to be found in the near future, still it wa deemed de irable to experiment further ,Yith a view to learning whether or not this preparation could be further simplified and it cost of preparation reduced. 
Experiment conducted in other tates have thu far failed to develop any more efficient preparation for treating cale-infested orchard, either in the orth or in the South, although the formulas recommended by different writer vary greatIy, a do al 0 the method of preparation advocated. 
The writers have conducted experiment during 1904, both in spraying during the w.inter, and in spraying during the ummer while the trees were in foliage and in gr<~wing condition. The former experiment have nut 
 
 resulted in any new remedie or ~tartling di coverie , but as their re ult we feel ju tified in recommending to the fruit grower, everal lime- ulphur preparation all of which are more cheaply and quickly prepar d than the regular lime- ulphur-salt wash form rly aavocated. For u e in mall or family orchards, we believe that we have found the correct method of ati factorily preparing the lime-sulphur- oda wash, with which many parties have experimented with indifferent succe . 'While [his latter preparation i too expen ive to be u ed upon a large cale in commercial orchards. it is well adapted to the mall orcbardi t on account of the ea e with which it may be prepared. 
Our thank are due to 1\1r. C. W. Withofr, l\lanager of the Ohio Fruit Land Co.. for the privilege of ming infe ted tree upon the plantation of the latter Company at Myrtle, Ga., a well as for very material a i tance r ndered in th way of laborer material, etc. 
 
Experiments with Winter Washes. 
 
The preparation u. ed in the winter exptrim nts were for the mo t part modifications of thp. lime-. ulphur- alt wa h, different amount of the e three material being. u ed. The wash was also prepared in difter nt trengths, combined with copper sulphate tar or cau tic _oda, a well a without the addition of any third ub tance. A few proprietary preparation and material popularly r commended as cale-r medie were al 0 te ted in order to ecure po iti ye data regarding their fficiency. 
In these experiment the standard formula for lime- ulphur- alt was taken a the tandard for compari on. This formula the arne as recommlilllded in Bull tin o. 8, is as follow 
 
tone Lime ulphur Salt Water 
 
30 Ibl<. 
20 lb . 
IS lb . 
60 gallons. 
 
The recommendations giyen in Bulletin No. ,for preparing this wa h were as follows: 
"Place about one-fourth f the water in an iron kettle and brine to a boil. When the boiling point is reached add tbe un laked lIme; and. 
4 
 
 FIG. 1. AN JO E CALE. Aspidiotus :perniciosus. The twig upon the left is cbruutsteJdlg."hty infested. The one on the right IS badly infested but Is not yet "in- 
5 
 
 during the consequent violent boiling add the sulphur (which should prevIOusly have been mixed with water) and keep well tirred. A few minute later add the alt and continue the boiling for two hour. Water may have to he added from time to time to make up for e"aporation -sufficient water hould be kept in the kettle to prevent "burning," but more than thi i not de irable. At the end of the two hours add water to make 60 gdllons and strain through a fine me h iron trainer. into the tank of spray pump. Apply while still hot." 
In all, 17 different mixtures were te ted. The experimental work was commenced upon Feb. 26th, 1904 and plats I to 9 inclusive were treated upon the 26th and 27th. The treatment of the remaining plat was unavoidably delayed until March 2nd and 3rd. Upon the latter 
date nearly 25 % of the bud had commenced to show 
color and a few green leaf tips were beginning to appear. March 2nd i a much later date than we recommend tor spraying with any of the e preparation , but conditions were uch that our experimental work. could not be commenced a early in the eason a de ired. Owing to the advanced development of the buds we anticipated con iderable injury a a re ult of the late application but this injury was much lighter than expected. In the note upon the variou plat, given below, pecial mention i made wherever unexpected or evere injury to bud or foliage resulted. Where no mention i made of the effect on bud it may be taken for granted that no injury worthy of note occurred. 
In the preparation of the lime and suI phur mixture, nearly all were prepared by fir t mixing the sulphur into a paste and adding it to the water, which had previously been brought to the boiling point. The stone lime wa then added. In this way all heat generated by the laking of the lime wa utilized in di solving the ulphur, and the time of nece ary boiling wa accordingly reduced. Previous experience, as well as these experiments, has convinced u that thi method is much preferable to that of adding the sulphur to the lim after the latter has commenced slaking, a has been generally recommended. When salt, bluestone or other material wa added, thi addition was made after the lime had completely slaked. The lime- ulphur mixtures were first boiled in from onefifth to one-fourth the entire amount of water. When the boiling was completed, water wa added to dilute the wash to the required trength. The time of boiling, as 
6 
 
 given below, refer to the time of VIOLENT boiling AFTER THE LAKING OF THE LIME W A COMPLETED. It was found that the amount of water in which the ingredient were boiled, could vary con iderably without aftecting in any way the appearance or efficiency of the final product. 
Three careful examinations were made of the difterent plat. The fir t examination wa made on March 12th, from ten days to two weeks after the spraying'. The econd wa made on April 27th, and the la t examination upon June 28th, approximately four month after treatment. It wa a umed that examinations made after thi latter date would TJrove unreliable on account of the likelihood of the tree becoming re-infested from the adjoining un prayed tree which were left a checks upon the experiment. In the plat-note below refer~nce to first, econd and third xaminations will refer to the dates given above. 
 
PLAT I. 
 
MIXTURE O. I. 
 
Lime 
 
Sulphur , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 
 
Salt. 
 
Water 
 
" 
 
Boiled 30 minutes. 
 
Diluted with hot water. 
 
20 lbs. .20 lbs. 
10 Ib . 60 gallon~ 
 
When the first examination was made of this plat, about onefourth of the cale wa still alive. At the second examination about the same Dumber were alive but no crawling larvae could be found upon tbese trees, whereas the trees in the check (uns prayed) plats were liberally covered with the crawling young. The thi rd examination made prom inent the prolonged action of this wash Oll the scale as at thi time no YOUD/!; could be found upon the trees. 
 
PLAT 2. 
 
MIXTURE O. 2. 
 
Same formula a Plat r. Boiled 30 minutes. In the case of Plat I the mixture was applied directly after bei ng prepared and while still hot. In the ca e of o. 2 the mixture was allowed to cool before being 
* sprayed upon the trees. As was expected, considerable material cry - 
talrzed out and had to be di carded, 0 that the preparation applied to the trees was practically a clear liquid. The fir t examination showed at lea t one-half the insects still alive. Second examination howed an equal number of females still alive as well as a few Joun!!; insects crawling about. Upon the third inspection only a few adults remained alive and no young could be found. This final re ult was 
 
A variety of opinions have been published as to the compo ition of these crystals. C. O. Houghton in a recent bulletin \No. M) of the Delaware Exp. tatlon ~i yes their composition as hydrosulphlde of lime, CA. (SH). 2 
7 
 
 not without value but wa5 by no means equal to that obtained in the case of Plat I. 
 
PLAT 3. 
 
MIXTURE NO.3. 
 
Lime 
 
. " . . . . .. .. . .. 
 
. 
 
16 lbs. 
 
Sulphur 
 
, 
 
' .20 Ibs. 
 
Salt 
 
10 lbs. 
 
Water 
 
, ........60 gallons 
 
Boiled I hour 
 
Diluted with hot water. 
 
The object in testing this formula was to see whether it would yield as good results as when a largtr amount of lime was used, as in the case of Plat I. Suffice to say, that the results were not nearly so satisfactory, in spite of the tact that this lot was boiled one hour, as against a half hour's boiling in the case of No. I. 
 
PLAT 4. 
 
MIXTURE NO.4. 
 
Kerr's Compound 
 
, 
 
Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 
 
Mixed cold. 
 
I part 20 parts 
 
Kerr's Compound is a preparation, the composition of which is not made public by the manufacturers. The odor of the material would indicate that it contains considerable carbolic acid. This material :nixes readily with cold water in any proportion, and when sprayed upon the trees covers the bark well, spreading much as does whaleoil soap solution. Various claims have been made for it as a remedy for San Jose scale. While we have tested it in former years without obtaining satisfactory results, there seemed a possibility that it might not have been properly prepared or mixed. In the present test, however, the Compound was brought to the orchard and mixed by the General Manager of the Kerr's Compound Co., Mr. S. H. Boynton, and the trees thoroughly sprayed with it under his personal direction. 
Upon the first examination, two weeks after spraying, it was found that all trace and ordor of the mixture had disappeared, although the bark presented a g;reatly brightened appearance, as would naturally result from the application of any emulsion or soap solution. A considerable number of the old dead scales had also sluffed off. A casual glance would have given the impression that a considerable number of the ~cales had been killed, but a close examination showed the remaining scales upon the trees to be alive. Upon the second examination all adults were found alive and the trees were thickly covered with crawling young. The third inspection showed that the cales had multiplied sufficiently to erlously interfere with the growth of the trees and at this latter date the trees treated with Kerr's Compound showed no difference, so far as the scale was concerned,from the untreated trees. We are now forced to conclude that as a winter treatment for San Jose cale, this preparation ha little if any value at all, and the fact that it is doubtle s a good disinfectant may possibly make conditions even more favorable for the San Jose cale. 
 
PLAT 5. 
 
MIXTURE O. 5. 
 
Lime 
 
16 lbs. 
 
Sulphur 
 
20 lbs. 
 
Salt 
 
, 
 
Iolb~. 
 
Water. . . .. 
 
. 60 gallons 
 
Boil ed I hou r 
 
This mixture is the same, and wa prepared in the arne way, as the 
 
one used on Plat 3, but after being boilt'd and diluted to the required 
 
8 
 
 FrG. 2. WE T INDIA PEACH CALE. Aul'tcasp;s pentag01la. The winter treatmentll.dvised in this bulletin for San Jose ca.le also effectnally di poses of the Wes~ Indian Peach cale) 
9 
 
 degree, was allowed to cool and settle. The clear liquid wa~ then decanted and sprayed upon the trees cold. Somewhat contrary 'to expectations this mixture gave fair results, being almost if not quite, equal in effectiveness to o. 3. 
 
PLAT 6. 
 
MIXTURE NO.6. 
 
Saine formula as NO.5. In tbis case, the mixture after being boiled and diluted, was allowed to cool and settle for 45 minutes. During this time it did not become entirely cold. While still warm the clear liquid was decanted and sprayed. The difference between this mixture and No. 5 is not great, except that more of the materials would be in olution while the mixture was still warm, than when entirely cold. The results were so nearly the same as with NO.5 that no comparison could be made. It does not appear that there can be any advantage or aving by making the lime ulpbur-salt wash, and then discarding the solid portions, even if sati factory results do follow the use of the liquid portion alone. The test wa made to enable us to an wer the question, frequently arising, as to the effect of the clear liquid when used alone. 
 
PLAT 7. 
 
MIXTURE NO.7. 
Lime Sulphur. . . . .. . Water Boiled 35 minute Diluted with hot water. 
 
25 Ib . 20 Ibs. 60 gallon 
 
This mixture was prepared in the u ual manner, the lime being adde d to boiling hot water in which the ulphur had previously t..een mixed. 'Vhen making the first examination of the sprayed trees, this pI at wa in some way overlooked, but a careful inspection was made at th e date of second examination, April 27th, whicb howed the wash to be adhering well, and only a few live adult scales could be found. No lar ,ae were f')Und, showing that successful breeding had been prevented. The la t examination June 28th, failed to re,eal a ingle living scale insect. 
The result with this mixture, containing only lime and ulphur, i pa rticularly gratifying as it clearly :lemon trate, that the addition of sal t to the lime-sulphur mixture is-so far at least a the San Jose scale i concerned- unnecessary. 
 
PLAT 8. 
 
MIXTURE No. 8 
 
Lime 
 
_ 20 lb. 
 
Sulphur Water . Boiled 20 minutes Diluted with hot water. 
 
'SIb. .60 grtllons 
 
 
Thi formula calls for a smaller amount of material than any other formula here given. The 20 minute boiling in this ca e wa ufficient 
 
to stcure the characteristic yellowish-green color attained by all the lime-sulphur mixtures when they have been boiled ufficiently. Fir t inspection of tbe trees sprayed with this roixture, revealed about 25 per cent of the scale still alive. pon the second examination it was found th&t fully as many adults were still alive and a few crawling 
 
young were al 0 found upon tbe trees. The third examination showed tbat the action of the wash had been prolonged, a at this time on:y about 5 per cent. of the adult scales were alive, while no young could 
 
10 
 
 be found. The results indicated that this mixture was somewhat below the necessary strength for sati factory treatment of the scale. 
 
PLAT 9. 
 
MIXTURE O. 9. 
 
Lime 
 
Sulphur 
 
Salt 
 
. 
 
Water 
 
" 
 
Boiled I hour 
 
Diluted with hot water. 
 
30 lbs. 20 lbs. 15 lbs. 60 gallons 
 
This is the .ame as the "standard" fOrl.Jula usually recommended and which wa given in our Bulletin No.8. la t year. This mixture was tested with the others mainly for the purpo e of comparison. The result were ati factory and all that could be desired, but this wash does not present sufficient advantages over others which are simpler. For example, Mixture 0.7, containing the same amount of sulphur and less of lime, but no salt, and which was boiled for only 35 minute, was fully as effective again t the scale as this one. We have not taken into consideration the difference in the fungicidal value of the wash, which may possibly vary considerably with. the presence or absence of salt. This point will be discus ed upon a subsequent page. 
 
PLAT 10. 
 
MIXTURE No. 10. 
 
Lime 
 
30 Ibs. 
 
Sulphur 
 
20 los. 
 
Salt .................... , 15 Ib . 
 
Water 
 
' 
 
60 gallons 
 
Boiled 35 minutes 
 
DILUTED WITH COLD WATER. 
 
This mjxture is identical with o. 9 except that it received les boiling and wa diluted with cold watp.r in tead of hot. The results obtained show it to be fully as efficient as where dilution was made with hot wat~r. 
 
PLAT I I. 
 
MIXTURE O. I I. 
 
Lime Sulphur Salt 
'"Vater BOILED 30 MINUTES. 
 
20 lb 15Ibs. Sibs. 50 gallons 
 
DILUTED WITH COLD WATER. 
 
In this experiment we attempted to use the lea tam unt of materials pos ible and till secure an efficient preparation; economy of time in preparation was also an object. In the preparation of the above, the desired color wa not obtained by the 30 minute boiling and some fears were entertained as to the final resul t. At the time of fir t examination only a small number of cale were found alive and the wa h was adtering extraordinarily well. The econd inspection found the preparalion till adhering to the bark in considerable quantity and not a single living scale could be found. The third examination, June 28th, revealed two young scales upon the new growth of a single tree, and it seems quite probable that this was due to re-infe lation from untreated trees near at hand. The results with this mixture were even better than w.a, expected and the outcome further indicate. that 5 pound of salt to each 50 gallons of water is fully as effectual a, a larger amount. It further emphasizes the fact that cold water can be used for diluting the 
 
II 
 
 lime-sulphur mixtures, after boiling, with as good results as when hot water i used for this purpo e. 
 
PLAT 12. 
 
MIXT RE O. 12. 
 
Lime , 
 
, 
 
IS Ibs. 
 
ulphur. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. ...5 Ibs 
 
Commercial Caustic Soda 
 
:; Ibs. 
 
Water. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .50 gallons 'Ve experimented with a large number of different methods for pre- 
 
paring this mixture, combining the various ingredients in variou ways. 
 
both with boiling and without. By following the usual recommenda- 
 
ion-made in other tate --of slaking the lime and sulphur together 
 
and then adding the caustic soda, we obtained nothing better than a 
 
thick, brick-red compound, that was unsati factory from every tand- 
 
point. It is unnecessary to discuss the various processes tested, but 
 
the following method of combining these materials was found to be 
 
the mo t sati factory. 
 
The ulphur wa fir t mixed into a pa te, in an iron vessel, with a 
 
Luall amount of boiling hot water. The caustic soda wa then slowly 
 
added and the mixture kept well stirred, boiling water being added 
 
from time to tilile to keep it from getting too thick. By thi plan all of 
 
the sulphur wa dissolved, giving a deep brown-colored liquid, perfectly 
 
clear. (The heat of the soda, too-ether with that of the boiling water 
 
wa found ju t about sufficient to perfect this olution, but at time it might be necessary to heat the mixture slightly to in ure perfect olu- 
 
tion.) To thi clear brown liquid, the tone lime was added and the 
 
whole kept tirred while laking. As oon as the lime was entirely 
 
laked the mixture wa diluted with cold water to the required amount 
 
and was applied to the tree. The entire time con nmed in making 
 
thi mixture, including time necessary for diluting, was but eight min- 
 
ute. The final mixture secured had a yellowi h-green color, in no 
 
way distingui hable from the regular lime-sulphur wa he made by 
 
long continued boiling. It wa thought that po ibly the heat evolved 
 
by the slaking lime could be u ed to further aid in di olving the sul- 
 
phur but thi wa not found to be the ca e. Where lime \Va added to 
 
the mixture of ulphur and soda, before ab.olutely all of the sulphur- 
 
was di olved, the greater part of the sulphur almo t immediately reo 
 
turned to its original form, and les of it remained in solution after the 
 
lime was added than before. The key to successful preparation lies in 
 
the COMPLETE SOLUTION OF THE SULPHUR WITH THE CAUSTIC SODA, 
 
BEFORE THE LIME I ADDED. 
This wa~h was applied to the tree upon March 3rd, and as many of 
 
the buds were open at thi time, injury \Va expected. Later examina- 
 
tions howed that a few bud were Injured, but the injury was much 
 
lighter than anticipated. At first examination the wa h was adhering 
 
well; ;>er cent. of live scale not estimated. The second examination 
 
revealed only a few adult alive and much of the mixture till adhered to- 
 
the bark. At tbis time no young had appeared. A t the time of third 
 
in pection a very few live adult and partially developed young scales were found. 
 
In the preparation of this mixture, the writers had expected tbat the caustic oda would it elf have orne effect upon the cale, hence the 
 
relatively small amounts of lime and sulphur that were u ed. Later 
 
developments, however, showed that caustic soda by itself was practically worthless 0 far as being a scale remedy was concerned. (Se~ 
 
nole on Plats 14 and 17 below.) Doubtle a mixture, similarly pre- 
 
pared, containing 7 to 10 lbs. of sulphur with equal amounts 01 caustic 
 
soda, would have given much better results. 
 
12 
 
 Owing to the cost of making, tbis lime ulpur- oda mixture does not commend itself to the commercial grower, but for the mall orchardi t or the party desiring to treat but a few tree upon the farm or on town premises, it is well adapted on account of the ease and rapidity witb which it can be prepared, very little apparatus beinl!; necessary. 
 
PLAT 13. 
 
MIXTURE No. 13. 
 
Lime 
 
Sulphur 
 
'" 
 
Sal t 
 
Water 
 
Boiled 45 minute. 
 
Diluted with cold water. 
 
201bs. IS . 5" 50 gallon 
 
This mixture differ from ~o. II only in that it wa boiled 45 minute instead of 30, until the desired yellowi hgreen color was obtained, The results were not noticeably different frGm tbo e obtained on Plat II, but upon thi re ult alone we would not be justified in uggesting the u e of lime- ulrbur compounds with in ufficient boiling. 
 
PLAT 14. 
 
MIXT RE o. 14. 
 
Commercial Caustic Soda Water 
 
, I lb. 6 gallons. 
 
Early in the pre ent year, a number of agricultural paper advocated the u e of cau tic soda a an efficient remedy for the San Jo e scale. Tbe fir"t of the e article eem to bave appeard in the January (1904) number (If the Farm Journal and wa supposedly written by a party in California. Great claims were made for it and a number of agricultural paper copied the article in que tion, with tbe re ult tbat a number of Cruit grower attempted its use. To determine it value in this connection, infe ted tree: were prayed by u with the above trength. Upon the fir t examination a con iderable number oi the scale seemed to be dead, but tbe econd examination howed tbat while a large num ber of dead scales had luffed off the bark, fully 6096 of tho e remaining were alive and younj!;lice were fairly abundant. The third examination failed to reveal any decrease in the number of adult insects and all were breeding freely. Compared with untreated trees upon the check plats, no difference in degree of infestation was observable. 
 
PLAT 15. 
 
MIXTURE.r o. 15. 
 
Lime Sulphur Copper ulpbate Water Boiled 35 minutes. Diluteu with hot water. 
 
25 Ibs. 20 .. 4" 60 goallons. 
 
In thi mixture copper sulphate was ub tltuted for alt, a a good many inquirie have come to u regarding wbetber or not uch a mixture would be effective against the San )0 e scale. The mixture given above is es entially the same as the "Oregon wa h' exc~pt that thi amount of copper sulphate is considerably in excess of that used in tbe latter. In its preparation the lime wa slaked in the u ual way in the boiJing- mixture of sulphur and water. The copper sulphate (bluestone) was dissolved eparately in hot water and added to the lime and sulphur 
13 
 
 mixturE', the whole being then boiled for 35 minutes. At th~ end of 35 minute the mixture wa diluted to make 60 gallons and sprayed while till warm. The tree shortly after spraying presented a very deep blue color, almoEt black. 
The note upon this plat show that the wash adhered remarkably 
well up to the date of the econd examination and the effect upon the 
cale was very sati factory. At the last inspection June 28th, only au occa ional live cale could be found. Upon the whole, the effects of thi preparation upon the cale were fully a good as where th~ regular Iimesulphur-salt wash was used. However, we fail to Sf,e where any advantage can re ult from the use of thIS mixture over other and 
simpler compound. In the first place, the material cost more than tho e for the lime ulphur mixture or the lime- IIlphur-salt. 0 in- 
creased effectivenes against the scale is ecured. The fungic,dal value of thi mixture, containing the bluestone, is little if at all greater than 
that of the lime- ulphur- alt. Prof. W. M. Scott ha long ince demon trated that the limesulphur salt is fully a effective again t the 
peach-leaf curl diseases as is trong Bordeaux mixture * and the latter 
contains considera1>ly more bluestone than does the mixture given 
above. Prof. C. O. Houghton has al 0 recently hown that 1>y the ad dition of any considerable amount of copper ulphate to the lime-sulphur wash, the cau ticity of the latter, and hence its effect upon the cale, is much reducp.d. t 
 
PLAT 16. 
 
MIXTURE JO. 16. 
 
Lime Sulphur Coal tar... Water Boiled 30 minuteE. Diluted with cold water. 
 
25 Ib 
20 " 
I gallon. 60 gallons. 
 
This mixture wa te ted mainly for determining whether the tar would increase the adhesivene of the wa h. A wa expected, the wash remained upon the trees for a long time, but not long enough so that any uperiorty for it in this regard could be claimed over oth r lime- ulphur mixture.. For some rea on, injury to the buds by this combination was much greater than that caused by any other mixture tested. A the sea on was far advancE'd at the time application was made, but little importance can be attached to this exces h'e injury. The effect of this lime- ulphur-tar up"n the ::ale was unifvrmly atisfactory but upou.the whole this preraration doe not pre ent any advantages over tht: simple lime-sulphur. 
 
PLAT [7. 
 
MIXTURE '0. 17. 
 
Cau tic Soda 
 
I lb. 
 
'Vater 
 
, 
 
10 gallons. 
 
o effect upon the scale ol> ervable at any time. 
 
Leaving out of con ideration caustic soda and Kerr's Compound, a marked uniformity of results was obtained with all the above mixtures. Plat 0.8, upon which was used a mixture containing but 15 pounds of sulphur 
+ Bulletin '0.6, Ga. tate 11 ard of Entomology, Jan. 1008, Bulletin 04, Delaware EXIX'riment tation. 
14 
 
 ..to each sixty gallons, is an apparent exception. The amount of ulphur in this wash is manifestly too mall to secure sati factory re ult. From the foregoing notE'S it will be noticed that all compounds containing lime and sulphur gave g00d results, but that compounds not containing thE'se two materials gave uniformly un ati factory result. Thi eems to be accounted for by the prolonged, though low, action which all of these compounds have upon the scale. These experiments seem to show quite conclusively that boiling these washes from 30 to ::IS minutes (after lime ha been laked in the hot mixture of sulphur and water) gives as effective a compound as where the mixtures are boiled for an hour or more. That these wa hes may be safely diluted with cold water, after boiling, is also well demonstrated. From the Ii t a considerable number of combinations might be safely recommended for winter treatment of scale-infested orchards. The problem re olve it elf therefore into the que tion of what remedies are mo t economical and what one are best adapted to the conditions c';)llfronting each individual fruit grower. These points will be discus ed more at length on a subsequent page under the head of "Winter Washes Specially Recommended." 
Experiments With Summer Washes, 
For y ars many attempts have been made to find or de vis~ a summer treatment for the an Jose cale, which would be eftective and which would at the arne time be harmless to the treeE while in an active growing condition. The bes~ ot these preparation cannot be con idered more than partially efficient, and the most that can b~ expected of them is to check the breed- 
ing of the. cale for a hort time. In Georgia, IS % kero- 
sene ernul ion ha given perhap as good re ult a any summer wa h, but even with this preparation there is a great variation in the results obtained, even when the ernul ion i propf'rly made. Summer tre':ltment with mechanical mixture of oil have been advocated at times but such application are dangerou in the extreme owing to the almo t total impo sib:lity of securing accurate proportion of oil and water. Kerosene emulsion is the safest 
15 
 
 form in which to apply this material, but a tated above, the re ults have been so variable that during the past year, this Department has recommended kerosene emulsion only under exceptional circum ta'1ce. To te t a number of preparation, regarding which we have received many inquirie , the experiment with summer washe were 
undertaken. It wa our intention to u e a 15 % kero ene 
emulsion as the standard for com pari on in the e experiment, but as will be noted below, thi ernul ion gave about as unsati factory result a any ot the oth r compounds. 
The summer experiment were made July 2 th and 29th about two weeks after the peache were picked, in a mall peach orchard belonging to the Ohio Fruit Land Co., at Myrtle, Ga. The first examination of the treated plats was made on Augu t 22nd, and although it had been our intention to make sev ral examination during the balance of the ea on, the poor result obtdined mc.de further examination unnece ary. The e experiments developed nothing but negative information-they imply show that failure may be expected from ummer treatment with the materials and compound Ii ted below. Our only excuse for recording them here i to warn the fruit grower as to what he may expect if he undertake their use. The majority of the trees treated in the e experiments were Elberta . 
 
PLAT 18. 
 
'5%. KEROSENE EMULSION, 
 
Whale Oil Soap 
 
1~ Ills. 
 
Kero ene. . . . . . . .. 
 
l~ 11;:\1 Ion .. 
 
Water. . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . .. ~ gallon 
 
Thi ernul ion wa made in the usual way, by dis~olving the oap in two gallons of hot water, adding this solution to the kerosene and pumping this mixture back into itself rapidly for ten minute. \'Vater was then added to make ten gallons. The ernul ion wa carefully prepared and the trees were thoroughly drenched with it, but the result \Va an entire failure. \'Vhen examined Augu t 22nd the trees were covered with fully a much li",e scale as were untreated tree near at hand. There was no injury to the foliage. 
 
PLAT 19. 
 
Whale Oil Soap (Good's Cau tic Potash) Water.............................. . 
 
I Ib 2 gallon 
 
It will be noted that this formula is con iJerably troll!!'er than i u ually recommended for summer treatment of the cale, a strength of 
16 
 
 
 FI .3. PLUM PUI.VJ 'ARIA. P"luil1aria amYfldali. up~n plum leaves. This scale-insect pass~s the wIn ter a p" ,tially j!rown in~iyiduals upon the bark of peach and plum trees in cerlain E~,ti.'"s. The wlntH sJ)Ja~'ilJg measures her'eil! advocated for an Jose Scale are ~rrpctlYe a~"lnst tbis pest also. 
17 
 
 1 pound to each t04 or 5 gallons being common'y sugge ted. No injury to foliage re ulted, A few of (he young crawling lice may have been killed by dired contact when the wash was applied, but when the trees were examined Augu<t 22nd both adults and young were fully as abundant here as on the untreated tree. 
 
PLAT 20. 
 
Tobacco Whale Oil Soap (Good'.J Water 
 
1 lb. 2 gallons. 
 
The result of _praying with thi oap ~'as identicall . the arne as in the ea e of Plat 19. The foliage \Va apparently not injured-neither was the cale. 
 
PLAT 21. 
 
Kilscale. __ ... _.. __ _..... J gallon. 
 
Water........... 
 
.. .25 gallon. 
 
"Kil cale" is a compound manufactured by the 'fhomson Chemical Co., of Baltimore, Maryland, and it has been uggestect as a po sible summer remedy for the an]o e scale. The manufacturers repre ent it to contain the es ential ingredient of a regular Iime-sulphu:--salt wash, in a highly conden ed form, and that when diluted perdirections is equally as fffective as the lime- ulphur- alt wash prepared in the usuahvay. The effects on the foliage, 01 praying with Kilscale at above trength, were very pronounced. \Vhen the Irees were examin ed, fully 60% of the leave had fallen off and th05e remaining upon the trees were se,erely scorched and shot-holed. A :Iose examination of tbe scale showed about 25% killed, but plenty of live scale remained and the young lice were quite abundant. 
 
PLAT 22, 
 
Kil cale \Vater 
 
J gallon. 40 gallons. 
 
At thi trength, Kil cale caused only about 15% ofthe lea,es to fall. but the remaining foliage was e\-erely shotholed. The effect upon the scale wa practically .til although a few young may possibly have 
been killed at the time of prayin!>. 
 
PLAT 23. 
 
Kil cale Water _ _ 
 
_ _ 
 
J gallon 50 gallon 
 
Reduced to 1-'0, Kil cale did not eriou Iy injure the foliage. All leaves were more or Ie s shot-holed, giving the trees a ragged appearance. 0 apparent effect upon the scale. 
 
PLAT 24. 
 
Kerr' Compound _ 
 
\Vater _.. _. _ 
 
_ 
 
_ , _ 1 gallon 20 gallons 
 
This same t~ength of Kerr's Compound was tested as a winter wash (See Plat 4, p. J with un ati factory results, but it was hoped that it would partially redeem its reputation as a summer treatment. The foliage was not injun'd but the numbers of the scale insects were not ap- 
 
 preciably dimini hed. \Vhen examined August 22nd all adults cemed alive and healthy and the trees were covered with crawling larvae. In another orchard, that of Mr. O. R. Flournoy at Fort VaHey, the same trength of Kerr's Compound was te ted upon badly infe tl'd plum tree.. Examination by the writers, of this orchard during the ummer, did not indicate that the preparation had bp.en any more effective here than in our experiments at Myrtle. 
 
PLAT 25. 
 
Kerr' Compound 
 
I gallon 
 
Water. .. 
 
40 gallons 
 
o injury to foliao-e. 0 perceptible effect upon the cale. 
 
PLAT 26. 
 
Pixoline .. Water 
 
.. . .. I gallon 20 gallons 
 
Pixoline i a pine tar prodllct manufactured by the Frederic Dis infectant Co., of A t1anta, and was thought by the manufacturers to be worthy of trial as a summl'r spray for San Jose scale. At this strength, Pixoline <!lid not injure the trees or foliage. or was ~ny ell'ect upon the sc~lp. perceptibll' r 
 
PLAT 27. 
 
Pixoline Water... Harmles to both tree and scale-insects. 
 
I gallon 40 gallon- 
 
PLAT 28. 
 
Zenoll:'um Water 
 
I gallon 20 gdllon 
 
Zenoleum i a liquiJ disinfectant manufactured by the Zenner Di in- 
feclant o. \Vhile 0 far a we are aware, they do not recommend Zenoleum a a cale remedy, ~till they were de irou of hanng it tested a such and it was accordingly included in our experiment. At abo..-e trength it proved harrnle s to the foliage, but had n:> apparent effect upon the cale. 
 
PLAT 29. 
 
Kerr' Compound Water.. .. .. 
 
I gallon .' IO gallon 
 
As Kerr's Compound, diluted I to 20, gave such un ati factory results a a winter wa~h, and as little more could be expected of it as a umm r treatment at the arne trength, it wa- decided to test it at I to IO. Even at this strength it did not injure the foliage, but it ef fect upon the San Jose scale was no more in evidence than when it ,...as u ed at a weaker strength. 
Of all the mixtures tested, none gave even prom- 
i ing re3ult. Kil cale, the only material te ted that ap- 
parently had any material effect upon the cale, injures 
the foliage to such an extent that as a summer treatment 
 
19 
 
 it cannot be endorsed. The failure of the kerosene emulsion to be more effective may be due in part to the u e of a poor quality of kerosene, as that used wa" purchased from a rural grocery store. Upon the wilOle, we are obliged to di courage summer treatment and urge the fruit grower to spray his trees thoroughly during winter, thu making unnecessary any summer treatment. In the case of infestations which are di covered in mid-summer and in which the trees are 0 thoroughly infested a to make it improbable that they will survive until winter we suggest a thorough white-washing of the trunks and lower limb with the lime- ulphur- alt wash, a first advocated by Prof. W. M. Scott. This will effectually clean off these portions of the tree and give the tree a much better opportunity to with tand the calc att.acks until winter, when thorough treatment can be given. In thus white-wa hing the trunk and ba e of limbs, the wash mu t not be allowed to get on the fruit or foliage. Weare ~ot inclined to endor e any other ummer treatment, and thi white-washing treatment i ugge ted only fJr the pecial ca e mentioned. The fruit grower who know that hi orchard is infe ted with an Joe cale, and who neglect to give it the proper winter treatment, will only be disappointed if he expects the entomologists to come to hi re cue in the following July or ugu t, when hi tree are rapidly uccumbing to the attacks of the scale. 
 
Winter Wa6hes Specially Recommended. 
 
A a result of the experiments given upon previous page, together with extended experi nce in commercial orchards in variou part of the state, we feel ju tified in giving special prominence to the three mixture given below, a suitable winter treatments for cale-infe ted orchard. 
THE LIME-SULPHUR WASH. 
 
Lime Sulphur Water 
 
2 I lbs. 18 lb . So gallons. 
 
Mix the ulphur into a pa te with a small amount of' water and then add to about IS gallons of boiling hot wa- 
20 
 
 ter in an iron kettle (or in the boiling tank, if team i 
 
u ed) and stir thoroughly. Have this mixture at the 
 
boiling point and add the stone lime. While the lime is 
 
slaking, keep the entire rna thoroughly stirred so that 
 
as much as possible of the heat caused by the laking 
 
lime may be utilized in dis olving the ulphur. Boil vi- 
 
olently for not Ie than 35 minutes. This boiling should 
 
be continued until the mixture is of a dirty yellowish- 
 
green color. This wash, when sufficiently boiled, give 
 
the tree a bright green color immediately after praying. 
 
When dry, the sprayed trees become a white a they 
 
would be if painted with white lead. Water may have to 
 
be added from time to time during the boiling proces to 
 
prevent the mass from becoming too thick. When the 
 
desired color i secured, dilute with either cold or hot water to make 50 gallons. The mixture is now ready for 
 
spraying upon the trees and it will be found to spray most 
 
readily if used before it cools to any considerable ex- 
 
tent. While spraying, the mixture should be kept well 
 
agitated. pon cooling, crystals will separate out, not 
 
only making the solution less effective but al 0 tending to 
 
clog the pumps. In case a portion of the mixture re- 
 
main over night and the cry tal form in it, they can be 
 
again dissolved by re-heating. Thi re-heated material 
 
can be prayed without difficulty. While we do not commend the reheating of this wash exc~pt when neces- 
 
sary it will probably be advi able to re-heat rather than throwaway any of the material. 
 
Thi wash is made with a small amount of material a 
 
we believe it possible to use and till secure uniformly 
 
good re ults. Thi wa h will be found equally effective 
 
again t cale in all parts ot the tate, but for the peach 
 
orchard of orth Georgia we ugge t the lime-sulphur- 
 
salt mixture given below. The lime- ulphur wa h is pre- 
 
eminently adapted to the use of the fruit grower in Mid- 
 
dle and South Georgia. 
 
THE LIME-SULPHUR-SALT WAH. 
 
 Lime 
 
21 lb . 
 
Sulphur 
 
18 Ib . 
 
Salt 
 
Sibs. 
 
Water 
 
50 gallons. 
 
This wash is preparp.d in the same way as the lime- 
 
21 
 
 sulphur wash, and the salt added to the boiling mixture as oon a the slaking of the lime is complete. Where a goon head of steam is available for boiling, the desired color is often attained by 20 minutes of violent boiling. rfhe fruit grower will with a little experience be able to tell when the wash has been sufficiEntly boiled. The color of the mixture should be depended upon, rather than the time of boiling. Where there is any question about this point, the boiling should be continued for an hour or more. There is no possibihty of boiling the wash too much and it is best to err upon the safe side. 
There is some question as to whether the lime-sulphur wash alonE. has as great a tungicidal value as when the salt is added to it. We do know that an early February application of the lime-sulphur-salt will prevent the peach leaf curl, but we do not have any positive data on this point for the lime-sulphur alone. For the present at least, we suggest the u e of the lime-sulphur-salt for the 
orth Georgia orchard , in order that the leaf curl may be controlled with certainty, by the same application that controls the SanJo e cale. 
 
THE LIME-SULPHUR-SODA WASH. 
 
Lime Sulphur Commercial Cau tic oda Water 
 
161b 8 lbs. . 8 lb . 
. 50 gallon 
 
fix the ulphur into a thick pa te with a mall amount of BOILING HOT water. Then add the cau tic soda lowly (do not dis olve the soda in water) keeping the mixture thoroughly stirred. A brick-red color will appear almo t at once. Continue the addition of the soda, and continue stirring, adding mall amount of hot water as may be nece ary to prevent the mixture getting too thick. The oda hould di solve all of the ulphur in a few minute, producing a clear deep red liquid. Dnle the liquid is entirely clear, with no particle of undis- 
olved ulphur remaining, the mixture must b~ heated until all sulphur is di olved. IT I AB OLUTELY IMPERATtvE Tl:AT ALL SULPHUR BE DI SOLVED AND A CLEAR LIQ..UID OBTAINED, BEFORE THE LI IE IS ADDED. To the 
 
22 
 
 > 
-clear liquid described, add the stone lime, previously weighed out, and while it is slaking keep well stirred. The completed preparation will have the familiar yellowish-green color characteristic of the lime-sulphur preparations. Dilute with cold water to the desired point and spray at once. 
This wash is too expensive for general use in large or commercial orchards, but is well adapted to those cases where but a few trees are to be treated, as is often the case upon city or town premises. The effect upon the scale by this wash, is not as good as the regular limesulphur wash, and in the case of badly infested trees therefore, two sprayings should always be given, the first in December and the second in February before the bu(ls open. 
When and How to Spray" 
Regardless of which of the above mixtures may be used, badly infested orchards should receive two thorough sprayings during the winter" The first r::praying should be during December, while the second should be in February. The latter spraying fUST BE COMPLETED BEFORE THE BUDS COMME TCE TO OPE,. Theoretically, the later this spraying is done, the more pronounced will be its effect upon the scale, for the longer will the wash remain upon the trees after the scale begins breeding. However, toe fruit grower must time his spraying operations well in order to finish this February spraying before the bods have advanced to the point where they will be injured by the wash. The latest date at which this spr'iYing can be done with safety varies greatly with the easons and vaties in differer,t parts of the state. In Middle Georgia it is best to figure upon having this spraying completed by February 20th, while north ot Atlanta it is Dot infrequently the ca e that thi spraying can be continued safely until as late tl March ~th. The individual 1ruit grower must judge , to the development of the fruit buds and be ;""Terned accordingly. In orchards but slightly infest  the ~ebruary ipraying alone, if thoroughly done, ,,:"11 be sufficient to hold the scale in control until the following winter. 
In spraying an infested orchard, EVERY tree should be 23 
 
  
 
I Iii 
 
a 
 
------ 
..3 ./ 
 
./s 
 
;~ 
-'- -'- 
8 
 
FIG. 4. A Simple Steam Bolllng Outfit for Preparing Llme-Sulphu'r Washes: B, boiler: 88, steam pipes; YU, globe valves; 1,2,3 and 4, 50gallon barrels: xx, pipes lor drawing off mixture aIter boiling; F. farp;e pipe carrying liquid froUl plpcs X"" to wagon tank or spray- blLrrel; a, lower end of steamplpe with cross-arms and one-eighth inch openings fo,' escape of steam; 1', platform 6 feet above ground; i, pipe supplyn water from elevated tank or steam-jet; h, water hose for carrying clear water to I, 2, 3 and 4. 
24 
 
 prayed. It has been demon trated time and again that 
TO PRAY ONLY THO E TREE HOWl G I FE TATIO ' I 
FALSE ECO OMY. A tree that bear but a few indivi~ual scale thi winter, may become entirely incm ted with cale, and its vigor eriou ly impaired by next winter, it allowed to remain unsprayed. The spraying hould be thorough over the entire orchard whether cale i to be -[ound in all parts or not. It i intere ting to note in thi connection, that many of our leading peach grower, 
among them Mr. J. H. Hale, a sert that the beneficial 
,effect upon the trees of praying with the lime- ulphur wash are more than ufficient to pay for the co t of prep-aration and application, even where an Joe scale i not present. 
Each tree should be sprayed thoroughly. By a "thorough" spraying we mean that every particle of bark above ground must be coated. When the trees have dried, after the first spraying, the points and twigs that have been missed are easily detected, and where there is any marked infestation of the orchard, the latter should 'be gone over carefully a second time and all these bare spots "touched up. ' , 
Equipment for Boiling and Spraying, 
For small orchard the lime-sulphur washes can be -prepared in iron kettle, arranged .over a brick arch. For convenience, where there are many trees to be 
prayed, the e kettles hould be of not Ie s than 60 gallons capacity. While it i po sible with two such kettle, 'or even one, to prepare the wa h for a good-sized orchard, still the use of steam for boiling is so much -more rapid and economical that the average orchardist will find it profitable in the end to equip him elf with a steam boiling plant. 'fhe size and capacity of this plant will depend mainly upon the size of the orchard. A boiling outfit of this kind i shown in figure 4, to give an 'illu tration of the general plan followed in arranging tanks, pipes, etc. The individual will readily modify this plan to suit his own condition and facilities. 
In the first place it is important that this plant be located in or near the orchard, or at orne central point which is readily accessible to the orchard to bE" prayed. It is 
2S 
 
 equally important that the outfit be located at a suitable water supply. If water from an elevated tank or from town waterworks can be utilized, 0 much thp. better. Fai.ling thi , the plant hould be located at a pring, well, or tream of clear water, in order that the water may be delivered to the boiling tank by a steam jet, thus aving the time and labor necessary to handle it with bucket. An equally important point i to have the elevated platform, upon which the boiling tank are located, at lea t ix feet above the ground, 0 that the mixture after being boded can be drawn off directly into the praying tanks or barrels. Alma t any boil r of sufficient steaming capacity can be utilized for furni hing the team. Boiler located at cotton gin, aw-mill, etc., are often made use of by placing thi boiling outfit near them and making the nece ary connection. Portable boilers, uch a are u ed for 'awing wood, or as traction engines. can be utilized to good advantage. For a mall boiling outfit a good team feed-cooker will an wer the purpose v ry well. For boiling the mixture, either barrel or tank can be u ed. If tank are decided upon, the e hould not excped ISO gallon capacity under any circum tance. The larger the boiling receptacle the more stirring will be nece ary. Upon the whole it i u ually better to u e a large number of 100 gallon tank or of Jo gallon barrel than to u e fewer and larger tank. dded cOl1\'enience in preparing small amount of the wash is al 0 ecured where barrels a:-e utilized. 
eparate globe val v hould control the steam supply to each barrel or tank. Particular attention i called to the cro -arm . A" in the Figure. The e era -arm deliver the team at everal point near the bottom of the barrel and thi a i t very mat rially in keeping the mixture tirred up. The cro -arms have one-eighth inch hole bored in them for the e cape of team. Each barrel hould al 0 have it outlet pipe controlled with a globe valve. It is convenient to have all the outlet open into a common di charge pipe a hown in the Figure. In thi way the material can b drawn off trom anyone, or from all of the tank at one time. 
While the Figure repre nts only a single water- upply pipe with ho e attached, for delivering water to the vari- 
J6 
 
 lew. 5. A 8uita.ble Spra.yin~ Outfit for a. Medium-Sized Orcba.rd. (Eclipse pump mouuted in ba.rrel, two lea.ds of 20foot hose, 6-ft. !I'on extension rods a.nd sln~le Vermorelnozzles). 
 
 ous barrels, it is a simple matter to furnish a water supply 
pipe for each barrel or tank. Mr. J. H. Hale, at his Fort 
Valley (Ga.) orchard ha adopted the novel plan of connecting his water supply pipe with the common outlet pipe (corresponding to "F" in Fig. 4') and by this arrangement can fill anyone or all hi barrels without extra piping. While but four barrels are represented in our Figure, still the individual grower will enlarge his plant to the capacity needed and will also add such other conveniences as may seem desirable. A set of scales upon the same platform with the boiling tanks i convenient, as are also teps for getting on or offthe platform. The entire outfit, including boiler, can be covered with a hed and a storeToom for lime, sulphur, etc., can be added upon a level with the platform, thus facilitating the handling of the materials. 
The spraying outfit to be used will depend largely upon the size of the orchard to be sprayed. In the case ofvery large commercial orchards, wagon tanks, holding from 200 to 250 gallons, should be used. The e tanks .:an be purchased from any of the manufacturers of good spray- 
ing apparatus at prices ranging from $10 to $20, and 
these tanks can be used upon any ordinary farm wagon. For winter work wagons with broad tires are preferable. The necessary pump. hose, extension pipes and nozzles to go with such a wagon tank will cost from $12.00 to $20.00, depending u.pon make, etc. 
For small orchard of 10,000 trees or less, barrel pumps answer well. Good pumps of this tyle, mounted in sound barrels of 50 gallons capacity, complete with hose, agitator, extension pipe, and nozzles can be purchased at from $14.00 to $20.00 each. Such an 
-outfit is shown in Figure 5. * It i only necessary to 
place such a pump in a light wagon and It is ready for use. For winter spraying in Georgia peach orchards every pump should be equipped with two leads of hose, each not less than twenty feet in length. Where the trees are planted far apart, 30-foot lengths of hose are even better, enabling the men to get around the trees readily 
"l'he outfit shown was photo!,:raphed during some experimental work in early summer, and the trees are shown in folial(e. The pump WAS at the time heing used for sprayIng Bordeaux mlXturp, but the "amp outfit is equally adapted to winter work with the lime-sulphur pI' p:ll"ation,. 
28 
 
 and to good advantage. Eacr line of ho e should have fitted to it a 6-foot exten ion rod. at the end of which is the Vermorel or Ii try nozzle. The E: exten -ion rod are rpadily made by any black mith from quarter-inch gaspipe. A top-cock at the lower end of thi exten ion rod (at its junction with the hose) is al 0 a great convenience, in order that the operator may turn off the floW' without having to reach or hanule the nozzle. We have heard orne c rnplaint about the difficulty of pra ing with the lime- ulphur wa he on account of the hand and face b~coming or a a reimlt of the cau tic properties of the wa h. If exten ion pipe, long lead of ho e and rea onable care are u eel, there will be but a minimum ot difficulty from thi source. vVhere exten ion pipe, or suitable ub titcte therefor, are not u ed and the operator mu t work with his hand actually holding the nozzle it elf, sore hand will re ult as a matter of cour e. The long I.ead of hose enable the operator to work at some distanc from the wagon, 0 that the pray i not blown upon the team or upon the man working the pump. If the ho e connection are kept tight there i no rea on why the workmen hould continually have their glove and clothe aturated with the mixture. In spraying when there i~ a breeze, the team hould alway be driven again t the wind or diagonally again t it. 0 that the pray i blown from the team and wagon in t ad of towards them. dditional protection can b(' "ecured for the workmen by having them wear slick r or suit of oil- kin. Rubber glove have often been ugg sted for protecting the hand but we have found it almo't impos ;bl to secure rubber gloves that would la t any length ot time. The cheape t leather glove obtainable, thoroughly aturated before u e with lubricating oii will be found the cheape t and mo t er- 
viceable. The face of workmen can "be protected by 
canva rna k ifnec ary and the cau tic action of the wa h may be Ie ened by liberal application of "a eline or petrolatum to the kin. Precautions of this kind are almo t an ab olute nece ity when colored laborer are 
mployed, a they will u ually per i t in praying against the wind anyhow in pite of all advice that may be given them. 
llitabl trainers mu t be provided for all pump, and 
29 
 
 the wash, a it come from the boiling tank, thoroughly strained before being placed in the spray tank. Copper stra iner cannot be u ed for thi purpo e. The strainer mu t be of iron or bra . 
For mall or family orchard a bucket pump and a twogallon pail will an wer the purpo e. uch a bucket pump hould alway be equipp d with not I than ten feet of hose if anything larger than mall shrub are to be prayed. With the hort 3-foot piece of ho e u ually furnished by the manufacturer with the e pump, it i impo ible to properly pray an average ized peach or plum tree. The e bucket pump can be bought at price ranging from 6.00 to $9.00. 
In handling the lime- ulphur mixture. copper ves els and apparatu mu t be entirely avoided, a the wa h ha a marked corrosive action upon the copper. The ordinary copper knap ack pump cannot be u ed a it will be eaten up in a few day time. Irol1 ve el and apparatus honld be u ed a far as possible. The wa h act lowly upon bra ,but it" action upon the better make of barrel pumps will not be appreciable if the e latter are thoroughly rin ed out with clear water each night. t the clo e of the praying ea on of course the entire pump hould be thoroughly cleaned, all parts well oiled, and the pump kept under uitable cover until again needed. 
Dipping Trees in a Lime-Sulphur Wash Before Planting. 
con iderable numb r of fruit grower have adopted the plan of dipping thE'ir peach and plum tree in olution of lime ana. ulphur :Dade in the u ual way, before planting, a an additional precaution against the San]0 e cale. V\ hile we per onally know of many thou and tree that have been dipped in thi way before planting, without any injury re ulting, we did encounter a ingle ca e during the pa t winter, in which marked injury followed. In thi particular ca e 2,000 peach tree were dipp d by an orchardi t who i well known for hi extreme carefulne . The trees were dormant, and at no time were they expo ed to drying winds. '1'0 guard again t the po ibility of thi orchardi t having made the wa h too trong through "orne mi -take, we personally visited hi orchard, made the wash ourselve , and 
30 
 
 -dipped more trees from the arne lot. Injury followed. and the most careful in ve tigation of all the condition>;, together with a chemical examination of the lime and sulphur used (the lime and ulphur were not found to contain any foreign ubstance to which the injury could be attributed) ha convinced u that the regular lime-sulphuralt \Va h, properly prepared, did in thi ca e injure the trees. A illustrating a case of afe u e of thi arne wash under even more unfavorable condition, we take the liberty of quoting a follow from a letter byMr. J. H. Hale, dated June 2 th, 194: 
 
"Replying to yours of the 21st in relation to dipping nursery trees in lime and sulphur wa h before planting, 1 have to say that during the ea-on of 1903 in Connecticut, we dipped about 3,000 peach trees lind about 4,000 apple trees and saw no ill effects whatever from it. During April, 1904, we dipped about 6,000 apple and about 8,000 peach trees. Perhaps 500 of these had their roots dipped and the balance only the body at the tree. They were simply dipped in barrels of mixture containing- 15 pounds of sulphur and 20 pounds of lime boiled together for about 40 minutes. 0 attempt \Va even made to shake off the material after they were dipped and not a particle of harm wa done them in any way. With Prof. Henry of the 'Visean in Experiment Station, we also dipped whole branches of growing trees in this mixture at a time when the plum buds were howing considerable white and the peaches showing pink. I upposed of course that we had killed them, but these blosam. all et fruil and were 0 K. when I left h me a week ago." 
 
In view of our own experience with injury from dipping tr e , we cannot for the pr ent recommend the practice. Dozen of fruit grower will atte t to the afety of the proc ding, but we have a ingle ca e where the r ult were otherwi e, and until we have determined under what circum tance or condition uch injury re ult from dipping, th fruit grower mu t do such dipping upon hi own repon ibility. ,Ve might ugge t aloin thi connection that where tree are prop rly fumigated before being planted out, there i~ but little advantage to be gained by dipping. 
* Spray Pumps and Materials. 
 
For the convenience of the fruit grower, we list below 
 
"The Ii t of manufacturcr, flond dealers here /(iven i solely for tbe cull\'ent nce of 
 
fruit gro"rers and i 11n" ~.' uy ense an ac1vertiseulent or endor eluent ot the pa.r- 
 
tie mentioned. We i,o n show panlality to any flrmordealer. Other flrmswho 
 
wisb to he men tionee '" re Ii ts of this kind can have tbetr addresses inciuded 
 
by communicating w,. "and convincing u tbat they are handl1ng only flrst- 
 
claos machinery or m..l llals ..t rea onable prices, nder no circumstances w1ll 
 
firms he meDtlone~ 
 
.. pUhl1catlons, who e deal1n'( ar known to he in any 
 
way que tionable. 
 
 a number of manufacturers of J:raying machinery, dealer in the same, etc. 
MANUFACTURER OF PRAYI G 1I1ACHI, ERY: 
Gould Manufactur!ng Co., eneca Fall, . Y. rrhe Deming Company alem, Ohio. Morrill & Morley, Benton Harbor, Mich. Field Force Pump Co .. Elmira, N. Y. ~fyer~ Pump Co. hland Ohio. Geo. H. tahl, Quincy, Ill. 
pray- rotor Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 
GEORGIA DE LER IN PRAYING MACHINERY: 
Beck & Gregg Hardware Co., tlanta, Ga. P. J. Berckman Co. ugu ta, Ga. Mallary fill up ply Co., Macon. Ga. 
GEORGIA DEALER I, PRAYI 'G MATERIALS: 
The following drug hou e have in the pa t made a specialty of furni hing- praying materials, such as sulphur, copper ulphate, etc., u ed by fruit growers: 
John B. Daniel, Atlanta, Ga. Jacob Pharmacy Co., tlanta, Ga 
. L. Willet, Augu ta Ga. 
32 
 
  Winter 'Course 
>fgrieulture. 
JANUARY 1st, TO MARCH 31st, 1905. 
~HE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA of- 
\J.f fers to young farmers instruction in the 
following subjects: 1. Agriculture, Profs. Johnson and Hart. 2. Horticulture, Prof. Hart. 3. Dairying and Animal Husbandry, Prof. Johnson. 4. Agricultural ChemistryI Dr. White. 5. English, Prof. Parle. 6. Farm Accounting, Prof. Barrow. 7. Farm Engineering, Prof. Strahan. 8. Law of the Farm, Chancellor Hill. Preparations are being made for over 100 
young farmers in this course. Every county should be represented. Special lectures by the Experiment Station Staff and others. 
There are no entrance requirements, no fees or charges. forty Dollars will cover all the expenses for the three months. For Handbook address 
w. B. Hill, Chancellor, 
AT"ENS, GA. 
 
 G EOR 
 
. I Hi; V~I ~ 
 
~. 
 
G I~ .'tfl{~ ~ ~ 
 
.:.1d 
 
"",..\ 
.J. 
 
)- 
 
State Board of. Entomology. 
 
FEBRUARY, 1905. 
 
BULLETIN No. 15. 
 
An Inquiry Into the Cyanide Method of Fumigating Nursery Stock. 
 
.llY 
WIL~IO EWELL. 
 
CAPITOL aUILOI G 
 
 
 
Atlanta, Ga. 
 
ATL.\KTA, G..1. E. W. ALI,KK de o. 
1llO6 
 
  GEORGIA 
State Board of Entomology. 
 
FEBRUARY, 1905. 
 
BULLETIN No. 15. 
 
An Inquiry Into the Cyanide Method of Fumigating Nursery Stock. 
 
BY 
EWELL. 
 
CAPITOL IlUILDI G. 
 
Atlanta, Ga. 
ATLANTA, GA. 
E. W. ALLEN & Co. 
IIlQ/; 
 
 Georgia Stale Board of Entomolog  
ORGA IZATIO O. B. TE\rE Chairman, Commissioner of Agriculture, ,\l1anta. 
P. J. BER 1 MAN , 
Pre idcnt ot tate Horticultural 'ociety, ugu tao 
]) DLEY ~l. II 'GHE', Pre idt'nt of tate gricultural 'ociety J anvil! 
\\ ILMON XEv ELL, 
'tat Ent 11l010gi t and e r tar)" of the Board, tlanta R, 1. ' IlTlJ, 
. i. tanl tate Entomologi t tlanta . 
 C, LEWI " 
'i:tanl Entol11010gi t llanta, 
 
 GEORGI 
 
STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
FEBRUARY, 1905. 
 
BULLETIN No. 15. 
 
AN INQUIRY INTO THE CYANIDE METHOD OF FUMIGATING NURSERY STOCK.';: 
 
The fumigation of dormant d ciduou tree and hrub with hydro' anic acid ga i now generally 'onceded to b' the mo. t r liabl and rrectiv method ot ridding the plant of uch in. ct a wooll aphi and .'an Jo seal. The proce i in general u throughout th "nited tat  and in many tate. nur erymen are r qui red by law to fumigat their nur ry tock with hydrocyanic acid ga before placing it upon th market. 
For e,-eral y ar pa t, G 'orgia nur. rymt:n ha"e been requir d to fumigate all d iduou nur ry t ck old, and a thi work ha been largel under th direction of the writer he has had many opportunitie to n tE' th ffectiven of th method. In Ome ca it ha be n found that li"ing an Jo e cale ha ~ucc fully pa. ed through th fumigating pro ., "en wh r the operators were tru tworthy and car ful, th fumigatinlT hou e apparently air-tight, and th ch mical u d guaranteed to b pure. In "iew of the extr mely poi onou 
 )0'01' U. g-enel'al di:-:c'osl-iion of thi:-: IHO('(':::; ~ C" Bullf'tin .... 'lIlt' Hoard of Entnmolut!y. whirh will be :-f'l1r on I'etlup"l. 
3 
 
 nature of hydrocyanic acid gas, these failul'e ot the fumigating proceE to be thoroughly effective eemed all the more remarkable. The great effectiveness of hydrocyanic acid ga, will be under tood when it is realized that 
when one ounce of 9 %cyanide of pota h with neces- 
sary amount of ulphuric acid anci water) is used to 100 cubic feet of pace, the amount of ga evolved constitutes only about three-tenths of one per cent. of the combined mixture of ga and air within the fumigatorium. everthe-Ie ,in an experiment carried out under the direction of Prof F. M. Web tel', tree heavily infested with San Jose cale and protected with a heavy layer of earth failed to how any live cale-in ects within a year after beingfumigated with the above amount of cyanide. 'I< 
It therefore seemed de irable to institute an inquiry into the fumigating- method and chemicals u ed, with a view to determining the causes of these occasional failure. Chemical analy e of variou pota ium cyanide upon the market were fir t undertaken, and a the work progre ed additional lines of investigation sugge ted themselves. number of important point have been brought to light which we believe have been largelyoverlooked by in pector and. other who have been u ing the cyanide f()r fumigating nul' ery tock. While the inve tigatiun have by no mean been complet d, till the fact obtained eem to warrant their publication at thi time. 
Dr. Edgar Everhart, Pre ident of the outhem College of Pharmacy, wa employed to make the chemical analy e , and the analy es given herein are entirely hi work. 'rhe writer i al 0 under many obligations to Dr. Everhart for many valuable ugge~tions relative to the line of inve tigation which should be pur ued, and in fact the pre ent builetin i little more than a resume' of Dr. Everhart's work. 
It is regretted that circum tance are uch that thi inve tigation cannot at pre ent be pursued further. There are many interesting points which remain to be determined. n examination of the variou ulphuric acids upon the market, to determine to what extent they may 
 \\'edo not know of allJ' publi hed accnunt of this experiment. The fuct. were communicated to the writer ill a pp.roonal Jetter from Prof. Webi:er. 
4 
 
 contain hydrochloric, nitric or other acid , would be valuable, a. the work already clone how conclusively that the pre ence of any mineral alt (other than ulphate) in th cyanide, or free inorganic acid mixed" ith 1h sulphuri acid u ed will re ult in th decomp') ition of a con iderable amount of th pru ic acid~' \olved. n inquiry into the phy iological chang which may take place in plant tissue a a re ult of exposure to pru sic acid and the extent to which th re i tanc of the plant may be modifi d or alter d with r lation to oth r in ecticide or fungicide, applied ubsequent to the fumigation, would doubtle open up a mo t inter sting field and the re ults 
btained would in all probability be of immediate practical application. For xample. a case wa encountered in which peach tree were dipp d in a lime- ulphur mixtur within a rew clays after being fumigated, with con equent severe injur '. areful inve tigation of all the condition failed to reveal any cau e for thi, injury and it eem po ible that the effect of the hydrocyanic acid ga wa to increa~e the usceptibility of the trees to injury by the lime- ulphur mixture. 
History of Fumigation with Hydrocyanic Acid Gas. 
The r dit of fir t di covering th efl'iciency of hydrocyanic acid gas again t scale-in ect belong to Prof. D. W. Coquillett who, \ hile xperimenting with the Black cale, ottony-cu hion cale and an Joe cale in California during I 6, found that thi ga would readily 
kill th e in ects. t In I '9 he found that the be t re ult 
were ecured by adding the dry cyanide to a mixture of one part ulphuric acid and two part ot water. Thi' plan and these proportion have, with light variation, b en in general u e ever ince. Prof. oquillett' experiment in th ftlmigation of in~ ted orchard tr e continued in California for everal year, and in the pring of I 94, ,oon after the di covery of San Joe cale at Charlottesville, Va., he carried on turther xperiment in fumigating cale-inC< t d tr e at that point.: 
 Tn this bulletin the tt'l'l1l ~lpl'US le:t ld' is u ed throug-hout liS :-:ynon)'1Il0UB Willi ,ohy lroc,rnntc acid ~as:' 
+ Heport of til(' Comllli. loner or ,lg,'lcullur fo" I 7, page 12~, 
I In eet Life. Vol. vr, p. 32~. 
5 
 
 The fir t u e of hydrocyanic acid ga for fumigating nursery tock eem to have been by r. VV. R. Gunni of the an Diego county (Cal.) board of horticultural commi ioner who in I 94 report d to Dr. Lo O. Howard of the United tate Department of griculture, that h had ucce fully fumigated 40,000 infested tree, generating the gas beneath large sheet with which the trees 
were covered. * While in the arlier exp riment in fu- 
migating orchard tre  the S8 % cyanide of pota h wa 
generally u ed, it appear that 1r. Gunni. was among the fir t to adopt the 9 {Q cyanide, for in January. 1 96, 
he reported that he had u ed one ounce of the 98 % cyanide to each 100 cubic feet of pace to be fill d by the ga . t 
'Ve have not been able to learn who fir t con tructed bose and house for fumigating nur ry tock, although tight building lin d with felt were recommended by 
Prof. F. Mo Web ter in 1 97, t and during the arne year 
Prof. Web ter fumigated considerabl tock at Dayton Ohio, u ing a mall building therefor. vVe believe thi to hay been the fir t fumigating hou e u ed-at lea t in the Ea t. 
ince 1 9 the u e of one ounce of 9 50? Iota ium cyanide to ach 100 cubic feet of pace to be fumigated ha be n general. Th amount of ulphuric acid and water u ed with the cyanide have varied to a can iderabl ext nt, the majority ot recommendation, howey r, pecifying an amount of acid in esce of what wa th oretically nece ary for chemical combination with the cyanide. Th amount of water mixed with the acid ha al 0 varied. Thi di crepancy in the formulae advised by different entomologi t wa practically di po eel of by the adoption 
of the "1-2-4" formula, i. eo, one ounce of9 % cyanide 
of pota h with two fluid ounces of acid and four ot water, by the ociation of Horticultural In pec10r in 1903. 
Examination of Cyanides Sold by Various Dealers. 
pon the di covery that fumigation wa not in all ca es effective, even und r condition that apparently met 
 Bu!. TO. a. 11. S., Dh'. of Entomology, p. 00 
+ loco cil. 
I Bu!. I.Ohi Exp. tlL. 
6 
 
 e\' ry r quirem nt, it wa imm diately u pect d that the cyanide of potash u ed was not a repr nted. ample of cyanide were purcha d' from variou. ources, the dealers of cour e being ignorant of the purpo e for whicb they were de ired, and in many ca e not c\'en awar !of the identity ot the purcha er. The amount of pru ic acid in ach wa d termined b\- Dr. Ey rhart and the re ult are given in the table b low. It hould be under tood at the out et that th amounts of pru ic acid ar expre ed in their equivalents ot pOl~S ium cyanid (KC.). In the eVent of a ample containing a large amount of sodium c -anide (. T a N), which contain mor pru ic acid weight for wight than pota ium cyanide, the percentage of c 'anogcn may, wh n ex pre eo in it KC:\ quivalent, exceed roo'f. 
I t will be noti 'eel from th tabl, that the earli examination did nol take int account the po sibility of odium chloride (common alt) being u ed a an :ldulterant. The importance atta hing to thi point wa not di co\'er d until lat r in the inve tigation . 
From the anal T - we ar forc d to the conclu ion that the greater numb r of cyanide old to nur er) men for fumigating purpo es are far from being 9" 'Ir pure, and while we regr t to ay 0, many whole al 1-' and manufacturer. hay filled ord rs for '985?" cyanide, with inf rior tuft'totally unfit for fumigating purpo and of cour e entirely unreliable. Thi has been done ither intentionally o~ through gro carele ne . ~ either is excu able. 
nder uch circum tanc it i therefore an occa ion ot much ati faction when a really good cyanid like that manufactur d by M rck IY Co., or that manufactured by th Baker & Adam on hemical Co.. i encountered, In our opinion a plIr r cyanide than that which we purcha d of the Baker & Adam on hel1lical o. could not be manufactured, \Vith r ference to :\Ierck' , the fact that two ample purcha.ed approximatel' ix month apart, one from a retail deal r and the oth r from th factory, 
\'aried but .03 % in th amount of K :"l contained, and 
that both ample w r free from adulterant. p aks well tor the reliability of their product and tlw car which mu t h. xerci ed in it manufacture and packing. 
7 
 
 TABLE I. 
Sample Date No. Purchased. 
 
ANALYSES OF VARIOUS SAMPLES OF POTASSIUM CYANIDE. 
 
Pu rchased of 
 
Manutllcturer 
 
% KCN Represen- % KCN Actually I~Amt. Sodium ~ 
 
See 
 
ted or Guarllnteed found 1>y Analysis Chloride Present Footnote 
 
1 
 
June 27-04 I R~tall Druggist, Atlanta, Ga. 
 
Unknown 
 
98 
 
2 
 
June 27-04 
 
S 
 
July 26-04 
 
4 
 
Nov. 12-04 
 
5 
 
Nov. 15-04 
 
John B. Daniel, Atlanta, Ga. 
Jacobs Pharmacy Co., Atlanta, Ga. 
Alabama Nursery Co., Huntsville, AI"" 
Retail Dealer No. I, MIl,rletta, Ga. 
 
Merck & Co. Roessler & Hllsslacher McKesson & Robbins. 
Unknown. 
 
u08-1oo" 00 00 98 
 
6 
 
Nov. 18-&1 
 
Alaba.ma Nursery Co. 
 
McKesson & Robbins. 
 
98 
 
7 
 
Nov. 30-04 
 
(Received from a Georgln, McKesson & Robbins. 
 
-- 
 
Nursery) 
 
8 
 
Dec. J2--()<l 
 
0 
 
Dec. 17-04 
 
Retail Dealer No.2, MarlE-ttll, GIL. 
Alabl.ma. Nurseq Co. 
 
Ma.lllnckrodt. 
._--_.- 
~rcKesson & Robbins. 
 
uFused" 
uOB-OU" (Orl(l;lnal sealed 
1 lb. can) 
 
10 
 
Mallinckr<.dt Chemical Works. 
 
Dec. 22-()4 
 
New York. 
 
Mlllllnckrodt. 
 
nc. P." 
 
11 
 
Dec. 2~-Qol 
 
Merck & COlllpany, 1 , York. 
 
Merck & Co. 
 
'il8~J()()U 
 
12 
 
Dec 23-04 
 
Bakel' & Adttmson Chem. Co., Easton, Pa. 
 
Ba.ker & Adamson 
 
99 
 
13 
 
Dec. 20-04 
 
Roessler & Ha,sslacher Ohern. Co., New York. 
 
ROE-ssler <ItHllosslllcber 
 
"98_99" 
 
- 
 
45.6 99.77 98.80 92 US 44.77 90.77 93.72 411.35 103.4 96.4 99.74 00.9t 98.11 
 
Not Determined 
 
b 
 
None 
 
a 
 
Not Determined 
 
.. . 
 
b 
 
" 
 
" 
 
b 
 
.. .. 
 
." 
 
12.71% 
 
b-f 
 
12.35% 
 
c 
 
10.11% 
 
d 
 
None 
 
NonE' 
 
9.19% 
 
E' 
 
 fl. Examination for sodium chloride in this salllDle was made several months after the fi.rst analysis. 
b. In justice to the dealers whose cyanide wa~ foun:l impure and below the required standard ot 98 per cent. it should be said th::.t all of them, upon bf'ing ad\'hed of the impurity I)f their cyanide, promised to immedidteiy discard the stock on hand and ~ecurc cyanide for their trade whic.h was of the required purity. The retail dealer is not always at fault, for job bers and manufacturers are often known to fill orders for 98 per cent. cyanide, with the commercial fused cyanide running from 40 to 60 per cent. in the case of sample No. [, we examined the bill of sale sent the retail dealer in Atlanta, and this bill specified 98 per ce,t.cyanide Yet upon analysis this same cyanide was found to contain but 45.5 per cent. KCN. 
c. Sample NO.9 is composed largely of sodium cyanide, rather than potassium cyanide, hence the apparent high percentage composition when expressed in terms of KCN. It was found that the presence of the sodium ('hloride caused a decomposition of a considerable amount of the prussic acid evolved, as will be shown in detail further on. The IZ.35 per <:ent. of sodium chloride caused such a decomposilion that the total amount of pruS'sic acid evolved and AVAILABLE from this sample. approximated the amount that would be secured from a chlorine-free cyanide analyzing 9S. [0 per cent. KCN. When expressed in terms of efficiency for fumigating purposes this cyanide is therefore virtually a "95.10" per cent. <:yanide. 
d. ContainHI6.[5 per cent. chlorine, corresponding to 10.13 per cent. sodium chloride. 
e. Contained 5.58 per cent. chlorine, corresponding to 9.19 pel cent. sodium chloride. 
/. Contained 7.5 per cent. ('hlorine corresponding to Il.7I per cent. sodium chloride. 
 
 What Takes Place in a Fumigatorium ? 
It wa decided to obtain a knowledge of something mor than the mere fact that hydrocyanic acid ga i liberat d when pota ium cyanide i added to a mixture of ulphuric acid and wat r," 
Experim nt w r therefor mac! to d t rmine the exact amount of pru ic acid evolved a'1d (LI'ui/ahf(' from a given amount of K '?\' of known purity, the amount of KC~ that remained unalt r d and the amount or pru ic 
acid decompo eel [and therefor 10 q in the r Clction. 'On ounc of 9 'J cyanide to each 100 cubic fi et" ha 
for everal year be n accepted a th tandard amount ot cyanide for the fumigation of hardy dormant deciduou tr e , yet so far a. w can learn, no one ha attempted to arri"e at the l:xact amount of free anJ a\'ailable pru ic acid which i ecur d in practice from thi amount of cyanide. \\ e have fallen into the om \"hat ridiculou rror of con idering 0 much cyanide of pota h a our tandard when in r ality the amot:nt of fr a\'ailable pru. f'ic acid hould con titut the tandard regardle~ of what the p r ntage compo ition of th pota ium cyanide may be. 
To determin the point. above-mention d, the following xperim nt- were made. 
E,epl'/';mellf 1- porcelain evaporating di h \Va placd on the ill out ide of one of th laboratory window, and into it \Va poured four fluid 'Junc of wat r and to 
this wa added two fluid ounce ot ullimric acid, t Tm- 
mediat Iy afterward., on ounce of very pur cyanid (99.7'/r pure). wrapped in filter pap r, wa c!t'opped into th mixture and the window quickly clo d. \lmo t intan tan ou I) r action occurred, larg \'olum(' of ga ecaping from the liquid and appearing a a whiti h cloud.: 
fter fi"e minute the \,iolence of the rea tion ceased and after ten minutes no cap of ga wa perc ptible. iter 
'The rplt'lion is K(' '"H. O.-8GN,{,KIl '0. Ilnd not "2KC~-I-H., 0.= 2H N-I-K z '04" a given in.John 'on'~'~F'lImigatitH' )Ic~hods'" 
+\Vhere\'el" reference is mudp in thi pnpE"'r to sulphuric acid. II .(pe<.-iflc ~ra.vity of 1. 4 i- implipd, 
11'Ilre RC~ i of cnur"e c"lor!e s andlhe whiti,h ltl']J<,,"'llll('e or th e,c.\pilllr ",1..< i< proably caused b)' stpam and p <l~l.\, lo 'omp e'lellt hy mlllUIP pllrticle. of K K being driven off me('h:lllicIlJly by till' yiolene\' of tlw rpa '(,011. 
10 
 
 forty minute the di h and it content w re taken into the 
 
laboratory. 
 
cry taline rna , chiefly bi- ulphate of 
 
pota h, remained in the bottom of the dish. 
 
The temperatur noted were a follow : 
 
Temperature of air, 14.* 
 
Initial temperature of acid and water mixtur , I roO 
 
Temp rature after 20 minute, 4  
 
Temperature after 40 minute , 3~0 
 
the boiling point of pru ic acid i 26to , the final 
 
mperature \Va more than ufficient to yolatilize it. 
 
'Ihe content. of the dish were carefully wa hed into 
 
a 500 cc. fla k and an aliquot part taken for the deter- 
 
mination of the pota ium cyanide remaining in the liquid. 
 
It wa. found that 5.7% of the cyanide had not been 
evolved. In other word ,5.72 %(5.7--;-997) of the avail- 
 
able cyanide remained in the g n ratinu di h. 
 
Another exp~riment iJentical in all respect , wa 
 
made with an impure cyanide, one containing 49J - 0/0 
 
KC~. During the r action the only difference ob'erved 
 
wa that the clouds of pm ic acid volved were much 
 
more dense in color. n analysic; of th resulting con- 
 
tent of the generating jar showed that they contained 
5.07% pta;; 'ium cyanid , or in other word', ro.27 %of 
 
the available cyanide remained in the generating di h. 
 
Thi effectually di po e of the as ertion som time> 
 
made, that the re idue remaining in the generator is 
harmles . t The reader can judge a to th poi on011S pro- 
 
pertie ofa mixture containing from 5 to ro% of pota - 
 
ium cyanide. 
 
E:vpelimenl2.-Thi experiment was carried on to II - 
 
certain som thing ot the n tture of the evolved ga e . 
 
~ ece arily smaller amount of the cyanide were used, 
 
but the relative proportions were maintain d. Thu'l, 
 
five grams of cyanid. were u d with 2 [ cc. of Wetter and 
 
ro.5 cc. of sulphuric acid. The arne cyanide used in 
 
Experiment I were employed. 
 
o artificial heat was u ed, but only that Evol\'ed by 
 
the mixing of the acid and water. II determinations 
 
Thfk tl)m pC'ral..U res gi\ren are in degrep~ C'ntirntlde To ohtain thp l1'livt1.1ent I II the Fahr~lIheit 1I1e multiply the uumber of degree; C. by ~ ,Ind add ~2. 
t\\'. G..John 011. In hi "Fulllil(atlon )Iethod.;'" (p. 11 \, advis~il pnuringothlo ra<l due around fruit tr~p "c!.) e to the truuk" in order tlHlt Ih- pota-h may be ut li7.' ed ail a fertill7.~r. The exces.; of sulphuric acid III Ihi.; re idul' will qUleklv d.-tr ,~. lilly Ii villI( wood with wWch it comes In Contllct and such It prllClice 18 very Ii kpl~' to kill or> riollsl, injure the trees. Other writer. have mlld~ the _"me error. 
II 
 
  w r quantitati,e. n id a ot the manner in which thi 
 
exp rim nt wa carried out can be obtainer.! by con ulting 
 
Figure 1. The flask was used tor generating the pru - 
 
ic acid, the bottle B erved a a guard and wa empty, 
 
the bottle contained more than enough nitrate of silv r 
 
solution to absorb the pru ic acid evolved, while D con- 
 
tained another olution of ilver nitrate to ab orb any 
 
pru 'ic acid that might scape the solution in C. 
 
Tn wa placed about 5 gram of the potas iutD 
 
cyanid and to thi wa. added 2 ICC. ot \Vat r, without 
 
any attempt being made to di olve the cyanide. From 
 
a paratory funnel provided with a safety tube to pre"ent 
 
any po ible e cape of ga ,there was gradually allowed 
 
to flow into A IO.5 cc. of ulphuric acid. The ga 
 
e"olved was pas ed by it own pres ure at fir t, through 
 
the two olution. 'of ilver nitrate in C and D. After th 
 
ga cea ed coming off, air wa drawn through the whol 
 
apparatus until every trace ot pru ic acid evolved had 
 
b n pa ed through the ilver nitrate. The ilver yanid 
 
thu produced was filtered oft" from the exc of ilver 
 
nitrate wa hed and determined quantitatively. The un- 
 
decomposed cyanid in the generating flask wa al 0 
 
determined, and of cour e the difterence between the urn 
 
of the e two quantities and the total amount of cyanide 
 
in the original ~ample gav the amount of cyanide de- 
 
compo ed (10 t in the reaction. Thi loss was prob- 
 
ably due to the decomI o. ing action of the mineral acid 
 
with th con equent formation of ammonium formate. 
 
The following results were obtained: 
The 99.7 %cyanide gave: 
 
Pru Eicacid evoh'ed and available 3-.9211-0. equivalent to 6.47% KC t 
 
" "not e\'olved 
 
+ . + 7 % . " " [0.76% KCIS 
 
.. decol11po~ed and lost 1.03%. 
 
" 2.47% KC 
 
This indicate that 6.74 % of the pru ic acid i 
 
available for fumigating purpo es and that 35.92% of 
 
pru ic acid is volved from the sample. 
'l'he 49.35 5k cyanide gaye: 
 
Pru ic aCId evoh'ed and available [7.65~c. equivalent to +2.29% KC 
 
 not evoh'ed 
 
. 6%. 
 
" 
 
" 2.07 0 KC 
 
" decomposed and lost 1.99%. 
 
" 
 
" 4.7 % KC 
 
rl'his show that in thi ample, '6. IO % of the prussic 
 
acid is available and that 17.65 rc- only is evolved. 
 
In the ca of the pure sample 10.8% (10.76-:-99.7) 
 
13 
 
 of the total cyanide remain d unaltered. and in the ca e of th impure cyanide (49.~5/? pure) 4.2% oflhe total cyanide remained unalter d. As off-setting thi , however, it will b not d that only _. ,..11.. of the total K I in the former \Va decompo ed, wherea in the latter 9.7% of the total cyanide wa decompo ed and 10 t. 
There i an apparent di parity between the amount of cyanide remaining unaltered in thi exp riment and in the ca e of Experim nt I. It houla b borne in mind. howeYer, that ill thi experiment th acid wa lowly added to the mixture of cyanide and wat I' and the ga wa e\'olved lowly, wh I' a in experim nt 1 th re wa an exce s of acid pre ent during the reaction, in tead of all exc of cyanide: a1. 0 that th I' action wa \'iolent and of hort duration at q time when the acid and wat I' mixturp. wa at it highe t t mp ratur. It em likely that under the lattf'r condition con iderable cyanid i removed mechanically from the g nerating dish by th violent ebulition. 
It \Va' thought that if a method could be devi ed whereby the cyanide could be added to th<:: acid and water mixture, and the temperatur~ maintain d a near a po;; ible to the temperature obtaining in thf' acid a ordinarily used in fumigating hous ,thi method would he more comparable with what "lctually take place in a fumigatorium. It was of course impracticable to add the olid cyanide to the acid a i', don in practice and attem pt to collect the ga evol v d, uch an attempt would al 0 be decidedly dangerou to the operator. The method d \"i ed by Dr. Everhart and detailed in Experiment 3 i thought to be t1 e clo e t pos ible approach to the condition which actually xi t when the cyanide i added to the acid and water mixtur when fumigating nul' ry tock. 
El'perimellf 3,-In thi experiment the ame apparatu \Va u ed a in xperiment 2, In Experim nt I it was found that the initial temperature of the acid and water mixture \Va 110 degre ,and although thi temperature could not be exactly duplicated with the apparatus u ed, till the fla k 
\Va kept throughout upon a \Vat I' batL. the water in which ,,-a kept boiling. The temperature th I' fore approximat d 100 degr es while the gas \Va being evolved and th (J,rl'/'((,fle temperature \\'<1 doubtl. a - high a. that of thel11ixtur r ferr d to in Exp riment 1. 
1+ 
 
 10.5 cc. of ulphurie acid were mixed with 13 ce. of water and the mixture wa introduced into the gen rating 
fla k A shown in figure 1. A solution of 5 grams of th 
cyanide ample \Va allowed to flow gradually from a eparatory funuel into the hot acid. Th eparatory funn I was pro\ided with a a~ ty tube with a mercury eal to prevent the c cape of ga. The pru ic a id wa pa sed through the bottle and D a in Experim nt 2. except that in thi experiment C and D contain d an ammoniacal solution of ilver nitrate in t ad of a imple aqueous solution of that alt. For twenty minut the ga wa allowed to bubbl through th ilver olution from it o\vn pre-sur, whil the temperatur wa. kept at the boiling point. The acid liquid wa then allowed to cool while a str am of air wa drawn through th apparatu to carry ev ry trac of the evoh'ed I ru ic acid into the ih'er olution. 
Determination w re mad of the prus ic acid e\'olv d and ab orbed by th, ilver nitrate, of the pota sium cyanide not decompo ed by the ulphuric acid and re- 
 maining in th generating fia k ,and of the odium chlo- 
ride ot ea h ample which \Va al retained in th gen rating fin k. Three amples were treat d, one containing 99.7 ~, one containing 49.35* and one containirlg 103'4lJ~' of I C~. 'The latt r ample wa really compo ed largely of sodium cyanide but it i her' mention d in its equivalent of pota ium cyanide. 
Th 99.7* potas.ium cyanid gav : 
 
Prus ic acid e,'ol"ed and a,'ailahle .,\,,40%, equi\'alellt to 90.0<% K 
 
" .. Ilvtevolved 
 
3.3""." to 8.14"'ilK 
 
decompo ed and lo,t .63 Q,o, 
 
to 1.;1% K 
 
odium chloride 
 
none 
 
Thi indicate that 9.31% of the total pru ic 
acid i available and that there i 'J 90'0~ ot available 
cyanide of pota h in the ample. 
The 49.3:'% rota \Urn cyanide ga\e: 
 
Pru ic acid evolved and available 17 -I'; equivalent to 42,161- K 
 
" not evohtd 
 
1.09(," 
 
to 2.62'( KCN 
 
de ompo~ed and 10 t - 1.90~, 
 
to +67~, KCN 
 
odium chloride 
 
12.71', 
 
to 7.71', HCI 
 
,) 
Thi indicate that ~ .41 % of the total pru sic acid 
 
i. available and that th re i. 42.16* of available cyanide 
 
of po~a h in the ample. 
 
 The 13.4% potas ium cyanide gave: 
 
Pru!,,,je acid e\' l\"ed and availahle :\5.68'k, equh'alenl to "5.9(9'0 KC r 
 
" " not e\'olved 
 
. 2.32% 
 
" 
 
to 5.60% KC 
 
decompo. ed and 10 t 4.94~ 
 
10 II. 91r KC r 
 
odiulll chloride 
 
12':\50/," 
 
to 7.50o/r Hel 
 
Thi' indicate that 3.07% of the total prus ic acid i availabl and that there is 5'9I% of ayailabl cyanid 
 
of pota h in the ample. 
 
These re ults are perhap more readil compared by 
 
r fi r nce to the following tahle: 
 
'l'ARLE II. 
 
'.c 
 
% odium 
 
.8Illplf' Pru Ic Acid Chloride 
 
conta.ined cU lltnined 
 
fi of PruE ic Acid decom poscd 
 
% of Prus 'ic % of Prussic 
 
.\cid nOt Acid e\'olved 
 
evoh'ed 
 
a.nd a va.iJable 
 
ft9. j(JC 
 
41.1l 
 
II 
 
1 52 
 
.16 
 
90.31 
 
19.:J;;\(- 
 
2() :;11 
 
12 ,I 
 
!I ~'2 
 
:;.31 
 
- .4 
 
--- 
 
lIeJ. I'';' 
 
12.111 
 
I 1235 
 
11.:;11 
.- 
 
i'L ... 
.. 
 
'3.07 
 
By thi method the pur cyanide yielded 3.57 % more 
 
available pru ic acid than by the method employed in 
 
Experiment 2. We ar obliged to conclude that the method 
 
of adding cyanide to the mixture of acid and water i 
 
preferable to any method of adding the acid mixture to 
 
the cyanide. The order in which the water, acid and 
 
cyanide are brought together in ordinary practice evidently 
 
cannot be improved upon. 
 
The most triking feature noticed in Table II is th 
 
greater decompo ition of the pru--ic acid which took 
 
place when sodium chloride wa present in the sample . 
 
Thi ug~e ted further experiment to determine to what 
 
extent odium chloride cau e decompo ition of the 
 
pru ic acid evolved. 
 
Effect of Sodium Chloride in Causing Decomposition of Prussic Acid. 
 
In order to a certain exactly to what extent th pre ence of sodium chlorid and of nitrate in the cyanide of pota h would cau e d compo ition of the pru sic acid eYolv('d, the following experimf'nt were made: 
:6 
 
 E:up /'irn nl 4. Merck's pure cyanide intentionally adulterated with odium cloride, wa treated with ulphuric acid in the manner de cribed in Expt'riment 3 The experiment was carried on under preci ely the arne conditions and with the same apparatu as wa Experment 3. 
Five gram of pota ium cyanide (99.7 % pur) were 
mixed with 15% of common alto Thi mixture, dis solved in 8 cc. of water, was allowed to flow gradually into 10.5 cc. of ulphuric acid mixed with 13 ce. of water. The pru ic acid evolved wa pa d through an ammoniacal olution of ilver nitrate, and determination made quantitati, ly of the pru sic acid evolved and available. 
 
The following result were obtained: 
 
Prlls ic acid evolved and available :ls.sOy" equh'alent to r 53Y, K N 
 
Total prll ic acid in 5arnple 
 
43.42', ~ 
 
.. 
 
to 99.7 ~ KCN 
 
Prll ic acid decompo ed 
 
7.92,SI 
 
to I .17%, KC.: 
 
E. :periment 5. nother experiment u ing the arne amount' of acid, water and pota ium cyanide while the percentage of odium chloride wa increa ed to 16.23%, gave the following results: 
 
Pru ic acid evolved and available 34.ls~;, eq.livalenl to 7 .42\t; KC~ 
 
Total prus ic acid in ample 
 
-1-3.42 " 
 
.. 
 
to 99.7 % KC ' 
 
Prll ic acid decompo ed 
 
9.27%, 
 
to 21.2 o/r K [ 
 
E.t:pel'illlent 6. till another exp nm nt wa made, 
u ing 5 gram or the 99.7% cyanide mixed with 9.9Io/r of sodium nitrat di olved in cc. of water. Thi \Va allowed to flow into a mixture of 10. ~ cc. of ulphuri acid and 13 cc. of water. The re ults were as follow 
 
Pru ~ic acid evolved and available 39.52 0, equivalent to 7.04% KC 
 
Tutal prus ic acid in ample 
 
43.42 0, 
 
 
 
to 99.7 % KC 
 
Pru ic acid decompo ed 
 
3.90"0, 
 
to 12.66 0 KC 
 
'fo state th e re ult in another way, bearing in mind that sodium chloride coming in contact with ulphuric acid ield free hydrochlo:-ic acid and that odium nitrate under the arne condition yield free nitric acid, it appears that th pre enc of 
 
9.36% HCI (IS% raCI), call e the 10 of I .17', KC 10.13. HCI (16.25 , NaC!), call e the 10 of 21.2 (K N 7 34% H r03 (9.9 1  a 03), cau es the 10 of 12.b6<fc; KCl':, 
17 
 
 whereas, by u ing th arne anide (99. 7 7~ pure) , without chloride or nitrate pre ent, but I. ~ I ~ K ~ i decompo ed ( ee Experiment 3) . 
It i obviou that the pr nc of any foreign ubtance in the cyanide of pota h, which upon th addition of ulphuric acid will liberat a econd mineral acid, will result in greatly dimini hing the amount of available prus ic acid. 
Amount of Available Prussic Acid Not Necessarily 
Proportionate:t0 the Amount of Cyanogen in a 
Given Sample of Potassium Cyanide. 
The que tion i not infr quently a ked by nur erymen whether or not an inti rior cyanide, th c anogen content of which i known, can be u ed in suffici ntly large quantitie to ecure the exact amount of h 'drocyani acid ga required; wh ther, for exampl , two ounces of a 49" cyanide or thr e ounce of a 3 ," cyanide cannot be afely ub tituted for one ounce of 981, cyanide. In general, the que tion mu t be an wer d in th n gativ . The xact amount of pru sic acid available from a samplf' of pota ium cyanide can be determined only by a proce the arne, or imilar to, the one u ed in Experiment 3. If we con ider ach per cent. of available pru, ic acid a a unit. then it i clearly een that two ounc of th "49.35~'" cyanide u ed in Experiment 3, will yield 35.02 "unit "of available prussic acid in tead of 37.4 units a would be expected (that is the number of units obtained from the 99.7 ~ cyanide). With the impure cyanide the difference betw en the amount of a\ ailable pru sic acid actually ecured and that which should theoretically be ecur d, will vary with the amount of odium chloride (or other miner?1 acid) u ed a an adulterant. In the ca of a "60jl," cyanide, for exampl , the que tion naturally ari e : '\' hat makes up the other 40 %?" We have found odium chloride pr sent in lowgrade cyanide and it i perhap the cheape t adulterant that can be u ed. Our xp riment have also hown that th great r the amount of odium chlorid pre ent tlw greater th 10 of available pru ic acid. 
 
 Even in the ca of cyanide which how a high analy.is-which contain cyanogen equivalent to 9~~ or over of Ker -the amount of pru~ ic acid available i not ne('e"8al'ily proportion at to the cyanogen hown by an- 
aly i. The "103.4%" cyanide u ed in Experimeut 
3 offer an illu tration. Taking the 997 'f chlorine-fre 
cyanide one ounce of which yield 37.4 . unit 'of 
availabl pru ic acid) a a ba is, one ounce of the 
" 103'4% " cyanide .!lollld yield.) .7 >* unit ot available 
pru ic acid when a. a matter of fact it yield but 35. 6 t 
Thi diff rence of 3. I %. a\'ailahle pru sic acid i of cour e 
equivalent to 7.5 ".. .. avuilabl ': K Nor .3% of "total cyanid.' Expr ed in.tiJlanother way, thi "103'4%' cyanide i, 0 far a it u e for tumigating purpo e is 
concerned, equivalent to a cyanid of the. ame quality a 
Ierck' which analyze 95 I I 'f. t 
 
How Can the Nurseryman Be Sure of Obtaining Pure Cyanide of Potash? 
 
The r ader who ha carefully peru ed the foregoing may feel inclined to a k this que tion. \\ e mll t admit that in ,iew of th many inferior c 'unide upon th market and the pre nc ot adulterant~ in . till other 'yanide which how a " high analy. i ," the lue tion i rather a perplexing one. For th pre ent at lea t, we can offer but one olution. In the im'e tigation mad of vario\.! cyanide upon the market: we haye found only 
 
-Obtained hy the proportion: !'-'.7: ;]7.J:: jU:l.l:~ 
 
"'it;~i +The 
 
Ill' III thi lJuIJ,-tin relati"e to Cplllldl-' $hould lJ unde"'lOod "" 
 
IlJlI')l'in~ to tlle~e cranide" ollir "ben u_l'd lor lllllligali n~ nllr~l'''r"tock. In 0111,-1' 
 
commercial USE"'::. as (01' exsJnph' in rIte l",}"anidt' pr(Jce~~ of ,,'xlracring' S(old , where- 
 
velY dl'ute St)lutiou~ (If the- ('yanid('5 HI"P q..:('(1. it i.;,; not likely thnt ~ul 
 
:>h .. ri'Il(ld would cau" anr apprl'cinble decnmpo"iliun. In !ulIliglll Ill/! buildin~' 
 
or ear rOI' (he [Jurpo,~ ot dC'~lroyin~ oboo. iou~ in:ieCh, th dt,( mposition or thl' 
 
prus 'ic M'i<1 i:5 not of EliCh importall('(', as n cOIl:-,ide.uble l.lo:\c~~' or (yanicle ('an 1)C' 
 
ll~{\d to hlSUl't' a gu llf1i('iently to'tl'ong. fn fumi~ntingnl1rser'y$tock, howev 1', the 
 
Illlugin )'H.'tween tue stl'en~th of goll' nel'PSeary 10 b~ thoroughly E'fTecth'e aguin~l. 
 
scnlein~ect..: and the strpn~th \\ hi<h i injul'iuu:-: l( plunts, i~ Itotg-rput. and hell('e 
 
it I, <le~II'llhl lhat Lhe e'<ll"t11 Illounl ot pm"si' :lcitl u eo should he known. 
 
tAI~ooblailled bS the pl'opol'lion: HrI.ll:): \":l,Hl::!IU.i:1,orlHUI5:1t1-).i:: l.ut:"! 
 
~Table I doe~ not repl'e enl tlll 01 the '.\'lInlde \\ hidl we hnye extlllli,wd. Otber amplp1"l hnve been so m:Jltifl':"tl.r inf('rior lhal n ('hemi('al C':\<lll1inatlon was .. ntll' .1.1' ullne' s~nry to sltlbli.b LIJllt lacl. 
t9 
 
 lb. TIN 
 
fOTASSIUM CYANIDE MERCK 
 
98 100% PURE 
 
 
 
~.r;r' 
 
rlllnsslulII Cyanide, 99', . 
 
 
 
[,'lG. 2. An original one-pound package ~lt'rck &. CO.'s "ClS-IOO%" Potassium Cyanid~. 
 
... 
Fl(;. 3. Orig-inal one-pound bottle of the Baker & Adamson Chemical Co. 's "99%" Potassium Cyanide. 
 
 two that fulfill all the requirements and that can be considered as thoroughly reliable for fumigating nursery stock. One of these is Merck & Co.' "98-100%,' and the other is the Baker & Adamson Chemical Co.' . '99% " cyanide\'<. Both these were found free from adulterants and tully up to the tandard of purity guarant ed by the manufacturers. The nurs~ryman should always insist upon receiving these cyanides in o";ginal .sealed packages. The sealed cans or bottle containing the cyanide should not be opened or tampered with between leaving the factory and being opened by the nurseryman for immediate use. Exposure of the cyanide to air for any considerable time will permit of its absorbing moisture, with consequent deterioration. The only way in which the nurseryman can be U1'e of obtaining pure cyanide, is by purchasing one or the other of the above-mentioned brands. in original sealed can or bottles. To enable nurserymen to more readily identify these two brands, photographs of original one pound package are shown in Figures 2 and 3. 
Temperature Necessary for Evolution of the 
Prussic Acid. 
.Experiment 7. Four fluid ounce of water at 20~ were mixed with two fluid ounces of sulphuric acid (Sp. G. 1.84) also at:::o. The initial temperature of the mixture became 110 and this may be considered as the temperature actually secured in ordinary practice when the regular " 1-2-4" formula is used. Into this mixture at I 10 was 
placed one ounce of 98 %cyanide and the extire mixture 
exposed to the out ide air (having a temperature of 14~) , for forty minutes. t the end of thi time the mixture still had a temperature of 32. s the boiling point of prussic acid is 26t", the temperature throughout the entire forty minutes wa sufficient to volatilize the pru sic acid. 
When four ounce ot water were mixed with one ounce of acid, a temperature of but 81 was ecured and while this is still far above the boiling point of pru!;sic acid, it is very doubtful if the temperature of the mixture would be above :::6t at the end of forty minute. rrwo 
'There may of conrse be ollier cyanides upon the market which will meel ..II requirements for fumigating purposes, bUL we have exercised rea ollable dili gence in searching for them and our effort have not met with uccess. 
:31 
 
 ounce of wat r and on of acid would of cour give an initial temp rature of 110- but owing to th reduced volume of th mixtur the introduction of the on ounc of yanide would cau a much greater reduc:tion of temperature than when the two ounce of acid and four of wat r ar u ed. It i al 0 "ery probable that as much a four ounce ot water are neces ary to prop rly di 01\' th potassium bi ulphate tormed, in order to prevent thi. bi ulphate from forming a dep it about the KeN. th reby reducing the amount of pru ic acid g nerated. 
The mixture of four ounce of wat r and two of acid, to each ounc of cyanid , me t ever' requirement in that it p rmit volatilization of an apparently maximum amount of pru ic acid, and we do not con icier a chang to a more dilute acid or to a Ie r amount of water and acid a. advi able. 
CONCLUSIONS. 
I.-Failure to obtain satisfactory results in fumigating nursery stock has in many cases been due to the use of impure or adulterated cyanide, which is often represented and sold as being pure. 
~-In generating the gas, a some'Nhat greater amount of hydrocyanic acid gas is obtained when the cyanide is added to the mixture of acid and water than is obtained when the acid and water mixture is added to the cyanide. The former method, which IS ordinarily practiced, is therefore preferable. 
3--The presence of sodium chlorid~comm~n salt) in the potassium cyanide cause decomposition and loss of hydrocyanic acid gas and hence a reduction in the amount of gas actually available for destroying' ill-sects. The greater the extent to which the cyanide 
22 
 
 j adulterated with chlorides or nitrates, the greater the loss of hydrocyanic acid gas.. 
4-The most common adulterant In low-grade cyanide is likely to be sodium chloride and hence, owing- to the loss o~ydrocyanic acid gas by decompcsition, increased amounts of low-grade cyanides cannot be safely substituted for pure cyanide when fnmig-ating n ursery stock. 
5-When sod~m chl( ride occurs in a "high-grade)) cyanide the amount of potassium cyani.de indicated by a chemical determination of the cyanogen present is not proportionate to the amount of available hyclrocyanic acid gas obtainable from such cyanide. In other words, a chemical analysis showing a high percentage of potas ium cyanide in a given sample, is not wholly_reli~_ble unless such analysis also shows the absence of chlori.des, nitrates, etc~ 
6.-0 the ~~~erent cyanides examined, only two, Merck & CO.'s "9 -10096 and Baker & Adamson Chemical Co.'s "9996", were found to meet all the requirements of a cyanide for fumigating nursery stock. ursery men are therefore advised to use one or the other of these two brands, purchasing them only wheu in original sealed packa~es. 
7.-The temperature secured by the mixture of two fluid ounces of sulphuric acid (specific gravity 1.84) and four fluid ounces of water produces apparently 
 
 the maximum volatilization of the hydrocyanit' acid gas evolved from one ounce of cyanide, and the alteration of this proportion or a reduction of the volume of acid and water used appears undesirable and unnecessary. 
 
  OTICEf 
In order to make our Librarv more nearly complete we wish to obtain the following Bulletins and Publications, either exchange or purcha e: 
U. S. Dept. of A~i.. Di. of Ent., Tech. ser. Nos. 3, 4, 5 and 7. 
U. S. Dept. of Api Dl of Ent., Old ser. 0.6, 12,30 and 32. Exp. Sta. Record. Vol. XII, Nos. r, 2 and 10; Vol. 'IH, No.2; Vol. 
XV. NOI. 6" aad 8. Insect Life, Vol. I. M. 1; Vol. IV, Os. 7, ,9, ro, rr and 12; Vol. V, 
Nos. 3. 5. 6. 7, 8. 9, 10, II and 12; Vol. VI, all except o. 3. KatQmologlcal News, Vol. '. o. ; Vol. VIII, 01.7, ,9 and to; 
Vol. IX, complete. 
We can ofter in exchange the folIQwing: 
. S. Dept. of AVi., Di. of Ent., Tech. er. NO.9 (2 copies). U. S. Dept. of Acri., Di. of Ene, ewer. os. 20 27 29, 30, 34, 
llDd 38. 
la.ect Lile, Vol. I, Mo. 5; Vol. III, . o~ 3, +, 9 and 10; \'01. IV, OJ. 3, ..' ,and 6; Vol. VII, 0.2,3, +and '. 
lhp. Station Record, Vol. X, os. 2,4 -,6,7, II (2 copies) and 12; Vol. XI, complete. 
Journal of Applied MicroiCOPJ', Vol. I, o. 4, 5, 6 and 9. Vol. 11, I 01. I and 5. 
 
GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY 
 
Atlanta. 
 
Georgia. 
 
 GEORGIA 
State Board of Entomology 
BULLETIN NO. 16, APRIL, 1905. 
The Cotton Boll Worm in Georgia. Insects Injurious to Com and Truck 
Crops. 
BY 
R. I. SMITH. 
 
CAPITOL BUILDINC, 
 
Atlanta, Ga. 
 
.v@""See Notice on last page of C0ver 
 
ATLANTA, GA. BYRD PllINTING Co. 
1905 
 
_' 1 
 
  GEORGIA 
State Board of Entomology. 
BULLETIN NO. 16, APRIL, 1905. 
The Cotton Boll Worm in Georgia. Insects Injurious to Corn and Truck 
Crops. 
BY 
R. I. SMITH. 
 
-CAPITOL aUILDINC, 
 
Atlanta, Ga. 
See Jotice on last page of cover 
ATLANTA, GA. BYRD PRINTiNG Co. 
190-3 
 
 Georgia State Board of Entomology 
ORGANIZATION. 
O. B. TEVEN " Chairman, Commi sioner of Agriculture, Atlanta. 
P. J. BERCKMA S 
Pre ident of tate Horticultural ociety, Augu ta DUDLEY M. HUGHES, 
Pre ident of tate Agricultural ociety Danville. R. 1. MITH, 
tate Ento111olo i t and ecretary of the Board, Atlanta. A. C. LE\\ I 
i tant tate Entomologi t Atlanta. 
HARPER DE N, JR., 
Field A i tant Entomologi t, Atlanta. 
 
 To the Honorable Board of Ento1ll%g)' of the State .of Georgia: 
 
I have the honor to ubmit the accompanying manu cript for 
 
publication and distribution in accordance with an ct of the 
 
General embly, approved December 20th, 1 9 . 
 
_" \ I 
 
This manu cript has been prepared to offer practical ug- 
 
ge tions to cotton and truck grower , for the control of a few of 
 
the more common injuriou in ect that appear every year in 
 
Georgia. It i not intended to be a report on the re ult of inve - 
 
tigation carried on by thi Department, except in a fe\ in tance , 
 
a it i practically a compilation of fact known to nearly all 
 
entomologist about the insect mentioned lierein, with uggestion 
 
regarding the be t remedial mea ures. 
 
It i hoped that this work will prove to be of practical value 
 
to the general farmer. 
 
Very re pectfully, 
 
pproved: 
 
R. 1. lIrrTH. 
 
O. B. TEVEN, Chairman of the Board. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. 
 
Pare 
 
Cotton Boll Worm: a, adult; band 0, larvae; d, pupa 
 
30 
 
Cotton Squares, showing holes eaten by boll worm 
 
31 
 
Method of applying Dry poison to cotton plants 
 
33 
 
Dusting apparatus for applying poison to cotton plants__ 34 
 
Cotton Caterpillar Moth: a, wings closed; b, wings 
 
expanded. 
 
.____________ __ __ 35 
 
Fig. 6. Cotton Catterpillar: a, from side; b, from above 
 
36 
 
Fig. 7. Corn stalk injured by corn stalk borers_____ __ 
 
37 
 
Fig. 8. Corn stalk cut open; borers within __ .__________ _ _ 
 
39 
 
Fig. 9. Corn Stalk Borer: on right, pupa; onleft,larva _ . 
 
40 
 
Fig. 10. Corn Root Worm: adult beetle, enlarged 
 
41 
 
Fig. 11. Squash Vine Borer Moth: enlarged_________ _ _ _ _ 
 
42 
 
Fig. 12. Squash Vine Borer: pupa and empty cocoon 
 
43 
 
Fig. 13. Squash Vine stem cut open showing borers within 
 
44 
 
Fig. 14. Colorado Potato Beetle: adult : 
 
48 
 
Fig. 15. False Potato Beetle: adult 
 
48 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
COTTON BOLL WORM 
 
_ 
 
Description of 
 
_ 
 
Remedies and preyentiol1 _ Attacking other Crops _ 
 
COTTON CATERPILLAR- 
 
DauJage cansed by 
 
: 
 
Remedies 
 
_ __________________________ 
______ __ ____________________ 
_ _ 
 
PAG2E9. _ 30 
__32 __34 
 
ARSENATE OF LEAD- 
 
Directions for making___ 
 
36 
 
CORN TALK BORER 
 
__ _ 
 
__ 
 
_ __'iJ7 
 
Life history aud description __ 
 
_ 
 
38 
 
Relnedies 
 
. 
 
__ 
 
_ 
 
. 
 
._. __ 40 
 
CORN ROOT WORM- 
 
Description________________ _ _ 
 
_ 
 
AD 
 
Methods for controL 
 
. 
 
AI 
 
SQ ASH VINE BORER- 
Description and occurrence in Georgia_________________________ How to detect presence of, and remetlies___________ 
 
C T WOR~IS- 
Life history 
 
Remdies ----------r- _ __ 
 
_ 
 
A2 _A3 
44 45 
 
SQUASH BUG- 
Descri ption and reme dies 
CUCUMBER BEETI.E- 
Description and remedy__ 
COLORADO POTATO BEETLE _ 
Life history Renledies 
 
== 
 
_____ 46 
 
_ 
 
47 
 
_A7 
 
_ 
 
48 
 
_48 ~_______________________________ 
 
BORDEAUX-PARIS GREEX MIXIl-RE- 
 
Directions for preparing____ 
 
_ 
 
GReEN ARSENOJO______ 
 
_ 
 
FLEA BEETLES 
 
. 
 
Description aud relnedie 
 
CABBAGE \VORMS- 
Imported cabbage worill________ 
ati\-e cubbage worm________________ Remedy for 
 
__ __ __ ~_______ 
 
PLA T LICE---------------- ---- 
 
Melon Louse 
 
r 
 
Cabbage Louse 
 
Remedy fOL_______ 
 
__ __ 
 
__ ____ __ __ __ __ ____ 
 
_ 
_ _ 
_ 
___'_50 ___ 51 . __ 51 
_ 51 
~ _52 _52 .52 
 
KEROSENE Ei\IULSIOK- 
Directions for preparing 
 
_ 
 
_ 
 
53 
 
 BULLETI 
OF THE 
6eorgia State Board of Entomology. 
 
APRIL, 1905. 
 
/I o. 1a. 
 
Published by the GeoTgia State BoaTd of Entomology. Atlanta, Ga . and sent fTee of charge to all re idents of the tate who make request for s::tm~. 
 
THE COTTON BOLL WORM. 
i 
(HeliothAf ar11liger.-HlIbn.) 
Injllry from this in ect ha long been familiar to aJl cotton grower in GeorO'ia, a w II a the entire outh. It regular appearance in greater or Ie number each year ha call ed growers to give but little attention to the injury cau ed by the boll worm. By referring to back records we find that the boll worm \Va reported a being quite de tructive in Georgia in 1 99. Prof. . L. Quaintance, reporting from the Georgia Expetiment tation on in ect of the year, ay "The boll worm has been more than 
11 ually de tructive ':- * * the econd brood practically destroyed early tomatoe and \Veet corn * ,~ * by the middle of J lily com- 
plaint from cotton grower began to be heard * * *." ince that time it ha appeared at variou places in Georgia each year. In ] 903 it wa reported a doing con iderable damage; and in 190-! report of it boring into cotton square came in frequently during the month of June and at varioll time during July and UO'U t. The fact that boll worm injury wa reported so early in the year in 190-! make it eem advi able to mention it quite prominently at this time. In the followinO' paraO'raphs it will be een that boll worm injury to cotton is not common until abollt ugust 1 t when it favorite food plant, corn, has become hard and di tasteful. 
The boll worm appeared in con iderable numbers in Georgia during 190~, in the following counties: Randolph, Pula ki, Dooly, 
pson, Thleriwether, Decatur, Jackson, Richmond and Gla cock. In Dooly county it was charged with de troyinO' 50 per cent. of 
2.9 
 
 the cotton quare 111 everal field, and in everal in tance the damage wa thouO"ht to be cau ed py the Mexican cotton boll weevil. The e report of the suppa ed boll weevil proved in all ca es, upon inve tigation to be the work of the cotton boll worm. 
Be ide feeding on cotton the boll worm is often a eriou pe t on corn, tomatoes, bean , pea , okra and tobacco. The latter crop i injured by having the bud eaten. II the other crop mentioned are injured by the boll worm boring into the fruit, or in the ca e of bean and pe.:1. , into the pods. 
 
The Insect Described. 
 
The boll worm belonO" to the cia of in ect that have four 
 
di tinct tage in their development, namely: adult, egO", larva all I 
 
pupa. The adult is a moth which commonly Hie in the night, but 
 
when di turbed during the 
 
day-time they fly with a 
 
quick darting motion that 
 
i quite characteri tic. The 
 
moth vary in ize, but in 
 
genera] they have a wing 
 
expanse of about one and 
 
one-half inche . The color 
 
ma~' al a vary greatly, 
 
ranO"ing from a dull yellow 
 
to a dull olive-green with 
 
numerou dark pot and 
 
markinO" on the winO". 
 
The e moth may be ea ily 
 
di tingui hed from thecot- 
 
ton leaf-worm or cater- 
 
pillar moth by the fact 
 
Fig. 1.- 'otton Boll Worm: a, adult moth; band c, that "'hen at r t the boll 
 
larvae; d, chrysalis or pupa; (Alter Howard, book,  . Dept. of Agr., 19 .) 
 
Year, 
 
worm 
 
moth 
 
holds 
 
its 
 
wing lightly rai ed and parted to expo e a portion of the b dy while the cotton cateq illar moth alway re t with the winO" 
 
tightly cia ed. The accompanying fiO"ure how the O"eneral hape 
 
and ize to good advantaO"e. (FiO".1.) 
 
30 
 
 orn 
 
Moth u ually appear in spring about the time that 
 
is 
 
ten or fifteen inche high, * and in general they prefer to deposit 
 
eggs 011 young corn instead of cotton, the egg being laid on all 
 
part of the plant, but a preference is shown for silk if it i present. 
 
The eggs are mall, oval in shape, whiti h or yellow in color, 
 
and may be seen with the unaided eye. Each female deposits on 
 
an average 1,100 egg. These eggs hatch in from 3 to 10 days 
 
depending on the eason. 
 
From the e egg minute worms are hatched which are at first 
 
pale green in color, but soon become darker. The full grown 
 
larvc:e may vary in color 
 
from pale green to brown 
 
or almo t black. These 
 
worms are voracious 
 
feeder , a single individ- 
 
ual often de troying a 
 
laro-e number of squares 
 
or bolls. This habit of 
 
going from one place to 
 
another on the plant, for 
 
the purpo e of feeding, 
 
explains the reason why 
 
the farmer find many 
 
young squares with a 
 
hole in the ba e but no 
 
sian of the transge or. 
 
( ee Fig. 9.) Boll worms 
 
\\ hen first hatched wan- 
 
der around on the plant 
 
feeding on the leaves un- 
 
til they find a square or 
 
form into which they 
 
bore. It is during this 
 
time that the worms may 
 
be poisoned with arsen- 
 
icals. A full grown boll 
 
worm measures from 1;4 
 
to 1.0 
 
inches 
 
in length, 
 
Fig. 
 
2.-Cotton squares destroyed by (Original.) 
 
Boll 
 
Worms. 
 
* Quaintance & Bishop, U. S. Dept. Agr. 'Farmers Bul. 212. 
 
31 
 
 ( ee Fig. 1) and they may complete their growth durino- the UI11mer eason in about fifteen days. 
\ hen full grown the worm descend into the ground where a cell i constructed in which the pupal tage i pa sed. Thi period usually cover about two week on the average. From the pupa there emerge the adult moth, as already described, ready to mate and depo it eo-g for the next generation. 
In Georgia there are at lea t four and possibly five generations, o it will readily be een that if the boll worms confined their attacks from the fir t to cotton the damage would be tremendou . In general it may be aid that the third brood is the one that injure cotton most everely or at least that has been the generally accepted belief in the past. La t year, however, in 190+, a majority of report from boll worm injury came to the entomologi t durin June and July) which howed that it must have been the larvc.e of the first and second broods that were doino- the damage. 
Remedies and Prevention. 
Of the two, prevention is the best, but for the protection of this year' crop, if the boll worms appear, the remedy mu t be conidered. There are two main methods of preventing injury to cotton. The u e of corn planted in row through the cotton field to erve a a trap, and the application of arsenical poi on to cletroy the worm when on the cotton. 
Corn as a trap plant hould be planted in rows every 200 or 300 feet throughout the entire field. This corn should be planted late, about the middle of Mayor June 1st, 0 as to be in prime ilking condition about ugu t 1st. . the boll worm moths eem to prefer corn to cotton mo t of the eggs will be depo ited on the corn, which can be destroyed or fed to stock when the worms are partly grown. If an early maturing variety of corn is planted about May 1st, and more of the same variety planted about June 1st, the planter will alway have an attractive plant for the moths durino- the period when they are expected to be most abundant. Cowpea should be planted between the corn rows in time to be in bloom when the corn is in silk. The blooms will attract the moths. 
Poi oning hould be attempted when the worms fir t appear on the cotton. Experiment in Texas by Prof. . L. Quaintance 
32 
 
 in 190J ho\\"ed that it will pay well in mo t ca e to poison for the third brood. In Georgia a the \\"orm of the econd brood do o much damaO"e, it will probably be found advi able to poi on a oon a the fir t worms appear on the cotton. Thi will be about 
.Tline 1. The old method of applyinO" poi on by mean of the imple 
du ting apparatu carried by a man \\"ho \Valk rapidly along- the 
Fig. S.-Melhod of applying Pari !\Teen in dr.v fonn to cotton plants. (Photo by Witman Sewell.) 
row du ting both ides of the plant at once ( ee Fig. 3) ha proved to be mo t economical. Thi fact \Va demon trated by Prof. Wilmon Jewell in 1903, an:! reported upon in hi Bulletin 
o. 9 of the Georgia tate Board of Entomology on "The Cotton Caterpillar." He found the be t way to apply the poi on \Va to mix it with fine lime du t-cheap Aour can be lib titllted-u ed 
33 
 
 in the' proportion, 1 pound of Pari green to "* pound of du t. 
Thi hould be applied 0 a to put at lea t 2 pound of the Pari green to each acre. Owing to the fact that the boll worms feed to ome extent 011 the leave and pa frequently from one place to another even when working on the quares and bolls it i poible to de troy large numbers with the use of poison. 
Po ibly the most valuable and conomical way of fio-hting the boll worm i to plow the land during the fall and winter, thu breaking up the pupal c II in which the winter i pa ed. It ha 
Fig. 4.-Du ting appa.ratus for appl.\"inl!" Paris green to c tton plants. 
The du ting apparatus shown iu F.ig. 4 is made from a one inch boarel, 
4.% feet long and three inche wide, by loring an inch anel a half auger 
hole lh"e inches from each end, and attaching; under each hole a ack fi,'c inche wiele by about fifteen inche long. ThE', E' ack an be made from un tarchcd heetin nmuing about 4 pounds to the yard. If it is found that the poi on is being applied tOI) fa t or too slow the proportion of lime, or flour an i Paris green, mu t be changed 0 that the requir d amount of actual poison will be applied per acre. 
been found that nearly all the pupa tl1l1 disturbed will die durinothe winter. Thi practice hauld be followed in all ections where the boll worm i know11 to occur. This i al 0 a valuable way of fighting many other in ect ueh as Corn talk Borer Grub \\ orm, quash Yine Borer, and all in ect that pa the winter under o-round. 
Attacking Other Crops. 
already mentioned tomatoe are often injured by boll worms, though when occurrino- on tomatoes they are generallv known a 'tomato fruit worm." The damage i caused by the worm boring into the green and ripening tomatoes, in which large excavations are often made. \\ hen occurring on tomatoes the worm usually have to be picked off by hand. Poison in liquid form, a recommended further on for cotton caterpillar, may be applied while the plant are mall. The worm frequently bore 
34 
 
 into the tem of tomato plants at fir t, but soon transfer their attack to the fruit. 'Winter plowing of <Yarden will aid in keeping thi pe t in check. 
Corn injured by boll w rm hould be cut and fed to tack to de troy the larvc.e and the e<Y<Y which may be pre ent. Early corn is most liable to be infe ted and a trict cleaning out of all infe ted plants during June and July will greatly reduce the numb r of thefollowin<Y broods. 
\1 hen pea and bans, that will be helled before u ing, are attacked the poi on in the form of ar enate of lead or Pari green and lime mixture i recommended. 
THE COTTON CATERPILLAR. (Aletia argillacea-Hubn.) 
Thi enemy of cotton is mentioned here, and figure pre ent('d principally to how the difference between it and the boll worm. In 1903 the ravages of the cotton caterpillar were everely felt in a few countie in 1iddle and outh Geor<Yia, but report from it injury in 1904: wer very few, and in fact, the injury wa not ufficient to cau e any c ncern among cotton rower. 
 
Fig. 5.- 
 
a 
tt n Caterpillar )[ (h: a. wings expanded; b, ,,;ngs closed, at rest. 
Rile)', Fourth Rept., . . Entom. Comm.) 
 
(After 
 
The main point of difference to be noted between the cotton caterpillar, or leaf worm, a it i ometime called, and the boll ,,"arm i in their mode of inj urin<Y the plant. \ hile the boll worm feed to ome extent on the folia<Ye the cotton caterpillar feed entirely on the leave and bud unle in extreme ca e where the plant i entirely defoliated. t uch time they may <Ynaw into the squares and green bolls but seldom do much injury in thi way. Fi<Yure 5 show the adult caterpillar moth, which may be compared with the boll worm moth. Fi<Y. 6 repre ent full grown caterpillar. nlike the boll worm the caterpillar doe not go 
35 
 
 into the <Tround to pupate. Thi tage i pa ed in a folded leaf 'On the plant. There are alway everal g neration each year nrl 
a the compl te life cycle from egg to adult may be covered in from three to four week , it i evident that the increase may at time be very rapid. 
Remedy. 
 
The remedy i th ame a recom- 
 
mended for boll worm in regard to poi - 
 
oning. The plant hould be watched 
 
clo ely and poison applied while the cater- 
 
pillar are small-a they are more ea ily 
 
1\?) 
 
killed then-and the injury to foliage 
 
\.Do 
 
avoided. Dusting with Paris Green and 
 
lime du t hould be done during the early 
 
morning hour, a it will adhere better 
 
a 
 
to the plant at that time. In wet weather 
 
Fill". 6. tton Caterpillar: a, from side; b, from above; twice 
 
du 
 
t 
 
i 
 
frequently wa hed off by rain . 
 
natural ~ize. (After Riley, Fourth Rept., U. . Entom. Comm.) 
 
and in 
 
that event we would advi 
 
c the 
 
u. 
 
of Pari green in water, u. ing a formula, 
 
1 pound Pari <Treen, 
 
2 pound tone lim , 
 
100 gallon water. 
 
Or in place of the above. ar enatc of lead (Di parine) may be 
 
u ed at the rate of 3 pound to 50 gallon of water. The latter 
 
will adher omewhat better than Pari green mixture, but cannot 
 
always be as readily obtained when needed at short notice. 
 
DIRECTION FOR MAKING AR E TATE OF LEAD. 
Di olve 11 ounce of cetate of Lead in 1 gallon of water, and 4 ounces of AI enate of oda in lh gallon of water. ,tir tbe e two olutions together. 
The re ulting mu..'ture will b Arsenate of Lcad which win appear as a light 
flocculent pre ipitate, which will readily remain in u pen ion. 'fbis may be diluted to make 50 gallon for ordinary use. It will be found that ar enate of leael will adbere to foliage longer tban mo t otber ar nical. 
Di parine is a manufactured preparation of Arsenate of lead, "'hich is sold in the form of paste and will readily di solve in cold water. It ost a little more than the homemade article but will be preferred by mauy a' it come ready to u e. 
wift Arsenate of Lead is a comparatively new preparation that i now on the market. It contain a high per cent. of glucose which i claimed to .help it adhe i'Ve property; it i known to be a good in ecticide. 
36 
 
 THE CORN STALK BORER. (Diatmea sacclzaralis.-Fab.) 
Thi enemy of corn ha been known ince early in the nineteenth century, as it wa de cribed by Rev. Lansdown Guilding in 1 2 / who reported its pre. ence in ugar-cane in the Island of t. Vincent in the W t Indie. Dr. Howard conc lu des that it must be a native of the Vet Indies or of outh America where the cultivation of sugar-cane wa first be<Tun in Amerlca. In 1 55 this pest was reported as injuring sugar-c an e in the State of Louisiana, and in 1 1 we learn that the Division of Entomology made ob ervations on the ravages of thi pest in Louisiana, where it was severely injuring ugarcane. In Georgia it wa found in Lincoln COlinty in 1 80, and wa reported from 
outh Carolina about the same time. In Fig. 7.-Corn slalk showinA' holes made by corn stalk borers. 1 1 the corn talk 
(Original.) 
* Dr. L. O. Howard. Insect LHe. Vol. IV. p. 95. 
37 
 
 borer was found doing con iderable injury to corn in a large field 
 
near tlanta. It wa probably ome year previou to thi 
 
date that the borer began to attack corn as well as lwar- 
 
cane. ince 1 1 it ha been reported at time from variou 
 
point in Georgia but the record at hand conc rning it are 
 
very meagre. 
 
Durino- th 111 nth of June, 190-1:. the orn stalk borer appeared 
 
in alarming number in the vicinity of Hawkin ville. Georgia. 
 
pecimen of th in ect and it work were sent to thi office by 
 
Mr. C. 
 
tkin on early in June, and as he reported uch ext n- 
 
siv injury an inve tio-ation wa made at once. 
 
On June th the writer vi ited -;\Ir. \.tkin ons plantation and 
 
found the borer very abundant in a laro-e field of corn near the 
 
house. Other field in the vicinity were examincd and in all uch 
 
borer were found in con iderable number. In omc in tanc a 
 
many a five and ix borer in a ino-le talk of corn and the large 
 
number of hole made by each borer made it I ok a though many 
 
more mio-ht have been pre ent. ( c Fig. .) 
 
Life History and General Appearance. 
The corn talk b rer i a white -ix-fo t d larva attaining a ize when full grO\\"I1 of about one inch in length ( ee Fig. ). The winter i pa ed in the pupa tao-e embedded in the corn tubble n ar the urface of the round. Early in pring the moth i ue from the ovcr-winterino- pUp<e and wh n the corn is only a few inche high the ego- ar depo ited on the tem and I ave. The e ego- hatch in a hort time into mall b rer which at onc com111 nce to tunn I into the talk and up thr lwh the pithy c nter. The injury may b quite con iderable and may even nece itate replanting. 
. Ob ervation 111a Ie by the writer how that ome of the borer 
of the fir t brood may attain full growth I .\.' the fir week in June. The change to the pupa at once take place, u ually in the talk above ground, and adult moth emerge at lea t a early as the middle of June in the vicinity f Hawkinsville. :Moth continue to i ue until about the middle of July. 
Corn talk borer are very active and pa frequently in and out of the talk in which they are working, thu makino- a laro-e 
3 
 
 number of hole. The accompanying fiaure how the appear- 
 
ance of a corn talk 
 
in \\-hich borer were 
 
at work. 1\10 t of the 
 
damaa i confined to 
 
the three lower joints, 
 
but in a few ca e lar- 
 
vze and pupze were 
 
found three fe t up in 
 
the talk. Fiaure 9 
 
how the larva or 
 
borer, and pupa about 
 
t\,-ice natural ize. 
 
The adult corn 
 
talk borer is a deli- 
 
cate looking moth, 
 
fore wing dull yel- 
 
lowish brown, in ol11e 
 
ca e havina very lit- 
 
tle color. The male 
 
in all ca e have the 
 
fore wina a little 
 
darker than the fe- 
 
male , and the former 
 
are alway omewhat 
 
mailer in ize. "i ng 
 
expans varie frOI11 a 
 
little over one inch to 
 
a little more than one 
 
an lone-half inche. 
 
The hind wing are 
 
a],,-av clear white or 
 
cream c-olor. 
 
The writer i m- 
 
formed by ~1r. Bett , 
 
of Hawkin ville, that 
 
the corn talk borer 
 
Fig. .-A corn stalk cut open howing borers within. (Original.) 
 
injured hi corn in 1900 to an extent of 
 
50 per cent. He ha ob erved that the injury is areate t during 
 
 dry ea on ,a 1900 wa very dry, a wa also the ea on of 1904. Bor"r may occur in corn talk without eemino- to injure the yield, but usually a certain percent. of the talk are de troyed while the corn i still mall. Thi injury honld be guarded ao-ain t and can be largely averted by follo\ ing the ugge tions given in the para~raph on Remedies. 
 
Remedies. 
 
on idering the habit of the 
 
corn talk borer it i evident 
 
that the damao-e cannot be top- 
 
Fig. 9.-Larva and pupa or com stalk borer. On lelt. lorva; on right, pupa-twice natuml 
 
!Jed 
 
after 
 
the 
 
borer 
 
ha 
 
once 
 
size. (Original.) 
 
gained acce to the talk with- 
 
out at the ame time de troying the corn. It i not practical to 
 
remove the borer. unl from a fe,, talk of corn in the garden, 
 
a i rec mmended for the qua h vine borer. It i clearly ap- 
 
parent that c rn follo"'ing corn year after year i mo t liable to 
 
infe tation b cau e of the number of borer that winter over in 
 
th old tubble. The u ual practic in Georgia of allowing the 
 
corn tubble t remain on Ian I i the principal cause of the bad 
 
inva ion of talk bar I' : alono- thi same line rotation of crops 
 
offer a reli f from the pe t. Thi i an old ugo-e tion, but it 
 
r main good. 
 
In infested field all corn tubble hould be gathered and 
 
burned to de troy the pupa that are wintering therein. Deep 
 
plowino- in early pring to bury all talk that were not gathered 
 
will be advantage u. The pupa hould be buried 0 deeply that 
 
the emero-ing )lloth cannot e cape. 
 
If rotation of crop burning tubble and deep plowing are prac- 
 
ti ed, corn talk borers can o-enerally be ucce fully controlled. 
 
CORN ROOT WORM. (Diabrotica 1?'-plll1ctata.-Oliv.) 
 
Corn' i often attacked by a root worm oon after the plants 40 
 
 appear in the pring. The injury i cau ed by the larva of a beetle 
 
that is common in the outh and known a the twe1ve- potted 
 
Diabrotica. the cientific name beino- Diabrotica I2-pUllctata. To 
 
farmer it i locally known a "bud worm" on account of it 
 
cau ing the bud to wilt when the root are attacked. 
 
The adult Diabrotica i a green beetle ( ee Fio-. 10) about 
 
on -third to one-half inch in length, oblong in outline, tap ring 
 
toward the -anterior end, and having three tran "er e r w of four 
 
black pot on the wing. The adult 
 
often feed voraciou lyon melon, qua h 
 
and cucumber, and they have been known 
 
to feed on almo t every farm crop imag- 
 
inable. In fact, they are practically om- 
 
niverou . 
 
These root worms have been found to 
 
injure corn in bottom lands mo t severely, 
 
and e pecially early plantings. om 
 
planted after May 5th to 10th j eldorp 
 
injured severely, a most of the ego-s are 
 
Fig.ColrOn .-rAoodtulwt orbmeet(leen, lapragreedn)t. of de po ited 
 
previous 
 
to 
 
that 
 
time 
. 
 
\Vhen 
 
(Original.) 
 
corn i planted early a urplu of eed 
 
can be u ed and in mo t ca e enough plants will be uninjured 
 
to in. ure a full tand without re-planting. 
 
imple rotation of 
 
crop will u ually uffice to prevent injury from corn root worm. 
 
Corn foll wing wheat, rye, or barley i e1dom attacked, and the 
 
land will generally remain free from root worm for at lea t 
 
two year. 
 
The ugge tion that corn can be treated 0 as to become di - 
 
ta teful to corn root worm, \Va _ hown to be worthl~ by Quain- 
 
tance in 1900.* 0 al 0 wa the u e of kainit as a fertiliz r in 
 
killing the larvce. In one ca e he found root worms even wor e 
 
where kainit wa applied. 
 
;'Ielon, qua h and cucumber plant attacked by the adult 
 
Diabrotica hould be du ted with land pIa ter and Pari green in 
 
the morning while the plant are wet with dew. 
 
thi in ed 
 
eat large holes in the foliao-e the u e of poison will be found 
 
advantao-eou . 
 
s a matter of interest it may be stated that the 12- potted 
 
Diabrotica ha often been charged with preading di ea e, pch 
 
41 
 
 a the pear blight, by vi iting the bloom and carrying the blight bacillu from one point to another: 
THE SQUASH VINE BORER. (AIelittia safyYillifoYl1Iis.-Hubn.) Like the corn talk borer thi insect does its damage by burrowin in th talk of it ho t plaJlt. It injury i confined mainly to qua h and pumpkin, but melon, cucumber etc., may be attacked. The adult moth, par nt of the borer, i one of our mo t beautiful p cie , and described by Quaintance':' a havino- fore wing opaque, hinino- olive brown in color with metallic gr en reflection . the hind wino- tran parent with a narrow fringe of cale. Hind pair of leg are thickly fringed with hair, which on the in ide are black. aJld on the out ide orano-e colored. The body i about three-fourth of an inch long and the wino- may expand one and one-fourth inche . ( ce Fig. 11.) 
Fig. 11.-Moth, or parent of the squash "ine borer. (Alter Quaintance, Oa. Ex. tao Bul. 45.) 
The moth appear about the middle of May and depo it egg on various part of the plant mainly along the tem, a determined by Quaintance. Egg hatch in from ix to fifteen days and the larvre attain full o-rowth in about one month. 
Ob ervation made by the author during] 90-:1: how that the 
 
 cond brood of adult may b gin to appear by July 1st in outh G rgia. On June 17th, 190-1-, ,ummer qua h vine were found at Che rer, Ga., containin rr the lan-Ge, one or two in each plant. 
n July -th these plant were again examined when it was found that all the burrow or channel in the talk were empty. By di~rrinrr down around the plant the tou h ilken cocoon ,,-ere found. in one ca e four at the base of one plant. not more than two larYGe "'ere ob erved in a inrrle plant June 1 (th, it e 111 pr bable that ome had aIr ady gone into the rrround before that date. n July 4th a few empty cocoon ( ee Firr. 12) wer found, 
hawing that ome adult had already emerg d. From pupa ecured at thi date adult moth were emerrrin rr up to July 11th. From these nC!te it appear that the pupal tarre coyer from thr e to four week 
 
How to Detect Presence of Squash Vine Borers. 
 
During th latter part 
 
f ~Ia ,. and the fir t part 
 
Fig'. 12.-Pupa nnd empty' cocoon of SQll. ill ,'ine borer 
 
'" 
 
-twice "alural size. (Ori!,"inal.) 
 
of June examine the 
 
vines and if there are any accumulation of yellowi h excrement 
 
around the tem, carefully cut open the tem and remO\'e the 
 
,,-hite grub-like borer. Thi ,,-ill ften ave the plant with ut 
 
muc~1 injury re ultin rr fr0111 cutting. Th injury i caused by the 
 
borer makin rr large channel in the tem ( e Firr. 1:3). and often 
 
cau inrr the whole plant to hrivel and di. Ordinary insecticide 
 
and repellant are of very littl u e. The rrr w r lllU t ,,-atch 
 
clo ely and remove the borer when they are pre nt. After the 
 
crop i rrathered the vine hould at once be pulled and burned to 
 
de troy all borer of the econd brood. 
 
Fall plowing and harrowing the gardens ,,-ill de troy many 
 
pUpGe: thi coupled \yith clean culture and de truction of infe ted 
 
stalk will re ult in keepin rr th b rer in check in 1110 t ca e . 
 
43 
 
 CUTWORMS. 
 
Cutworms may 
 
ea ily be c1as ed a 
 
one of our mo. tin- 
 
j uriou specie of 
 
in ect. Working 
 
silently in the niO"ht, 
 
a they do, a va t 
 
amount of Injury 
 
may occur before 
 
the damage i dis- 
 
covered. A knowl- 
 
edge of the life hi - 
 
tory and habit i 
 
nece ary in order 
 
to under tand how 
 
to fight thi pe t. 
 
Life History- 
 
The adult cutworm 
 
moth appear dur- 
 
ing the months of 
 
June and July, and 
 
oon after arrival 
 
begin to depo it 
 
egg on the O"ra , 
 
wee Is an I rubbi h. 
 
A O"ra y od may 
 
be elected a the 
 
place to depo it 
 
egO" or any field 
 
where there i an 
 
abundance of gra s 
 
and weed. Egg' 
 
hatch in a short 
 
time and the young 
 
cutworms, at fir t 
 
very mall, begin to 
 
Fig. 13.-.~ quash tern cut open showing the borers within. feed on any UCCU- 
 
(Alter Quaintance. Ga. ICxp. tn. BuL 45.) 
 
lent vegetation at 
 
44 
 
 hand. t thi time of 'ear th y ar 0 mall and the food so abundant that the injury cau eli not noticeable. By the time cold weather approache the cub,"orm. may be in all tage of maturity from one-half inch in size to nearly full grown. 0 far no noticeable injury ha occurred. Cutworm pa the winter in little earthen cell in the soil under rubbi h, tone or any protected place. 
In the pring when the land i plowed the cutworms, emerging from their winter quarter with ravenou appetite after their 10nO" winter fa t begin to feed on any vegetation at hand. It i therefore evident that the fir t plant to come up in the garden will be liable to be cut off by the little cutworm . 
Description-The adult of our cutworm are moth belonging to the family, octuidae) m aning night flier, and for that rea on they are eldom een unle s attracted to li<Tht. :'loth range in ize from one and one-half to two and one-half inche in wing expan e. Color of front wing dark brO\ n or grey; hind win<T alway lighter than fore wing. Cutworm have naked bodie, ei<Tht pair of leg, three in front and five at the posterior end of the body; color may vary from dirty gr en to O"rey or dirty brown. Full grown worm a"erage one and on -half inche in length. 
Remedies-Injury from the c in ect ma.v b largely prevented by any r all of everal method. Fir t of all hould be mentioned fall plowing to expose the pupal cell in which cutworm pa s the winter. Thi hould be practi ed in. field where cutworm have been numerou. . econd poi on the cutworm in the spring with poi oned bran-mash or clover before the crop i planted. This can be accompli hed by fitting land a fe, day previous to the time when seed i to be own. For poi oned branma hue one pound of Pari <Treen, forty pound of bran, t,yO quarts of mola se and mix thi with ju t enOlJO"h water to make a thick dough that can readily be made into balls. Thi ma h may be placed on the land in little heap ju t before night-fall. The cubvorms being deprived of all other food, if the land ha been fitted a ugge ted will readily eat the ma h while it i fre h. 
nother very good plan is to pray a mall piece of ucculent clover with Paris green, one pound to twenty-five <Tallon of water cut the clover, and pread it n the land before it ha time 
45 
 
 to wilt. This hould be done about un-down and uch bait will be very attractive to the cutworm. It i almo t worthIe to attempt to poi on cutworm after the crop i up, or if there i much gra or weed on the land, 
\\'hen tomatoe ,cabbage and the like are to be tran Ilanted fit the land everal day in advance, let it remain untouched for two or three days, in order that the cutworm may become hungry and then try poi on bait for three night in ucces ion. Newly plowed od land hould alway b tr ated in thi way for rea on already tated. ~.0 rubbi h or weed hould be left on Jand after the main crop i removed a it furni he food for the cutworm durina- the fall month and protection during the" inter. 
ome people object to the u e of poi on bait on account of liability of poi onina- poultry and other animal, band of tarred paper are recommended for u e around uch plant as cabbaa-e and tomatoe. Thi paper may be pu hed into the ground around each plant t a depth of at lea t one inch so that the ltworm will not crawl underneath. Thi will protect the plant ,,'hile small and the band may be r moved after a few weeks and used around other plant. 
 
SQUASH BUG, CAllosa tristis.-DeGeer.) 
 
Thi i the rather lara-e. flattened ru ty black bug which injure qua h and other cucurbit. Thi in ect ha a sharp. pointed b~ak. through which it draw the ap from the plant. Infe ted plants become yellow, and ickly an I often die. 
 
Remedy-Hand pickina- of adult wh n they first appear recommended, They may al 0 be trapped under pieces of board, or leave from the plant, laid on th ground and examined each morrung. 
 
The ea-a- are laid in mas e on the under ide of the leave 
 
and are readily een owing to the yell w color. These egg mas e 
 
hould be found and destroyed. If any hatch the young" ill be 
 
found feeding in a-roups. The e may be crushed between the 
 
finger. Attention to the e minor detail will usually be the mean 
 
of preventina- eriou injury. 
 
Clean cultivation of gardens. keepina- all weed , tra hand 
 
, 
 
46 
 
 vine removed, will cause many qua h bug to succumb to the winter weather. 
THE CUCUMBER BEETLE. (Diabrotica vittata.-Fabr.) 
Thi i the little yellow black-striped beetle that feed on the youn'g cucumber and melon vine and damage them badly at time by eating mall hole in the leave. Thi beetle will be readily recoO'nized by th following de cription: Beetle ab ut one-fourth inch in len2th ; head and antennae black; general body color yellow, with a black _tripe on each winO'-cover, and a third tripe where the winO' meet 'along the back. tripe run longitudinally. 
The e mall beetle pa the winter under cover of leave and tra h around the garden. In the pring they come out and deposit egO' in the oil near the ba e of the food plant and the larvre when hatched live on the root. The e larvre are lender little white grub and when numerou they may do con iderable damage. The principal injury i cau ed by the adult feeding on the leave. 
Remedies-Clean cultivation of the O'arden after the crop are off in the fall so as not to leave any rubbi h under which the adult may pa the winter. ProtectinO' the young plants with gauze nettinO' while the plant are mall. \\ here plants are protected for three or four week, or until they get well tarted, the injury from cucumber beetles will not be great. Two piece of wire bent over the plant in the form of a double arch and thru t firmly into the ground, will make a O'ood frame for a netting to cover young pl'l-nt. prinklinO' pIa ter on the plants while young will often erve to keep the beetle away, but protection with netting i the only ure prevention. 
COLORADO POTATO BEETLE. (Doryphora Io-lineata.- ay.) 
Thi trouble ome pest of the potato plant i 0 common that it eem almost unnece ary to mention it. till the fact of its being common eems to keep many people from learning how ea ily it may be controlled. It i a fact that our new insect pe ts 
47 
 
 often receive more attention and are fought with more vigor than the ones that are alway with us. 
 
I 
 
Fig. H.-Adult Potato Beelle. * 
 
Fig. I5.-False Potato Beetle.* 
 
The Colorado potato beetle derived it name from it native home. ntil about the middle of the nineteenth century this beetle \\'a not con picuous a a garden pest, for before that time it fed on weeds of the same genus as the potato plant. 
Life History-Late in fall the beetles enter the ground and hibernate until the warm pring sunshine bring them out. The female oon commence to depo it eggs on the under ide of the leave. The e egg are yellow, occur in elu ters and are easily seen. In a hort time the ego's hatch into larvce having enormous appetite, which they at once commence to ati fy. The softbodied larvce increa e in ize with alarming rapidity and when full grown, which i in from three to four week, they go into the ground and form a mooth cell in which the pupal tage is pa ed. There are everal broods in the South and larvce of all size can generally be found on a plant. Fig. 14 show an adult b etle. 
Re11ledies-Pari green in any form is death to potato beetle. ,Vhile the plants are mall it may be applied as a dry powder mixed \\"ith ten times it weiuht of cheap flour, land pia ter or airlaked lime. This powder can be dusted on the plants while wet with dew early in the morning, or after undown in the evening. The du ter recommended for cotton caterpillar poisoning will be found u eful. Or Pari green may be applied in liquid form, by mixing one pound of poi on and two pound tone lime in 1% gallons of water. The lime hould alway be used to prevent burning of foliage. It i even better to u e the arsenical in connection with Bordeaux mixture. 
 
DIRECTION FOR PREPARING BORDEAUXPARI GREE MIXTURE. 
Usually it is best to use Paris green or other ar enicaI poisou iu connection with Bordeaux mixtnre, thus making one spraying serve two purposes. 
 
 From original drawings by Mrs. W. M. cotto 
4 
 
 Bordeaux i u ed principally for outroUing mildew and fungus disease and in it elf contain no in eeticidal ,alu , except a a rep lIaut. Combined with ar nical poi on it erye to keep thelartpr from wa hing off orapiclJy. 
For com-enience, the ingredient (copper ulphate, lime and water) of Bordeaux mixture and their amount, are designated by an abbreviated formula, the number of pounds of copper sulphate (blue tone) being written fu'st, number of pound of lime written second an 'I number of gallon of water written la t. Thus the formula" 46-50, " indicates a Bordeaux mixture of 4 pound copper sulphate. and 6 pound. lime in 50 gallons water. The formula' 3-9-50," would indicate 3 pounds copper sulphate, 9 pound lime and 50 gallon of water etc. Bordeaux mixture to be tho-rougWy ef feeti,e must be prepared carefully. The following method of prepal'ation will in me good results: Dissolve the blue tone in a barrel or tub, using a small amount of water. If hot water i used the blue tone will dis olve mo t readily, but the solution must be allowed to cool before mixing. Before immersing in the water tie up the blue tone 100 ely in a piece of burlap upended from a cord. PIa e this in the water and keep moving. The bluestone will have all di olved in a hort time, when this solution hould be diluted with clear water to 25 gallon. In another vessel slake the l' qui red amount of lime, using boiling hot water and adding water from time to time to prevent burning. When laked dilute to 25 gallon. Dip up these olution with bucket and pour them together into a third barrel. hold ing the bucket so that they are emptied simultaneou ly and not too fa t. The streams should meet and mingle together in mid-air so that the solution are thoroughly mixed before they reach the surface of the liquid in the barrel. When both solutions have been poured into the third barrel in thi manner, tir up the mu.'ture vigorously with a padclJe and the Bordeaux IIID.'ture i ready for u e. It is also now ready for the addition of Paris green or other poison. While praying out the BordealL"t mixture only a pump ,vith a good agitator should oe u ed. 
Ore n ar enoid i an article that may be sub tituted for Paris green. It is of a duller color, bulkier, more finely divided, and remain in suspension longer. It can be purcha ed for a little o,er half what Pari green co ts and pound for pound it is worth about as much for poisoning in ects. Grower are recommended to te t this arsenical especially because so much impure Paris green i often placed on thb ruUlket. 
FLEA BEETLES. 
Cucumber, tomatoe , melons, turnip and many other garden 
vegetables are often attacked early in their life by little jumping 
beetle that make small round or irregular hole in the foliage, and 
from their ability to jump, they have been given the name of Flea 
Beetle. The damage from these little fellows is sometimes very 
evere a they attack the plants while mall and tender. The larv~ are mo tly leaf-miner, livinD' in the tis ue of the leaves 
and stem of the host plant, though seldom doing much damage. 
Flea beetles vary in size and color, ome of them beinD' 0 
mall a hardly to be een, while others, like the grape flea beetle,. 
being nearly one-quarter of an inch long. II have thickened hind 
legs enabling them to jump readily. They will all be recognizee! 
49 
 
 by thi characteri tic. Color ranges through steel blue, brown and black. 
Remedies-Clean culture of the garden i the very be t thinO" to practice, a flea beetle hide in rubbi hand tra h through the winter. hen they appear in the pring young plant may be prayed with ar enical poisons, unle s the plants are protected by a cover a recommended for the Cucumber beetle. It ha been found that young plant covered thickly with ordinary Bordeaux mixture are not often everely attacked, the mixture actinO" a a repellant. sually it i b t to add paris green or O"reen ar enoid to the Bordeaux a it will poi on ome beetles. When the plants have attained ome ize they are eldom injured by the e in ect . 
imply du ting plant with lime du t will drive some pecie of flea beetle a\yay. However, it cannot be dep nded on in all ca e and the be t plan i to u e an ar enical poi on, or cover the plant . 
CABBAGE WORMS. (Polltia rapae and Bontia. protodice.) 
Everyone living in the country ha een the common white butterflie that u ually appear early in the spring and love to hover around in unny place ; but many perhap do not know that the e butterflie are the parent of our mo t common cabbage worm, that yearly depredate the cabbage patch . There are two common cabbage worm , one known a the imported cabbage worm, and the other a the native cabbage worm. The former was imported many year ago from Europe and the latter is indigenou to this country. 
Imported Cabbage Worm (Polltia rapae)-The adult butterfly white in color with a faint creamy tinge; the male have one black spot and the females two similar pot on each front wing. In addition to thi they both have the front wing tipped with black. The hind wing in both exe bear a black pot near the front mar2'in. The e butterflie have a winO" expan e of from one and one-half to one and three-fourth inches. Worm when grown are green in color, sometimes having an obscure longitudinal black stripe along the back. The worm or larvre when grown chanO"e to pupre on the plant, attachinO" them elve by a ilken band. There are everal brood and the winter i pa ed in the pupal tage. 
50 
 
 Native Cabbage Butterfly (Polltia protodice)-Adult male of thi pecie clo ely re emble the imported pecie in ize color and marking. The female, however, look quite different; though white in <Teneral color the wing are much mark d with angular black pots. The worm how four longitudinal pale yellow tripe, two on each ide of the body. In other re pect the pecie are much alike. 
Remedies-Experiment how that cabbage worm uccumb to any ar enical poi on, but it u e ha not been generally recommended becau e of prejudice against the u e of poi on on account of dan<Ter of poisonin<T the con umer. It may be intere tin<T to the reader to know that experiment have been made in which cabbage head prayed with Pari <Treen have been ubjected to chemical analy i to find out how much poison actually remained after th fir t few day. In ev ry ca e there was only a light trace, if any; certainly not enolwh to be dan<Terou. Be ide, cabbage o-row from the inside out and the outer leaves are alway removed before cooking. It may be aid that with ordinary care it i afe to spray cabbages with ar enical poi on. \ e do not, however. recommend it u e on full o-rown cabbage. 
Pari green or green ar enoid may b'e used with lime and water, in the following proportion : Pari <Treen, 1 pound tone lime, 1 pound, water, 150 gallon. Or arsenate of lead may be u ed at the rate of pound in 50 gallon of water. 
Four sprayinO' thrOlwh the sea on will u ually uffice to keep the worm in check. \, hen the plant are nearly full grown the u e of fresh Hellebore powder i recommended. Thi h uld be dusted on the plant every two or three day. It oon 10 e it poi on property whel'l. expo ed to the air, hence the nece it)" of repeating the application so often. 
PLANT LICE. 
everal truck and o-arden crop are annually injured by mall green, yellow or brown oft-bodied in ect that live by ucking the plant juice. Plant lice are 0 mall that they often pa unnoticed until con iderable injury to plant ha occurred, when the ickly appearance of the plant cau e them to be examined. The lice u ually occur on the under urface of leaves, when that i po ible, thouo-h cabba<Te may be covered all over. 
51 
 
 Melon Louse (Llphis gossypii, Glover)-The e lice may appear on melon early in the prin a , winged individual c ming from ome of their many food plant in adjoining fields. The winaed form give birth to living young, and the e in turn reach matunty in about eight day, and brin a f rth more young. The colonie thu formed live on the under ide of the leave and may oon cau e mall plant to turn yellow and die. The leave oon become curled and mi - hapen. More colonie are e tabli. hed by winged individuals that fly from one place to another. These lice ma~' continue to multiply all summer, unle checked by artificial mean. The winter is pa .ed in the egg stage, and po ibly in hibernation. 
Re11ledies- praying with kerosene emul ion or whale oil soap solution. To do this thoroughly the vine mu t be turned over or el e use a curved rod to carry the pray to the under ide of the leave. pray a oon as the fir t lice appear becau e when the leaves become curled the lice are hard to hit. Carbon bi-sulphide may be u ed to good advantage when the plant are mall. Carbon bi- ulphide i a liq uid and can be purcha ed from any drug store. Dr. John B. Smith* recommend u ing one dram. which i about equivalent to one tea loonful to each cubic foot of pace. 
practically air-tight cover mu t be placed over each plant to be treated. The cover can be made of heavy ducking stretched over a light wood or wire frame. Place the liquid in a hallow di h on the ground and let the plant remain covered for one hour. It i e timated that five do e will cost only on cent if the carbon bi- ulphide i purcha ed at whole ale price . 
Cabbage Lice -For lice on cabbaae we would recommend prayinO" with kero ene emul ion or oap 01ution. Oftentime a trong oap solution made from common wa hing powder is found fully as effective a the kerosene emul ion. The thing to avoid i letting the lice multiply to O"reat numb rs before treating the infe ted plants. Furthermore, one pra. 'ing hould not be expected to kill every insect, and a they increase with such rapidity, the second treatment hould be given in four or five day after the fir t. Thoroughly controllinO" the lice \\"hile the plant are mall is the be t practice. 
Plant lice on any crop may be controlled if taken in time. The 
 Kew Jersey Exp. tao Bul. 121, p. 10. 
52 
 
 insect are oft-bodied and easily uccumb to any common contact pOl on. 
In cabbao'e fields all tump hould be pulled out and burned to de troy the lice remaininO" after the crop i O"atherec1. I 0 keep down uch weeds a mu tard, hepherd's pur e and the like as cabbage lice Houri h on uch a well a on cabbage. Practice clean culture in garden and along fence row and "'alk near the garden. 
 
Directions for Preparing Kerosene Emulsion. 
 
Formula for tock olution: Kero ene 
 
') O"allon . 
 
Hard oap ( oft soap, 1 quart) ------------ 0 pound. 
 
\, ater 
 
1 gallon. 
 
Place a kettle containing one gallon of water over a fire and in it dissolve the oap. The water hould be boilinO" hot. Remove thi olution from the fire and add 2 gallon of kero ene after which the mixture mu t be agitated violently for about ten minute. s the kerosene and soap olution combine a mooth creamy emul ion will re ult, the bulk will increa e nearly onehalf and when properly mixed the re ulting emulsion will remain without eparating for everal week. Thi emul ion is most ea ily prepared by u inO" a mall force pump havinO" a direct di charge and throwing a one-eighth inch tream, pumping the olution back into itself with con iderable force. In ix or eight minute the emul ion, made in thi "'ay, will be perfect. 
Thi tock olution of kero ne emul ion may be diluted with water to any required trength. but care hould be taken to have it thorouO"hly mixed before u ing. 
For convenient reference the proper amounts of water u eel in diluting the stock olution fo'r certain strerwth i O"iven herewith: 
For 5 per cent. emul ion dilute with R gallons of water. For 10 per cent. emul ion dilute with 1 O"allons of water. For 1.~ per cent. emul ion dilute with 10% gallon of water. For '20 per cent. emul ion dilute with 7 gallon of water. 
 
53 
 
   NOTICE I 
In order to make our Library more nearly complete we wish to obtain the following Bulletins and Publications, either exchange or purchase: 
U. S. Dept. of Agr., Bur. of Ent. n. s., Buls. 2, 4, 5, 6,7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21, 28, 25, 28, 32, 83, 34, 35, 36, :J7, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44 and 45. 
U. S. Dept. of Agr., Bur. of Ent., Tech. Ser., Nos. 8,4,5 and 7. U. S. Dept. of Agr., Bur. of Ent., Old Ser., Nos. 6,12,30 and 32. Exp. Sta. Reoord, Vol. XII, Nos. I, 2 and 10; Vol. XIII, No.2; Vol. 
XV, Nos. 6 and 7. Inseot Life, Vol. I, No. I; Vol. 6, No.4. Entomologioal News, Vol. VIII. Nos. 7, 8, 9 and 10; Vol. IX, oomplete; 
Vol. X, No.8. Canadian Entomologist. Vol. XXXI, Nos. I, 2, 3, 4. 5 and 7; Vol. 
XXXII, No.9. 
We can offer in exchange the following: 
U. S. Dept. of Agr., Bur. of Ent., Teoh. Ser., No.9, (2 copies.) U. S. Dept. of Agr., Bur. of Ent., New Ser, Nos. 20, 29, 30, 34 and 38. Insect Life, Vol. I, No. II; Vol. III, Nos. 4, 9 and 10; Vol. IV, Nos. I, 2, 
8, 4, 5, 6, 9 and 10; Vol. VII, Nos. 2, 3 and 4. Exp. Sta. Record, Vol. X, Nos. 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11 (2 copies) and 12; Vol. 
XI oomplete. Journal of Applied Microsoopy, Vol. I, Nos. 4, 5, 6 and 9; Vol. II, Nos. 
1 and 5. 
GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY 
Atlanta, Georgia. 
 
 GEORGIA 
State Board of Entomology 
BULLETIN No. 17.-0CTOBER 1905. 
PEACH INSECTS 
A Bulletin of Practical Information 
BY 
R. I. SMITH. 
 
CAPITOL Bun.DING 
 
Atlanta, Ga. 
ATLAl{TA, GA.: BTBD PJmiTO'lG COllPANT, 
lllO5. 
 
  GEORGIA 
State Board of Entomology 
BULLETIN No. 17.-0CTOBER 1905. 
PEACH INSECTS 
A Bulletin of Practical Information 
BY 
R. I. SMITH. 
 
CAPITOL BUILDING 
 
Atlanta, Ga. 
ATLANrA. GA.: BYHn PIUSTISG CO)lPANY. 
1!lO5. 
 
 Georgia State Board of Entomology. 
ORGANIZATION. T. G. HUDSON. Chairman, Commissioner of Agriculture, Atlanta. 
P. J. BERCK1\1ANS, 
President of State Horticultural Society, Augusta 
DUDLEY M. HUGHES, President of State Agricultural Society, Danville. 
R. J. SMITH, State Ento!11ologi t and Secretary of the Board, Atlanta. 
A. C. LEWIS Assistant State Entomolqiist, Atlanta. 
HARPER DEAN, Jle. 
Field Assistant Entomologist, Atlanta. 
 
 To tile I-Ionorable Board oj Entomology 
of tlte tate of Georgia: 
 
I have the honor to ubmit the accompanying manu cript for publication and di tribution in accordance with an ct of the General A embly, approved December 20th I 98. 
Thi manu cript has been prepared to meet a growing demand among the peach grower of thi tate for information concerning all the principal insect attacking the peach. vVhile the an Jo e cale has been known for several years in Georgia it has often become apparent that many fruit grower are familiar with it appearance, wherea it would eem that every fruit grower hould be able to recognize thi important scale in ect where\'er it occur. Other cale in ect omewhat closely related to the San Jo e, hould al 0 be known, and the ame thing i true of all other in ect liable to attack the peach in Georgia. 
It i thought that the de criptive part of thi bulletin, upplemen ted by numerou illu tration , will enable the reader to know and recognize mo t of the important peach in ects. It i hoped that thi work will prove to be of intere t, and of practical value to the peach grower of thi tate. 
 
Very respectfully, R.1. 
Approved: T. G. HUDSON, Chairman of the Board. 
 
MITH. tate Entomologist. 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
THE SAN JOSE SCALF.- 
Historical __ _ __ 
 
_______ ____ 
 
RD.eemcreirpliteison 
 
. 
 
. 
 
Lime-Sulphur-Salt Wash Lime-Sulphur Wash 
 
Keroseue Emulsion 
 
PUTNAM'S CALE INSECT- 
Description and Life History_. Remedies 
 
PAGE 
 
__ ____ 
 
_ 
 
60 
 
.. 
 
. 
 
. 
 
__. _____._______ 
 
6I 6\7 
 
. .. __ . 
 
65 
 
67 
 
---_ --- - - -.- - -- - --- - 69 
 
. _. _. . 70 
 
. 
 
.__ 72 
 
C H EHR Ri sYt o r iCc aAl L E - 
 
, 
 
Description and Habits 
 
. 
 
Remedies 
 
. 
 
 
 
72 
 
- - - - .- - - - - - - ---- 73 . . ---- 74 
 
WEST INDiAN PEACH SCALE- 
Historical 
 
Description and Life History 
 
Remedies 
 
. 
 
. . 
. 
 
. --. ---. 74 -- - - . - - 75 
. ----- 77 
 
PEACH LECANIDM- 
 
R:~~%~~_n_~~~_~~~~.~_i~:~~~=~=== == =~ ====== ==== =====~= == ~ =~= =: ==: ~~ 
 
PLUM PULVlNARIA- 
Occurrence in Georgia 
 
. 
 
79 
 
Description and Habits_ _ 
 
__ __ __ _ - -- -- -- - - 79 
 
THE PEACH TREE BORER- 
Ri:eimf~eed~ielss.~.~~c:~~:~~~==========:==:====:==-:=::===:====:=:::==:.:_==8~:3~ 
 
FRUHITisTtRorEicEaBl ARK BEETLE. Winter Stage and Lif~ History -Remedies - 
 
... ._._. 
 
87 
 
.---------- 89 
 
. 
 
- 90 
 
PEACH TWIG BORER- 
Description and Life History 
 
.. 
 
92 
 
Winter Stage --Remedies - . 
 
. - - - -_- _-- - - __ -. - - -- - - -. -- - - - - -. - - - - 93 . -- -. ---- .- __ ---- ------ -- 94 
 
THE CURC LIO- 
Description and Habits Remedies 
 
.. 
 
. 
 
... _. 95 
 
. 
 
._ 
 
SJaprrraiynign-g- - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - -._.. - - . - - - - - - -. . - - - - - - - - - ------ ------ ..---- -- --- ---. 
 
96 
97 
 
Gathering Fallen Fruit 
 
98 
 
PI,ANT LICE 
ew Plum Aphis 
 
Black Peach Aphis 
 
. 
 
Remedies 
 
. 
 
ROOT KNOT OR EMATODE GAI,I, 
 
. 
.. 
 
-- ----- 99 
 
101 
 
. 
 
101 
 
102 
 
AMERICAN TENT CATERPILI,AR- 
 
.:' ". Life History and Habits 
 
. _.. .. 
 
104 
 
1temedies 
 
. 
 
105 
 
 BULLETIN 
OF THE 
Georgia State Board of Entomology. 
 
OCTOBER, I90j. 
 
o. I7. 
 
Publi8hcd b)' the Georgia lute Board of }~Iltomology A Llull!lI. Gil .. IIlld 8 III free of ehllrKe to all rcsidellt~ of the tate who Illuke reqllll!!t for '>lIne. 
 
SCALE INSECTS AFFECTING THE PEACH. 
 
General Remarks: Among the numerou in ect known to at- 
 
tack the peach in Georgia the everal cale in ect rank among 
 
tho e of mo t importance. Out of thi cia s the an Jose scale 
 
stand at the head a being the be t known and the mo t perniciou . 
 
Few there are who have not heard of thi in ect, though many 
 
persons as yet have not been compelled to fiO"ht thi pe t in their 
 
orchard. In Georgia, fortunately, there are still many 10ca1itie 
 
entirely free from thi dreaded in ect and may with proper pre- 
 
caution remain 0 for a long time to come. Careful watch should, 
 
however, he kept for it fir t appearance. The an Jose cale 
 
cannot under pre. ent condition be prevented from making yearly 
 
inroads 011 previously uninfe ted territory, and for that rea on 
 
all who intend to engage in the fruit growing bu ine should be 
 
able to recoO"nize thi in ect at a glance. It i for the purpo e 
 
of more thoroughly di eminating knowledge regarding the , an 
 
Jose cale and it control and for the purpo e of calling atten- 
 
tion to certain other cale insects liable to become injuriou to 
 
the peach, that the fir t part of this bulletin ha been prepared. 
 
:trange a it may seem many orchardi ts are till wholly unfamil- 
 
iar with the appearance of the an Jo e cale, it name only being 
 
familiar to them. bout the other cale in ect that will be men- 
 
tioned comparatively little pecific knowledge i po es ed by the 
 
average orchardi t. . 
 
The 1-ew Peach cale or \Ye t Indian peach cale, a it \\ill 
 
 
 
be termed, stand next in importance to the one j 11 t mentioned. 
 
It will, however, be much more readily recognized on account of 
 
the white color of the male cale and the marked difference in 
 
appearance between the exe, a de cribecl farther on. A very 
 
Common scale insect in Georgia orchards is one that has been given 
 
59 
 
 the name, Cherry cale, though it i more commonly found on peach than on cherry tree. It ha often been mi taken for the San Jo e cale, and owing to it omewhat clo e re emblance is not ea ily di tingni hable, except by an expert. Thi cale while not considered eriou ly injurion in Georgia, i much more generally di. tributed than the an Joe cale. Putnam cale in ect is another clo ely related pecie and may be mi taken for the 
an Joe. It i not a prevalent in Georgia a the two form just mentioned. The oft cale, peach Lecanium, i al 0 frequently met with and de erve careful con ideration. 
Two other cale in ect, namely, the curfy cale and the Oy ter-shell Bark-lous, ometime. occur on peach tr e , but as they are more commonly fonnd on apple the: will be re erved for di cussion in a bulletin on apple in ect to appear at orne later date. For all practical purpo e they need not be con idered amon<T peach in ect. Following the e general remark ix cale in ect will be di cn ed eparately, involving a description as well a remedy for each. 
THE SAN JOSE SCALE. (Aspidiotlls pemicioslIs . Com t.) 
'fhi i by far our mo t de. tmctive . cale in ect and one that ev ry fruit grower hould learn to reco<Tnize a it may attack pear, plum, apple. apricot quince, per immon, currant and other tree and bu. h fruits a well a the peach. It ha been demon trated without a douht that thi scale can be controlled in infested orchard., and it therefore behoove ev ry fruit <Trower to learn to recognize this pe t and be prepared to fi<Tht it from it fir t appearance. By doing so much damage and los will be av ided. 
Historical: The exact ori<Tin of the San Jo e cale wa for a long time in doubt thOll<Th up to the year 1901 it was <Tenerally snppo ed to be a nati\'e of Japan or ome Ea tern country. During that year Prof. C. L. :"larlatt made an exten ive trip throu<Th Japan and after making a careful in\'e tigation, came to the conclu ion that it native home mu t be el ewhere. His inve tigation extended into China and there in the K orthern portion was found the native home of the an Jo e cale. 
In the Tnited State the San Jo e cale was fir t di covered at ~an Joe, Cal.. in the early e\'entie and oon pread to everal orchard in that vicinity. In] L 0 the in ect was tudied and decribed by Prof. Com tock. then Entomologist of the nited tates 
60 
 
 Department of . griculture. It wa he who gave thi scale the name per/liciosl/s a he declared it to be the mo t pernicious scale in ect in the United State. everal years later-in 1 93-this in ect was discovered in an orchard at Charlotte ville, Va. This discovery lead to an inve tigation revealing the fact that the San Joe scale had been imported into orne Ea tern nur eries, probably in ew J er ey, five or ix year previou to 1 93, and from tho e nurserie it had been widely di tributed over the ea tern fruit 
growing state. v\ hen di covered at Charlotte ville many other 
point of infe tation occurred and it soon became apparent that extermination would be impo ible. Hence every effort was directed toward finding a method of killin<T the scale in the infested orchard. The e effort have been crowned with ucce ,so that now in Georgia, a well a el ewhere, cale infe ted orchards are prayed each year with every a urance of ucce . 
 
Description: The an Jo e cale i 0 mall that any descrip- 
 
tion 111U t be largely general in it nature. The full grown indi- 
 
viduals are only about 1-16 inch in diameter, hardly the ize of a 
 
mall pin-head. Its 
 
characteri tic s hap e 
 
and coloring can only 
 
be detected accurately 
 
by the use of a good 
 
hand lens, and when 
 
e x ami ned closely 
 
much variation will 
 
be noticeable between 
 
indiYidual . 
 
A full grown female 
 
an Joe scale is ashy- 
 
gray in color, almost 
 
round in outline and 
 
in the center of the 
 
upper urface of the 
 
cale there is a mall 
 
dark colored ring sur- 
 
rounding the nipple. 
 
Thi nipple is charac- 
 
Fig. I.-Twig with an Jose calc of all ages; mag- 
nified fh'c times. (.\tter Alwood, Vir. rop. Pest Comm., pee. Bull., No. (5.) 
 
teristic of all scale inect belonging to this 
 
61 
 
 same family, its location and color often being a help in determining the exact specie. The nipple is formed in part by the first molt or ca t skin of the young insect while the sub equent cale formation is due largely to ecretions from the body of the in ect, the e ecretion gradually hardening when expo ed to the air. Clo e examination "'ill reveal two or more quite di tinct ring around the nipple. The e ring are developed when the in ect undergoe it second. third or fourth molt. rrhe re ulting cale is lightly conical, loping evenly in all direction. The above is a de cription of the outward appearance of a full grown female cale formed under perfect condition. vVhen crowded on a branch they often a ume widely differing hape . 
 
Thi mature cale a de cribed above conceal the body of the true in ect underneath. By u ing a pin or knife point the hard cale may be lifted revealing the orange-yellow body of the female in ect. (Fig. 2.) 
 
The male an Jose 
 
scale differ from the 
 
female by havinO" an 
 
elongated growth to 
 
one side. In ize the 
 
male are smaller and 
 
often darker in color 
 
and the central nipple 
 
and fir t rinO" will be 
 
noticed at the anterior 
 
end of the elongated 
 
scale. Fig. 1 reprc- 
 
ent the comparative 
 
ize and hape of the 
 
male and f e m a I e 
 
Fig. 2.-01d n Jose scale with true insect ex posed, tn right. (After Alwood, Vir. Crop Pest Comm., pee. Bull., '0. 45.) 
 
cale a they appear on an infested twig. 
 
Life History: Spealdng specifically of the life history of the San Jose scale, the females, when from 33 to 40 days old, begin to give birth to living young. Eggs are never deposited by this species. The young scale insects are almost microscopical in size. having oval shaped bodies of a bright orange yellow color. Soon after birth they commence moving about looking for a place to settle and commence feeding. Often from 12 to 24 hours are consumed before they settle down and insert the minute beak with which the juices of the plant are sucked up for the nourishment of the young insect. After these young scale insects once settle and commence feeding their position 
 
62 
 
 is never changed, except in the case of the male which changes to a winged form. At the end of twelve days, according to Dr. L. O. Howard,* the first molt occurs, going to make up the nipple of the subsequent scale as already described. Up to this period the two sexes are exactly alike. When this first molt occurs the insect under the scale changes in a:ppearance, the legs disappear, and the little insects look like yellow flattened balls. .'\.t from 18 to 20 days the second molt takes place, and from then on the males and females differ widely in appearance. The males begin the development of the elongated scale covering while the true insect lmderneath changes to a pupa from which there emerges at the expiration of 24 to 26 days the adult winged male as shown in the illustration. (Fig. 3.) The female insects take longer to become fully mature. Dr. Howard places the time at thirty days. At this age the body of the female contains quite well developed embryonic young which begin to make their appearance from the 33rd to the 40th day. These minute )'oung insects seek a feeding place as already described. 
 
Examination of a cale 
 
infe ted tree during sum- 
 
mer will how in ects of all 
 
ize from newly born lar- 
 
vae to full developed males 
 
and female. Each adult 
 
female may give birth t(, 
 
from 300 to 400 young, 
 
coverinO' a period of po si- 
 
bly two week ; hence the 
 
fir t born may be pa t the 
 
Fig. 3.larged. 
 
n .lose (Afler 
 
scale, adult male-great Howard, Yearbook, 1 94, 
 
lya. 
 
en-. 
 
Dept. 01 Agr.) 
 
fir t one 
 
molt when the later appear. In Georgia 
 
there are at lea t five O'en- 
 
cration each ea on. 
 
It should have been tated that the male and female are nearly jet black except for the central nipple, until about one-half grown. the a hy-gray color appearing later. The e perfectly round II arly black scale, havinO' a prominent nipple urrounded b)' a liO'htly O'rayi h rinO' are very characteristic and ea ily di tingui hd from nearly all other cale in ect . 
 
HOW THE I ECT P E THE WINTER XD HOW TO DETECT IT. 
The winter tage i pa eel by the an Joe cale as half grown or nearly mature individual. ~Io t of the mature female perish 
 
U. S. Dept. 01 Agr., Bureau 01 Ent., n. s. Bull. No.3. 
63 
 
 frOlTI cold and exposure to the weather. During winter a badly 
 
infe ted tree will pre ent a gray appearance de cribed by some as 
 
looking as though coated with wet a hes. The old dead cales 
 
may be packed closely together and piled on top of one another. 
 
Thi color will be relieved in places by the black, circular, half 
 
grown scales as de cribed above. The greater number of young 
 
scale will be found on the Ie thickly coated portion of the in- 
 
fested limbs and around the base of young shoot and branches. 
 
By drawing a knife blade or thumb nail along an infe ted branch 
 
an oily yellowi h fluid will exude cau ed by cru hing the soft-bod- 
 
ied in ect under the cales. Another characteristic feature of the 
 
an Jo e scale i that it cau e the bark to turn red at the point 
 
of attack. This is e pecially noticeable on the young wood of the 
 
peach. The bark turns red nearly or quite to the wood a de- 
 
termined by shaving off a thin section. I olated cale may cause 
 
a red blotch, in diameter, several times the size of the scale it elf. 
 
The bark of infe ted peach tree often hows a marked depre ed 
 
or pitted appearance, explained by the fact that the bark nearly 
 
ceases growth at the exact point of attack, while the surrounding 
 
ti ue continues to increa e in volume. Peach tree badly infe ted 
 
with scale often commence to die the second year, though ome- 
 
time when infe ted at the age of hvo or three years they will 
 
survive for several years afterward. \Vherever orchards are 
 
watched clo ely thi dying may be prevented by proper remedial 
 
treatment a de cribed in the next paragraph. 
 
. 
 
RE:r.lEDIE . 
During the many year that remedie have been te ted ao-ain t the an Jo e scale almo t everything having any in ecticidal value ha been te ted. The whale oil oap treatment has been given a thorough te t in Georgia and other tate, and, while giving more or Ie ati faction, it ha proved to be too expen ive for general u e. Kero ene and crude petroleum in mechanical mixture and a emul ion were u ed in Georo-ia quite extensively during the early fight again t the San Jo e cale. Both were te ted thoroughly by Prof. 'V. M. cott, fir t Entomologist for Georgia, and hi re ult were publi hed in bulletin during 1901-09  He found that the u e of either kero ene or petroleum was attended 'with orne danger of killing the sprayed tree -largely on account 
64 
 
 of careJe labor-hence their application ha been practically abandoned except in the ca e of kero ene \\ hich i till recommend d for sUl1lmer treatment (J. mentioned farther on. Cau tic oda ha been carefully te ted and reported on in Bulletin o. 1+ - till available-as well a many patent cale wa hes calculated to kill cale but proving to be of very little value. 
Result obtained from the u e of Lime- ulphur- alt wa he . te ted fir t in Georgia during the winter of 1901-02, and further te ted in the prin<Y of 190-:1: and 1905, have demon trated without any doubt that in them a afe and reliable remedy for the cale ha been found. 
Winter Treatment: For winter treatment of cale infe ted tree the followin<Y wa h is recommended to be u ed a a pray, applying it with a pray pump to every tree in infe ted orchards. Thi recommendation i ba ed on the re ult of exp riment that hav been conducted by the Georgia tate Board of Entomology, and on the experience of large orchardi ts who have te ted this wa h on thousand of tree with most excellent results. 
 
Lime-Sulphur-Salt Wash. 
 
Lime 
 
_ 
 
F ormuIa: aulltphur --------------_ 
 
{ \\ ater to make 
 
_ 
 
90 pound. 16 pound. 
5 pound 50 gal. 
 
:'IIix the ulphur into a thin pa te with a mall amount of water and then add it to about 15 gallon of boiling water in a kettle (or in the boiling tank if team is u ed) and tir thoroughly. While thi mi.'{ture i a the boiling point add the tone lime, which will immediately commence to lake, cau ing violent ebullition. \Vhile the lime i laking much of the ulphur will be di olved, a will be evident from the rich amber color re ulting. The lime hould be tirred frequently while laking and water added a nece ary to prevent burning or too violent boiling. After the lime i through laking add the alt and continue the boiling for at lea t 3 - minute or longer if it eem nece ary to dissolve all the ulphur. 
Thi wash when properly prepared hould be a dirty yellowi hgreen color when agitated, but if allowed to ettle a clear amber- 
65 
 
 ------............--. 
8l 
Fig 4.-A complele plant Cor boiling lime-sulphur wash; built by John T. West, Thomson, Cn.: I,arge water tank in rear above; boiler house to lett-not shown in picture; platronu supporting 50 gallon barrels fitted with sleam connections; 250 gallon spray lnnK and spraying gang, on righ1. (Photo. by aUlhor.) 
 
 colored liquid will appear on the surface. There is alway are, idue which settle quite readily, neces itatinO" frequent tirring, or better, constant agitation while in the pray tanle wa h of thi kind hould be strained through a wire screen or heavy burlap to remove all large particle of lime or other foreign matter that would tend to cloO" the spray pump. It is e sential to han :l large per cent. of what may be termed the re idue, forced throlJ<Yh the pump and onto the tree a it plays an important part toward killing the scale. 
 
Lime-Sulphur Wash. 
 
Lime 
 
_ 20 pound. 
 
ulphur 
 
_ 16 pound. 
 
'Vater, to make 
 
_ 50 gal. 
 
Thi wa h i made in the am way a the one just mentioned, imply leaving out the alt. The lime and ulphur wash has proved in our experiment practically a effective a the wa h includinO" alt. Many fruit grower in Georgia are at present using thi formula, and a ert that the alt i of no benefit. ome reliable authoritie ,however, till in i t that the alt i e ential '0 it i deemed best at this time to offer both formula and let individual preference decide which to use. Either one ha proved thoroughly effective during the pa t two ea on . 
The lime-sulphur wa he a recommenrled are intended primarily ior winter praying work while the tree are perfectly dormant. They cannot afely be u ed after the trees bud out in pring or at any time during ummer. Badly infe ted trees hould he prayed twice during ,,-inter and when thi i done, once in December and again in January or February, an Jose cale may be practically exterminated. Tree only lightly infe ted are usually ufficiently protected by one thorough praying during January or February of each year. 
Summer Treatment: Orchards properly treated during winter will eldom require summer praying so far as the San Jose cale i concerned. ometimes, however, a new infe tation may be di 'Covered in late spring or urnmer and in order to prevent the cale from multiplying so rapidly through the ummer month, the trunk and main limbs of the infe ted trees may be treated with 
ff7 
 
 a 
..... 1 
w::r> 
\i'ig. 5.-A simple slcnm boiling outfit for preparing lime-sulphur washes: H, hoiler; ss, steum pipes; gg, globe yulvrs; 1, 2, 3 Gnd 4, rJ\)'~Il\\on bnrrC'ls; xx, pi}X'8 for drawing off rnixlurc ufter boilinK; 1.\ lar,;c pipe cllrrying- liquid fl'om pipes xx to wagon tnnk ("If K\U'lly\mrrC'\. u. low(>r end or Rt-CUUl l.ipe with crOM-arms lind oll("ci",ht.h inC'h opcmlnll8 for {'aellJX' or ste:llll; 1\ platform () 
tct.!\ .\Nvu 61'0,""u1i 1. \l\VC "ullplylng wlll~1' from l,!\(!vnled h,nk or ,t"BIlI Jet; h, waleI' iaQtiO tor Cllrr)'illg clear wutcr tv 1, :!, 3, uncJ 4. 
 
 the lime-sulphur wa h prepared a for winter prayino-. It can be applied with a mop or large bru h or a spray pump may be u ed if care i ob erved to prevent the pray from being thrown on the foliage. A wa h of the tremrth recommended will burn peach foliao-e everely and often kill back young tender hoots. 
 
KER ENE EMUL I N 
 
:.nIER TREAT~IENT. 
 
In 1902 the writer conducted experiment with kero ene emulion on peach tree, in ?\Iaryland, durino- the month of July. In 190-! further te t were made by the :,vriter in an orchard at Myrtle, Ga., and ao-ain in 1!)Q- at Mayfield and Thom on, Ga. 
t ~ rayfieId the te t \Va made on tree not infe ted with the an 
Jo e scale, but at all the other places badly infe ted tree were prayed. Inj ury to the treated tree could not be detected in any of the e experiment. The fir t prayino- in 1905 with kero ene emul ion was made :-'1ay 2-!th and 25th, and the last spraying At\<Yust 10th. In no ca e could damage to the tree be detected except a slio-ht burning of foliage. In view of the result obtained by the variou experiments it is deemed safe to recommend the u e of kerosene emul ion a a ummer treatment for San Jo e scale; pro~'ided however, that the 'work be dOlle strictly accordillg 10 direction with elllulsion properl)' made, so that Ihe keroselle <l'ill not separale ill the spray lallk. 
 
tock olution: 
 
Kerosene Emulsion. 
 
( Kero ene 
 
_ 
 
~ Hard. oap 
 
_ 
 
I r ''''hale Oil oap 
 
_ 
 
l Water -------------------- 
 
gallon ') pound -! pound ,1 gallon 
 
Place -! gallon of water in a 15 or 20 gallon kettle, bring thi 
 
to a boil and in it di solve the oap. Remove this oap olution~llhile boiling hot-from the fire and add gallon of kero ene 
 
after which the mixture mu t be violently agitated for about ten 
 
minute. 
 
the kero ene and oap olution combine a smoot:1. 
 
reamy emul ion will re ult, the bulk will increa e omewhat and 
 
when properly prepared the re ultino- emul ion will remain with- 
 
out eparating for everal week. Thi emul ion i mo t readily 
 
made by u ing a mall force pump havino- a direct di charge and 
 
00 
 
 throwing a one-eighth inch tream, pumpina the solution back into it elf with con iderable force. After ten minutes pumping the emul ion will be perfect. oft water should be used for makina emul ions, but if such water is not readily obtainable, haret water may be broken by the addition of a little lye and can then be u ed with afety. P r on making emul ion for the fir t time should be ure to agitatc the mixture a directed, otherwise \\'hilc it may 1001- thorouahly mixed it may soon eparate when allowcu to tan I. 
Thc tock solution may be diluted to any required trenath. For ummer treatment T would recommcnd u ing an emul ion containing 20 per cent. of kero ene. In the experiments briefly mentioned above 25 per cent. emul ion wa. employed without injury to the tree, but the 0 per cent. trength wa almo t equally effective: 90 per cent. emul ion kill nearly all the cale when applied during the ummer months; 15 per cent. emul ion ha often been recommended but it doe not always give satisfactory resuIt. It is not advi able to pray tree with nearly ripe fruit, as the fmit ab orb the kero ene and may ta te so trong when ripe, a to render it un alable and unfit for home u e. 
ote: For a more complete discussion of how to spray and what equipment is required, and how to prepare lime-sulphur wash, particularly by the steam boiling process, the reader is asked to send for Bulletin No. 14 of the Georgia State Board of Entomology. Application should be made to the State Entomologist, Atlanta, Ga. 
PUTNAM'S SCALE INSECT. 
(Aspidia/lis al/cyhls Putn.) 
Of the cale in. ed occurring in Georcria thi i perhap the specie mo t closely re emblin a the an Jo e. Fortunately this cale is by no means a de tructive and not at pre ent one to he seriously feared. It i well, however, to know what scale in ects may occur in the peach orchard, a by watching con tamly for all pecies the more de tructive form will be di covered. In New York tate Dr. E. P. Felt record thi cale a being the most common pecie of Aspidiatus on fruit tree and shrub in that tate. In 1\,fassachu etts it ha been reported as being particularly de tructive in an apple orchard. In Virginia thi cale is quite commonly mi taken for the an Joe. 
Description and Life History: Putnam cale in ect i in many 
70 
 
 re pect similar to the 'an Jo c cale and hence a comparative de cription only will be given. 
2 
4 5 
Fig. G.-Putnam' cole insect: 1, group of young 'cales, enlarged; 2, badly infested twig, enlarged; 3, portion of 2, greatly enlarged; 4. female ale, greatly enlarged; 6, male scale, much enlarge<!; 6, young cale insect, \'er~' greatly enlarged. (After E. P. Felt, ~. Y. tate Bull., Xo. 46.) 
The adult female cale hown in Fig. 6 i slightly larger than the an Jose, being about 1-19 inch in diameter. In color they are dark gray, and the nipple i reddi h colored and lightly to one ide of the center. The male cale are dark gray with the reddi h nipple showing prominently. Their elongated hape is weIl hown in the illu tration. Like the San Jose cale thi species pa e the winter a partly grown individual, but according to 
71 
 
 Dr. E. P. Felt,* they are usually more nearly mature than the over-wintering an Jose cale. In sprin rr the male and females complete their growth, the former emerrring a mall winrred individuals and the latter depositing errrrs under the protecting cale. Dr. Felt tate that only one brood develop in Tew York, but in thi tate there are probably at lea t two. The rate of reproduction of the Putnam cale i low compared to the an Jo e cale, which is fortunate, a otherwise it might be a very d~- 
tructive in ect. 
REMEDIES. 
The over-winterin rr, partly grown cale may be killed by an application of the lime- ulphur wa h a recommended for the 
an Jose scale. If the infested tree are pI;ayed durin rr wintr'r no ummer treatment will ordinarily be nece ary. But if number of young crawlinrr in ect are ob erved during ummer the~' may be de troyed by the kero ene emul ion treatment a recommended on page 69. 
CHERRY SCALE. 
(AspidiotllS forbesi Johnson.) 
Historical: Thi cale in ect wa fir t de c~ibed by Prof. \ . G. John on in 1 96, it having been di covered by him in Illinois in 1 9-1. It frequently occur on wild cherry and wa for that rea on given the name, Cherry cale. Prof. John on, writinrr in 
1 96, t stated that it wa not an uncommon thin rr to find or 
year old cherry tree in IlIinoi literally covered , ith thi detructive cale in ect. . t the ame time he tated that many para ite were known to attack thi pecie and lhi fact may explain why the cherry scale i no more destructive in Georgia a~ pr ent. 
In G orgia the cherry cale i found in greater or Ie numbers in nearly every old peach orchard in the tate, but in connection with thi wide di tribution it hould be tated that the chern' cale ha not been, and cannot be con idered at pre ent a a particularl) de tructive cale in ect. In the majority of orchard where it ha been di covered in Georo-ia, para ite have appar- 
*Bull. ~. Y. tnte ~[u eum, ~o. ~6. fU. . Dept. of Agr., Bur. of Ent., Bull. Ko. 6, p. 75. 
72 
 
 ently ucceeded in holding it in check ufficiently to avoid the nece it) of praying a l11U t alway be done to control the an Jo e cale. 
Description and Habits: The Cherry cale, like Putnam' scale 
in ect, i clo ely allied to the an J0 C, and to the novice it i not 
ea ily di tingui hable. The full grown female cale, a well 
4 
6 
Fig. 7.-Cherry scale: 1, two male scales, very much enlarged; 2, twig infested with grown scales, natural size; 3, portion of 2, enlarged; 4, Cull grown female, much enlarged; 6, hall grown scale, greatly enlarged. (Alter E. P. Felt, . Y. tate Bull. No. 46.) 
ho\\'n in the illu tration, (Fig. ) i nearly round; natural color yellowi h gray; cales rather flat and about 1-12 inch in diameter. Jear the center of the cale but alway omewhat to one ide, is the reddi h nipple or exuvia. The male cale are elongated. 
73 
 
 smaller than the female, and the nipple at the anterior end i bright orange red. Thi bright color i e p cially prominent when tht' cale have been handled, rubbing off the thin outer surface covering. 
The characteri tic feature di tinaui hin a thi pecie from the an Jose cale, are mainly that the former are flatter, the nipple always to one ide and oranae red in c lor,-as compared to the central yellowi h gray nipple of the an Joe-and a twig infe ted with cherry scale alone doe not how the mall circular black scales like tho e of the youna an J 0 . \Vith this description in mind one would hardly confu e the cherry and San Jo e cal. The Cherry scale hibernate a partially grown individual, completin a their growth in early sprin a and unlike the an Jo e scale, the females depo it egg from which little lice hatch, imilar in appearance to the young of the an Joe. Jut the date when the fir t young appear in Georgia from the egg of the first brood, is not definitely e tablished, and is not nece ary for the purpo e of thi bulletin. There are probably a many as three generation ead1 ea on in this tate. On cale infe ted trees young crawling lice may be found during almo t all of 'the summer months. 
RE:-IEDIE 
The remedie recommended for the San Jo e scale are equally effective aaain t the cherry cale. \\ hile prayin a i not generally practiced again t thi in ect the writer ha ob erved orchards "'here prayina would be advisable. The winter praying should uffice if thorOtlO"hly done and in that event ummer treatment will not become nece ary. 
WEST INDIAN PEACH SCALE. 
( 4111acaspis pelltagnlla Targ.) 
Thi cale insect de erve more than passina attention a it is capable of doing great damaae. it importanc in Georaia beingecond only to the an Jo e cale. 
Historical: The \ e t Indian Peach cale i known to occur in many countrie among which may be mentioned En aland, Italy, ustralia, Japan, China, outh frica, Panama and the \"e t Indie. It i suppo ed that the native home of this in ect \Va either Japan or the 'vVe t Jndie , and from the latter place ;t 
74 
 
 ha derived the common name, vet Indian Peach cale. In the nited State thi cale i known to exi t in ~Ia acl1U ett " a h- 
ington, D. C., Ohio, Florida, Alabama and California, a well as in Georgia. Jn 1 99 Prof. '\. M. cott recorded it occurrenc~ at Thoma ville, Bainbridge, Irby and hburn, Ga.,* and reported that about 10,000 trees were utterly destroyed at Irby. The cold winter followed by the February freeze in 1 99, froze out nearly aU the cale in the South Georgia orchards, and for awhile it was not pre ent in de tructive number. ince then however, it ha <Yained. ome headway and con iderable praying ha heen required to keep it in check. \\ ith our pre ent knowledge of the de tructive power of thi insect it i well to keep a harp lookout for fear it may increa e to it former de tructive numbers, and also spread to new feeding ground. ince the writer ha been with the Department no new ca es of infe tation by this insect have been discovered or reported. We have rea on to hope that this cale will not be allowed to pread further, and it is tl? help prevent the possibility of such an occurrence that this discu sion and description ha been prepared. II fruit growers hould be prepared to recognize thi cale at a glance. By exterminating any ne\ Iy di covered infestation, the po ibility of a recurrence of the calamity at Irby will be reduced to a minimum. 
Description and Life History: glance at Fig. will how 
c 
 
Fig. .-We t Indian Peach Scale: a, branch covered with male and lemale scales-nat 
 
f 
 
ural size; b, lemale scale; c, male scale; <I, group 01 male scales- nlarged. (.\fler Howard, Yearbook, 1 4, U. . Dept. 01 Agr.) 
 
'00. tate Board 01 Ent., Bull No. 1. 
75 
 
 the reader that thi an in ect quit different in appearance from the preceding forms mentioned above, the chief difference noticeable being the wide variation b tween the male and female cale , and the hape and color of the former. The adult female scale are gray and not readily notic able. The nipple i always to one ide of the center and characterized by being ridged and comparatively large. The e female u ually c1u tel' on the trunks of infe ted tree. The male are most prominent, beinO" white in color, elongate. parallel ided, and having' the exuvia or nipple ituated at the anterior end. They prefer to elu tel' near the ba e of large limbs and when abundant, O"ive the tree a whitewa hed appearance. 
Fig. 9.-Wcst Indian Peach eale: Adult male-greaU.v enlarged. (After 1I0\\'arJ, Yearbook, 1 94, U. S. Dept. of Agr.) 
Concerning the life hi tory Dr. L. O. Howard write a follow;':' "DurinO" the wi;lter thi in ect is found in \\ a hinO"ton, D. C., only in the condition of the mature female. The egg are developed early in ~Iay, and he young larvae hatch by the middle of the month. Ttle males ( ee Ficy. 9) begin ~ i ue the middle of June and impreg. at~ the female, and the Jatter begin egg laying by the end of the )';;onth. The econd generation is full grown by the middle of ugu t, and the third eO"g laying beO"in at thi time. In this latitude the development i comparatively regular." In Georgia no definite "ob ervation have been made to confirm thi account, but very po sibly a fourth O"eneration may occur in thi latitude thereby increas~ng the rate of multiplication. Everything con idered this insect i much to be feared and should be looked for and immediate tep taken to exterminate it when di covered. 
'Yearbook, Dept. of Agr., 1 ,p. 2 7. 
76 
 
 REMEDIE . , inter praying with the lime- ulphur wa h will be found effective, and thi is probably the be t remedy, though ummer treatment with kero ene emul ion or whale oil soap olution, just after the young have hatched, may at time become nece ary. 
'i\: henever a fruit grower di cover any infe ted tree they hould 
be immediately dug up and burned, while the surrounding trees hould be given a thorough winter praying. 
PEACH LECerANIUM. 
(EulcCQlliltln p.sicae Fab.) This cale in ect quite unlike the form ju t mentioned, is a native European specie. It ha become established in ome Georgia orchard and in certain in tance quite evere infe tations have been reported. Description and Life History: Unlike the an Joe cale and clo ely allied pecie thi cale insect doe not develop a specific hard caly covering. The lecanium are known a naked scale in ect , often called ' oft cale.' "Turtle-back cale" is al 0 a common appellation and one quite suggestive of the appearance of the peach lecanium and other clo ely allied pecies. The in ect it elf form the scale and when examined clo ely' it will be ob erved that the outer body wall i hardened but not eparate from the in ect within. The nearly mature female lecaniu111 (FiO". 10) hemi pherical, 
lO.-Peach Lecanium: Newly hatched larva on right; unimpregnated female next; full grown females on twig-nntural size. (After Howard, Yearbook, 1 94, U. S. Dept. of Agr.) 
77 
 
 mewhat elongated. brown in color and quite hard in texture. The nearly grown scale may be found clllsterell on mall twigs and branche during winter \\ hen they are readily een. ~ hen pring arrive the e in ect commence to grow and oon the female depo it egg. The male cal change to a winged in ect, but on account of being 0 mall and li\'ino- only a . hort time the adult mal ar eldom ob erved. The ggs may be found in the hard cale, which when crushed appear to contain only a powder:' substance. The female insect hrivel up in the hell and practically disappear \\hen th ego- are dcvcloped. From thest' egg younO" lice appear. probably for the 1110 t part during June in thi tate. younO" lecanium larva i hown in the figurc. 
"hen the in ect are abundant on peach t\\"igs a perceptible amount of honey-dew i frequently ecreted. Thi \ et ubtance give ri e to a mut funO"u which often cover the bodie of the cale, de troying many of them. 
RE~lEDIES. 
It ha usually been con iderecl that th be t time to de troy the peach lecanium and other lecanium is ju t after all the egO"s are hatched in early ummer. Thi may be done provided the orchardi twill ob erve the date of hatchinO" and prepare to pray the tre .oon ther after. The unprotectt'd young will . uccumb to a treatment of 1 - per cent. kero ene mul ion or to whale oil oap. one-half pound to one O"allon water. Generally peakinO" uch . praying hould be clone in GeorO"ia about the micldle of June. 
uch w rk will eldom be necessary. howcver. wherever orchard are prayed thorouO"hly with lime- ulpl1t1r wa h durinO" winter. The writer ha een one ca e. however, wherc a tree infe tecl with peach lecanium and an Jo e cale, \\"as prayed with thi wa h clurinO" February and the lecanium wcre apparently unharmed. Thi must b an exceptional ca e, however, and was partly explained by the fact that the lime- ulphur wash u ecl wa not full trength, owing to latene of the sea on. ancl fear of injuring fruit bud. 
Plum Pulvinaria. 
(Puf<viJlaria alJlygdali Ckll.) 
The Plum Pllivinaria belonO" to the cia of cale in ect known a "oft scale'. \ hile omewhat clo ely related to the LecalliuJn 
78 
 
 cale, jut mentioned, it differ much in api earance from the lecanium prop r. 
Occurrence in Georgia: Thi cale \Va found and reported during 190-1, from ~Iar halh'ille. ~Iacon and \lbany, Ga. At ?lIar hall ville the infe tation invoh'ed a plum orchard of everal hundred trees. and at ~racon it \Va found on several plant including wild haw and plum. Thi may ,,'ell be con idered among peach in, ect as it frequently live on the peach tree. 
Description and Habits: Th winter i pa ed by the half- 
~'ig, n.-Plum Pul\'inaria: On foliage as found during summer. (Frnrn ['boto.) 
79 
 
 grown female cale on the branches and twig of it1fe ted tree. In the winter tage they are not particularly can picuou. In spring these over-wintering in ect commence to grow and develop the white cottony growth which con titute the egg sac, and i a very con picuous object. s the female near maturity a clo e examination of an individual would reveal a" mall brown, hardish bodied in ect at one end of the cottony ac. In the ac would be found numerou minute eO"O". The e egO"s hatch in early summer and the young crawl out all the foliao"e and there develop into the adult form a de cribed above. (Fig. 11.) "We do not know about the number of brood each year. Before the foliage falJ the partly grown female have fastened them elve to the limb and branche , there to pa the winter. 
 
REMEDIES. 
The winter praying mea ure advocated for are effective against this pest also. 
 
an Jo e cale 
 
BORING INSECTS ATTACKING THE PEACH. 
General Remarks: Peach trees in Georgia are attacked annualJy by boring in ect cau inO" con iderable damage, much of which could generalJy be avoided were the e in ect more familiar to the fruit grower. The common peach tree borer, \ hich work at the ba e of the tree i known by nearly alJ fruit grower, but many do not know the life hi tory of the in ect and therefore do not know how to fight it intelJiO"ently. The folJowinO" de criptiol\ with remedial uggestion, i intended to b of value by cau ing greater familiarity with this insect. The fruit-tree bark-beetle should al 0 be made the object of tudy and watched for each year, and al 0 the peach-twig borer with which many fruit grm er are familiar. In general it may be said that the peach-tree borer i one of the \ or t enemie of the peach in Georma. though the other boring in ect mentioned here\\'ith cau e con iderable damaO"e in certain years. 
0 
 
 THE PEACH-TREE BORER. (Sanninoidea exitiosa ay.) 1 early one hundred year ago the peach-tr e borer wa rlecribed, and ince that time it has been more or Ie familiar to fruit growers in the Ea tern and Middle tates. Before the introduction of the peach into the Uriited tate thi in ect probably lived in \\ ild cherry or plum. It ha been determined that the peach-tree borer i a native of the Ea tern tates and ha followed the peach wherever it ha been planted in the :t\lic1dle and We tern tate, until now peach grower in all part of our country ea t of the Rocky Mountain are generally familiar \ ith the work of thi important peach tree pe t. 
Fig. 12.-Peach-tree Borer: a, adult female; b, adult male; c, full grown larva; d, f male pupa; e, male pupa; f, pupal kin partially e.1:ruded from cocoon-all natural size. (After Marlatt, . . Dept. of Agr., Bur. of Ent., ire. 54.) 
General Description: The gummy exudation about the base of pea~h tree cau ed by the larvae of the peach-tree borer, i a well-known ight to every fruit <Yrower. 11 tone fruit uch a pea h, plum and cherry throw out thi copiou mass of <Yum when injured in any way, and th p ach more particularly. Exudation of a browni h gummy ma , more or Ie mixed with borings, earth and larval excrement, when occurring at the ba e of peach or plum tree, indicate the pre ence of borer underneath. These ma e of gum often extend entirely around the ba e of badly infe ted tree but being clo e to or beneath the urface of the oil, they may be over-looked for ome time unle the earth i craped away from the trees. 
The adult peach-tree borer re emble wa ps in ize and hape, hein<Y ometimes mi taken for them. The exe differ 0 much in appearance that one "'ould hardly take them to be the ame 
81 
 
 pecie. The adult moth are hown in Pirro 12 a and b, where the difference in size can be noted. The female moth have the fore win rr blue, cov red with cale. while the hind winrr 3re tran parent, re embJin rr tho e of the male. Both exe are st elblue in rreneral body color, but the abdomen of the female i marked with a broad orange band which i ab ent on the body of the male. 
The adult moths appear mainly during the la t ! art of At1<TU t and the fir t half of eptember, a stated farther on, and the female oon commenc to depo it rrg. From the e eg minute worm hatch and oon begin to bor into the bark near the ground cau ing an exudation of rrum a mentioned above. \ Yhen fuJI rrrO\\'n the worm or borer are ab ut one inch in length. yellowi h white in color with the head and fir t body seg-ment brown. Firr. 12. c.) \\Then fuJI rown the larvae leave their channels in the tree and con truct a cocoon at the urface of the round, near th 1a e of the tree from which they emerrred. and change to a chrysalis. or pupa, in the cocoon. From the cocoon th adult moth i ue, e caping from the pupal skin which i usually left attached to the cocoon a hown at Firr. 1'2. f. 
The above i a very rreneral de cription of the peach-tree borer and it work. more pecific di cu ion of the life history follow. a it ha a direct bearin rr on the metho I of treatment and hould be well under tood. 
Life History: tarting with partially grown larvae (borer ) as found during winter in infe ted peach tre . we will follow out the entire life hi tory of the peach-tr borer. The writer i indebted to Prof. H. N. Starne of the Georrria Experiment tation, for the fact pertainin rr to the life hi tory of thi in ect. and the followin rr tatem nt are taken-with hi gener us con ent-from hi paper before the Geor2ia tate Horticultural ociety.* Prof. 
tarne . ob ervation how that the larvae ar about one-half or two-third grown at the approach of pring. havin rr fed until late in fall and probably remained in a hibernatinrr tate during a porti n of the winter. During the pring and early ummer the larvae complete their growth, and it i durin rr thi feeding period that a great part of th injury is inflicted on the infested trees. When full grown the larvae leave their channel in the wood and proceed to con truct cocoon near the urface of the rrround at 
 
 the ba e of the tree. These cocoon are clirty brown in color, ciepen ling omewhat on the color of the oil. They are about one inch in length. (Fig. 1 ,f.) 
By far the largest numb r of larvae leave their channel ciurinO' the latter part of July and the fir t part of \ugu t. though some individual come out earlier and some later. Immediately after can tructinO' their cocoon the larvae pupate, challging to the pupa or chry ali , which i a hiny brown object of the hape illu trated at d and e in Fig. 12. Th pupa tage la t from three to four week when the change to the adult take place. and there emerge the adult moth a already de cribed. The cocoon with the pupal kin extruded (Fig. 12, f.) are ea ily found ab ut the base of inf ted tree. 
Considering that the great majority of larvae pin c coon and pupate during the month of _ ugu t and that the adult moth emerge in at lea t four week thereafter, it is evident that mo t of the adult moths will be found during '- eptember. Prof. tames tate that the majority of moth -in the latitude of Griffin. Ga.emerge between ugu t 26th and eptember 15th. oon after emergence matinO' take place and ovipo ition oon follow . 
The eggs are very mall, oval and light brown in color. They are clepo ited by the females on the trunk, mainly close to the level of the ground but at time high up on the trunk and even on the lateral limb. Quoting Prof. tame: "The gO' are practically all hatched by October 15th, and the young larvae, which are at fir t very minute drop to the urface of the ground and begin to channel into the interior of the tree where they remain throughout the winter dormant a lllall part of the time, but feedinO' vigorously throughout fall ancl spring and well into the summer.' 
Thi point about the eO'O'-laying and hatching. and the manner in , hich the younO' larvae bore into the tree i of great importance, a on it hinge the be t method of treatment. 
REMEDIAL MEA 'RES. 
Xow that we are familiar with the true life hi tory of the peachtree borer it i evident that some of the time-honored recommendation for preventing the borer m\1 t be modified or changed omewhat. The life hi tory, a tated above, is ba ed on work done near Griffin, Ga., and there i a probability that the exact date Q'iven may vary in different part of the tate. However thi variation will not be ufficient to interfere with general recom- 
83 
 
 mendation regarding the proper treatment for thi in ect. ny sugo-e tion made in thi article must of neces ity be somewhat general in it nature to admit of being applied in all parts of Georgia. 
The principal valuable preventive and remedial mea ure will be di cus ed under eparate head, ba ed largely on the life hi tory of the in ect a already de cribed. 
(1) Wrapping: Tree may be wrapped about the trunk with brown pal er or n w paper, to a height of eighteen inches. Thi wrapping hould be fa tened about the top with mall wire or stout twine, to prevent larvae from entering under the paper from above. The wrapping hould be put in place by Augu. t 1 t, at the late t as it is intended to hinder the first born larvae from reaching the trunk of the tree. Tarred paper might be employed, but a it i only intended to remain for three month orne cheaper paper will an wer about a well. 
(2) Mounding: After th paper covering i 111 place the oil hould be immediately mounded about the base of each tree, ten inche high coverino- the lower portion of the paper. \ here tree are treated in thi way the larvae hatching from ego- high up on the trunk and main limb, after dropping to the top of the mound, will be forced to reach the tree through the paper wrapping. and at a point ten inche above the level of the ground. Before the little larvae ucceed in affecting an entrance. many will be devoured by ant and bird. Ants are often our be t friends by capturing many little borer oon after hatchino- and before they have been able to tunnel under the bark. where they would be protected. 
(3) Worming: fter the above treatment, wrapping and mounding has been attended to by ugu t 1 t a recommended, it might eem that the tree would be thorouo-hly protected. That i not alway true however, a me larvae may get down under the paper wrapping from above, and orne may succeed in forcin~ an entrance throuo-h the paper at the surface of the mound. For the e rea on alone, worllling shonld af oJ's follo~ wrapping and moundino-. Thi wormino- should beo-in the la t week in ctober, for it has been h wn that nearly all the egg are hatched by October 15th. The r a on for worming at thi time i to get a many young larvae a po ible before they have injured the tree. V orming at thi time will neces itate removal of the paper 
84 
 
 wrapping, and I veling of the mound. In fact, to leave the paper on longer in any event, would be to offer protection to the youn<T borer underneath. A knife will not be requir d for worming a a great per cent. of the larvae pre ent will be on the urface of the bark feeding on tender spots and cO\'ered \\"ith a mass of gum mingled with excrement and loring. Thi <Tummy ma s, together with the worm beneath, may be craped off "'ith a curved bill-hook arran ement. bluntly pointed at one end and provided with a double ed<Te which hould not be harp-ab ut like a dull table knife. Thi hook mar be heavy enough to serve for di<Tgin<T and cuttin<T if de ired. and hould be provided with a ub tantial hancll about twelve inches long-, \Yith uch a hook tr e can be wormed rapidly, The majority of the young borer will be found on the tree trunk everal inche above ground and ling for the m t part on the urface, they may be easily craped off. 
The hook mentioned above i one rec mmended by :-1r. C. :-1. Porter, of Dou<Tla . Ga., and the writer believ that no better implement ha been devi ed for thi work. 
(4) Caustic and Deterrent Washes: fter worming in fall ome form of cau tic ,,'a h hould be applied to the tree trunk to kill the larvae which have been expo ed, but remain n the trunk, and t prev nt the di lad<Ted larvae from re-entering the tree. It appears to be omewhat doubtful about a wa h applied earlier in the fall preventing the adult from depo iting e<Tg. Prof. tarne report that eg<T are laid on the lateral branches: this habit ha al 0 been observed by the writer. I have een moths depo it egg on the leave of nur ery tack at lea t three feet above the ground. \\ a hes .of a deterrent nature apl lied to p ach tree trunk before the moth appear would probably cau e more egg to be laid high r up and unle the wa h applied i capable of rep lIin<T the little larvae \\"hen hatched, it \\"ould be of little value. 
Li11le-Slllplwl'-Tar Mi.rtlt re: wa h that ha proved fairly atisfactory, havin<T both deterrent and cau tic propertie , is one fir t recommended by Prof. \V.:1\1. cotto It i made as follo\\"s: ~Iake one bu hel of lime with a mall amount of ,,'arm water. While the lime is lakin<T add ten pound of ulphur, previou Iy tirred into a pa teo To this mixture add one-half gallon of ga tar and then dilute with water to about 50 (Tallon. Thi wash carrie ufficient lime to form a <Toad coating over the bark. while 
85 
 
 not being thick enough to flake off badly ""hen dry. By adding two pounds of Pari gr en to the above we have a deterrent, cau.tic an I poi on wa h. 
Hale's Borer Wash: Ir. J. H. Hale, Pre ident of the Hale 
Geor~a Orchard Co. recommends the following wa h: Two quart of trong oap and a half pint of crude carbolic acid, with tv 0 ounce of Pari green are thorou<Yhly incorporated in a bucketful of water, and enough lime and clay added to make a thin 
pa teo * wash of thi de cription, if applied about July I.-th. 
would act a a deterrent and poi on. To be mo t thoroughly effective it hould be applied to the trunk and main limb and be replaced when 100 ened by rain. 
Prof. Starnes reports that he cannot recommend anyone wa h in view of hi experience with many different formula. For applyin<Y to trees ju t after fall worming he recommend the following: 
Lime and Potash Wash: imple mixture of thick whitewash and ball potash-ll/2 pound lime, 2% ounces caustic potash to the gallon of water. 
It i quite probable that the lime- ulphur mixture recommended for San Joe cale treatment may be u ed with good 'ucce . They certainly po e s the cau tic property nece sary to kill youn<Y borer larvae and by adding a little more lime than the cale formula call for, it would cover tree trunk ufficiently to act a a deterrent to both the adult moth and the larvae. 
ummarizing the remarks re<Yarding borer , a he , none are \\'orthy of unre tricted recommendation. The be t time to apply any wa h i ju t after the fall worming. If wa he are applied earlier and before the tree are wormed they hould be ufficiently thick and cau tic to repel larvae which attempt to enter the trunk of the tree. 
(5) Spring Worming: In view of the information now at hand regardin<Y the life history of the peach-tree borer it does not appear advi able to depend on pring worming. The borer are all under th bark in spring and I11U t then be removed with a sharp knife or killed in their burrows with a wire probe. vVhere other measures have not been properly' attended to, spring worming may be nece sary and beneficial. It would at lea t tend to reduce the num- 
'Formula from Cir. 54, p. 4, Bur. of Ent., . S. D. A. 
86 
 
 ber of adult appearinO" in fall, and prevent much injury during ummer month. In general it would seem preferable to devote considerable time and work to the fall treatment a already decribed, and if ome borer have caped they hould be dug out in early prin . A cau tic wa h may be applied after the pring worming but it will only de troy larvae which have been expo ed but not actually killed. 
Best results iu cOlltrollillg peach borers ~ ,ill be obtailled 01lly 'l. 'hen the variolls remedial measures--as suggested-are combilled, alld each featllre of the 'l. ark given emoeful attelltiolL. 
THE FRUITTREE BARK-BEETLE. 
(Scol),t1ts ruguloslls Ratz.) 
(Known al 0 a shot-hole borer.) 
ext to the Peach Borer thi i the most troublesome boring in ect attacking the peach in Georgia. During ome seasons very little injury i- occa ioned by thi in ect but during the ea <;)11 of 1905 report came in to the entomoloO"i t mainly during the latter part of .Tune and throuO"hout the month of .T uly, from which it was evident that the bark beetle wa more than u ually abundant in the peach orchards. everal of these reported cases were inve tigated by a member of thi Department, with the re ult that we became convinced of the unusual number of thi insect. \ hiIe the actual damage to healthy tree wa not a great as many fruit grower were led to uppose, the appearance of these beetle in great number caused considerable alarm, which might easily have been avoided had the true habit and life-hi tory been known. Hence a omewhat exten ive de cription i deemed advi able. 
Historical: This in ect i a native European pecie. In the 'nited tate it was fir t noticed in 1 in 1 ew York, where it was attacking the peach. No doubt many other localitie were infe ted at the ame period though 110t then Ii covered. It ha 110W been found in all the Ea tern tate and at lea t a far we t a Kan a. Thi in ect ha been known to injure the following fruits: Ilum cherry, apricot, nectarine, apple, pear and quince a well a the peach. Habits and Nature of Injury: Early writer It ually held to the opinion that the fruit-tree bark-beetle would not attack perfectly 
'a7 
 
 healthy tree, and orne there are \\"ho wilJ till a ert that the 
 
fir t writer were correct. Their tatement how- 
 
ever, are not borne out by ob ervations made in 
 
Georgia peach orchard . a many growers will 
bear witne .. F. H. Chittenden * writin a in 1 9  
 
cite ca e where thi in ect had been known to at- 
 
tack apparently healthy tree, where they adj in- 
ed old and aban loned orchard, and J.::-1. ted- 
 
mant tate that he ha een peach tree, which 
 
were to all appearances perfectly healthy, eriou- 
 
ly attacked by the fruit-tree bark-beetle. The 
 
writer ha upon everal occasion found the bark- 
 
be tl boring into ound. healthy tree. Two 
 
uch ob ervatiolls were made in Maryland in 
 
1901-02. and in Georgia th same thing ha been 
 
ob erved everal times. 
 
Fig. l3.-Work of The w ioht of vidence i conc1u iv, hower, 
 
Fruit-tree Bark 
 
beetle in twig- that th bark-beetles fir t attack weakened and 
 
natural size. (Af- 
 
ter Chit., u. s. d)!ina tree but often when numerou , turn their 
 
Dept. 0 Agr., 
 
Bur. of Ent., Gir. attack to tree which are apparently in aooct 
 
No. 29.) 
health. 
 
appropriately tated by J. ~1. 'tedman:t (It 
 
is very largely a matter of opinion when one pronounce a tree 
 
perfectly healthy that ha become infe ted with thi pe t, but no 
 
doubt one hould regard a tree a healthy when there i ab olutely 
 
no rea on to u pect anythina different except that it ha now be- 
 
com attacked by thi in ect. 
 
The fruit-tree bark-beetle work for the great r part of it 
 
lifetime under the bark of the infe ted tree. A tree in which thi 
 
in ect has been breeding will ho\\" many branche like Fi . 1~, 
 
illu trating the nature of the work under the bark, a well a the 
 
outward appearance, howing the holes made by the adult beetle. 
 
Young peach tree often commence to wither and dry up towar Is 
 
the end of the limb bef re any other ign of borer i di covered. 
 
" hen that occur th in ect will often be found beneath the bark 
 
a de cribed farther on. 
 
. 29. 
88 
 
 c 
 
d 
 
Fig. 14.-Fruiltree Bark-beetle: a, adult beetle; b, ame in profile; e, pupa; d, la"'a, all magnified about ten time. (Alter hit., U. . Dept. of .\gr., Bur. of Ent., 
ire. No. 29.) 
 
Description: The adult fruit-tree bark-beetle i a mall cylin- 
drical beetle, about one-eighth inch in length and only about one- 
third a broad. They are uniformly black in color except the tip 
of the elytra or win rr cover and a portion of the legs, which are 
dull red. Firr. l-, a, illu trate the peculiar punctuation on the 
thorax and wing, and the peculiar blunt haped abdomen is well 
hown in Fig. l-, b. The youn rr borer or grub i white except 
for the brown head, a illu trated at d. The pupa-the form a - 
umed by the larva ju t before chan ing to the adult beetle-i 
pictured in the /irrure at c. 
Winter Stage and Life History: The winter is passed by this insect in the lat'val or grub stage in their channels under the bark. In spring about the middle or latter part of March, the parent beetles eat their way out ft'om under the bark, making little holes scarcely 1-16 inch in diameter. These parent beetles soon commence to bore into the trees. and begin the construction of an egg chamber which is nearly always formed in the direction of the long axis of the limb, or nearly 
o. They seem to prefer to enter at the base of the limbs, or at the forks made by lateral spurs, and often at the base of buds near the extremities of the small branches. The beetles are frequently found, on badly infested trees, entering the trunk nearly to the base of the trees_ The egg chamber is formed partly in the cambium layer and partly in the wood directly beneath. An egg chamber varies from one inch or less to an inch and a half in length, and as it is formed minute side pockets are constructed to each side, in which eggs are deposited. It is supposed that each female lays about eighty eggs. The minute grubs batching from these eggs burrow at right angles to the egg chamber. When a limb is badly infested these channels cro sand re('ros one another, until the cambium layer of bark, and the wood just beneath. is reduced almost to powder. The typical egg chambers and side galleries are well illustrated in Fig 15. The young grubs continue to feed as described until full grown when they make a slightly de per burrow and there change to the pupae from which emerge the adult beetles as already described. These beetles escape by simply eating their way out through the bark, making the characteristic round hole. As each beetle must make a hole through which to escape and another When entering to construct the egg chamber, the great numbers of holes found in an infested limb are easily accounted for. 
89 
 
 Generations Each Yem': Concerning the number of broods in Georgia each year, no definite ob ervation have been made. In Mi ouri, Prof. ted man found three and sometimes a fourth. Con idering the fact that many adults were observed this year during the early part of July, and as these must have been the third brood, it i rea onable to predict that we have four generation to contend with in the peach orchard of Georgia. 
 
--01 
 
REMEDIES. 
 
Clean Culture: A heretofore tated 
 
the bark beetles seem to prefer to 
 
I 
 
/, 
 
c:- 
 
n 
 
breed in dying trees. Herein will be fund the clue to a remedy, or more 
 
Fig. l5.-Bark r moved from twil:, properly p aking, prevention. 11 dead 
 
showing egg chambers and gal- d leries of Fruit-tree Bark.beetle: an 
 
d' y1l1g 
 
t ree~ 
 
s ho~ Id 
 
1 )e 
 
dt I e.s royec 
 
a, a, 
 
m31.n 
 
ga.11 
 
er), 
 
. 
J 
 
b J 
 
b J 
 
'8d1 
 
e 
 
or 
 
by 
 
burnine...-... dUring wlI1ter. 
 
ThIS work 
 
larval galleries; e, e, pupal cells must be done at lea t before the fir t 
 
-natural size. (From U. . Dept. of lVlarch in order to destroy all the 
 
of Agr., Bur. of Ent., Oire. 29.) young borer larvae hibernating under 
 
the baric AJI adult beetles-it is generaJly suppo ed-die during 
 
winter, hence if all wood containing youno- borer i de troyed 
 
there will be practicaJly no bor r left to re-infe t the orchard the 
 
following pring. Of cour e: there will always be a few slightly 
 
infe ted trees left, and from them ome adult borers will develop. 
 
A small number of adults in 1\ifarch may increase to con iderable 
 
numbers by the time the second and third brood appear. In addition to burning all bru h and dead tree during winter, the 
 
orchard hould be clo ely watched durino- ummer, and when 
 
infested trees are discovered or even ingle infested limb, they 
 
should be removed and burned. 
 
Fertilizing and Cultivating: lightly infested tree will ome- 
 
times recover, after the attacked portions have been removed. To 
 
aid this recovery the orchardi t hould cultivate and fertilize as 
 
appears neces ary to keep the trees in a healthy, vigorous state of 
 
growth. Very healthy trees are more able to withstand an attack 
 
90 
 
 from the fruit-tr~e bark-beetle, than are poorly nouri hed, lowo-rowing tree. 
TVashes: nder tanding the life hi tory of the bark-beetle a already de crib d, one will readily perceive that the application of wa he either poi on or deterrent, cannot be expected to prove of certain value. The larvae "'orking beneath the bark cannot be killed by any exterior application. and the adult beetle do not feed over a ufficient area of the bark to in ure ucce ful poi onilw. deterrent \Ya h, one that will repel the beetles, is ther fore the mo t promi ing. By adding poi on to "'hatever wa h i used ome beetle may be killed if they attempt to reach the bark throlwh the \Va h. 
Th writer has not been enabled to te, t the value of the washes that have been recommended by variou writer. One that has !riven fairly o-ood ucce in:\Ii ouri, I' commended by J. -:'J. 
tedman, i a follo\Y : 
Deterrent and Poison Wash. 
Di. solve as much common washing soda a pos ible in six gallons of soft water, and then dissolve one gallon of ordinary soft soap in the above and add one pint of crude carholic acid and mix thoroughly. Two pounds of lime is then slaked in two gallons of water and filtered so as to remove all dirt and small lumps; this is now added to the above and mixed; while to all is addecl onehalf pound of Paris green or one-fourth pound of white arsenic, and thoroughly mixed. 
The above wa h will act a a repellant to keep the adult beetle from borino- into the tree to depo it eo-o-. It will not kill the young rub under the bark. It may poi on a few beetle if they attempt to eat through. The trunk and laro-e limb of tree to be protected mu t be kept thorouo-hly covered with thi or any other wa h which hould be appli d about the fir t of 1arch and a often thereafter a necessary to keep the tree well protected. The fir t application may be made with a pray pump and then every portion of the tree hould be covered. Later application cannot well be applied to the smaller branches and twio-s and for that rea on it cannot be thorouo-hly effective. 
"\ herever orchard are prayed with Iime- ulphur wa h for the an Jo e cale it i probable that no other wa h "'ill be nece ary, or at lea t would not be practical in view of the additional ex pen e. at least woull not be practical in view of the additional expen e. 
THE PEACH TWIG BORER. 
(AI/arsia lil/eatella Zel!.) 
Early in pring the orchardi t may be looking through his peach 
91 
 
 orchard and notice that many of the young hoot of the ne\\" arowth are dying back a few inche at the tip. He will wonder what the cau e of thi trouble may be. Upon examning the dying twigs a lender browni h worm may be found in the little twig just about at the point where the twia commenced to die. Thi ,,ill u ually prove to be the larvae of the peach twia borer. Thi in ect i quite common in many part of thi tate, tholJ<Yh many peach grower are not aware of its identity. 
The p ach twia borer i evidently a native of Europe and ,,a probably brought to till country on ome hipment of nur ery tock. It wa fir t regarded a an important peach pest about the 
 
Fig. 16.-Peach Twig Borer: a, moth with winb"S sprcnd; band C, same with wings cl ed, ilIu trating normal position. (.\fter :\larlatt, U. . Dept. of Agr., Bur. of Ellt., Bull. No. 10.) 
 
Fig. 17.-Peach Twig- Bor r: a, new shoot of peach d~'ing from attack of larva; b, larva enlarged; c, pupa enlarged. (Afler :\larlatt, . '. Dept. of Agr., Bur. of Ent., Bull. Xo. 10.) 
 
year 1 12, accordin a to Marlatt,* when it was reported as cau ing exce ive damage in youn a peach orchard in Maryland. It ha since been reported from many of the peach growing tates, and will, in time, if not already 0, become co mopolitan in it ditribution. 
Description and Life History: rfhe adult moth i hown in Fia. 16 in the natural po ition, a when re ting on a branch, and with the winas pr ad to show the characteri tic markinas. These moths appear in early ummer from the worm or larvae cau ing the 
 
Bur. of Ent., Bull. No. 10. 
92 
 
 fir t dead twigs a mentioned above. The first brood of moths oon commence to deposit egg around the base of the new leave 
a de cribed by Prof. C. L. Iarlatt,* and from the e egg minute 
larvae hatch at first very . mall, pale yellow in color, with black extremities. The e larva proceed at once to bore into the shoot on which they are located. ometime they enter the hoot and burrow for a hort distance in the center: the e burrow bein<Y from one-fourth to one and one-half inche in length. Or they may imply bore to the center of the shoot, and, apparently dissatisfied with the location, wander away to another hoot. Thu a ingle larva may bore into and injure everal new twig in the cour e of it wanderin<Y life. The writer has observed many uch ca e ; a twig often showing only a small hole with no ign of the intruder, tholwh the twig wa found in a dyin<Y condition. In California it is claimed that the ummer brood attack the <Yrowing peache , but thi injury ha not been noticed in Georo-ia, 0 far a the writer is aware. 
The larva or worm attain a length when full <Yrown of nearly one-half inch; color dull reddi h brown, with the head and po terior end dark brown or black. The body taper toward either end and is sparsely clothed with long hairs. (Fi<Y. 17, b.) VI hen grown the larvae spin a scanty web in the leave or rubbi h about the tree or even in the dried leave of the inj ured hoot. In thi \\"eb the larvae chan<Ye to the pupae (Fi<Y. 1 ,c), from which the adult moths emerge. 
Winter Stage: It ha been letermined that there are probably four broods. The larvae of the la t brood eek their winter quarter , and thi point in their life hi tory i of great importance a it offer a chance for ea ily de troying most of these insect during winter. It has been found by Prof. Marlatt that the larvae of the la t brood con truct mall ilken cell in the pongy bark at the crotche of the branche of the peach and there pa the winter. In the e quarters they are only poorly protected and often fall prey to bird and predaceou in ect , and they are al 0 frequently killed by a para itic mite. 
4TAC. cit. 
93 
 
 Fig. I.-Terminal twig of peach tree killed by larva of peach twigborer. (Photo. by 
 
i\. C. Lewis.) 
 
. 
 
RE:'IEDIE . 
 
It would at fir t thOlJO'ht be uppo ed that the larvae could be trapped when the fir t dying twig appear in ummer by imply cuttinO' off the injured hoot and by burninO', de troy the larvae within. Thi i in fact a po ible remedy, but as tated above, a ingle larva may injure everal twig; hence many twig might be removed to capture only a few of the insect. Furthermore the larvae attain full O'rowth in about two week 0 that the time durinO' which the worm could be trapped i comparatively hort. 
The larvae pa ing the winter in the crotches of the tree are ea ily killed by a pray of lime- ulphur wash as advocated for the 
an Joe cale. In California thi insect i effectually controlled by the winter treatI'nent. Wherever trees must be sprayed for the an Joe scale or other scale in ect , the Peach twig borer will be 0 reduced by the treatment that they will not cau e erious trouble. Young peach trees could be wa hed or painted with the 
94 
 
 lime- ulphur wash where it not nece sary to pray the entire orchard. 
THE CURCULIO. (Collotraelleills lleJtllplzar Hbst.) 
\\ ormy peache are nearly ah ay found in every peach orchard each year, and much fruit i ruined and thrown awa) on thi account. By far the majority of the worm occurrina in peache in Ge raia are the larvae of the urculio u ually named "plum curculio." 
The adult curculio or beetle i commonly called 'The little Turk." Owing to it mall ize thi insect i not aenerally oberved by the average fruit grower thouah the worm occurring in the fruit and the mark on the kin are familiar object. 
Description: The curculio, or weevil, as it i ometimes called, i a mall, dark brown, rough backed beetle, looking like a dried bud when haken from the trees, which re emblance i increa ed by it habit of drawing up it leg and remaining for a tim without motion, seeminaly Jifele . In other word, thi beetle when disturbed will play "po um," and when in that po ition it is indeed hard to distingui h from a mall dried bud. The color i dark brown variegated with white ochre-yellow and black. The "'ing cover have short ridae , tho e in the middle of the back formin a two hump which are hiny black: just behind the hump there i a wide band of ochre-yellow and white. The beetle vary in ize but average nearly one-fifth inch in length. They are provided with membraneous wina -under the visible wing covers a de cribed above-with which they fly ea ily for con ielerable eli tance . 
Habits and Life History: The beetle pa the winter under protection of weeds, rubbi h, etc., in the orchard, under and around peach tree , and also in the leave and bru h in the edge of forest , which frequently adjoin the peach orchards. In spring when peach tree are just pu hing out the tender bud, the curculio emerge from their winter quarters and commence to feed on the opening buds. Mating soon takes place and by the time the fir t fruit is et the females are ready to depo it egg. 
95 
 
 The egg puncture made by 
 
the female curculio i very 
 
characteri tic on plums but not 
 
~ 
 
a di tinct on the fuzzy kin of the peach. (Fig. 19.) Before 
 
~ depo iting an eo-g the beetle 
 
first makes a mal1 cre cent- 
 
haped inci ion with the snout, 
 
Fig. 19.-The Curculio: Egg punctures 
 
on peach-natural ize; adult bcelle, Oil 
 
right-.>nlarged. (From 
 
. Dept. ot 
 
Agr., Farmer's Bull., No. 33.) 
 
which she also employ to force the egg under the kin. 
nly one egg i depo ited in a place, and a long a plenty of 
 
peache remain un tung only a fe\ wil1 be found with more than 
 
one eo-g punctur. If fruit i carce everal egg may be found 
 
in a ingle peach. 
 
The egg thu deposited soon hatch into white, footle grub 
 
which commence to bore toward the center of the fruit, final1y 
 
lodging near the eed. uch infe ted fruit often drop when 
 
about the ize of a o-rape. ftentime a peach may attain a size 
 
of nearly one inch in diameter before being tuno-, and may then 
 
develop and ripen prematurely even with a \ orm within, con ti- 
 
tutino- the common' wormy" fruit. The irritation ari ing from 
 
the egg puncture and the Ql1awing of the young grub cau e 
 
the fruit to become gummy, di ea ed, and either ripen prema- 
 
turely or form imp rfect fruit. Frequently mall hole are eaten 
 
in the peache imply for the purpose of feedino-, and from the 
 
wound tim inflicted the gum often exude, and rot frequently 
 
et in at the injured pot, thu causino- much additional injury. 
 
In fal1en, wormy fruit the grub complete their o-rowth and after 
 
leavin the fruit enter the ground and pupate. In about three or 
 
four weeks the adult beetle develop from the pupae. It i gen- 
 
eral1y uppo ed that there i only one brood each year, though thi 
 
fact ha not been definitely e tabli lied. The egg layino- period 
 
of a ingle female may extend over eighty da. , which account 
 
f r the fact that mall worm are found in nearly mature peaches. 
 
It i al 0 po ible that a partial econd brood occurs in outh 
 
Georgia. 
 
RE1IEDIES. 
 
Jarring: This is one of the 01 lest recommendation and posibly the be t even at the pre ent time. Takino- advantage of the 
96 
 
 fact that the adult curculio will curl up and drop when di turbed, it i po ible to capture laro-e numbers by jarrino- tree over a heet, from which the be tIe can be collected and destroyed. Many devices have been uggested for capturing the curculio in thi way. One i a patented affair haped like an inverted umbr lla with a lit in one ide in which the trunk fit ,hen the arrangement i pu hed under the tree. This device is fitted with one wheel and handles like a wheel-barro,. After this arrangement i pushed under a tree the trunk i hit a couple of harp raps with the padded end of a pole. The curculio thus disturbed, drop to the lanting heet from which they lide to the center and drop into a can containing a little kerosene. The wor t objection to such an outfit i that all in ect , including many beneficial ladybug, are often de troyed along with the curculio. 
Fig. 20.-Jarring for Curculio. Method emploJed by Hale Orchard Co., Ft. Valley, Ga. (Photo. by author.) 
The Hale Orchard Co., Fort alley, Ga., have a imple arrangement} which ha been u ed with ucce . Two light wooden frame are made each about 6xl') feet, and in the ide of one frame a cut i made, large enough to accommodate a tree trunk. The e 
97 
 
 frame are covered with tout cotton cloth and when placed under a tree, with two of the 10nO" edge together, a broad surface i secured, which will catch every in ect droppinO" from the tree above. A padded pole i u ed for jarrincr the tree. It require five men for each outfit, two for each frame and one to jar the tree. By having everal double frames and a large force of negroes a large orchard can be covered in a few hour. Jarring should COnm1ence early-at fir t break of day-and be vigorou Iy performed until about half-pa t eight in the morninO". Later than thi hour many of the curculio will be hiding in the rubbi h under the tree and thu e cape. n orchard can be quite thoroughly protected by jarrinO" every morning after the fruit is first beginninO" to et, continuing the work as long a the beetle are numerou. fter the fir t few day, where the work i thorotwhly done, the beetle will become quite carce. 
The advantaO"e of this jarring method over the patent device i that it i cheaper, and the curcuEo can be collected from the heet without Ie troying the beneficial in ect . 
Spraying: _ uthoritie differ reO"arding the value of poi on pray for killinO" curculio. It i an unque tionable fact that the curculio feed to ome extent on the opening buds and al 0 on the fruit; but experiment have not demon trated that many beetles can be poi oned by prayinO". 'rhe new bud develop 0 rapidly that it i almo t impos ible to keep them covered with poi on pray, and by the time the foliage i full:' formed the peache are al 0 larO"~ enough to offer f d to the adult curculio. ThorOtwh . praying will however, p ison a certain number of b tIes, and for thi work it woull be well to u e Pari green in connection with Bordeaux mixture. -! ounce of Pari green to each barrel. Or ar enate of I ad may be u ed, ') pound to 50 gallon of \\ ater r in the ame prop rtion with Bordeaux mixture. 
Gathering Fallen Fruit: Thi should properly be called prevention a it tend to reduce the number of adult curculio developing each ea on. It i of great importance to prevent curculio from increa inO" from year to year. All fallen fruit hould be gathered and de troyed by burying or feeding to hoO". This practice i of con iderahle value by de troyinO" rotten fruit a well a the curculio. Even in orchard where prayinO" and jarring have b en practiced it would b advi abl~ to gather all fallen fruit. 
98 
 
 This must be picked up every few days to prevent the larvae from leaving and entering the ground. 
Clean Cultivation: Thi hinge clo ely on to the foregoing paragraph as gathering fallen fruit i really a part of clean cultivation. The adult beetles hide durino- winter in rubbish, weed, etc., hence all such harboring place hould be prevented by keepino- orchards clean and free from weed and bru h. Fore t immediately surrounding orchard offer abundant winter protection to the curculio, and where the damage would not be too o-reat a portion of the e forests adjoining the orchards hould be burned over each winter, which would re ult in de troyino- hundred of over-wintering curculio. 
 
PLANT LICE INJURIOUS TO THE PEACH. 
 
nder thi head we have everal pecie all clo ely re embling 
 
each other in ize and hape, though often differing in color. 
 
ome pecie differ quite widely in habit and life-hi tory and al 0 
 
in appearance if submitted to clo e crutiny. 
 
the treatment 
 
recommended for thi family of in ect i about the ame for one 
 
and all, and the de cription of one or two species will rve to il- 
 
lu trate the variation in life hi tory, for the purpo e of thi bulletin 
 
it i not deemed nece arx to mention all the different pecie that 
 
might attack the peach. 
 
Indication of Aphis: \ hen peach tree in early pring or um- 
 
mer are discovered with the tip pre enting a dwarfed growth, 
 
and with the leave curled and twi ted aphi may be looked for. 
 
The e will be found on the under ide of the curled leave and often 
 
clu tered in o-reat number around the tender hoot and terminal 
 
bud. Hundred of individual may occur on a ingle leaf a a 
 
ino-1e aphi i Ie than 1-10 inch in leno-th. 
 
THE NEW PLUM APHIS. (Aphis Scotti and.) 
. Ithotwh this specie ha been named' Plum phi ," it i by no mean confined to the plum. Our fir. t knowledge of thi particular pecie date back to 1 9 when it wa di covered by Prof. \Y. J\1. cott in a plum orchard at F rt alley, Ga. During that year and the one following it wa ob erved on plum and peach, cau ino- con iderable injury to the gr wing tip of young tree. and particularly to nur ery tock-June-budded peach. In 1 99 Prof. 
99 
 
  cott determined the life hi tory in general and ince then it ha 
 
been considered as an important peach insect. 
 
Life History: The win- 
 
ter is pas ed in the egg 
 
stage, the e eggs being 
 
found cattered over the 
 
terminal shoot. From 
 
these egg, which are dark 
 
brown in color, and very 
 
mall, mall wingless lice 
 
hat c h, appearing ju t 
 
about as the buds com- 
 
mence to open in spring. 
 
\\ ithin a short time the e 
 
:'oung lice reach maturity 
 
and become " tem moth- 
 
er .' (Fig. 91.) Each in- 
 
dividual i an agamic fe- 
 
Fig. 21.- tern mother of New Plum Aphis. (After ott, U. . Dept. of .\gr., Bur. of Ent., Bull. No. 31.) 
 
male capable of giving birth to Ii ing young without the intervention of the 
 
male. Each tem mother 
 
give birth to several 
 
young, which in turn reach maturity and brin CT forth more young 
 
in a like manner. The majority of the e develop into agamic fe- 
 
male re embling the tem mother, though ome individuals develop 
 
wing and fly to other localitie "'here they e tabli h new colonies. 
 
The e winged agamic female (FiCT 22) give birth to young re- 
 
Fig. 22.-\\'inged form of New Plum Aphis. (After Scott, U. . Dept. of Agr., Bur. of Ent., Bull. Ko. 31.) 
100 
 
 emblinCT tho e from the tem mother. During the sea on there may be ten or more generation, a de cribed above. From the la t generation each ea on true male and female develop, which mate, tl1U providing for the winter egg . 
It i no uncommon ight to ee a tem mother urrouncled by a hundred or more aphi of all izes. By ucking the plant juices the leave are made to curl and twi t, alway toward the ide on 
v which the lice are located. hen the leave become badly curled 
it will be readily under tood that the lice are well protected and hard to reach with any in ecticide. Thi characteri tic curling of leaves hould be carefully noted a it i clo ely connected with the ubject of remedie which will be con idered after mention has been made of one more specie of aphi . 
THE BLACK PEACH APHIS. 
(Aphis persicae-niger E. F. mith.) 
Description and Life History: Thi pecie, a it name 1111plie ,i hining black or deep brown in color. inCTed and wingIe form both occur, new colonie being e tabli hed by means of the former. The young aphis are faint greenish-brown, becominCT darker a they near maturity. All the e form will be found on the growing tip of infe ted peach tree in early pring cau ing the leave to curl in the characteri tic manner. 
"C"nlike the plum aphis thi pecie doe not winter in the egg tage. bout mid- ummer many of the aphi on the leaves and branche make their wa) to the CTround and to the roots where the winter i pa ed. Dr. John D. mith* state that no male have been ob erved and no eCTgs have been di covered hence it i asumed that the black peach aphi breeds agamically all the year round. Early in prin CT the root form make their way to the urface and to the branch ,and th re col ni are formed on the O[ ening bud, later living on the fully developed leave and tender tem. 
REMEDIE . 
Plant lice live by ucking the plant juice, and for that rea on they cannot be poi oned \\"ith ar enical. Contact poi on must be employed for the e in ect. For the form which occur above 
101 
 
 ground we have a simple remedy, a kero ene ernul ion at 15 per cent. strength or a trong oap olution will kill all the aphis with which it come in contact. ow it will be een why the matter of the curled leave becomes i2'l1ificant. It i almost impo ible to pray a tree with ernul ion or any olution, 0 as to reach all the aphi in ide the curled leaves. This can only be affected by dipping, which i out of the question with orchard trees of any size, though it may be practiced with nur ery tock. By watching clo ely for the fir t appearance of aphi in pring the fir t colonie may be discovered and de troyed by spraying before the leaves become curled. If many leave are curled when the infe tation i fir t di covered, it may become nece ary to gather the badly curled leave by hand, and follow with the emulsion to destroy all remaining aphi. (For preparing kero ene ernul ion ee direction on page 69.) 
Whale oil oap solution, 1 pound to 3 gallons of water, will be found as effective as the ernul ion; or tobacco decoction may be prepared by boiling 3 pounds of tobacco leaves or stems, in 5 gallons of water for about three hours. 'fhis decoction may be used without dilution and will prove very effective. 
The black peach aphis occurring on the root of peach trees will seldom become erious if the form appearin lY above ground is properly destroyed each year, at lea t enough to reduce them to in ignificant number. The lYreate t danger i. that thi in ect may be spread on nur ery stock but even that danlYer i mitigated by fumigation which i required of all nurserymen in Georgia. Liberal application of tobacco du t about the roots of nur ery tock i valuable for de troying the root form of peach aphi . 
Any plant lice occurring on leaves or branches may be killed by spra'j'ing ~ ith the contact insecticides mentioned above, and 110 one need fear this form of insect if the first colonies appearing in spring m'e properly destroyed. 
ROOT KNOT OR NEMATODE GALL, \ hile not an 10, ect, trictly peak-i.nlY, the nematode worm. which is the cau e of root knot on peach tree hould be mentioned in cOimection with other peach in ect. The e knot are cau ed by a mall "eel-worm" or nematode, an individual being almo t microscopical in ize; but the knots resulting from their attack are readily noticed. (Fig. 23.) A close examination of fre h knot will u ually reveal the little cavitie containing eel worm in all tage of development. In Georgia it has been ob erved that the root knot i mo t 
102 
 
 prevalent on tree in sandy soils, uch a are fOlmd in some part 
 
of outh Georgia, while in the tiff clay land thi trouble i el- 
 
dom noticeable. The ymptom of root knot, which can be seen above ground, is 
usually a canty yellow growth. Young tree often die from the effect of root knot during the econd or third year, but where older tree are attacked they may survive for everal year or almo t 
 
indefinitely although makinO" a poor growth. 
 
No good remedy for thi trouble i known though much dam- 
 
age therefrom may be avoided by adheritlO" to certain rule. 
 
In the fir t place orchardi t hould not plant tree bearing roots 
 
which how root knot; or if only a very little i pre ent it should 
 
be carefully pruned off before planting. nother thin that hould 
 
be under tood i that the nematode worm live on everal common garden and field crops, uch a cabbage, okra, turnip, egg-plant, 
 
cotton and cow-peas. In the 
 
case of the cow-pea we have an exception in the variety of pea known a the "Iron" cowpea. Thi variety i practical- 
 
ly re i tant to the nematode 
 
worm and can be planted with 
 
afet) in the peach orchard, 
 
and in view of the fact that so 
 
many cow-pea are grown in 
 
the Georgia peach orchard, 
 
it is fortunate that we have 
 
thi resi tant variety. All plant which are usceptible to attack from the nematode worm hould be kept out of 
 
peach orchard where the 
 
worm are known to occur. Thi practically re ults in a tan inO" out proce . 
In ecticides are of little if 
 
any value against the nema- 
 
tode worm. In Florida it 
 
Fig. 23.-Root Knot on peach root caused by 
 
 
 
"eel worms" or nematodes. (From U. . Dept. wa found that heavy appltca- 
 
of Agr., Farmers' Bull. No. 33.) 
 
tion of pota h fertilizer, eith- 
 
er ulphate or muriate, 3,000 Ibs. per acre, were of ome value 
 
103 
 
 but the large amount nece ary make their u e prohibitive. It ha been ugO"e ted that nematode worm may be.de troyed 
by heat, and thi may be practical over mall area, e pecially where only an occasional tree i infe ted. -nder uch condition each infe ted tree hould be dug up by the root leaving a fair ized hole, above which a pile of bru h and wood could be burned. Afterward by fillinO" the hole with fre h earth from an uninfe ted fieltl, another tree could be planted in place of the old one. Thi tree would be able to dev lop a trong, vigorou root y tem before the nematode again became abundant. 
s a general thing it will not be profitable to plant a peach crchard in land where the nematode worms are abundant, a long a uninfe ted land can be elected. Land once infe ted will remain 0 for everal year, but the worm will die out gradually if the land i planted in corn, or ome uch re i tant crop. 
CATERPILLARS. 
Caterpillars are not a a rule a erious enemy of peach trees. Every year, however, a few outbreak occur, but the damage to tree in Georgia in the pa t few years ha been almo t of no conequence. A few words however, in thi connection may be of intere t. . 
THE AMERICAN TENT-CATERPILLAR. 
(Malacosollla americana Fabr.) 
Everyone i familiar with the white \yeb of the tent-caterpillar, \ hich are found on wild cherries and apples in pring and which increa e in ize at an alarming rate. Thi ten-caterpillar ometime attack peach tree, and although ea ily de troyed they are often allowed to work unmolested. 
Life History and Habits: DurinO" winter the egg may be seen on the mall twiO" where they occur in a ma s, encircling the twig. Each ma contains over two hundred egO"s which are glued tightly together and covered with a glutinous matter which gives the mass a gli telling brown color. The ma of eggs is u uall y about three-fourth inch in length and a little thicker than a heavy plain gold rinO". 
104 
 
 In spring the little caterpillars hatching from these egg com- 
 
mence at once to form a web in the neare t crotCh. 
 
the cater- 
 
pillar increa e in size the ne t i enlarged until it become a very 
 
con picuou object. The caterpillar feed during the day time, 
 
leavinO" the ne t for thi purpo e. During rainy or cloudy day 
 
they eldom wander from the ne t. 
 
\ hen full-grown the e caterpillar attain a length of about two 
 
inche ; body quite hairy, and ornamented with a continuou white 
 
tripe alonO" the back, while on either ide hort yellow tripe occur 
 
.omewhat irregularly. Each caterpillar change to a pupa in a 
 
yellow loosely constructed cocoon which i n ually located in 
 
~ome protected place such a a fence corner. 
 
REMEDIES. 
The egg ma es may be found during winter while the trees are bare. In spring if trees are clo ely watched, the little webs may be found while the inmate are till very mall. The e ne ts . hould be cut out and burned or cru hed by hand. nch work, however, must be done in early morning or about un-down, or on dark cloudy days, a at other time many of the caterpillar will be feeding away from the ne t and tIm escape. 
 
Other Caterpillars. 
 
The tent-caterpillar i ea ilv controlled without prayinCT, bnt 
.Ome leaf-eating worm are not 0 easily captured. v henever 
the foliaO"e of fruit tree i being de troyed by caterpillar it may be readily protected by prayinO" with ome ar enical poi on. Peach foliag-e i very easily injured by ar enical pray : hence the folloiwng dilute formula i recommended to be employed aO"ain t :lny leaf-eating caterpillar. 
 
Paris green or Green \r-enoid____ 1 ponnd. 
 
Formula: Quick lime 
 
:3 ponnd . 
 
{ Water 
 
1,- gallon. 
 
Paris green may also be u ed in connection with weak nonleaux mixture. at the rate of -:I- ounces of the former to ;iO O"allon of the latter. One spraying with either of the above mixtures will u ually kill enough caterpillar, when pre ent. to prevent their cau ing any Con iderable injury. 
105 
 
   AGRICULTURAL EDUCA TION 
Is in the reach of everyone who wishes to farm successfully. The State University, through its Agricultural College, offers FARMERS' INSTITUTES for adult farmers i a THREE-MoNTHS' WI TER COURSE for those who can leave the farm but a part of the year j a ONE-YEAR COURSE for young men desiring a more extended course, and a full FOUR-YEARS' COURSE for the best expert trammg. The expenses for the Winter Course amount to less than $5.00 i the one-year course, 
125.00 a year. 
Send for Bulletins to Chancellor W. B. HILL. 
or J. S. STEWART, Agent, Athens, Ga. 
 
 GEORGIA 
State Board of Entomology 
BULLETIN No. 18.-DECEMBER, 1905. 
PEAR BLIGHT DISEASE 
Cause and Prevention 
PEAR LEAF BLIGHT 
 
CAPITOL BUILDING 
 
Atlanta. Ga. 
ATLANTA, GA.: BYRD PRlNTI:NG COMl'.U<T, 
llKli. 
 
  GEORGIA 
State Board of Entomology 
BULLETIN No. 18.-DECE MBER, 1905. 
PEAR BLIGHT DISEASE 
Cause and Prevention 
PEAR LEAF BLIGHT 
 
C PITOL BUILDI G 
 
Atlanta, Ga. 
ATLANTA, GA.. BYRD PR"1TISG COMPA:<Y, 
1905. 
 
 Georgia State Board of Entomology. 
ORGANIZATION. T. G. H D Or , 
Chairman, Commi ioner of \grjcultllre Atlanta. 
P. J. BERKM \1 
President of tate Horticultural ociet, llgU tao D DLEY M. H GHE 
Pre ident of tate Agricultural ociety Danville. R. 1. MITH, 
tate Entomologi t and ecretary of the Board, Atlanta. A. C. LEWI 
A i tant tate Entomologi t, tlanta, 
HARPER DEAr~, JR. 
Field i tant Entomologi t, tlanta. 
 
 BULLETIN 
OF THE 
Georgia State Board of Entomology. 
 
DE CEMBER, 1905. 
 
,TO. 18. 
 
Publiebed by the Georgia. tate Board of Entomology. Atlanta, Ga .. and sent free of charge to all rmndcnt:: of tbe ~lilte who muke rl'<lueH for ume. 
 
PEAR BLIGHT DISEASE IN GEORGIA. 
By R. 1. MITH. 
 
Introduction. Probably every pear O'rower in Geor!!ia i well acquainted with t.he familiar appearance of th blight di. eas , either through actual experience with it in bi own orchard, or from ob ervations made in other orcbards. Probably no di ea e of fruit tree i more evident in it effect or more univer ally known to all fruit O'rower. But orne perbap do not know that the common p ar blight i identical ",ith the blight of apple, quine, hawthorn and other poma eou fruit. To cienti t thi fact ha , for a number of y ar , been known, and thi information has been given somewhat wide di tribution by the nited tates Department of Agri ulture, tbrouO'h the wTiting of their expert pathologi t, Prof. IVL B. Waite. Thc nece . ity and value of putting thi information in the band of -all fruit growers in GeorO'ia a well a other part of th outh, has made it eem a9vi able to reprint the known facts rpg'arding the pear blight di ea. e, a.nd the Georgia tate Board of Entol1l0100'y bpliev(' thi. ubje t to be f llffi ient importance 
"e to ju tify its publication a a bulletin of this Department. are indebted to Prof. M. B. Waite, A. i tant hid Divj ion of VeO' table Ph)' iol O'y and Patholo!!:v. of th nitcd State Department of gricultur, for the privileO'e of reprinting hi work which i included herewith under the head of, t< au e and Prevention of Pear Blight." 
Its Occurrence in Georgia in 1905. 
In the sprinO' of 1905 the pear bliO'ht caused an unusual amount of injury to both pear and apple orchard in nearly all ections of the State. In orne localitie the crop was entirely cut off, while in other section from 50 to 75 per cent of the 
109 
 
 blooms were destroyed by the blight bacteria, which caused "What i termed 'blo om bliO'ht." (Thi form of bliO'ht i more fully d cribed farther on.) The writer lmow of one ca e in particular where the annual income from a certain pear orchard has never fallen below $2,000.00 until thi. year, when it produced very little over $100.00 worth of fruit. ome apple orchards also failed for the first time, to produce a good crop of fruit. The unusual weather condition that prevailed at the time apples and pears were bloominO' ~ ere perhap favorable to a great increase of pear blight while at the ame time the cold weather cau ed the death of a certain per cent of the opening blo oms. 'fhe two condition combin d 'IV re undoubtedly re pon ible for the failure of th pear and apple crop in c rtain part of the 
tate particularly in orth GeorO'ia, but in mo t parts of outh Georgia it seem afe to say that the greater part of the injury wa caused by the pear blight without the aid of cold w ather. 
The fact that the pear blight germ enter principally thr 1]O'h the bloom-as de cribed farther on-and that 1a t spring' cold weather came at about the blooming period, wa the cau e of mi leading many growers into the belief that the cold weather was the direct cause of the bliO'ht di ea e, and that without this cold weather very little of the bliO'ht would have occurred. Thi inference, however, wa not true except perhap to the extent that the heavy fro t and freeze rendered the tr e more su c ptible, cau ing a condi.tion favorable to the development of the blight eli ea e. .A. will be hown farther on, how vel', the blight bacteriJa are pread by insect principally, and the blight cannot therefore be directly cau ed by cold weather, or any condition of the atmosphere. 
Pear blight wa by no m an confined to pear tree during the pa t ea on' in fact, a ha been mentioned, it wa fully a di a trous to appl in ome ection. Many apple or hare1 in 
orth land 'liddl Georgia put on a heavy bloom and O'ave promise of an excellent crop. t about the time when the petal should have fall n a heavy fro t cau ed ome injury and at about the ame time the blo om were attacked by the bliO'ht bacteria with a re ult that th majority were de troyed. In some ections that the writer vi ited the entire injury wa. nppo ed to be' due to un easonable fro t and continued cold weather, thou..h a careful examination howed unm: takable ('vidence of the blight eli ease. Thi conclu ion wa in part ju tined by the fact that tree without bloom did not how de3d 
110 
 
 twig wherea on other tree every twiO' bearing a bloom, was killed back from two to ten inche . old weather might well be held re pon ible for the death of many bloom but it could hardly be expect d to kill the twig back of the bloom. 
What Can Georgia Growers do to Prevent Pear Blight ~ 
Thi i the que tion alway asked and one which ari e u ually after th damaO'e--for the current y ar at lea t-has b en done. In reply to uch Iue tion we mu t for the pre ent refer tho e intere ted to the latter part of thi bulletin in which the cau e of pear blight i outlined toO' ther 'With remedial UO'gestion . 
It ha already b en demon h'ated ill Georgia, in a few localitie , that pear bliO'ht can be reduced or prevent d to a great extent. Orchard which have received proper care in the way of pruning and judicious cultivation and f rtilization from the fir t year after being planted out, have been practically free from the p ar bliO'ht. The great trouble ha b en and will continue to be that young orchards are planted in the vicinity of old and neglected orchards in which the blight develops each year, eontituting veritable incubating point for the development of the blight bacteria, which under favorable conditions are spread to orchards which would otherwi e be free. Tho e orchard in which very little blight ha 0 curred are the one which ar more or Ie i olated and where re-infection from other orchards is reduced to a minimum. aturally in localities where the orchards elo. ely adjoin on another th matter of blight control become difficult. But even in uch localitie a y tematic and thorough pruning will offer protection in mo t year. There may be years like the one just past when conditions are uch that pear and appl orchard will be eriou ly affected by blo om blight, even though the tree hav been gi ven proper attention. The difficulty in obtaining ucce s in thi work lie in gettinO' every or hard in each ection properly pruned. 
Proposed Work Against Pear Blight. 
The value of the prtming method for controlling pear blight rou t be demon tI'ated in GeorO'ia before it can be expected that all grower will take up the work. For the purpo e of d termininO' ju t how much good will re ult by giving pear trees pr p l' pruning for a number of y ar and to make thi demontration in such a way that p ar and apple grower will get the 
III 
 
 full benefit re ultinD' from an actual illustration the Georgia State Board of EntomoloD'Y ha taken the upeni ion of the pruning of pear orchards in a few repre entative localitie . Work of a nature imilar to "hat will "be undertaken by this Department has been conducted quite uccessfuUy by Prof. 1\1. B. Waite of the nited tate Department of Agriculture. 'fhi work boas been carried on for three year at Cairo. Ga., and also at a point in orth Georgia. In the State of Iaryland orchard have been treated in a like manner with gratifying re ult . 
By a special arranD'ement, whereby this Department will work in co-operation with the nited State Department of Agriculture, the orchard at Cairo, Ga. will be under the supervision of a member of the Georgia D partm nt of EntomoloD'y. Deruontration work will al 0 be carried on at mithville Ga., which is Jl w one of the larg pear growing ction of thi tate. and imilar pnminD' experim nt will b undertaken in the we tern and northern e tion. of Georgia. It i the int ntion of thi Departm nt to continue the work, that is now beinD' tartecl in each ction. for at lea t three year. In th meantime b fore the work is discontinued, all peal' grower who are interested in 1he re ult, will ha' e an opportunity of vi itin'" and in. peetinO' the work a it progre e. By uch an arranD'em nt it is hoped that thi. work will prove to 1e of peculiar value to the p ar and appl gro\yer of the tate. 
112 
 
 THE CAUSE AND PREVENTION OF PEAR BLIGHT. 
 
By M. B. WAlTE. 
 
"There is probably no di. ea. e of fruit tree 0 thoroughly 
 
de tructive a p ar blight or fire blight which attack pears, 
 
apple and other pomaceou fruit '. orne di ea e may be more 
 
regular in their annual appearance and more per i tent in their 
 
attacks on the fruit mentioned but when it doe 'appear, pear 
 
blight head the li t of di a. trous maladie. AO'ain no di ease 
 
bas so completely baffled all attempt. to find a atisfactory 
 
l' medy, 'and not\\ith tandinO' the O'L'eat progre made within the la t ten year in th treatment of plant di 'ea e by praying and otherwi e, pear blight ha l.mtil l' c ntly continued it depredation unchecked. It i now kn II"n, however. that the di ea e 
 
can be checked b r imply cutting out the affected part. This "'a one of the fir t methods tried in endeavoring to ombat the 
 
c1isea e, but came to be generally regarded a worthle s. The 
 
l' medy 'which will be discussed in thi paper i in a general 
 
way, 0 imilar to the old one that at fir t it may be difficult to ,ee that anythinO' new ha been di. covered. In the pro e now 
 
propo ed. however th re are thr e vital improvement. namely 
 
the thoroughne and omplet ne with '"hich th work i 
 
('arried out, the time "'hen the cutting hould be done, and a 
 
thorouO'h knowl dge of the di a 
 
a to kno~r how to cut. 
 
The method of holdio;" the blight in check wa di covered 
 
throuO'h a car ful cientifi inve tigation of the lif hi tory of the 
 
microbe wbich cause it. The inye tiO'Jtion weI' carried on in 
 
the fi Id and laboratory, and extend dover . ev ral year. In 
 
the hort account whi h follows no attempt will be made to 
 
rnter into the details of the wo['k, nor to introdu e all the 
,riden e to prove the variou . tatement ,but imply to O'iv uch 
point a will enuble the l' ader to intelliO''ntly carry out n'c 
method advocated. 
 
WHAT I PEAR BLIGHT. 
 
P ar blight may be defin d a a contaO'!ou ba terial di ease of the pear and alli d fruit trees. It attack -and rapidly kill the 
 
blo om. younO' fruit and n w twig growth, 'and runs down 
 
in the living bark to the lara l' limb, and thence to the trunk. Whil the bacteria them eh e rarel? kill the leave. at mo t only 
 
o ea ionally attackinO' the terns and midrib of the younge tones, 
 
all the foliaO'e on the blighted branehe mu t of com e eventually 
 
113 
 
 die. The leaves u ually succumb in from one to two weeks after the branch on which they grow i killed, but remain attached. and are the mo t triking and prominent feature of the disease. (See Fig. 1.) 
'rhe mo t important parts of the tree killed by the blight are the inner bark and cambium layer of the limbs and trunk. Of course, when the bark of a limb is killed, the whole limb soon die but where the limb is simply girdled by the disease, it may send out leaves again the next ea on and then die. All part of the tree below the point reached by the blight are healthy, no more injury resulting to the unaffected parts of the tree than if the blighted parts had been killed by fire or girdling. 
Blight varie greatly in everity and in the manner in which it attacks the tree. Sometime it attack only the blo om clusters or perhaps only the young tips of the growing twigs; sometimes it runs down the main branches and trunk; and again it extends down only a few inches from the point of attack. The sudden collapse of the foliage on blighted branches has led many to believe that the di ea e progre es more rapidly than it really doe. It rarely extend farther than 2 or 3 inches from the point of attack in one day, but occa ionally reaches a much as 1 foot. 
It i an easy matter to determine when the disease ha exp nded it elf on any limb or tree. When it is still progres ing, the discolored, blighted portion blends off gradually into the normal bark, but when it ha stopped there is a harp line of demarcation between the eli eased and healthy portions. 
CAUSE OF THE DISEASE. 
Pear blight is caused by a very minute microbe of. the class bacteria. Thi microbe wa discovered by Prof. T. J. Burrill, in 1 79, and i known to cience as Bacilh~s amy~ovon~s. The following are the principal proofs that it causes the disease: (1) The microbe are found in immen e numbers in fre hly blighted twiO' ; (2) they can be taken from the affected tree and cultivated in pure culture, and in thi way can be kept for months at a time; (3) by inoculating a uitable healthy tree with these cultures the disea e is produced; (4) in a tree 0 inoculated the microbe are again found in abundance. 
LIFE mSTORY OF THE MICROBE. 
Blight fir t appears in spring on the blo oms. About the time the tree is going out of blossom certain flower cluster turn black and dry up as if killed by fro t. Thi blighting of blo soms, or 
114 
 
 1'''.. 1. 
 
PE.\H THEE 1I0,n~G LDrR:- KILLED BY PEArl BLIGHT. (~(lTI .: ,''''. 1.""1' 
ON ,rlltrll J.t-:An;:ol AUE l"ltI.EU A~I) Dnnol'l!\G.) 
Plaotogrnph taken .MllY~" Joo:>, kllmmrr\"iI1 '. Gu. Photn by 1(,1. Smith. 
 
115 
 
 rT 
 
 FIG. 2. KIEFFER PEAR ORCHA RD, FOUR YEA R. OLn, IIOWINO Y ME FORlI OP Plll""-"". P"ACT'('EU 8")1. B. WAITE. 
(~'rom Year Book, Dcpt. of Ae-r., HJOO.) 
Flu. 3. )I.\"NING PEAR OnCIl.\RD.. 1I0W,,,0 ?YRHIIUAI. Fo"" 0>' p"c",I<o. From Ycnr Book. Depl. of Agr.. 1000. 117 
 
  ~ "T 
UrvlVER 
 
OF 
 
blo om of pear 
 
blight, blight. 
 
a 
 
it i One 
 
called of the 
 
i one mo t l' 
 
of the mo markable 
 
t eriou feature thinlrS about this 
 
C'A-l-1"F~~',-= 
 
di ease i the rapidity 'with which it pread throuO'h an orchard 
 
at blooming time. 'rhi peculiarity ha thrown much light on 
 
the way the microbe travel about, whi h they do quite readily, 
 
Dotwithstanding the fact that they ar url'ounded and held 
 
together and to the tree by ti ky and gummy sub tance. They 
 
are able to live and multiply in the nectar of the blo. som, from 
 
whence they are carried away by bee and other in ects, which "i. it the blo oms in gr at number for the honey and pollen. 
 
If a few early blo om tare infected, the in ect will cattel' the di ea e from flower to flower and from tree to tree until it become an epid mic in the orchard. We hall ee later how the 
 
fir t blo oms are infected. From the blo oms the disea e may 
 
extend downward into the branche or run in from lateral fruit 
 
,pur 0 a to do a larO'e amount of damage by girdlinO' the limb. Another way in which the bliO'ht gain entrance i through the 
 
tips of growUlO' shoot. In the nul' ery, when trees are not 
 
flowering thi i the u ual mode of infection. This i often <'alled twig bliO'ht, a good term to di tinO'ui h it from blo om 
 
blight, provided it i under tood that they are imply different 
 
mode of attack of the same di ease. 
 
CONDITIO AFFECTING THE DIS&\. E. 
The severity of the attacks that i , the di tance which the blight extend down the branche depend on a number of different conditions, orne of which are under the control of the grower. It i well known however, that the pear and quince are n ually attacked oftener than the apple. ome varieties of pear, like Du he and Keiffer, re ist the di 'ea much b tter than others, uch a Bartlett and Clapp Favorite. It may be tated in a 0' neral way that th tre mo t verely injured by the bliO'ht are tho e 'which are healthy viO'orous well cultivated and "'ell fed or. in other word, tho e that ar malinO' rapid O'rowtb of n w, oft ti ue. limatic condition greatly influence the di ea e, warm and moi t ,Yeather, with frequent hower, favorinO' it dry, cool, and SunDy weather hindering it and very dry weath l' oon ch cking it ntirely. 
'rhe pear bliO'ht microbe i. a very delicate organism and can not with tand dryinO' for any lenO'th of time. In the bliO'hted twi . e}:po d to ordinary weather it drie out in a week or two and lie. It cau the greater part of the damaO'e in the month or two followinO' blo om time but twiO' bliO'ht may be 
l19 
 
 prevalent at any time throuO'h the ummel' when new gronth i cominO' out. In the nul' ery evere attack often occur throuO'h th ummel'. In the majority of ca es, h011' vel', th di ea<>e stop by th clo e of the O'rO\\'inO' ea on. At that time the line of :eparation b twe n the li\'e and dead wood i quite marked antI probably not on ca e in everal hlmdred would be fOlmd where th di ea ed wood blend. off into the healthy part and the blight is till in active progress. In the old, dried bark. where the di a. ha topped the microb. hay all died and diapp arcd. 
It ha been claim d that the blight micl'Oh li"e' over w1nt l' in the oil. and for a long time the writer. uppo_ d thi to be the a e; but after careful investio'ation the idea wa. abandoned for in no instane could it be found there. nle the microbe keep on multiplyinO' and ext ndinO' in the tree, they oon die out. 1'hi is a very important point, for it afford opportunity to 
trik th enemy at la di advantage. In certain ca e the blight keep Ul a ort of low battle with the tree through the ummel', o that at the clo e of the a on, when the tree goes into a lormant ondition. active bliO'ht i till at work in it. Thi is al 0 true of late ummel' and 'autlmm inf tion. In the. e ca e the blight u, uaily continue through the winter. The gcrms keep alive along the advancinO' margin of the blighted area, and, although their deYelopment i very low, it i continuou. Probabl~r th il1diyidual microbe live long l' in \yinter. At 'any rate, th infected bark retain. it moi ture longer, and generally the c1 ad bark contain. livinO' micr be during a much longer period than it doe. in . tHnmel'. It ha. all' ady b en found that thi. microbe, tand the cold well. Eyen \yhen grown in broth in a \mrm 1'0 m th y may be fro7. 11 or placed in a temperature of 0 F. and not uffer. 
When root pI' . ure b O'in in early pring the tr e arc gorO'cd with. ap. Under the'c favorable condition the mi robe' which have liyed over winter tart anc\, and ext nd into ne\\' bark. The ne\\' bligh~ which ha developed in \\'lnter and pring is ea ily l' coO'nized by the moi t and fre h ,appearan of the blighted bark, as contra ted with the old, d ad, an i dry bark of th previou lm1mer. rrhe warm and moi t w ather which u. ually brinO' out th blo am i particularly favorable to the de" lopment of the Ii ea e. At thi tim it. pread rapidly. and the gum is exuded copiously fl'om variou pint in the bark an 1 nms down the tree in a long line. Bee, wa ps. and flies are 
120 
 
 attracted to thi. gum and undoubtedly carry the microbc to the blossom. From the' e fir t flower it i carried to others, and 0 on till the blo om are all killed or until the clo e of the blooming period. Even after the bloominO' perio 1 it i almo t certain that in ect accidentally carry the blight to the young tip and 0 arc in trumental in cau inO' twiO' blight al o. 'lhe key to the whole . ituation i found in tho e ca e of active bliO'ht, (comparatively few) which hold oyer winter. If they can b found and de..troy d, the pear-bliO'ht que tion will be ol"ed for the rea on that without th microbe ther can be no blight, no matter how favorable the condition. may be for it; to use a common expres ion, there will b none left for eed. 
TREATME" T FOR PEAR BLIGHT. 
Th treatment for pear blight may be cIa ed under two general head : (1) letho 1 ,vhich aim to put the tree in a conhtion to re i t blight or to render it Ie liable to the di ease; and (2) methods for ext rminatinO' the microbe it elf, which i of til' t importanc , for if carri d out fully, th re an be no blight. The m thods nnd l' the fir t head mu t unfortunately be directed mol' or Ie s to che kioO'th gro\\-th of the tree, and ther fore are und irabl xc pt in ca e where it i thOllO'ht that the bliO'bt will '"entually get b yond ontrol in tbe orchard. nder tbe bead of cultural metbod which favor' or binder pear blight, a' the ea e may b , the followinO' a1' the mo t important. 
Pl'lllling.-Pnming in winter time or when th tr e i dormant, tend to make it grow and form a great d al of new wood, allll on that account it favors pear blight. Withholding the pnminO' knife, therefore, may not oth rwi. e be be t for the tree, but it will reduce to olUe extent it t lldelle~ to blight. 
F l'tilizing.-The b tter a tree i fed the wor. e it will farp. when attacked by bliO'ht. Trees highly manured with barnyarcl manur and other nitroO'enou f rtilizer arc e pecially liable t~ the di ea. e. O"er timulation with fertilir. r i to b avoided, 
pecially if the oil i already w II upplied. 
Cultivation.-The ame remarks apply here a in the ca e of fertilizing. A 'well-cultivated tre i more inclined to bliO'ht than ooe growioO' on 01 or untill d land, althouO'h th latter' often do blight badly. Generally O'ood tiUag "ery year i necc sary for the full development of the pear and quince tree', and it is more or Je-. 0 for the apple in many part. of the cOlmtry; but the 
121 
 
 thrift that make a tree bear O'ood fruit al 0 make it usceptible to blight. heck th tree by withholding tillaO'e 0 that it make a short growth and bear mall fruit, and it will be in better condition to with tand blight than it "ould were it cultivated. In ca e where thrifty orchard are attacked by blight and threatened with de truction it may often be de irable to plow them once in the prinO' and harrow oon after the plowing, to plow them only, or to entirely withhold cultivation for a y aI', mowing the weed and O'ra s or pa turinO' with heep. A good way i to plow the middle of the space between the rows, leaving half the O'rolmd untouched. 
bTigation.-In irriO'ated orchard th~ grower ha the advantage of having control of the water upply. Wh n uch orchards are attacked, the proper thing to do i to withhold the water supply or reduce it to the minimum. Only enouO'h . hould be supplied to keep the 1 ave gr en and the wood from hriveling. 
Exte1'mi'IULtion of the bLight mic1'obe.-We now come to the only really ati factory method of controlling pear blight-that is, exterminating the microbe which cau es it, by cuttinO' out anll burning every particle of bliO'ht when the tree are dormant. 
ot a ingle ca e of active bliO'ht hould be allowed to survive the winter in the orchard or within a half mile or 0 from it. Every tree of the pome family, including the apple, pear, quince, Siberian crab apple, wild crab apple, the mountain a h, ervice berry and all the pecie of Cratregus or hawthorns, should be examined for thi purpo e, th blight being the same in all. Th, orchardi t should not top short of ab olute destruction of every case, for a few overlooked may 0'0 a long way toward undoing his work. utting out the blight may be done at any time in the winter or prinO' up to the period wh n growth beO'in. The be t time, however, i undoubtedly in the fall, when the foliage i till on the tr es and the contra t between that on the blighted and that on the healthy limb . i 0 great that it is an a y matt l' to find all the blight. It i impodant to cut out bliO'ht whenever it found. even in the O'rowinO' eason. At that time of the year, however, it can not be hoped to make much h adway aO'ain t the di ea e, as new ca. es con tantly occur which are not ufficiently developed to be een when the cutting i done. In orchards where there are only a few tree and the owner ha ufficient time to go oyer them daily, he will be able to ave orne which would otherwi e be 10 t. However, when the tr c top forminO' new wood the campairn should begin in earne t. 
122 
 
 In cutting out the blight, great car mu t alway be taken to cut on the healthy wood well below the lowe't point discolored by tbe di ea e. It i u ually afer to cut at least a foot or more on apparently ound wood, althouerh by car fully tudying the ca e it may not be nece ary to go 0 far below, 
 
An important mattel' in cutting out the blight is to ca1'ry along 
 
some disinfecting soh~tion with which to ste1'ilize the knife or 
 
othel' tool tt ed. For thi purpo e anyone of the following 
 
solution may be u ed: Mercuric chloride or corro ive ublimate, 
 
1 part to 1 000 parts water; 5 per cent carbolic-acid solution; or, 
 
a olution of chloride of lime. The fir t may be be t prepared by 
 
purcha ing tablets of a definite amount at a drug tore. These 
 
tablet can be kept in a mall bottle, and a pint or quart bottle 
 
illed with water and one of the tablet added. pon concludin~ 
 
work the bottle bonld be emptied to avoid the danger of poi on- 
 
ing cbildren or un u pecting per ons. By thi mean tbe danger 
 
of u ing thi deaclJy poi on may be -avoided. Carbolic-acid 
 
olution may be pI' par d by imply adding a tabl ,poonful OJ' 
 
more to a bottle of water and haking it up. The aturated 
 
olution, which contain about 5 per cent of carbolic acid, i the 
 
proper trength to u e. 
 
olution of cbloride of lime will 
 
an weI' about the arne purpo e and i made by adding 20 parts 
 
of water to 1 part of the commercial cbloride of lim haking 
 
it up and pouring off the clear liquid, Thi i onLy fit for u e 
 
while fre h. Any of tbe e olution can be carried by the 
 
operator, and a trip of cloth a yard or 0 in 1 nerth hould be 
 
fa tened to the clothing, leaving one end hanering free. When 
 
cuttin.., into active blierht, the ends of the cloth may be kept 
 
. atnrated witb th di infectant and the lmife terilized 
 
by wipin er before using it on the ound wood, It i al 0 
 
b it I" to wipe ofl the wound On the ollnd wood with 
 
tlt aturat cl loth, oth I'H:i e tll I"e will b clang r of 
 
hat'ing tlle blight gel'm on tll cut sl/rface and merely 
 
tarling the blight ovel' again. A knife u ed to cut into blight- 
 
inO' ti ue becom , ub equently a yeritable ino nlatinO' in tru- 
 
ro nt, and honld ahmy be terilized before u iuO' on healtby ti . ue ,. 
 
Of Cour e, tbe greater part of tbe bliO'bt can be taken out tbe fir t time the tree are gone over. If thi be in mid ummel', the 
 
ClLlttOtrPea,rS1!9!010'a.Pb extracted from article by ~r. B. Waite, III l"ect1'book ])epal'lmenl oj A(Jri123 
 
 trees should all be again carefully inspected in the autumn, just before the leaves hed, 0 a, to get every ca e that can be een.at that time. After thi a careful watch hould be kept on the tree , and at lea t one more careful in pection given in pring before the blo "oms open. It would dOllbtle be well to look the trees over everal time durino- the winter to be c rtain that the bliaht is completely xterminated. In order to do the in pecting thoroughly it i nece. ary to 170 from tree to tree down the row, or in case of large tree to 'walk up one ide of the row and down the other, a in imply wall,ina through the orchard it i impoible to be certain that every ca e of blight ha been cut out. 
The above line of tr atment will be even more efficaciou in keeping unaff ct d orchard fr e from the blight. A careful in pection of all poma eous tree hould be made two or three time durin a the ummel' and a harp lookout kept for the fir t appearance of the bliaM. It u ually take hro or three years for the di ea e in an orchard to develop into a eriou epidemic, but the early removal of the fir t ca will pre\ ent this and ave a great deal of labor later and many valuable trees. 
In doing this work it mu t be remembered that ucce can be attained only by the most careful and riaid attention to details. Watch and tudy the tree, and there is no que tion that the time thus pent will be amply repaid.' 
124 
 
 LEAF BLIGHT OF PEAR AND QUINCE. 
By R. 1. SMITH. 
In connection with the di cu ion of the true pear blight it eem de irable to mention the leaf blight which is entirely di tinct from the former di..:ea e. Leaf blight i cau ed by the funO'u Entomo pOl'iu1n 111 lCulatllln, while the true pear blight is caused by a ba teria or O'erm. Pear twiO' attacked by true pear bliO'ht . how curl d and blackened leaYe~-thi feature being very prominent, (e Fig. I)-but u ually the leaves themselves are not kill d by the p ar blight di ease but die as a nece sary con equenc , followinO' the death of th t",iO' to which they are attached. 
Leaf blight i one of the mo t eriou. di ea e of the pear, and i. also frequ ntly abundant on the quince. The blight first develops soon after the leaves become fully expanded in spring, appearing fir t a minute reddi h pot. on the upp r urface of the leave : the e pot oon nlarO' and penetrate to the lower surface of the leave. As they incr a e in ize and numbers considerable area of the leave may b come involved by the fungus it elf while the area in bebT en the spot become greatly weakened. rl'he l' ddi h pots oon chanO'e to a deep brown with dark center, finally becominO' nearly black. With ,a maO'nifying glas minute black dot may be di covered in the center of the spot, the e dot beinO' the fruit or pore of the fungu. When leave are badly affected it re ult in evere heddinO', so that the pear tree often appear a bare in mid- ummel' a thcy normally would in winter. Almo t complete defoliation i frequently encountered in the pear orchard. in outh Georgia. This of course results in gTeat injury to the tree which are prevented from storing up mat rial of O'rowth n ce ary for their continued health and llevelopm nt. 
nfortunately leaf blight i by no mean. confined to the leave. but app ar on both twiO' and fruit. rrhe former are attacked much th arne as the leave. The fruit til' t become covered with reddi h pimples, soon chanO'ing to nearly black, while the diseased ti sue begins to crack in u h a manner a to ruin the fruit. Even when pears attain full ize, the rackinO' may be 0 evere that the fruit will be un alable. 
Hot, dry weather seems to be favorable to an increase of pear leaf blight, thouO'h the di ea e i liable to develop almo t every season. When younO' tender leaves are attacked the result is that 
125 
 
 they become curled, due to a contraction of the di eased area. Full grown leave u ually retain their shape even when completely covered by black pot. 
One re ult of evere defoliation i that pear trees are forced into a second growth if weather condition are at all favorable, and frequently the second growth of leave are attacked ll.Ud de troyed by the funO'u. 'I hi la k of foliage in middle and late ummel' i almo t ure to induce many fruit buds to open late in the fall, ther by decrca ing the chance for a crop the followinO' year. P ar orchards in outh Georgia are ometime white with bloom durinO' the latter part of October, and not infrequently small fruit is developed. 
Remedy for the Leaf Blight. Experiment have ho\\n that the leaf blight i readily controlled by the proper u e of Bordeaux mixture. Early praying, before the leaf bud expand, i not nece ary in controlling this di ea e though for many oth r trouble the early sprayinO' is advi able. One thorouO'h prayinO' 'Yith Bordeaux a oon a the tree are in full foliage-about t,,o to four week after the blosom fall, accordinO' to 1. B. Waite, and a econd application two we Ie later. i u uaJly ufficient to coutrol the di ase for the ea on. On rapidly gro\ying nul' ry stock it is often nece ary to pray five and ix time to keep the new foliage covered a fa t a it appear. For adult pear tree Bordeaux mixture at the rate of 4 pounds of blue tone (copper ulphate), to 6 pound lime in 50 gallon of water hould be the trenO'th employed. For nul' ery tock it \\ould be well to use a weaker trenO'th. 
 Yearbook, Department oj .tlgrieultmoe, lOCO, p. 
126 
 
 GEORGIA 
State Board of Entomology 
. BULLETIN No. 19.-MARCH, 1906. 
SPRAYING TO CONTROL OR PREVENT INJURY FROM INSECTS 
AND PLANT DISEASES. 
INSECTICIDES AND FUNGICIDES. 
SPRAY CALENDAR. 
By R. 1. SMITH, STATE ENTOMOLOGIST. 
 
CAPITOL BUILDING 
 
Atlanta. Ga. 
ATLANTA, GA BYBD PBINTlNG COMl'lliY, 
1906. 
 
  GEORGIA 
State Board of Entomology 
BULLETIN No. 19.-MARCH, 1906. 
PRAYI G TO CO TROL OR 
PREVE T I J RY FRO I SECT 
A D PLA T DISEA ES. 
I ECTICIDES A D F GICIDE. 
PRAy CALE DAR. 
 
CAPITOL BUILDI G 
 
Atlanta, Ga. 
ATl.A~TA. (~A  ByltO PHISTI~G ('OMI"ANY, 
19()(j. 
 
 Georgia State Board of Entomology. 
ORGANIZATION. T. G. lIeD ON, 
Chairman, COJl1ll1i ioner of Agriculture, tlanta. 
P. J. BERKM J 
President of 'tate Horticultural ociet, ugu tao 
J. .T. CO:-.J"~ER, 
President of 'tate gricultural ociety, Carter~\ille. R. 1. ,'~IlTH, 
State Gnt l11oloa i t and ecretar" of the Hoard. Atlanta. \. C. LEWI , 
A_. i tant 'tate Entoll1ologi t, \t1anta. W. \'. REED. 
Field A i tant Entol11ologi t. tlanta. 
G. R. C SEY, Deputy In. 1e tor, _ dairs\-ille. 
\\. \\'. Cll E , Deputy In pector. tlanta. 
 
 BULLETIN 
OF THE 
Georgia State Board of Entomology. 
 
llIAR CH, 1906. 
 
No. 19. 
 
SPRAYING TO PREVENT OR SUPPRESS 
INSECTS AND PLANT DISEASES. 
Introduction. 
Th wonderfnl increase in recent year in the u e of in. ecticides and funO'icide for the control of in ect and di ea. e affectinO' fmit tree. and plant of all varietie , cannot better he appreciated than by ob 'erving the many materials now on the market for the e purpo e . ome of the manufactured products ndver ida ure in ect de. troyer, and preventive or cure for fungou di eases po. es real merit, and may be accepted by fruit-O'rowers and others who need to spray tree or plants. Still it i true that practically all insect and fungou di ea e , "'hich ubmit to treatment, may be controlled by some home-made mixture, which i both cheap and reliable. The que tion of simplicity in preparation may affect the above tatement; for intance, Bowker' Di parene i implyar enate of lead which can be made at home much cheaper than the manufacturer can afford to ell the ~ame material. Even so, many peop1e prefer to pay the extra co t to ave the trouble of purcha ing eparately the necessary ingredients, and making the combination themselves. The manuf.acturers product needs only to be diluted with cold water when it becomes ready to use without further preparation. 
Many patent preparations for killing the San Jose scale have come out in recent years. Some have proved beneficial to n certain extent while others have turned out to ue absolutely worthle s. A few recent manufactured products have been used in some state again t the San Jose cale and O'iven re ults equal to tho e obtained by sprayinO' with Lime-sulphur- alt wash. 
129 
 
 The fact remains, however, that nothing has been u ed in Georgia (to the writer' knowledge) which i a cheap, even if effective, against scale, as the tandar i Lime-sulphur wash. 
The writer does not wi h to be understood as standing out against patent insecticide, provided they possess true merit, but he doe wi. h to impr s the reader with the idea that the homemade in ecticides and fungicides are u ually cheaper and often more effective than the o-called patent preparations. 
It will be the purpo e of this bulletin to mention all the standard in. ecticid and fungi ide of present importance, but not to O'ive pace to-at lea t more than a mere mention-tho e preparations which are eldom if ever used in ordinary practic~. 
There i at pre ent in GeorO'ia a need of more knowledge concerning 'the preparation of the common pray olution. Bordeaux mi:{ture for in tance i now made in variou ways and by Val'yinO' formulae while in fact pTopeT Bor ieaux i made by one certain process only, and the formula adjusted to suit the nature 
of the plant to which it will be applied. 
The pray calendar has been O'iven careful attention and while by no mean perfect it will how about the treatment required for control of in ects and fl.mgou di ea e of certain plants. 
Reasons for Spraying. 
nder this head very little need be said. The nece sity for prayinO' to control or prevent the various in ects and plant di eases, is s en on ev ry side. The San Joe scale in Georgia six or ven year aO'o "'ave promi. e of de troying the peach indu try. The use of certain pray olutions ha now demon trateil without doubt that the pe. t can be largely controlled. Even now in a f w localitie where fruit growers have been low to adopt the improved prayinO' method, the an Jo e cale i conidered almo t ure death to the infe ted tree. Fortunately there are not many uch place in GeorO'ia. There hould not, and would not, be any such if the remedial methods now recommended would be adopted by all fruit grower . 
Spraying operations for the destruction of in ect ,and prayings directed again t fung u di eases are often quite different. In ct mu t in mo t ca e be h'illed by prayin'" or ome other proce when they first appear, while to control certain fungous di ea e the prayinO' mu t be done before the true dist:a e j 
130 
 
 apparent. The cause of the disease-as described farther onmust of cour e be actually pre ent, or at lea t clo e at hand; hence prayinO'to control fuuO'i i. often a real preventive and amount to an in urance. It may ometime be done when not neces ary, that i , when certain unfore n weather coudition perhap prevent the expected di ea e feom developing. Thi i unavoidable, however, for to wait and ee if the di a e would appear might in certain ca e prove di a tr u to the tree or plant in question. 
A stated above, mo tin ects may be fouO'ht when they appear. In certain ca e , even with in ects, it i advi able to provide ome in urance again t their atta k on certain crop, uch a cucumber and cantaloup ,which may be spray d with Bordeaux mixture as a repellent against uClUnber beetle and flea b etl s lor example. 
It ouO'ht to be under tood that there should alway be a reason for spraying before such work is undertaken. Ftmgous disea e , . uch a. apple cab, peach lcaf curl, and pear leaf blight, may be expected to appear this year if they were present last year. Fungicide mu t therefore b applied a a preventive. 
In ect like plant lic , caterpillars and scale in ects may be de troyed by prayinO' after they have appeared; but with the apple codlinO' moth, howev I' it i different. Poi on pray mu:t be applied ju t after the blo om fall, even though the .apple gro",'er has not een the in ect whi h he aim to kill. 
It i evident ther fore that no rule for praying can be laid down, which do not depend on the fruit-grower or farmer to determine what pe t he ha to combat. Each crop must be watched and tudied to d termine what praying i nece sary. Wherever it is found that me fungou di ea e i bad one year it serves to how what must be done to prevent a recurrence of the trouble. 
A study of bulletins dealing with in ects and plant di eases, and the accounts of all uch in the better horticultural papers, will erve to teach the uninitiated ho",- to 1 ok for the trouble and hence the rea on-why praying i nece ary. 
Insects of Two Classes. 
In order to understand the reason why a certain in ecticide, keros ne ernul ion for in tance, is used to de troy plant Ii e, and 
131 
 
 why Paris green i recommended again t the cabbage worm, it is neces ary to note the difference in the two insects. 
Kerosene ernul ion i a sub tance that will kill a soft-bodied insect by contact, and the adult plant lice can be killed by spraying only in this way. The rea on for this is that plant lice feed by suckinO' the plant juices by mean of a lender beak. A poison such as Pari green is not effective again t thi insect, but WQuld be effective again t the cabbage worm, as it feeds by actually devouring portion of the cabbage plant. 
Plant lice may serve as an example of the cla of in ects that derive nOUl'i hment by puncturing and ucking juices from the plants attacked. Insects of thi clas can only be reached by some insecticide \yhich ha a penetrating, corro ive, cau tic, or suffocating property. The numerou cale in ect are in this cIa , and several garden in ects such as, qua h buO', Harlequin cabbage bug, and tarni hed plant bug, al 0 feed in a like manner. 
In ects which devour the foliage, or any part of the plants. unless very oft bodied like young cabbaO'e bug and rose slugs. are not generally fought with contact poi ons. These biting inect are d troyed by orne one of the internal poi on , many of lvhich are compo ed of a preparation containing ar enic in somtl form. 
Use of Insecticides. 
An insecticide, broadly peaking, is any substance that will kill in ects in one way or another. nder the hort di cussion of the two clas es of in ects \re have e n that there are the biting and the ucking in ect . 
Insecticide are divided into two cIa e, and sometime a third. The two main divi ion are: In ecticid s which act as internal poi ons for biting in ects, and tho. e which kill by contact, for sucking insects. 'l'he third divj ion which lllay be mentioned is one having both propertie, uch as IIellebore, which i 0' nerally used as an int rnal poi on, but al 0 kill some oft-bodied in. ects by contact. 
'rhe ba is of nearly aJl int rnal poi ons is white arsenic, prepared in many ways which renders it fajrly safe to u e on O'l'owil1g plants wjthout danger of burning the foliage. White arsenic alone contains a cau tic prop rty quite injurious to foliaO'co but when made into pun) Pari green it i rend red in lubl and <.:an then b appli d to plants without any injurious effect. 
132 
 
 In ecticides, generally peaKlllg, are not effective .against fungous di ea es. There is a notable exception, however, to this rule, and one that everyone, fruit growers particularly, should lmder tand. This exception is the Lime-Sulphur-Salt wash, used again t the San Jose scale. It has been proven in Georgia that this wash applied to peach trees in January or February will prevent the peach leaf curl di ease as well a an application of Bordeaux mixture. Further experiments may how that leaf curl may be prevented by spraying in early winter, the same as is sometimes practiced against cale. The Lime-Sulphur-Salt wash acts on the San Joe scale, and all scale in ects mainly by its corrosive effect, and partly by a direct or immediate penetrating action. The combination of lime and sulphur formed by boiling the two together, makes a mixture having .al 0 a high fungicidal value. Hence peach trees in North or Middle Georgia infested with San Jose scale, and liable also to an attack of leaf cml, may be protected by applying simply the Lime-SulphurSalt w,ash at the proper time. Another example of a spray solution acting a double purpose is seen in Bordeaux mixture, which is often applied to plant, as already mentioned, as a repellent for certain insects. 
The above remarks are intended to show how great is the advantage of knowing the true value of spraying solutions and the different uses to which they may be applied. Insecticides applied without thought of the purpose for which they are intended are often wasted; in fact, worse than wasted. 
In hort, the person who employs insecticides must fir t of all determine if the insect to be de troyed is a biting or sucking form. Then he must select the treatment be t adapted to the ca e. 
Fungi and Uses of Fungicides. 
A fungicide is any sub tance that will kill or prevent the growth of flmgi. ot all fungicides can be used with afety on growing tree or plant. A fungicide, then, to be of value, must be one that can be used to destroy or prevent the growth of flmgi without at the same time injuring the host plant. 
A brief explanation of a fungu may be of value to help explain the use of fungicides. rfhe \yord fungu i apllied to the low form of plant life, like the toad- tools, mu hroom , molds, mildew , rust, smuts, and similar organisms. We are told by 
133 
 
 eminent botanists that a fungous growth is a plant, as much L' the oak tree, cotton plant, or other common vegetation. The plural of the word fungus is fungi, (pronounced f~1tji). Fungi assume a vast number of form, some being found on dead and decaying vegetation, and some on healthy growing trees and plants. It is difficult to realize that all the forms of lower plant life are so closely related; but the only ones with which we are concerned are those occurring on plants, and by their presence causing some form of disea. e. 
Each fungus has a definite form of growth, and in a broad sense this growth must be lmderstood, before the matter of fungicides can be comprehended. Most of the principal diseaseproducing fungi live and develop mainly in the tissue of the leaves, stems, fruit or other parts of the host plant. For instance, peach leaf curl attacks leaves and sometimes stems, and brown rot attacks both flowers and fruit. Such fungi grow by means of microscopic threads, called myceLi1m, these being found in the tissue of the leaf or fruit; later the fruitinO' form of the fungus, known as spores, appear. In many cases these spores are carried over winter on the tree, as in case of leaf curl. These spores are so minute that they cannot be seen except with the aid of a microscope, but we know that they are present and may be destroyed by the application of some flmgicide, preferably during February. 
The basis of many fungicides is copper in the form of Copper Sulphate (bluestone) most commonly used as Bordeaux mixture. 1\1ention was made under insecticides of the discovery that LimeSulphur-Salt wash might be used in place of Bordeaux in winter, and that discovery has been of great importance, as it often saves making two sprayings, one following the other immediately. 
In the following pages the fungicides of particular value will be mentioned, and especial stress will be placed on the combination of fungicides and insecticides wherever that is practicable. 
Thorough Spraying Necessary. 
Anyone who has practiced spraying knows full well the necessity of thorough work. Particularly is this true of fungicides. The spores of fungi may be present on any portion and in every <lrevice of the bark of the tree from the grolmd up. A fungicide applied to destroy these spores must therefore touch all exposed 
134 
 
 places, and if applied as a preventive it must likewise cover all portions of the plants or trees, as the spores which start the disease may alight on an unsprayed spot and develop without hindrance. 
Insecticides which kill by contact need to be applied equally well, as it is only by coming in contact with an insect that these materials are effective. When spraying to destroy the San Jose scale every spot on the infested trees must be touched else many insects will escape the treatment. Poison sprays applied to fruits and foliage may sometimes be found by insects even though the work may not have been done thoroughly. Caterpillars moving about over a tree may chance to eat the poisoned foliage, but at the same time they are free to seek out the unsprayed places, and some insects will do that. Hence for all spraying the work must be done thoroughly. All spray solutions should be applied with a good force spray pump and spray nozzle. This allows for applying materials with considerable force and still getting them on the trees in the form of a fine mist. If anyone attempts to spray by simply spattering the trees or plants they may expect to have poor results. Whenever it pays to spray at all it pays to spray thoroughly. 
Selection of Spray Pump and Accessories. 
The question of selecting a suitable spray pump for general or special uses must rest mainly with the individual. It is impossible for one to say which pump is the "very best" on the market, for the very rea on that all pumps possess some good qualitie -but some more than others. 
The first question must be, what kind of a pump do I need 7 That will depend on the nature of the work to be done; whether it is desired for spraying small trees or large trees; whether it will be used for oil emulsion or for lime-sulphur wash. Good durable bucket pumps equipped with a long hose and a good nozzle might be made to an weI' for spraying large tree , but they would not be Iound economical. Neither would it pay to purchase a large wagon tank pump or power sprayer when only a little work is to be done. Bucket pumps, knapsack pumps, compressed-air sprayer, barrel pumps and power sprayers, all have their place and the selection must rest with the one who ha to use the pump. 
135 
 
  
ReO'ar ling the point of a O'ood pump we will take for example a barrel pump, the commone t and probably the mo t widely u ed of all pump in Georgia, and briefly mention the different part. 
The Material :-A pump hQuld be made of material that will not ea ily corrode or ru t from ontact with the various pray solution. Bra appear to be the be t metal. When lim(~ sulphur wa h or Bordeaux mixture i used pump with bl'a wor1.-ing parts should be in isted upon by the purchaser. Any pump with all the workinO' parts bras and much of the body of the pump of the arne material will be the be t for all purpo f' . 
Packing and Valves :-Pump with solid plungers are far superior to tho e that have to be packed by winding with candle wicking or some special preparation. The best tyle of packing i one that can be put in place without removing the plunger. Thi in reality is an "out ide". pack. In the large horizontal pmnp two cylinders are pre ent, each having a powerful plunger with outside pack. In practice it i found that the e large pumps suppl r power with Ie effort than the malleI' barrel pump . 
The valves should all be of bra and so arranO'ed that the op rator can ea ily remove and clean them when nece ary. Perfect fitting valve are an ab olute nece sity in a powerful pump. The matter of an air-chamber naturally ari e when peakinO' of valve and thi i an important feature about a ptunp. The air-chamber shouhl have sufficient capacity to insure a teady pre ure that will not fall off th minute the pump handle top moving. good pump will hold a heavy pre ure for everal minute after the pump i topped. Poor packing often result' in poor pre ure and hould alway be remedied without delay. 
Agitators :-No pump i complete without a good agitator Mo t barrel pump have the aO'itator attached to the handle. In waO'on tank, where uction pumps are ~ ed a eparate aO'itator should always be upplied. ome failur s in spraying could be traced to not havinO' the pray mixture thorouO'hly mixed. 
General Structure of Pump :-The claim ha often been made that the recent makes of pumps are uperior to orne old make becau e the main part of the pump i low down, mainly in the barrel, and hence is not in the way. uch pump do certainly have an advantage in ome ways but at the ame time they are not 0 acce ibl, and hence not 0 ea ily adju ted and cleaned. 
136 
 
 It is important that a pump hould be ea y to clean and adju t, and prospective buyer will do well to remember thi point. 
The change from barrel outfits to wagon tanks has resulted ill enormous aving to many large orchardi ts, and anyone who ha much spraying to do hould inve tiO'ate the matter of waO'on tanks and al 0 the matter of power prayers. 
Hose :-The matter of good hose is important. Long ho e, allowing a chance to work at a distance from the spray tank, re ults in much convenience and aving of time. The mi take of trying to use too hort ho e i often made. A pump for spraying orchard trees hould never be equipped with Ie than twenty feet of hose-with extension rod on the end-and 25 or 30 feet of ho e is often u ed with profit. 
The Extension Rod :-1 neces ary for good work. A rod may vary from 6 to 10 feet but the former length i usually ufficient. They can be made from one-fourth inch gas piping and can be cut by .any blacksmith who has a device for cutting threads. Such rod are about a serviceable and cheaper than the bras rod witb bamboo covering. 
Stop-Cocks :-The e are nece ary to avoid wastinO' material wben movinO' from tree to tree. Also when the nozzle gets clogO'ed tbe stop-cock comes in handy. It should always be used behind tbe exten ion rod on the end of tbe ho e, where it is ea ily operated by tbe pray-man. 
Nozzles :-Tbe election of nozzle is a matter of taste, but 'bould depend much on th kind of spray material used. With oil emul ions, Bordeaux and ar enical pray a fine nozzle one throwing a mi t, is needed. For sprayiuO' with lime- ulphur \Va h the fine t nozzle are not de irable, a they do not allow of putting the mixture on with ufficient force or with ufficient rapidity. A nozzle sbould be 0 con tructed that it can be ea ily tak n apart and cleaned. One tbat leaks after a little use hould be rejected. 
Care of Pumps and Accessories. 
Spray pumps, ho e and nozzle will la t everal years wben given proper care. This con i t of cleaning out all part each niO'ht after pra;yinO'. Eo e hould be bunO' up 0 that the water will nm out quickly. If aU working parts of the pump and nozzle are cleaned each nigbt much vexatiou toppage and los. ('If 
137 
 
 time will be avoided. Such treatment prolong the life of the pump, and saves time and money to the owner. 
When through usinO' pumps and nozzles all metal parts should be craped clean and grea ed to prevent rusting. Machinery of this kind is too valuable to neglect, and be ide a pump shoulJ alway be ready to u e at hort notice, and unle s given proper care when through u ing, it will always be found out of order when wanted for some immediate work. 
 
MATERIALS AND DIRECTIONS FOR PREPARING INSECTICIDES AND FUNGICIDES. 
 
I. Paris Green. (As a liquid spmy.) 
Pari green is a common form of internal poi on in which arsenic i the e ntial element. A good Paris 0'1' en mu t contain about 55% of arsenious acid, and in some . tates the law requires this standard, or very near it. In its pure form it is in oluble in water and could therefore be used on plants without burning foliage. The commercial forms now on the market. however, are not ab olutely pure, 0 that lime must alway be u ed with Pari green and water. Lime combine with the water oluble ar enic, of which there is often from 4 to 6 per cent pre ent. In practice 2-3 pound of lime are u ed with every pound of Pari green for makinO' a liquid spray. 
Plant vary greatly in their po:ver of re isting the burning action of impure Paris green. Potatoes are among the most resistant, and apple also is not ea ily affected. Peach foliage is very usceptible, and hence only a small proportion of poison can be employed. For potatoe to control the potato beetle Paris green may be u ed, 1 pound to 100 O'allon of water; on apple u e 1 pound to 125 gallons of water' on peach u only 1 pound to 200-250 gallons of water, aiway remembering that lime i necesary. 
 
Pari Green.......... 
 
1 pound 
 
Lime (fre h unslacked) 2 to 3 pounds 
 
Water 
 
200 to 250 gallons 
 
The above show how the poison should be u ed. To prepare: Fir t mix the Pari green into a pa te with a small amount of water' then dilute to about a bucketful. lake the lime with a mall amount of warm water and add to the Pari green mixtm'e. 
138 
 
 The mixture i then ready to dilute to the required trength. By thi proces there will be no danooer of the Pari green forming in lumps, which would happen if the dry powder were added to a large bulk of water. This poi on i purchased in the form of a finely divided, heavy powder compo ed of minute cry taL. 'rhe e cry tal sink rapidly in water, n ce itating con tant tirring of the mixture while prayin oo. It houid be under tood that water act only a a carrier for Pari ooreen. When praying plant the mixture mu t be applied in a fine mi t, 0 that when the water evaporates the poi on will be left in a very thin coating over the ntire plant. The lime helps to hold thi poi on and prevent its being easily wa hed off. 
Bordemx mixture may be 1 ed as a Ga1Tier, and win hold the poi on bette?' than the lime alone. 
II. Paris Green. (In d1'y f01'm.) 
Paris green may be 11 ed dry by mixing with from 10 to 50 parts of flour land plaster, air- laked lime, ashes or similar material. If not almost pure the water soluble ar enic may be dissolved by dews and light rain, and ome burning of foliag'3 may result. Some forms of du t spraying machine, for applying Pari green pure or with very little dilution, are on the mark t, but they must be u ed with great care. 
TEST FOR ADULTERATION OF PARIS GREEN. 
Place a poonful of Paris green in a small gla tube or slender bottle. On this pour a small quantity of ammonia. Pure Pari green will completely di olve. fo t adulterants will settle to the bottom. This test will not detect presence of water oluble ar enic. 
III. Green Arsenoid. 
Thi is a cheaper sub titute for Paris green, and i practic.ally the ame substance, except that it i not crystalized. Green ar enoid is lighter than Pari green, requiring less stirring and may be used in the same proportion. It hould never be used without lime, however, a it frequently contains water soluble arsenic. 'rhis poi on usually sells for con iderably Ie s than Pari green, and is valuable for that rea on, and because it will remain in suspension in water more readily than Paris green. 
139 
 
 IV. London Purple. 
This i another cheap form of ar enica! poi on, and one that ha in pa t years been used quite generally. 'Ihe re ult from its u e have not been entirely ati factory, a the commercial product i quite variable, often containing enough oluble ar enic to seriously injure foliage. Like Green arsenoid it has the advantage of being lighter than Paris green, hence more l' adily kept in su pension. It ha also the advantaO' of beinO' ch ap, and could well be employed where there would be little danO'er of it injuring plant foliage. London purple is u ed in the arne way as Paris green with Bordeaux mixture or in water with lime. 
 
V. Arsenite of Lime. 
 
-*"  , 
 
White ar.eni - 
 
.... 1 pound 
 
St.o k Solution Lime (fr . h un laked) 
 
.2 pound 
 
I Watl'f 
 
.... 1 o-alJoll 
 
To prepare, boil the two ingredients together for 45 minute after boiling add water to make up for evaporation and keep thi tock olution in a tight ve e1. e 1 quart of this tock olution to 1 barrel of water. 
When prepared with good ~e and prop rly boiled thi arenical poi on can be used afely a directed, on mo. t plant. It 
advantage are that it i very cheap co tin.... about 1'3 as mu h 
a Pari green. The precipitate is quite light requiring very little tilTing. Thi form of poison deserves notice wherever cheapne i required. 
 
VI. Arsenate of Lead. 
 
Acetate of Lead (Sugar of Lead) . .... 11 oz. 
 
Ar enate of oda.................... 4 oz. 
 
\Yater 
 
50 gallon 
 
To prepare, di . olve the acetate of lead in 1 gallon of water in one ve el, and di olve the ar enate of oda in 2 quarts of water in another ves e1. It i be t to u e wooden bucket.. When di solved completely pour the ar enate olution into the lead olution. 
they unite a fine white precipitate i formed ~hich remain iu uspension for a long time. This mixture i added to 50 gallons of water and tirred and i then ready for use. 
140 
 
 The precipitate is ar enate of lead. Thi "ill remain in uspen ion longer than any of the ar enical mentioned above j be ide having thi advantage it i in uch fine particles that it adh re to foliage better and longer than mo t spray mixtures. 'l'ree prayed in April will often have an appreciable amount of po' on on the leaves in eptember. 
Ar enate of lead cost a little more than Pari green a the actual per cent of ar enic i low, hence more pounds must be used in a given amolmt of water. Fifty gallon of mixture made a above hould not co t over ten or tw"elve cent. At tbis price it i not much more co tly than Pari green "hen it icon idered that the former poi on i not readily washed off by rains. 
A chemist of the l\fa achu ett Gyp y moth commi ion di covere<;I the value of tbi poi on in 1 92. I I: ow manmacturt:d and old by the Bowker In ecticide Co., Bo ton, ~Ia ., under the braau ilfuJle, "Di parene' and by the ~Ierrimac hemical 0 .. Do ton, Ia ., under th name ' wift' Ar enate of Lead.' Diparene may afely be used on '1U but the mo t tender foliaO"e at 2-3 pOlmd. to 50 gallon of water. It ha advantaO"e of being ea y to mix (mixe in cold water), require practically no tiro ring, adhere well, its "bite color how what ha been prayed and it u e i attended with practically no danger of burning foliage. 
VII. Lime-Sulphur-Salt Wash. 
 
Lime (fre h unslaked) 
 
ulphur 
 
nit 
 
,,, 
 
vVater (to make) 
 
20 pound 16 pound 10 pounds 50 gallons 
 
To prepare mix ulphur into a paste and add to about 15 gallon of boiling hot water in kettle, or boiling tank if team is u ed. Add the lime and til' oeca ionally while lime i . laking. Last of all add the alt and continue to boil the mixture rapidly for 45 minute or longer if nece ary to secure the proper color. After boiling ufficiently the olution when tin'ed hould be a dirty greeni h-yellow color. The bTight yellow coLm' of the suLphtw shotLd not be appa1'ent. If it i , the mixture needs mor~ boiling. After the concentrated mixture i boiled dilute with warm water to 50 gallon and u e "hile "arm. (FOT rnOTe complete directions fOT making and applying thi tea h see Btlletin 'No. 14 of the Georgia tate Boa1'd of EntomoLogy.) 
141 
 
 Lime- ulphur-salt wa h is the principal remedy for the San Jo e cale in Georgia. It is intended for use only when trees ate dormant. It. kills cale by contact, hence mu t be applied thoroughly. .AJ5 a fungicide this wash is equal to Bordeaux, but its use as such is of course limited to the winter sea on. Th{' Lime- ulphur- alt wa h was first u ed against the San Jose cale in California. It ha now proven thoroughly effective in Georgia, after several years of successful application. . rany people think that the alt in the above formula is nQcessary but our experiments have not shown this to be tr::.,~. We have found the following mixture just as effective a the one mentioned above. 
VIII. Lime and Sulphur Wash. 
 
Lime Sulphur Water (to make) 
 
20 pound 16 pounds SO gallon 
 
Direction for preparing arne a o. VII. 'rhe writer thinks that thi wa h i really preferable to Lime- ulphur-salt wa h on account of the fact that the alt probably caus s spraying machinery, team pipe, boilers, etc., to ru t much more readily than they would in the absence of salt. 
Another form of Lime- ulphur wa h which can be made without much heat is as follow : 
 
IX. Lime-Sulphur-Soda Wash. 
 
Lime 
 
. 
 
Sulphur 
 
Commercial cau tic soda " 
 
Water. . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . 
 
16 pounds 8 pounds , 8 pounds 50 gallon 
 
:Mix the ulphur into a thick pa te with a mall amount of BOILING HOT water. Then add the cau tic oda slowly (do not di olve the oda in water) keepincr the mll.'ture thorouO'hly tirred. A brick-red color will appear almo t at once. Continue the addition of the soda, and continue stirring, adding small amounts of hot water as may be nece sary to prevent the mixture getting too thick. The oda should di olve all of thc ulphur in a few minute, producinO' a clear deep red liquid. 
nle the liquid is entirely clear, with no particles of undi - 
142 
 
 solved sulphur remaining, the mixture must be heated until aLI sulphur is dissolved. It is ABSOLUTELY IMPERATIVE THAT ALL SULPHUR BE DISSOLVED Al'\T}) A CLEAR LIQUID OBTAINED BEFORE 'l'HE LIME IS ADDED. To the clear liquid described, add the stone lime, previously weighed out, and while it is sla1.-ing keep well stirred. 'l'he completed preparation will have the familiar greenish-yellow color characteristic of the Lime-Sulphur preparation. Dilute with cold water to the desired point and spray at once. 
This wash is too expensive for general use in large or commercial orchards, but is well adapted to those ca es where but a few trees are treated, as is often the ea e upon city or town premises. The effect upon the scale by this wash is not as good as the regular Lime-Sulphur wash, and in the case of badly infested trees, therefore, two sprayings should alway be given, the first in December and the second in February before the bud,,, open. 
 
X. Kerosene Emulsion. 
 
Hard soap (soft soap 1 quart) Stock Solution Water 
{ Kerosene 
 
t pound 
1 gallon 2 gallons 
 
Place a kettle containing one gallon of water over the fire anq in it dissolve the soap. The water should be boiling hot. Remove this solution from the fire and add 2 gallons of kerosene, after which the mixture must be agitated violently for about ten minutes. As the kerosene and soap solution combine a smooth ereamy emulsion will result, the bulk will increase nearly one-half, and when properly mixed the resulting emulsion will remain without separating for several weeks. This emulsion is most easily prepared by using a small force pump having a direct discharge and throwing a one-eighth inch stream, pumping the solution back into itself with considerable force. After ten minutes pumping the emulsion, made this way, will be perfect. Soft water should be used for making emulsions, but if uch water is not readily obtainable, hard water may be broken by adding a little lye, and may then be used with safety. 
This stock solution of kerosene emulsion may be diluted with water to any required strength, but care should be taken to have it thoroughly mixed before using. Stock solutions should be mixerl 
148 
 
 first with a mall amount of water, and diluted to required strength. 
For convenient reference the proper amount of water u ed in diluting the tock olution for certain trengths are given herewith: 
For 5 per cent. emulsion dilute with 37 gallons of water. For 10 per cent. emulsion dilute "ith 17 gallon of water. For 15 per cent. emulsion dilute with 10~ gallon of water. For 20 per cent. emulsion dilute with 7 gallon of water. 
Thi is another contact in ecticide valuable for de troying plant lice, an Joe cale and other cale in ect. It i al 0 used to de troy Woolly Aphis on the roots of apple tree. 15% emulsion i employed against plant lice, but for San Jose scale the 20% trength i nece ary to kill the nearly mature insect. For winter use thi ernul ion i not recommended in Georgia, th'J lime- ulphur wash having taken its place. 
Kerosene emul ion must b carefully prepared, and when diluted with water the mixture hould be violently agitated, to form a homogeneous rna . Bright sunshiny days hould b':l selected for spraying in order that the kero ene may evaporate rapidly; otherwise some burning of foliage may re ult. 
 
XI. Tobacco. (As a liquid- spmy.) 
 
Tobacco tem \ ater 
 
3 pound 5 gallons 
 
Boil for about t"o hour , adding water to make up for evaporation. Apply without diluting. Valuable for de troying plant lice on all crop. It al 0 a t a a l' pellent ao-ain. t ertain inects uch a the potato flea-beetle, t!'iped cucumber beetle and other enemies of the cucumber family. orne good form of tobacco extract, containing a high pel' cent of nicotine (the esential element in toba co pray) are no" on the market, and a8 they are in liquid form ready to mix with water, they are preferred by orne people. sed exten ively in greenhouse .. 
 
(As dry powde1'.) 
Tobacco i also used in dry form a a fine powder. For th,~ tmdero-rotmd form of the woolly aphis tobacco dust, made by grinding tob~cco tern, is recommended to be placed \n the oil 
144 
 
 around the infe ted tree . For young tree, two to five year old, u e about three to five pounds of dust. For larger tree use a proportionately O'reater amount. Thi duo t i. apllied by removing two or three inches of the top oil in a circle two to foul' feet in diameter; prinkle the du t in this opening and replace oil. Tobacco tem "ill not take the place of dust a their action ic:; too low. 'l'obacco is a good fertilizer a ,,,ell a in ecticide, 0 that it action i two-fold, giving it all advantaO'e over other in ecticide for certain u es. 
XII. Whale Oil Soap. 
Thi i another contact in ecticide u eful for praying plant.s infe ted 'with plant lice and scale in ect . hal oil oap i made from refu e fi h oil, saponified with pota h or oda. The pota h oap ar preferable to the oda oaps a the former di olve more ea ily and do not tend to olidify after beinO' diluted with water. At one time thi form of oap wa used extensively during winter against the San Jo e cale, at 2 pounds to 1 gallon of water. Now the lime- ulphur wa~h i preferable on account of it co ting Ie and really giving more sati factory re ult. For de troying Idant lice this oap houid be u ed at the rate of 1 pOtmd in 2 to 5 "allon of water. 
House,vive who have plant infe ted with lice, cale or other in ects will find it beneficial to w h uch plant frequently ,-;-ith a olution of thi or ome imilar oap, using 1 pound in 5 gallons of water. 
OTHER SOAPS. 
everal kind of oap are on the market, uch a tobacco oap, carbolic oap fir-tree oil oap, naphtha oap, tar oap, and other, all of which find a limited ranO'e of u efulne . They are nearly all too expensive for general field u e, but are considerably u d in greenhou e , or for mall garden. One new brand, namely, 
Tak-a-nap oap" a naphthaline product, de erves mention fI, it i valuable for making emulsion, and aloha ome direct in ecticidal value. It is sold at about the arne price a pota h whale oil oap. 
XIII. Adhesive Resin Wash. 
For orne plant with very mooth foliaO'e, c1ifficulty is often experienced in making poi on mixtures adhere. To overcome thi trouble the following i ugge ted: 
145 
 
 Pulverized resin 
 
Stock 
 
S 
 
0 
 
I 
 
u 
 
t 
 
 
lO 
 
n 
 
{ 
 
Concentrated F' h '1 
\S 0\ 
 
lye 
 
Water 
 
5 pound 1 pound 1 pm. t 5 gallons 
 
This solution is prepared by boiling. To prepare: Place the oil and resin in one gallon of water and boil until the resin is thoroughly softened. Next dissolve the lye in a separate vessel and add slowly to the re in mixture, stirring constantly until well mixed. Then add four gallons of hot water and continue the boiling until the re ulting solution will mix readily with cold water. Water may have to be added to make up for evaporation. 
 
Di1'ection fo1' tng. 
 
Resin mixture ( tock solution) Water. . . . . . . . . . .. . Milk of lime Paris green or green ar enoid 
 
1 gallon 16 gallons 
3 gallons 
t pound 
 
Milk of lime is imply fre h slaked tone lime, containing about 1 pound of lime in 1 gallon of water. 
To prepare for use add water to the stock solution, and mix thoroughly; then add the milk of lime and last of all the ar enical poison. Do not change the order of mixing or a heavy preeipitate will form that will clog up the spray pump and nozzles. 
The tock solution may be kept on hand for in taut use, but the diluted mixture must be made fresh each time. A mixture of this nature will stick to the smoothest foliage. It is very valuable for u e on young cabbage plants. 
 
XIV. Pyrethrum. 
 
Pyrethrum, also known as Buhach, Dalmation Insect Powder, and Persian In ect Powder, is a powder made by grinding the flowers of a plant of the genus Pyreth1um. It contain an essential oil, poisonous to most insects, but harmless to higher animals. The oil acts on insects only when in contact with them, in the same manner as kerosene emulsion or imilar contact poions. The oilin pyrethrum i very volatile, that is, it evaporate rapidly when exposed to the air; hence pyrethrum to be of value IDU t be confined in air-tight receptacles until used. Grocers often l~eep this powder in open boxes or 100 e drawers. Such pyrethrum is absolutely worthless. 
146 
 
 In dry form, lmdiluted, pyTethrum is useful-when freshagainst lice, thrips, etc. on 1'0 e and tender plants, and may be applied with perfect afety. It 'is u ed in the arne way, or diluted with flour, to de troy cabbage worms when the heads are nearly grown. It can be u ed with safety on vegetables that arc ready to be used as food. Must be applied at lea, t every two day. lmtil in ects are destroyed. 
In Sol1~tion pyrethrum i u ed 1 ounce in 3 crallons of water. In this form it i u eful on delicate plants a it will not injure the foliage or leave an appreciable tain. 
 
XV. Hellebore. 
I made from the roots of a plant and act much like PYTethrum. Hellebore will act as an internal poi on, a "ell as a contact poi on, and may be u ed in the arne proportion a pyrethrum. It cannot be said that Hellebore i a very activtl' poi on, hence its u e i rather limited. 
 
XVI. Poisoned Bait. 
 
Cutworm may often be poi oned early in pring wben land i first prepared and mo t vegetation dead, by a poi on bran mash made as follows: 
 
Paris Green or White Arsenic 
 
1 pound 
 
Bran. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 
 
40 pound 
 
Molasse or thick sugar water. . . . . . . . .. ., 2 quart 
 
Water, enough to make a oft rna h or dough. 
 
. 
 
This rna h may be placed on land in little heaps just before nicrhtfall; or a spoonful placed at tbe ba e of each plant, ucb as tomato or cabbage. 
Another plan is to pray a mall piece of ucculent clover with Pari green, 1 pound to 25 gallons of water, cut tbe clover. ana pread while fre b on land ju t before night. Tbe land must he free from other vecretation, 0 that the cutworms will be forced' to eat the poisoned bait. Some authorities state that bran is so well liked by cutworm tbat it will be eaten when other food i plentiful. In practice it will be found best to poi on cutworm~ and imilar pe t when their favorite food is not available. 
147 
 
 XVIL Bordeaux Mixture. 
This is the form of fungicide mo t widely u ed, and at the pre 'ent time almo t a many formula are recommended a there are \\Titer about it u e. orne writer recommend the" ormal Bordeaux, " in ,,-hich 6 pound of copper sulphate and 4 p01.md. of lime are used in 45 gallons of water. Other rever e tlw amount, u ing an exce of lime. 
The two nece ary ingredient in Bordeaux are opper nlphate(blue tone) and fre h lime. TothinO' el e i nece ary. Wben the e inO'redients-each in solution-come together, an insoluble precipitate i formed, which i really an in oluble ubstance, the water of the mixture acting only a a carrier. If thi precipitate i allowed to ettle and then epa rated from the water and dried, it will po es the arne fungicidal property ns when in the liquid form. If ome means were at hand to apply the dry Bordeaux in a even a manner a the liquid it would serve the ame purpo e. 
P1'opel' Bordeaux is made by pourinO' together dilute solution of blue tone and lime. The amounts of each ingredient in the olution may vary widely and till ecure good Bordeaux, but the olution mu t alway b in dilute form before mixing. Otherwise the precipitate formed will be heavy and ink rapidly in the re ulting mixture. 
For a T mARD Bordeaux to u e on all perfectly dormant plants we recommend the following: 
 
Copper ulpbate (blue tone)*" Lime (fre b.un laked) \\-a ter 
 
5 pound 6 pound 50 gallons 
 
Even O'reater amounts of blue tone and lime than in the abo,e may often be used with safety but uch trength is eldom required. On plants and tree in foliage the amount of blue tone must be reduced in proportion to the re i tant power of the plant. Potatoe will tand a trength like the above. Apple and pear folia.ge will bear 4 pound of blne tone with 6 pound of lime, but for peach and plum and other tender plant, such a tomato the amount of bluestone should be reduced to 3 pound and the lime increa ed to 9 pound. Even then under certain weather condition peach foliaO'e will occa ionally be injured. Bord am: 
 
*s paragraph hea'leel 'XXI. Coppera," 148 
 
 Fig. I. Makiug Bordeaux mixture. Pouring the Lime milk and Bluestone)olutions together. (From U. S. D. A., Farmer's Bull. No. 38.) 
Fig. 2. Improperly and properly made Bordeaux after standing one hour. The properly made Bordeaux is just commencing to settie. (From 
. S. D. A., Farmer's Bull. No. 38.) 149 
 
 mixture will injure foliage unless good lime is used, and the amount of lime must nearly always equal if not exceed the amount of blue tone. In practice it will always be seen that we recommend using an excess of lime. 0 matter what formula of Bordeaux is used the following directions should always be followed: 
Directions :-Slake the lime with enough warm or hot water to reduce it to the con i tency of cream and dilute to 25 gallom. Dis olve the bluestone in 25 gallon of water by u pending the crystals in a coarse sack a few inches below the surface of the water. The bluestone will dissolve most rapidly if kept in motion; or a small amount of warm water may be used in which to dissolve the blue tone, and the olution then diluted to 25 gallons. Blue tone solution hould always be cold when the Bordeaux is made. ow take a third barrel and pour the two solutions toO'ether by dippinO' up a pailful of each and allowing the streams of the two to mingle in mid-air as they are poured into the barrel. After thorouO'h stirring the Bordeaux will be ready for use. It hould be thorouO'hly strained to prevent any foreign matter enterinO' the pray pump to cloO' the nozzles. 
Bordeaux mixture should always be made fre h as the pI' cipitate settles in a few hour and after once getting thoroughly settled it will not again remain easily in uspension. Good fre h Bordeaux should not require much tirring, thouO'h it is be t to have the spray pump provided with a good agitator. 
Stock olutions of Copper Sulphate and of lime water may be kept an indefinite length of time. A good method to follow in makinO' stock olutions for Bordeaux mixture i to di olve 50 pounds of bluestone in 25 gallons of water or in some definite amount. Then by dipping out 2 O'allons of the solution and diluting it to 25 gallons, you will have 25 gallons of blue tone solution containing just 4 pounds of blue tone. The lime may be slaked and kept in a certain amount of water and mea ured out in the same manner. A good way to insure having fre h lime on hand all smnmer when lime in barrels is liable to air- lake i. to slake the lime and keep it as ugge ted for stock solntion. A. long as there i water over the slaked lime it will not change or lose its strength. 
Whenever Bordeaux is spoken of a of a certain strength like "4-6-50" it mu t alway. be understood that it repre ents 4 pound~ of Copper Sulphate and 6 pound of lime to 50 O'allon of watel'. 
150 
 
 The first figure always tands for pounds of bluestone, the second for pounds of lime, and the last for gallons of water. 
It is beyond the province of this bulletin to discuss the varied use for Bordeaux mixture. Recommendations will be found in the spray calendar. 
 
XVIII. Bordeaux and Arsenical Poison 
 
It frequently happen that an arsenical poison must be applied for the control of some insect, when at the same time a fungicide is needed for controlling ome disease. In uch cases it results in great economy to use the Paris green, Green arsenoid or .Arsenate of lead, or whatever poison may be u ed, with Bordeaux mixture as the carrier. The lime in the Bordeaux is sufficient to counteract the burning effect of the arsenicals, and the Bordeaux really helps to hold the poison longer than in any other way that it could be applied. 
When poisons are used with Bordeaux use the same amounts recommended for use separately. 
 
XIX. Ammoniacal Solution of Copper Carbonate. 
 
In certain in tances it is desirable to have a fungicide that can be applied to fruit without leaving a noticeable stain or coating. The black rot of grapes, for example, is a disea e that must be treated when the fruit is nearly ripe, when a coating of Bordeaux would injure the appearance of the fruit. The ammoniacal solution of copper carbonate can be used in such a case. It is made as follows: 
 
Copper Carbonate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5 ounces 
 
Ammonia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3 pints 
 
Water 
 
, 
 
50 gallons 
 
Dissolve the copper carbonate in the ammonia. Keep the solution in a tightly toppered bottle or glass jar until needed for u e. This makes a very volatile spray, the ammonia soon evaporating on exposure to the air. 
Caution:- ever attempt to use Paris green, or any similar poison with the above solution. The ammonia would dissolve the arsenic and cause severe burning of foliage. 
 
XX. Copper Sulphate Solution. 
 
Copper Sulphate 
 
2 to 3 pounds 
 
Water .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . 
 
SO gallons 
 
Dissolve the copper sulphate in the water. 
 
151 
 
 ..... 
01 tI:l 
Fig.~. Apple trees showing elTect of one spraying with Bordeanx mixture as leaves were expauding. Orchard of Wayman & Riegel POlllona, Ca. Tree on left not sprayed. (From photo by author.) 
 
 This solution ha often been recommended for early spring praying of fruit tree. In certain rainle s sea on it will do as well as Bordeaux mixture, but as the copper ulphate is soluble in cold water the solution is easily wa hed off by rains. Mu t never be used at above strength on plants in foliage. Sometimes used at rate of 2 ounces to 50 gallons of water on grapes when nearly grown. 
 
XXI. Copperas (Iron Sulphate.) 
 
Coppera has a limited value as a flmgicide, but i not recommended here. The writer's reason for mentioning copperas is mainly to explain that Copper Sulphate and Copperas(Iron 
ulphate) are entireLy distinct from each othe1', 0 that no one hould make the mi take of purcha ing coppera when copper ulphate is de ired. 
 
XXII. Potassium Sulphide Solution. 
 
Potassium ulphide (Liver of ulphur) 
 
1 ounce 
 
vVater 
 
3 to 4 gallon 
 
Employed with uccess again t mildew on grape vines and other plant. It is also an effective insecticide to be used against certain soft-bodied insects, particularly red spiders and thrips on plants in greenhouses. 'fhe potas ium sulphide solution must be kept in tight ves els as it changes on exposure to the air. The fungicidal value of thi solution i not as great a the copper olutions, but it answers for mildew as they are not hard to de troy. 
 
XXIII. Formalin or Formaldehyde. (40 %) 
 
F01' Potato Scab. 
 
Formaldehyde (40%) "\ ater 
 
1 pint 25 gallon 
 
eed potatoes may be treated before planting with the above trength of Formaldehyde olution, recommended by the WisCon in Experiment Station.'" The solution is placed in a hanel or other ve el and the potatoe tied up in 100 e acks, submerged for 2 hours. They hould afterward be spread out to dJ'Y. 
 
*Wiscousiu Agricultural Experiment tatiou, Bulletin 98. 153 
 
 F01' Oat and Wheat Sm1d. 
For smut ubmerge the wheat or oats, tied in sacks, in the solution for ten minutes. Then remove and spread out to dry. Or the grain may be piled in heaps on a tight floor, sprinkled with the solution and hoveled over to insure wetting every kernel; then cover with an oil-cloth for two or three hours. Dry the grain afterward. It may be found necessary to treat seed oats three or four days before they are wanted for planting otherwise they may not be thorouO'hly dry and will cause trouble in the seed drill. This treatment will cause the eed to enlarge slightly, anu the germinating period may be shortened, hence seed grain hould be treated only a few days previous to planting. 
Formaldehyde solution may be used several times so that 25 or 30 gallons will tre.:'lt a number of bushel of either potatoe or oats. 
 
XXIV. Corrosive Sublimate. (Mercuric Chloride.) 
 
FOT Potato Scab. 
 
Corro ive Sublimate Water 
 
2 ounce 15 gallon 
 
Di olve the corro ive sublimate in hot water in an earthen or 
 
wooden ve 1, and dilute to 15 gallons. Iix thoroughly to insure a uniform olution. The potatoes should be washed and ti d in ack and ubmerged for 2 hours. Remove and 'spread 
 
Qut to dry. After this the potatoe may be cut and planted as 11 ual. 
 
Caution :-Corro ive sublimate is a deadly poison internally, 
 
but the olution may be handled with perfect safety. It acts as .a disinfectant for the hands and will benefit scratches or sore . 
 
XXV. Carbon Bi-Sulphide. 
This i a very useful insecticide for fumigating grain and other . eeds to destroy weevils, and other insects. It is al 0 used to fumigate house to destroy rats, cock-roaches, bed bugs, carpetbeetles and many household pests. Ants in lawns and mole. are often killed by this proce s. 
Carbon bi-sulphide is a clear, colorless, volatile liquid, the fumes of whjch are highly explo ive, and very disagreeable to smell. The fumes are deadly poison to all animal life if taken ]n ufficient quantity. People are safe while using it a the mell 
154 
 
 is so repulsive that there is no danger of getting too great a do unaware. 
The fumes of carbon bi-sulphide are much heavier than ai:', so that fumigation with it is rendered easy. Grain may be treated in boxes or bins baving tight sides and bottom by simply placing the liqu..id in shallow pans on top of the grain and covering all ,vit~ a blanket or boards to prevent a circulation of air. Use from three-fourths to one and a half pound of carbon bi-sulphide to each 1000 cubic feet of pace, or in round numbers, one pound to 100 bu heis of grain or other eed. Let the bin remain covered for at least 24 hours. Grain or seed treated in this manner is not impaired for planting purpo es, its germinatinO' power not being afl'ected. For corn, oats, beans, peas and the like which will not be u ed for seed it will often pay to use 2 pound of carbon bisulphide to each 100 bushels. 
1'0 de troy underO'round forms of in ects use two to three ounces of carbon bi-sulphide per square yard, placed in little holes in the earth made 'with a harpened tick, and closed by pressing with the heel after pouring in the liquid. This liquid must be u cd with care around growing plants, but may be used in mall quantities on lawns to de troy ants and moles. 
When fumiO'ating hou es remove all chance of fire and us~ about three to four pOlmds of carbon bi-sulphide per 1000 cubic feet. Allow the house to remain closed for 36 hours. 
Ca1dion :-Never expo e carbon bi- ulphide in a room with a lighted lamp or any form of fire. Remember that the fumes are highly explosive. 
155 
 
 LIST OF INSECTICIDES AND FUNGICIDES. 
 
The following li t includes all in cticide and fungicide di cus ed in thi bulletin. 'rhe Roman numerals before each name, when used in the calendar, refer to the materials a hown in this li t and in the body of the bulletin. 
 
I. II. III. IV. 
V. 
VI. II. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XX. XXI. XXII. XXIII. XXIV. XXV. 
 
Pari. Green (as a pray). Pari Green (dry). Green Ar enoid. London Purple. Ar enite of Lime. Ar enate of Lead Lime- ulphur- alt Wah. Lime- ulphur Wah. Lime- ulphur- oda Wah. Kero ene Emul ion. Tobacco. Whale Oil oap. Adhe ive Re in Wah. Pyrethrum. Hellebore. Poi oned Bait. BOl'deaux Mixture. Bordeaux and Ar enical Poi on. Ammoniacal Copper Carbonate. 
opper ulphate Solution. Coppera. Pota ium Sulphide olutioll. Formalin or Formaldehyde. Corro ive ublimate. Carbon Bi- ulphide 
 
156 
 
 SPRAY OALENDAR.* 
 
NAME OF PLANT. 
 
Name of Insect or Disease. 
 
WITH WHAT TO SPRAY. 
 
First. 
 
WHEN TO SPRAY, OR OTHER TREATMENT. 
 
Second. 
 
Third. 
 
Fourth. 
 
REMARKS AND OAUTIONS. 
 
Apple ------_ll3orers 
 
-'Cannot be reached Remove borers in Oct. Look again for borers 
 
by spraying 
 
and Nov____________ in !larch 
 
Hunt lor borers in trunk ne"r ground. Remove with knile. 
 
Aphis (on leaves)_I'l'obacco decoction, Just as buds open if 5 da)'s Inter 
 
or X or XlI 
 
lice appear 
 
Repeat first if ncccssury 
 
Watch closely; spray before leaves become curled. 
 
Bud worm 
 
.IArsenieal in Bord I or VI in ~"'ill when nepeat 5-6 days later 
 
leaf buds open _ 
 
Canker Worms __.IArsenieal in Bord__ .11 or VI in xvm when 10 day~ later if wormsl 
 
---I 
 
worms appear 
 
rcmQIIl 
 
Codling moth 
 
Arsenical in Bord II,. ill or VI in XVIJIRepeat before calyx Repeat at once il rains 
 
(apple worm) 
 
Just after petals fall eloscs 
 
occur after second _ 
 
li'nll web-worm Arsenicals Tent caterpillar 
 
11, Ill, V or VI whenls-IO duys luter worms appear 
 
SIO later if necessary 
 
San Jose Scalc ---.1 LimeSulphur wash-iOuring Dec. or Jan 
 
IRepeat in Feb. on bad  trees 
 
Woolly aphis 
 
I'1'obaeeo and X or IX or XI lor aerial Inepeat II necessary -- 
 
XlI 
 
form on limbs_______ 
 
Bilter rot 
 
.1 Bordeaux _________ ,xvn (4-5-60)t 5-6 ! weelta later 
lwaellcks alter petals _ 
 
.12 weeks luter 
 
12 weeks later 
 
~-------------------------- 
-I Wrap trunks of trees in spring wIth loose cotton to prevent females from crawling up. 
Important to spray before fruit turns down. Oather lullen lruit. 
Hemo"e or burn nests when first seen, about night or cloudy duy. 
Wash trunk and main limbs with VU or VIII during sum mer. 
See use 01 tobacco lor root lorm. Tobacco decoction bcst lor aerial form. 
.ISpray oftener during warm, damp weather. 
 
Leal blight 
 
IBordeaux 
 
IXVII (4-6-f,o)t when 110.12 days later pleaanvdeesd are fully ex_- 
 
110-12 days later ------1 .... .. __ ..  __1 _.. __ _. 
 
_- .. 
 
'~-or Inlormation about insects or diseases not mentioned herein apply to the Statu Entomologist, Atlanta, Ou. t8ee explanation ot this tormula in dlscqsslon of Bordeaux_Mixture on:p.age,l50. 
 
 SPRAY C:ALENDAtt-Oontlnued. 
 
NAME OF PLANT. 
 
Name of Insect or Disease. 
 
WITH WHAT TO SPRAY. 
 
First. 
 
WHEN TO SPRAY, OR OTHER TREATMENT. 
 
Second. 
 
Third. 
 
Fourth. 
 
REMARKS AND CAUTIONS. 
 
Apple-(eeRt'd) 1Rust (I caves and Bordcaux stems) 
 
-1xvn (46-50)* whcn 10-14 days later leavcs are tlllly cxpanded   1 
 
pO-14 dnys latcr ------I----------------------_.IThis discase starls on cedar trcCl!. Removal 01 Buch will prcvent trouble. 
 
Scab (Icav,," and Bordcnux Iruit) 
 
.-1xvn (6-6-50)* just be'lxvlf (4-6-00) just be-/l"eW days niter bIos 110-14 days ... -------.--IAdditional spraying every 10 
 
lore lenl buds open__ lore bl06S0111S open.. soms laU 
 
14 days if necCBBIlI') 
 
Asparagus --IAsparagus beetle -IXIsVeasdonuring cutting IIJiymoeunngndapXpIeVar when _13-4 days Inter 
 
13-4 days later 
 
 .13-4 days later ________ ,Mter through cutting usc V1 
or XIII. Shake beetles and larvae on hot soil on Bun shin.)' day. 
 
Bean 
 
Aspnragus rust Bordeaux (leopard spot) 
-1Leal beetle -------IArsenicals 
 
-1A1ter cuttinlr crop uselnepeat 10 dnys later _./10-12 days later XVI! (3-650)* 
11 or VI alone or wlthllO days later .. __ .... _.. IHepeat il necessary 
a).p.'VpJe[ar when beelles_ 
 
110.12 days later ----.-IOIenn up and burn aU di. cased brush in laU 
 
, 
 
 
 
.... ,. 
 
 
 
_ 
 
Bean weevil __ __ Carbon bi-sulohide _ WihnenIn1b1eans are stored_ 
 
.. 
 
Anthracnose _. __.. Bordeaux (weak) _. On 2-3 inch plants 1012 da)'fl later 
 
Rust 
 
Bordeaux (weak) __ Same as Anthrac 
 
Same as Anthrac 
 
... ----------------------.. IRead discussion under XXV. 
 
1012 days later Same as Anthrae 
 
------Iuoo 1012 da)'fl later 
 
I. In or VI with XVII and 
 
control biting insects also. 
 
.. 
 
_ 
 
Cauliflower __ 
 
Cabbage Collard 
 
/APhiS (green liee)IContact poisons 
 
Cabbage worm IArsenicals and Pv(plu-llia)_ ........ rethrum 
~Iarl~quin bup; ---ICon tact poisons ,>Ueklllg bugs 
 
IX,. XI.or XII when /Repeat 5 days later Illsects appear 
m I, or V in XUI at15-10 days later Orst appearance . 
IX or xn at OI'St ap- 15.6 days later _. pearance .__________ 
 
-Sec explanntion of this formula in discuB!ion or Bordeaux Mixture on page 150. 
 
IRepeat II necessnry I 
 
 
 
IRepe~t II worms reI __ 
 
l11alll .. 
 
.... 
 
.. _ITobaeco decoction may be used. 
luoo XlV when hends arc nearly grown. 
 
/Ilepeat il necessary ---I------------------------IPlant kale and mustard. as trap crop. Destroy bugs WIth pure kerosene on these plants. 
 
 SPRAY CALENDAR-Continued. 
 
NAME OF PLANT. 
 
Name of Insect or Disease. 
 
WITH WHAT TO SPRAY. 
 
First. 
 
WHEN TO SPRAY, OR OTHER TREATMENT. 
 
Second. 
 
Third, 
 
Fourth. 
 
REMARKS AND CAUTIONS. 
 
I01 Urobottoo t or club_ILi llIe in soil 
 
Cantaloupe or Muskmelon Melon louse 
 
ICOI.1I~ct poisons 
 
Watermelon 
 
XXV 
 
, -- -- -- -- ------ -- -- -- -,- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -0--- 
 
. 
andlx, XI ,or XII when 1Ice14.5 days latcr 
 
 
 
ll!epe~t if insccts reo 
 
appear ------------- 
 
malO 
 
0- 
 
_ Rolnte crops. 
 
1------------------------lxXV is uscd in light boxcs placcd ovcr youllg plants. 
 
Onc spoonrul to cach hill. Sprays must bc applied to under sicle ot leaves. 
 
Striped beetles, IArsenical in Bord --IXVIU on young plantsll<peat In ten oays __ U necessary to keep 
 
tlea beetles, etc. 
 
plants protected____ 
 
Land plaster, air slaked lime. tobacco clust, etc., are uscd as repellents. 
 
Squash bug 
 
IHnncling pickin", IXVU as repellent on X or XII when tlrst Repeat in rew clays 
 
ancl repellents 
 
)'oung plants 
 
yt'ung nppenr 
 
Aclult bugs arc picked by hancl ancl trapped under sticks and 
boards. 
 
Carnation 
 
18.10 Blight; mildew --I Bordeaux ----------IXVII (3-650)* on 
 
days later 
 
young plants 
 
__ .lI.enr spot 
 
Borclenux or XIX XV11 (2-4-50)* or XIX I!epea~ at tlrst sip;n 
 
Rust 
 
when pluuts are set_ of du;cusc 
 
18.10 days later - 
10-14 days later _ 
 
18.10 days later -------Ipullilceoruotlactilyoinngot[lclaronptss.. Prac- 
 
1014 days later 
 
_ 
 
Celery 
Chryaan themum 
Cherr:r 
 
ICaterpillarB 
 
10 IArsenica' ill Borel --I Wpheeanr caterpillars ap'IRenp.eecaetssianry days it -.I------------------------I------------------------IusIc>crwceeaknt Boof rdpco\ilslIoxn. nnd sll1.11 
 
110 Lellf spot or blight!Borclenux or XIX ---lxVyIoIung(3s6ee5d0l)i*ngsOil 
 
da)'s hlter ---------Isasmeet when plante arc IRepeat 10 dllYs laler__IUsme nXtuIrXityw. hen plan Is nenr 
 
Leat spot 
 
IOordeaux (weak) __ IOn young cuttinlts --- 1014 clnys lllter 
 
LO14 clnys laler 
 
Ilepeat if necessary _;_ Se!ect hen,lthy plants tor mnklng cuttings. 
 
ll\phis 
 
IContnct poisons 
 
IX, XI or XIT ao insectsl57 
 
appear 
 
1 
 
dnys 
 
later --------Illepeat 
 
,r 
 
necessary 
 
--I------------------------I"'Otolrceh 
 
trees leaves 
 
closely; become 
 
sJlrny becurled. 
 
"See explanation ot this formula in discussion ot Bordeaux Mixture on page 1liQ. 
 
 SPRAY OALENDAR-Contlnued. 
 
NAME OF PLANT. 
 
Name of I!.Isect or Disease. 
 
WITH WHAT TO SPRAY. 
 
First. 
 
WHEN TO SPRAY, OR OTHER TREATMENT. 
 
Second. 
 
Third. 
 
Fourth. 
 
REMARKS AND OAUTIONS. 
 
Cherry-(cont'd)IOurculio 
 
I.Jarring and Arsen-IWhen first leaves ap- [Wben frlUt is first set._lllepeat in 10 days ----, 
 
ical in Bord 
 
pear, 1 01' VI in XVITI 
 
.,Jnr trees over sheets to cap- 
tlll'e beetles, Repeat cverj' two days. Destroy all fallen fruit. 
 
San Jose scale __.ILimcSulpbur wash __IOuring Dec. or Jan IAgain in Februnry I 
 
I 
 
-----ISee apple. 
 
II Slug (on leaves) -ICon tact or internal or ill in xvm or jRcpeat in 10 days 
 
poison 
 
X when slugs appear 
 
IRepeat if nec(:ssar.v --I------------------------/Air-Slaked lime or even rood dust will kill young slugs. 
 
Brown Rot Black knot 
 
.IBordeaux .ICut out diseased 
hmbs 
 
IXVll (5-0-50)* before IXVII (3-8-50) when 
 
blossoms open 
 
fruit is set 
 
Repeat 10-]4 days laterlRepeat 10-14 davs laterlUse XIX when fruit is half grown. Remove Inmnmied fruit in winter. 
 
I(see remarks) --------I------------------------I-----~----------------/------------------------IwheBn ordeaux, is used Black Knot IS not hable to spread. 
 
Leaf spot or blightlBordeaux 
 
IXVll (38-00)* when IRepeat 10-12 days laterlRepeat 10-12 days laterl leaves are 1,1, grown 
 
 
 
lxIX to avoid marking fruit. 
 
Cotton ------IColton louse 
 
16-8 .ICOntaet poison -----Ix aoprpeXaIrI when lice 
 
essdnaryys later if nec- _1------------------------t------------------------ITreatment not always reqwreo'. 
 
Boll worm 
 
IArsenieals 
 
Cotton caterpillar_I Arsenicals 
 
Ill or VI when worms 8-10 daj'll later appear. Julv 
Ill or VI when cater 810 days later pillars appear 
 
Watch for next brood 
 
Red spider 
 
ICOnlact poison -----Ix or XXII when mites Repeat 5-0 davs later 08 days later appear 
 
"~ ('xpllHlation of this formula in (liscussion of Uordeaux hUxture on page 160. 
 
po_po. 
 
Plant corn as trap crop. (See Bull. No. 16.) 
- CaterpiIJars first ,nppear on .mder sille of Ipalcs. {'ul.un while young. 
Dust po. ---- .-- plants with lime, 01' plas' ter and sulphur. 
 
 8PRAY CALENDAR-Contmued. 
 
NAME OF PLANT. 
 
Name of Insect or Disease. 
 
WITH WHAT TO SPRAY. 
 
First. 
 
WHEN TO SPRAY, OR OTHER TREATMENT. 
 
I 
 
Second. 
 
I -- Third: 
 
I 
 
Fourth. 
 
REMARKS AND CAUTIONS. 
 
Cotton-(eont'di/ Anlh racnoso -----1 (Scc rcmarks) 
 
1 
 
-----1------------------------1------- -- ------------ -- -1 
 
l3Idaicskellsreoot or will SIl"e'aeytiivncg not cl Ilemove disca9Cd planls ------------------------ --------- -. --------- -. --------- 
 
n('pc~lt Currant 
 
____ -1ourrnnt worm or rlimc, Pyrethrum or Dlist leaves when 
 
llC'pcnt in few days --- 
 
slug 
 
road dust 
 
worms appear ----- 
 
it nCCCSSll.ry -- -- 
 
1Consla nt use 01 Bordeau < migh t preven t. Depe",1 
mainly on selection nrlll b"eeding 01 resislnnt plll"!s. 
13sueilldecutipona r0e1sishteaanltlhcyoltopnlanbtvs in diseased fields. 
Look for worms on under side 01 lellves. 
 
I"'al spot --------1130rdeam' (weak) --'IXVleIaIve(s3-6o-p5e0n)* as _ILO-14 dol's laler 
 
\LO]4 days later 
 
p~epeat it necessary --, 
 
.--- 
 
Cucumber ISec Can t.UIOLl pc ____ 
 
_ 
 
, 
 
, 
 
. __ , 
 
, 
 
_ 
 
Squash 
 
Squash vine bore,'_ Cannot be prevented (See remarks) --------, by 8prn~'ing 
 
._. 
 
, 
 
. 
 
---I------------------------IRomove borers from stalk. 
 
. 
 
Burn old vines. (Sec Bull. 16) 
 
Egg Plant --_Icolorado potato Arsenicals alono or II, VI or xvm when Ilepcat 8-10 dol's laler Ilepeat il neccssary 
 
beelles; fiell bee in Bord 
 
beetles appellr 
 
_ 
 
ties 
 
_ 
 
When dust melhod Is used, keep plants well covered. 
 
FIR' Grape 
 
Leal spot --------IBordellux or X1X I1X)VlaInIls (3a-r6e-50e)*stabwlli'sohned 10-14 days later 
 
Use XIX it Iruit is selileplaetleltr t.hird 10 dOl's UstcuriXtyIX. us fruit nears rna 
 
cIMealy bug 
 
Conlact poison 
 
X or XTI when bOl!8 Repeat 5 days later llepeat when necess.1rY 
 
 
 
appear 
 
Spray.wit.h great force to wash oJ1' IIlsects. 
 
lFlea beetle 
 
IArsenical in Bord --Il or VI in XVlll liS Ilepellt when beetles 1()'12 days later 
 
buds open 
 
appellr 
 
Larvae on leaves may be killed wit.h lime dust or XIV. 
 
Crllpe slug 
 
IArse~ieal or eont.aetl'~ in A'YlIl, or X or llepeat in 5-8 davs 
 
polson 
 
XIV when slugs appellr 
 
Thes~ inseels feed in groups, easily destroyed. 
 
*Scc explllnntion 01 this lormula in discussion 01 Bordeaux Mixture on page 150. 
 
 SPRAY CALENDAR-Continued. 
 
NAME OF PLANT. 
 
Name of Insect or Disease. 
 
WITH WHAT TO SPRAY. 
 
First. 
 
WHEN TO SPRAY, OR OTHER TREATMENT. 
 
Second. 
 
Third. 
 
Fourth. 
 
REMARKS AND CAUTIONS. 
 
Grape-(oont'd) ILeal lolder Anthracnose 
 
IArsenleals ----------II or VI alone or in 16-S da)'s later repeat__IS-lO days later if 1------------------------IWatch vines closely; spray be 
 
XVill when worms 
 
worms remain 
 
lore leaves are lolded. 
 
appear 
 
__ 
 
IXlX IBordeaux and XlX_-1XVll (5-650)* just IRepeat belorc bios IXVII (46-50)" when 
 
two weeks later__IContlnue use of XIX il nee 
 
belore buds open __ soms appeur_______ fruit is set 
 
essary. 
 
Downy mildew IBordeaux 
 
IXVJI (4-6-50)* just IWhen Iruit ill set 110 days later 
 
1 
 
, 
 
_ 
 
bpeelaorre bl060ms ap- _ 
 
Oat Orange 
 
Itots -------------IBordeaux and XlX__lsame as lor mildew__ Same as for mildew__ Same as for mildew__ I 
 
Ioontinue XIX every 10-14 da,'S until fruit is ripening. 
 
--'Oat smut .IOottony cushion- 
scnle San Jose Seale 
 
See XXlU for treat ment of seed 
IKerosene emulsion, IWhen Iruit is one15% or XU _._____ fourth grown 
 
ILime-Sulphur 
 
wash-iWhen trees are dor mant 
 
------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ This smut causes the head to turn into a black mass. 
 
weeks later 
 
1. 
 
IK~rosene emulsion 15%1 
 
In summer 
 
_ 
 
1 
 
---IThis scale is controlled in Oal. 
 
br 11 lady bug (No'vius cal'- 
 
clwalis.) 
 
1 
 
10epend on winter spraying. 
 
White fly Seab _. 
Sooty mold 
 
IOonlaet polsons 
 
IAbuoseutXlaosrt XoUf April 110'12 days later ------Isabmroeod wahpepnearssecond IRepeat if necessarv --IXIsIoIn,mayWiblel uasdehderwe itwheolul.t poi 
 
IBordeuux or XlX IXyU (3-6-00)* or Repeat 2-3 weeks later 2-3 weeks later 
 
XiX just after 
 
blossoms fall 
 
_ 
 
ISoe Remarks.. ..1 
 
1- ----------------------1 
 
._1 
 
__ 
 
_.. _ 
 
-----------------ILi ves on honeyd~w ~rom whi te 
fly. Remedy lies III prevent ing the white fly. 
 
"See e'l'lAllatioQ 01 this lormul" in dlscus"lon 01 Borde"ux Mlxtwc on page 150. 
 
 SPRAY CALENDAR-Continued. 
 
NAKE OF PLANT. 
 
Name of Insect or Disease. 
 
WITH WHAT TO SPRAY. 
 
WHEN TO SPRAY, OR OTHER TREATMENT. 
 
Firat. 
 
Second. 
 
Third. 
 
Fourth. 
 
REMARKS AND OAUTIONS. 
 
Peach 
 
IBlack peach aPhis/contllct polson -- .. Ix. Xl or xn when 08 da),s later 
 
1 
 
(leal torm) 
 
lice appear 
 
Borers 
 
-1Repellent wash I(Sec remarks) --------1- 
 
1 
 
1 
 
/Spray betore leaves curl. For 
 
root form use tobacco dust. 
 
---I------------------------I(See Bullctin No. 17.) 
 
Pecan Pear 
 
Curculio 
 
IJarring or arsenicallcommencc jarring. and18'10 days latcr 
 
in Bord 
 
use VI or XVIII as 
 
petals fall 
 
18.10 days later 
 
18.10 days later -------IJar trces to capture beetles evcry day tor 23 weeks atter truit sels. (See Bul. No. 17). 
 
Peach twig borer_lr.ime-Sulphur wash_IVII or Vill durin(( I or V[ in XVIl as 
 
winter 
 
buds nrc opening____ 
 
San J08e scale ---ILime-SuIPhur washcslDUring winter months Repeat on bad trees 
 
West Indian scale_ Ilnd X 
 
use VII or Vill 
 
betore buds open 
 
Peach lccanium 
 
Brown rot and mildew 
 
Bordeaux (weak) 
 
IXVTI (6-0-60)* before xvn (3960)' when 
 
buds open 
 
fruit is Bct 
 
X (20%) when truit is halt grown 
10-14 da)'s later 
 
10-14 days later 
 
Leaf curl 
 
VH or XVII (4-G-50)"ISpray one month be Touch up unsprayed 
 
tore buds open 
 
spols 
 
Winter treatment with VIl[ deslroJ's Jroung larvae in winter cells. 
Depend on winter spraying. 
XIX when fruit nears maturit)'. 10 winter remove rnummicd fruit Ilnd dead twigs. 
One sllraying enough it well done. 
 
IBud worm Scnaubts()leaves and 
 
IArsenicals IBordeaux 
 
1[. ill or VT when 110-12 days later 
 
1 
 
buds open 
 
_ 
 
----------IXVll Ixvn ~[arc(h0-61s6t0)' about foliag(4e-s65tu0l)l'y wghroenwn!Wlhheinrd ngurtoswanre one 
 
1 
 
-IXVIIT may be uscd with pronto 
 
12-3 weeks later -------Ir aonr dVwI imll adyesbterouysecdateinrpiXllVarlsI.l 
 
JBud worm 
 
IArsenical in Bord __ ISame as tor apple ISame as tor aople I 
 
I 
 
--ISee apple. 
 
Codling moth IArsenical in Bord __ ISame as tor apple I 
 
I 
 
----I 
 
ISee apple. 
 
'See explanation of this formula in discussion of Bordeaux 'Mixture on page 160. 
 
 SPRAY CALENDAR--Continued. 
 
NAME OF PLANT. 
 
Name of Insect or Disease. 
 
WITH WHAT TO SPRAY. 
 
First. 
 
WHEN TO SPRAY, OR OTHER TREATMENT. 
 
Second. 
 
Third. 
 
Fourth. 
 
REMARKS AND CAUTIONS. 
 
Pear-(cont'd) Irear slug ------__IArsenieals 
 
-11 or VI ill XVIII 110 day~ laler if slu!(s 1------------------------I------------------------ISee ehe'Ty. 
 
when sluga appear.. rcmam 
 
_ 
 
San Jose scale __ ILimeSulphur wash_IVU or VlII durin~ 1------------------------1-------------- 
 
winter 
 
_ 
 
-1- 
 
-----------------ISec peach. 
 
Plum 
 
Pear leal blight --I Bordeau" 
 
Pear scab 
 
.1 Bordeau" 
 
Ixvn (~-6-60)* when Ilepent 2-3 weeks lalcrl3 wecks lntcr --------I------------------------IThird sprn.l'ing not often nec- 
 
gleraovwens ltc. t full _ 
 
C!'slIry. Pcar slocks lI1ay be sprayed 5-6 tilll"'" 
 
ISame as for aoole I 
 
1 
 
---I------------------------ISee apple. 
 
-I I------------------------I------------------------Ix 16.8 I\phis ------------ITobacco decoction When lice apoear 
 
esdsaaryys later if nec 
 
boer uXsIeId.in weak solulion may 
 
Cureulio --------.lJarlcrianlsg and arsen _I;a,ne as lor peach ---1------------------------1------------------------1------------------------ISee peach. 
 
Sr-nencnnJoiusme ssceanlele --_-_lr,ime-sulPhur wnshcslDUring the Wi.nler 
 
Xif(J5n%cc)esisnnrsyummer _1------------------------I------------------------ISee apple and peach. 
 
ISllOt-hole borer __ Ilepellents 
 
Ilomo:,e infested lrees Paint lrunks in soringJ 
 
during wmler 
 
with repellent 
 
_ 
 
I 
 
-I (Sec Bulletin No. 17). 
 
Brown rot 
 
IBol'dellu" 
 
.l811I11e liS for pelleh ISlIme as lor peach IXIX when fruit is set_!llepeat wilh XIX ----IIScc peach.) 
 
I'" - Plull1 pocket ._IBordeau" __________,xvbunds(4o-6p-e5n0)* before 
 
---- ---------,------------------------,------------------------IG;pveeachsamlee~1 tcreuarlt.ment as lor 
 
3hothole luogus -I Bordeau" (weak) IXVIT (3-6-50)* when XVII (3-9-60)* two Ilepeat 2-3 weeks later 
 
: 
 
_ 
 
lenves nrc ncnrl.y weeks later 
 
. 
 
grown 
 
_ 
 
*&."'C CY1)lunution of this forumln in tliscu8sion of Dordcuux Mixture on page 150. 
 
 SPRAY CALENDAR--Continued. 
 
NAME OF PLANT. 
 
Name of Insect or Disease. 
 
WITH WHAT TO SPRAY. 
 
First. 
 
WHEN TO SPRAY, OR OTHER TREATMENT. 
 
Second. 
 
Third. 
 
Fourth. 
 
REMARKS AND OAUTIONS. 
 
Potatl> Quince 
 
IOolorado potato Arsenical in Borel, IWhen beetles or yoUnA'/S.10 days later if spraJ'llf insects again appearl 
 
beetle; blister or II 
 
appcar 
 
is used 
 
 
 
beetles 
 
IU8sConstrmonugstmbixetuarepsp.licdDryoftpeOnI.. 
XVIII is most successful. 
 
Flea beetles 
 
.1 Repellent or arsem'IWhen beetles appcur'15-S days later --------IRepeat if necessary --/------------------------IBordeaux with poison is best. 
 
cuI 
 
Dusting will somctiJllcs an- 
 
swer. 
 
Potato blight ----IBoreleaIDc 
 
.lIVhcn plants arc 4-5 /Rcpeat 1014 davs later/l0.l4 days later ------I------------------------Iusc XVI[ (4-6-50) and add I or 
 
inches bij(h 
 
VI for insects. 
 
Scab ------- 
 
I.'I':XIII or XXIV .lSoak seed potatoes 1 
 
1 
 
1_-----------------------18co usc of XXIII or XXIV 
 
agoiJlst scab. 
 
II, ISlug ------------IOonpto.lasocnt or internal 
 
slXugos r aXppVelaIrI when 
 
Few days later necessary 
 
if 1-----------------------I------------------------I8ee cherry. 
 
Leaf bligbt -- IBordeaux 
 
ISame as for Dear 
 
ISame as for pear 
 
1 
 
1 
 
ISce pear. 
 
Rust 
 
.IBordeaux 
 
.1:1.'Yll (4-650)' when IAfter bloominll' 
 
---I Raspberry 
 
leaves are halt ~rown Rose scale -------ILime-SuIPhur washeslvn or VTlI when , 
 
BlackberrY -- San Jose scale 
 
dormant 
 
_ 
 
Dewberry 
 
12 weeks later --------I-------------------- ISec apple rust. 
 
,. 
 
,. 
 
__ 
 
,Out and burn worst infestcd 
 
canes 
 
Slug 
 
IOontact poison or VlII, VI. X or XII whenlRcpcot 4-5 doys Intcr_ .. /Repeat if necessary --I------------------------IPoison spray should not be 
 
slugs appear 
 
used on bushes in fruit . 
 
Inthracnose Orangc rust 
 
IBordeaux ./______ _ 
 
IXVI1 (56-50)' before IXVII (3-6-50)' soon /S.10 days later ------IS-lO daJ's later growth beA'ins  after growth bCll'ins_ 
IOut out diseased canes 
 
'See ""planation of this formula in discussion of Bordeaux Mixture on page 160. 
 
/use :I.'1X on bearing bushes when fruit is half grown. 
 Spraying for anthracnose may prevent. 
 
J~ 
 
 SPRAY CALENDAR.* 
 
NAME OF PLANT. 
 
Name of Insect or Disease. 
 
WITH WHAT TO SPRAY. 
 
First. 
 
WHEN TO SPRAY, OR OTHER TREATMENT. 
 
Second. 
 
Third. 
 
Fourth. 
 
REMARKS AND CAUTIONS. 
 
Rose 
 
.IRose beetle or roselaand p.ickinll: and IBegin by hand Dick- [ or ill (1 lb. to 100 IHepeat in few da.vs __1 
 
chafe~ 
 
arsemcals 
 
mg each da.y 
 
gallons) 
 
1Use of arsenicals 'uncertain. 
 
somewhat 
 
Rose slug 
 
14'5 IArsenicals or X or 11, VI, X or XII when 
 
days later 
 
XlI 
 
slul,'" appcar 
 
14.5 days later If nee 1------------------------I)Jay be well to apply both 
 
essary 
 
contact and arseniml poisons. 
 
San Jose scale LimeSulphur washcs Tn winter 
 
Rose scale 
 
Leaf spot 
 
Bordeaux or XIX XVII (3650)* or XIX Repeat 1014 davs later Repeat if necessary 
 
~ 
 
when leaves aDPear__ 
 
6-8 Strawberry --ILeeatfc. roller, slug, _Arsenical in Bord When insects aDPear__ days later 
 
Repeat if necessary 
 
Remove and burn bndly infest ed sprouts. 
XIX will not show much on foliage. 
 
Tarnished plant bug 
 
IKerosene 
 
emulsion 
 
_IX pl(a1n5t%s ) 
 
on 
 
young 
 
Isame before ripening 
 
frnit 
 
is 
 
Use XIV when fruit is ripening 
 
Kerosene emulsion may taint fruit. Pyrethrum should be used as spray. 
 
Leaf blight ~ rustlUordeaux (wcak) __ IWhen growth belrlns .110.14 days later 
 
XIX when fruit is seL Repeat third if neces- On ~'oung beds and after fruit 
 
sary 
 
 is gathered use XVII every 
 
two weeks. 
 
Mildew 
 
_16.8 jPotasslum SU1Dhidc_lwhen growth beeoins 
 
days later if mil IRepeat it necessary j 
 
dew appears 
 
lwhen Bord~aux is used, mildew not liable to appear. 
 
Tobacco -----Iuud.worm Cutworms 
 
__ Poisoned bran IPoisoned bran 
 
XVI sprinkled in Repcat in 5-6 dll'vS Repeat as necessary 
 
opening buds 
 
_ 
 
IA"VI, IXVI spread on land 
 
spoonful at base IRepeat 23 days later_! 
 
before plantinll: 
 
of plants 
 
Watch closely for first worms. 
IPOisoned bait shonld be ap plied about sundown. 
 
Horn worm 
 
II \6.8 IRaanrsdemj)ciaclksing and  oapr pVeaIr when worms  days later --------IWahpepnensrescond brood  1------------------------IHatnod pdiecsktrloayrge swmoarlml s. wSoprmr;lsY. 
TurkeJ's will capture many. 
 
~8ee eX\ll\uw.'UoD. of \hl. formula in dlscIl88ion of Bordeaux M.ixture on page 100. 
 
 8PRAY CALENDAR-Contmued, 
 
NAME OF PLANT. 
 
Name of Insect or Disease. 
 
WITH WHAT TO SPRAY. 
 
First. 
 
WHEN TO SPRAY, OR OTHER TREATMENT. 
 
Second. 
 
Third. 
 
Fourth. 
 
REMARKS AND OAUTIONS. 
 
Tomato 
 
IOOlorodo potato IArsenicals in Bord__.ISame as lor ootato ISame as lor potato tbleese,tlec;tc. tlea bee_- 
 
Tomato worm ---.ll1and picking and If, m or VI in xvrrr 16-8 days later 
 
Fruit worm 
 
arsenicals 
 
when worms aoDenr 
 
IRepeat if necessary 
 
might ---------__ IOordeaux 
 
IXVinII se(e3d-6-b5e0d)" while IWohuent planls are set _110-14 days later 
 
110-14 days later 
 
Xl X may be used every two weeks until fruit nears ma~ lurity. 
 
Vlolet 
 
ILeal rust or spot _I Bordeaux __________,Wpheeanrsfirst disease an 110-14 days laler -------ILO-14 days later 
 
110-14 da.vs Inter ------IBuprlnantasl.l diseased leaves and 
 
Turnips and 
 
15-6 Radishes -:--ICabbage web-worml Arsenicals _________ ,f, III or VT when 
 
days later 
 
worms oppear 
 
Wheat -------ISmut - 
 
ISee XXIn lor treat , 
 
, 
 
ment 01 seed _ 
 
.18-]0 days hter -------I------------------------/uust be. poisoned when first appea.riog before webs nrc lonned over plants. 
 
, 
 
. 
 
, 
 
, 
 
 
 
_-IXVIII ----IDI'l Sweet Potato_IOolden bugs; flea/Arsenical in Bord 
 
in seed bed 
 
plunts ill VI or IRepeat first ]0-]2 daYblRepeat if neeessarv --IPlants not olten injured after 
 
bectles, etc 
 
2.:VJl[ belorc plantin!: aller plantinA' 
 
getting well started. 
 
f,emalolds,poet,tc leal _IBordeaux  
 
,XVII (4-650)" when Illepea~ at first silm /10.]2 days later 
 
, 
 
plants are set 
 
 01 disease 
 
, 
 
 
 
"Sec explanation 01 this lormula in discuBBion 01 Bordeaux Mixture on page 150. 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR SENDING INSECTS AND PLANTS. 
This office is at all times glad to render all possible assistance to fruit grower and farmers, by determining the identity of insects and plant diseases, and advi ing measure for their control. 
\Vhen ending in ect ob erve the following precautions: ever end in ects of any kind in envelopes or pasteboard 
boxes; they are generally crushed beyond recognition. Living insects should be enclosed in strong, tight, wooden or tin boxe . 
o opening for air are necessary. Enclose some of the food-plan t for in ects to ubi t on while 
enroute. The name and address of ender hould be on eery package. 
It i again t the po tal regulations to enclo e a letter in a package by mail, unle the package i ent at regular letter 
postage rate. The po tage required on packages containing 
insects or plants is one cent for each ounce. Corre pondents are requested to write as full a de cription 
a po ible, of the habit, food-plants, injury and abundance of In ects sent for identification. 
Beneficial insects, as well as injurious forms, are alway gladly received. A letter should be sent al 0, tating in what way the insects are beneficial. 
Specimens of twig, living plant with foliage, etc., should be wrapped in moist cloth or paper to insure tbeir reaching u in fresh condition. Fruit showing injury or disea e hould alway be wrapped in paper and packed carefully in a strong wooden or tin box. 
Address communications to R.1. SMITH, 
STATE ENTO;\lOLOGIST. 
 
  The bulletins of the Georgia State Board of Ep.tomology, which are of present practical value, and still available, are mentioned below. (The numbers not mentioned are either out of date or exhausted.) Application for any of these numbers should be addressed to the State Entomologist, Atlanta, 
 
Ga. Bulletin -0. 6-The Peach Leaf Curl and its Treatment. Bulletin o. 9-The Cotton Caterpillar. Bulletin No. la-The Crop Pest Law of Georgia. ( ot including Amendments of 1904-05.) Bulletin o. I I-Fumigation of ursery Stock. Bulletin r o. Iz-Mexican Cotton Boll Weevil. Bulletin o. 13-Some Common Insects Injurious to the Apple. Bulletin o. 14-Experiments With the San Jose Scale in 
 
Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin 
 
194 o. IS-Cyanide Method of Fumigating Nursery 
Stock. o. 16-Cotton Boll. W Ofm and Insects Injurious to 
Corn and Truck Crops. o. 17-Peach Insects. A treatise on the impor- 
-tant Peach Insects in Georgia. o. 18--Pear Blight Disease in Georgia, and Pear 
Leaf Blight. 
 
 BULLETIN NO. 20-SEPTEMBER., 1906. 
PART I. 
Report of the State Entomologist 
FOR. ,905 
And Insects of the Year 
PAR.T II. 
Crop Pest law of Georgia 
Regulations of the Georgia State Board of Entomology 
 
CAPITOL BUILDING 
 
Atlanta, Ga. 
 
See Notice on Last Page of Cover 
 
OPJlLIKA, ALA. 
POST PUBLISHING CO~lPANY 
1906 
 
 GEORGIA STATE HOARD Of ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
OR.GANIZATION 
1.'. . H DOS, Chai nilan, Comm is. ionel' of Agticu ItUl'e Atlan tr,. 
Ex-Officio ]I mb 1'. P. J. BERCIDIA:K j"lresident of tate Horticultural ociety,. ugu. tao 
Ex-Om io J1emb 1'. J. J. OX~ER, 
Pre ident of tate .\..gricultural oeiety, artersille. Ex-Officio J1 mbel'. 
 
R. 1. lUTH, . tate Entoll1ol gi t and  cr tar~- of the Board 
A. . LEWI"" A si tant tat EntomoloO'j t, Atlanta. 
W. Y. REED Field s i tant Entomologi t Atlanta. 
G. R. CA EY, Deputy In pector, Adair!idlle. 
'V. ,Yo H. E Deputy Insp tor Atlanta. 
 
tlauta. 
 
 'To tit Honorable Board of Entomology of tit tate ot 
 
Georgia: 
 
I have the honor of ubmitting a r port of th ,,:ork of 
 
the Board of Ent moloO'y for the year 1905, and l' ommend 
 
that it be printed and distributed in bulletin form for the 
 
benefit of the fruit grower and farmer of the tate. . 
 
All who are inter ted in thi Board and it work hould 
 
be O'iven an 0PI tn'tunity of knowinO' the character of the 
 
'work which we are doing. :lIany people in th tate are 
 
not y t fami liar with the differ nt lines of work unGer 
 
taken. Thi information, widely di tribut d, hould tend 
 
to in rea e the inter, t in our work whi h i generally 
 
<:onced d a being n of O'reat importanc. e\'eral new 
 
Jine of im-e tigation ha\'e been tart d within the la t two 
 
.:rem's. Experiment looking to the control of the cotton 
 
wilt di ea e, or 'black root," and demon tration work in 
 
<:ontrol of th p ar bliO'ht are now occup ing con iderable 
 
"tim and while the \york i in omplete it cannot well be 
 
:J.'epol'ted on in our bulletin. 
 
I re omm nd also the publi ation of the amended rop 
 
Pe t Law. including the chon' relative to quarantine 
 
~gain t the )Iexi an cotton boll weevil, and also the l'evi ed 
 
"Rule and R O'ulation. of the Bard. a a upplement to 
 
the j'eport already mentioned, \Yithin the la. t two y ar 
 
<mr mailing list ha. bE' n in rea ed by \'er 3000 name., 
 
<:ompo~ed of prominent fruit gro\yer and farm 1'8 in all 
 
pal't~ of eorgia. '1'he e n \\' cone pondent ha\'e never 
 
l.'ecei\'ed a bulletin O'i\'ing the Law gO\' riling thi Boaea. 
 
A 111an.' request are l' ei\'ed for a copy of the La" and 
 
ReQ.'uhltion it seem. de il'able to publi h them in full. 
 
Yery re pe tfully, 
 
R.1. SMiTH, 
 
ppro, d: 
 
tate Entomologi t. 
 
'1'. G. RCD ox. hail'man of the Roard. 
 
pt. 5, 1905. 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
PAGlt 
 
PART I. 
 
tate EntQD1olog-i t' Report for 1905: 
 
Introd lIctlOn. . . . . . . .. 
 
161 
 
Pergonnel of the working force 
 
162: 
 
Annual appropriation 
 
163 
 
Farmer' Institute work .......................... 163- 
 
Insects of tht: year 1905. . . . . . . . .. 
 
163- 
 
Finances 
 
.. . 171 
 
Nursery in pectiou 
 
172 
 
Orchard inspection 
 
174- 
 
Experimental work 
 
17& 
 
Publication 
 
177 
 
Roll weevil quarantine 
 
17 
 
Office and Corre pondence 
 
17~ 
 
PART IT. The Crop Pest Law of Georgia Reg-ulations of the Georgia State Board of Entomoloy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. :\Jexican Cotton Boll Weevil Regulations 
 
181 
.. 1 192 
 
 BULLETIN 
OF THE 
Georgia State Board of Entomology. 
 
-SEPTEMBER., 1906. 
 
No. 20. 
 
Published by the GelJrgia State Boa"d of Entomology, Atlanta, Ga., and sent free of charge to all residents of the State who make request for same. 
 
PAR.T I. 
 
REI' RT OF "f.\TE EKTO)lOLOGl T OF GEOHG IA FOR 1903. 
By H. 1. ')IlTll) T.l'.fE :E~'l'O)LOLOGIS'.r. 
7'0 tlr Honombl JIembel' of t:Je,e G ol'fiJia tate Boat'd of Ento'l1iology: 
I ha\'e the honor to nblllit herewith a tate Entomolo ui t and Se ret:l1'y of the Board. a R port on the work of the tate Board of Entomol 0T for the period between January 1 t, 1903, and Dec wber 31st, 1905. 
The year ha b en notable for the number of change and ~ddition t the working for(' of tile Board ehief among which wa th l' jO'na1.ion of your former tate Entolliolo gi t. :Mr. ,Yilllion Xewell. lthOllO'h lie I to be c ngr:\tn lated on O'aining a better po. ition. we llin t regret the loss ~f hi \'aluable er.ice in Georgia. 
The work during 1905 ha b en carri d on along mUllh the ame line' a form rly. and in addition ome new fields ~f re earch and experimentation ha,e been entered. More work in or hard in pe tion has been po ible with the in ~rea. ed appropriation over 190-1 and thi work has been pu hed into new field. Regular routine nm ery in pection 
161 
 
 ba b en gi\'en eyen more careful attention than in tbe pastThe offic work bas hown about 20 per cent increase in thellumLer of lettee.' received and an. wered. Thi feature of' tbe work i of o-reat impoltance and indi 'ates that the people of the tate are becoming more ali,e to the demand for g1'eater knowl dge r o-arding the cont1'ol of in ect and di ea es in tbe 01' hard and o-eneral farm c1'op . 
 
PER O...'SEL OF THE \lTORKISG FOR E. 
 
For 1905 the per onnel of fhe Board hil been a follow  
 
F1'om Janua1' 1 t to Februa1'y 14th ~lr..,rilmon ~ewea 
 
wa. tate Entomologist, with 
 
. Lewi and the writer- 
 
a a i tant.. On February 14th th writer wa ad\'anced 
 
to the po Won of tate Entomologi,t llr. Sewell having 
 
re io-ned to ac ept a better and m re remunerati\"e position 
 
a Entomologi. t to the Loui. iana Exp riment tations 
 
.-\...fter February 14th ~lr. Lewi ontinued to a t a 
 
is- 
 
tant Entomol o-i t iillino- the po Won with 'redit and tak- 
 
ino- an actiye int re t in the work. .\..fter Mr. Kewell re- 
 
. io-n d it became n' ary to I t another a i tant ana 
 
Harper D an, Jr. a graduate of tbe Viro-inia Polytechnic 
 
In. titute, wa' elected, and has rendered bighly efficient 
 
rvic. ~lr. D an* ha b n known a Field A . i. tanto His 
 
,,-ork ha b en mainly nul' ery and or 'hard in pe tion and 
 
experimental wOlk. ince Augu t 1 t 1\. 1\. eha e: als~ 
 
from the irginia Pol~ytechnic In titute, ha acted a Dep-- 
 
uty In pector on orchard and nul' er in. pection. Mr. G. 
 
R. a ey. of Adair ,ille Ga., ha al 0 acted as Deputy In- 
 
pe tor and both th e O'entlemen ha,e rendered yalUllble 
 
ertice. The work done by Mr. a ey ha b en confined 
 
mainly to -orth\ye t G orgia, in order to reduce the ex- 
 
pen. e of traveling. \.. offi e help ~fi Bettie Walker has 
 
rendered valuable a . istance. And in thi onnection I 
 
wi h to ay that the incr a d corr ponden e and office 
 
work ha. mad the dutie of th t noo-l'apher much more 
 
arduou than in pa t year. 
 
Harper Dean, ]r , resigr.ed in March, 1905, : nd his place is filled by W. V. Reed, 0Mississippi. 
162 
 
 AXX -AI. APPROPRIATIO . 
1'h appropriation for the tat Department of Entomol ogy for HIO- wa ' '10.000.00 ". 00.00 more than for 190,1. This increaRed amOl1nt ha. mad it I -ible to do more exteE. i,'e an 1 mol' efti 'ient work than here-to-fore. a will be e"ident from the d tailed report farth l' n. 
Tbe hange in the workin'" for e f the D partment and the . n. equ nt int l'l'uption of work made it difficult to arranO"e all plan to tbe b . t ll.clYantag without fear of oyerreaching th aUlOunt apI ropriate I, and hen'e in t ad of u -ing \1 entire 10.000.00 a could a ilr ba,'e been done, we ha,'e come tbL'ouah the year with ;) 3. :. balan e. 'Ihi amount will be added to the appropriation for 1906 and the whole am unt 'an b utilir.ed to good adnmta a . 
I ;lIN CODRtl'ained to mention the ma 1. l' of r'li1road pa O'es a effpc ina our work. ])urin lY IDO;). I wa gl'anted pa. ea b;y all but ne large railroad and my a. si. tant b 11 pa . e o"el' . e,'el'ul lines. 'Te ha,' <:"tn'ed about the ame number tbi y ar. How "el" th point I w'i. h to m ntion i. that the tra,-eling expen. e. of :1Rsi. tant. n t holding pa. e are ,ery hiO'h. and a. OUt' )y0l'],: incre:.\ '. th am unt p nt fol' tr:l\'elinO' will in rea. e. and at a noticeable rate. not wholly in keeping with tbe amount of work a' ompli. hed. With out I as. e. our work ,yould h< ,'e b en J'educed con idembly last year. 
FAR)[ER' L- TIT TE "ORK. 
Farmer. Institute d mand con. id rabl attention du~ ing milllner and fall. '}'alks on insect. and plant dL-ea es ha,-e been made at eyeral point. over the tat. Thie WOt1;: wa made a pe ial feature of the work of your Departm nt by h Genetal A . emlJly of 190,1. 'Te haye drran!red to lJ'i"e mol' valuable aid to Farmer In titute work by th plll'cha e of a stereopticon for O'i"ing illu tl'ated lec-. tnre.. 
IX E T OF THE YEAR 1905. 
The in. ect of the Year were reported at a meetillg of 
163 
 
 the '0 iation of Economic Bntomolgists at Kew Ol.'1ean . In that paper mention was made of 35 common and more or Ie' destructi,'e insects, and the number would have bt::en con iderabJ.r increa ed if mention had been made of all minor out-breaks. The reI ort was as follow : 
In ects of the p ach, apple, cotton, corn, gras. and grain crops are the one' tllUt cOlllmand the most attention each year in Georgia. DUl"ing the ell. on of 1905 several injuriou form have appeared on each of these crop' , while in addition 0m in ect pe t.. of minor crops have been brou~ht to om' attention. 
PEACH INSECTS. 
he 'AN JOSE SALE) Aspid'iotUt8 lJenticio.sus) stlll hea4l ; the Ii t of 'cale inse ts in Georgia as being the best knowll and the mo t pernicious. '1'he winter appli ation of [ime- 
ulphm- alt wash htl prO\"ed to be an effectual rem~d'y for this pc t. One praliug in late winter i u ually ufficient, 'though b~dl'y infe ted or hard t re ometime treated tw1 e oming the winter; preferably in December and February. 
For i!\UlJ1l11er tl'eatment of an Jose cale we recolllmend u ing- 20 per cent k rosene 'oap ernul ion on peach tree when the fruit i. about one inch in diameter, or just after the fruit is gathered. olubl petroleum oil have not been sufficiently teste@. in Georgia to ju tify our either recommending or condemning their use. 
The HRRY CALE, A pid'iottls for'oesi, is common in many orchard but not often numerous eRouO'h to require spraying. 
PE.~CH LECANIUM:. Euleca niw1t nigrofasciattl1'n. has been found in a few peach and plulll or hards thi year. It is generally kept 'in control where lime-sulphur- alt wash is used during the winter. 
THE 'YE '1' INDIAN PE.\ H SC.~LE, Anlacaspis pentagona i. till prei!\ent in a few localitie in middle and outh Goorgia. 
The PE.\CH-TREE BORER Sanninoidea emitiosa, continues to be one ,of the IllO t dreaded of peach insects. RepelJen~ wa he. have not proYed to be . ati 'factory in pre,enting tlJe 
164 
 
 depredation of thi pe t. "ork done by Prof. H. tames of the Georgia Experiment tation goe to show 
that mounding the earth around the ba of peach tree about Augu tIt to compel the borer larvae to e tabli h them elve well up on the trunks and the early removal of the e mound about the la t of October, followed by thorouO'h . craping and worming and appli ation of orne austic wa h i the mo. t ati factory way of fiO'hting thi inect. Till work may be upplemented by pring worming if nece ary. 
THE FRUIT-TREE BARK BEETLE, colytll ntgnlosu . ha been more in evidence thi year than ommonly; and thi we think i due largel ' to the fact that man pea h tree were injured by the cold wint l' of 1904-05 rendering them more u ceptible 10 atta k. fr m thi in. e t. During June and July many letter were l' c ived from' all part of GeorO'ia, tatinO' that the bark-beetle or h t-hole borer a it i more commonly ailed in Geor!!ia, were killinO' number of tree in til young or hard. lnve tigation of Yeral of the e a e re\'e~led the fa t that many of the tree thu reported a beinO' killed by the hot-bllle borer, had been rreviou ly injured and wakened by pea h borer, old weath r. or through injury by cultiYation or lack of arne. In a few ca e.. how Yer, apparently healthy tr wer being badly atta Ii: d I adinO' u t th on lu ion that healthy tr e are sometime eriously injured by the bark-beet! ,in pite of opinion, by eminent authoritie , to the ontrtlry. 
Xumerou orchard la t prinO'. how d the work of the PE_' E[-TWIG BORER, Attar ia lineat lla, but the damage reulting We not great. Orchard which had b en prayed the wint l' b fore with lime- ulphur wa h w l' for the mo t part uninjur d. 
The PLU~1 RULlO O1wtra h lus 11, nupha1' ,ya abundant during 1905 in many orchard and cau ed on iderable 10 f fruit. :Much good work toward controlling thi in- 
t in Georgia i done ea -h year by gathering all fallen fruit eyery two or thr e days thi pra tice heinO' followed by many of our larg t orchardi ts. The jarrino- metbod 
165 
 
 fOt 'apturing th b etle i Ira -ticed in om few or hard with 0" od re ult but thi m thod of fiO'hting the curculio i not generally a cepted becau e of the amount of labor necesf;;uy to lICC. sfully 'arry out the operation. 
Th so 'TUERX J XE-BEETLE. 1l0l'hina niticla} "a ob el"\"ed June _f), ' - at Baldwin, GeoI.,ia, eating the lea"c off the) oung . hot.. of peach tree.. 
On ."-pril tho a nur' rylllan at Rome, Georgia, ent I ecim n of th T.\HXISliED I'L.\XT-B G Lygu prat n i, and tat d that they were . e,erely injuring pear ,t k in the nul'. l'y row~. ~Ja:v 2~nd a imilar repol't came fII'm Burr. Geol'gia. except that the in ect' were working OD young apple grafts. We ndyi. ed spraying with kero. ene ellml'ioD at 1- pel' 'ent ,.trenoth, whi h wa found to be u e fuJ. 
, .\LE Ix. E T OF O.o\K ~xu :-'L\.;'J.I:. 
The GL O:\lY C.\LE.it pidiotu ob cune. i. found in llPill'I)- all parts of ~e ro-ja on th oak and mal Ie. In the 
ity f .Ulanta it i. aI IIlO t impo ,ibl to find a tr e not in f f;ted. 
ApPLE Ix 'ECT  
'e,'eral 'ommon .\PPLE IX E T ha"e been lDJuriou' in G otgia thi )-ea1' am DO' which the follo"inO' ar  the mo t impottant: 
'fh '" LLY .\PIlI of th ~PPLE) '7cizon Ul'a lanig)'(l i n ady e"el'ywh re abundant and parti ulady in th older apple orchard, The aerial form i not eriou, nearly all th injm')- fr m thi in ect c min'" from th !!round form wher it is too often allowed to incr a.' unmole ted. Tobacco duo t ha be n n 'ed with orne ucce' on the young or hards. but we baY found it n a r y to make at lea t two appli ations of du teach Jear to in ure eyen partial nc 
A eri of xperiment were tarted by our Department with a vi w of finding a 0' od l' medy for the und r-ground form. The work wa~ mainl)' ondu ted by Harper Dean, Jr.. Field Af;~istant Entomologi t. and the re ult of tbe fir t year' work ha been reported in the pro 'eeding of 
16 
 
 "the Georgia tat Horticultural oci ty for 1905. 'l'he work with tobacco du t wa not ntirely ucce ful' other 10rm of tobacco, alone and with kainit, al 0 O'ave doubtful .re ult. Kero 'en ernul ion at _0 and 30 per cent wa found -:to be the be 't l' rnedy but further te t vdll be made before it i generally re OIllm nded. 1Ye have found that keros~ne ernul. ion may b u ed in which to dip the root of nul' ery 
tock without apparent injury to th~ tr e. "'e ha,'e con trolled th aerial form in the u ual way. 
The OOLIXG MOTH) Ocwpocapsa pomonellaJ ha been notic oed more or I 's in all apple orchard. In the be t apple or, ~hard of GeorO'ia proper pra ing method are followed and thi insect reduced to a on idprable C'xtent. 
The ,\PPLE PL.\XT-LO 'EJ lphi mali "':1' iJ)'C 'cnt i~l :1 num' bel' of rchard and in a few ~d. e" ih uamD'" to ~'onnO' tr . wa quite ,'m'ere. "'e ha'-e founn that d t!'ong whnc~o de 0 tion i omewhat superior to ker(kellC emulsion for ~ontrolling thi in ect. )luch "'ood work could l'e don in 'young al pie or hard durinO' ,,,int r !J:' findin~ and l' 111 ,inO' the twiO' bearinO' the ,,,inter rggs. 
The OY TER-,'HELL B.\RKLO EJ J.1jii1c:spi.~ pOJnoru111, oc' ~Ul" in e,eral apple orchard and one report thi year 
tated that a few tree had b en kill d at Rome Georgia. The .\PPLE-TREE TElXT' .\TERPILLAR Mala 0 0111a al11,ericana, 
'l\a r p rted from "'a. hinO't<?n, G orgia, with pecimen, ~n .\pl"il -h:t. and from caterpillar colle ted at Hape\'ille, (} oJ'gia. we reared adulL ,,,hich emerged )lay tho Tni ~aterpillar i. apparently not " Q' abundant in Gern.'gia though :111 earinO' yery year. 
FORE T .\.;'0 PE A.' TREE Ix E T . Ear}y in AI ril the ne,,.. papers of Georgia began to l' port a ~E')'il)u~ im'a,'i n of .\TERFILL.\R in hatham ounty n ar ,anlDnah. The.,'e rep rt aid that the caterpillar W re pre ent in n h numb 1\ that p ople bad to dill' dit 'ue around th~ir home to top the caterpillar. from ent rinO' tbeir hou. e.. and that they O'ot on the radroad tra k .so thi kly that trains conld not pa . "ffe immediately im-e . tigated these l' port and found that the caterpillar in 
16i 
 
 que tion '....ere the FORET '.rEXT-CATERPILWR, Malaeo oma di "tria and that they weI' really pre ent in alarming number. in the wamp about tw Ive mil from avannah. Thecaterpillar tm April 27th had nearly tripped the trees 0\' l' .'e,eral a re lea,'inO' only the e,'ergl' n p cie. ThefollowinO' fore t tree. were attacked: oak (all pedes) weet gum hickory willow and also plum, peach and appletree. They did not attack the ulti,'ated rop in the garden. exc It abbaO'e whi h had been ea en a little in onepIa' It wa true that the aterpillars O'ot into houses and au 'ed lUuh di. comfort to the inmate; and in onepIa they O'ot n th railroad track rend rinO' it lippery o that train bad a hard time gettinO' pa t. 
)lany caterpillar were colle ted and placed in a breeding cao' and the following note obtained: lay th, caterpilla.rEl b ginninO' to pupat . May 24th moth emerO'inO' rapidly' )lay 27th, female d po itinO' rr  
.-\.n inter. tin 0 currence of injury to pecan tree was fil'st brought to our attention April 7th, when we re eived 
n I tt r from )fonti 110. Georgia tating that ome in ect 
wa atinO' the bud. and I a,'e. a fa t a they appea.red, fr m a. gro"e of pe an whi'h av raO'ed 10 to 1~ feet high. Im'e. tiO'ation brought out the fact that the damage was au;;;ed by two p ci of J . 'E B G, (La h1wst rna,) nam l~-. in,,; I' a and hirti nla. Th adult. worked on the tree mainlJ' at night ating the Qpening bud and entirely pre'-entinO' the foliag from dev 10pinO'. A method of jarring th tr e at night and capturing the beetl on a heet wa . ugg ted a a remedy. 
 
OTTO Ir. EC'!'S. 
 
Among the O'l"rON 
 
,-eral common form ha,e 
 
be n pre nt thi y ar and at I a tone pecie not here- 
 
tofol' con idered of importance in Georgia. 
 
Til CO'l'TOr ATERPILLAR Alabama argillaeea, was not as 
 
abundant as u ual though pre ent in a number of counties 
 
in middle and outh G orgia. It late appearance in COD- 
 
iderable numb l' l' ndered it almo t of no con equence. 
 
The O'l'TON BOLL WOR~[ H Uothis ob.oletct, wa. also 
 
168 
 
 "atil t uuimpottant thi y ar, thouO'h we w r expecting it ..apIJeatance in con iderable nurnbet becau e of the O'reat amount of injuty tepott d in ID04. Remedial rn a ure were not neces 'at 0 fat a we are awar . 
Lllperod s bl"llnn u } a NEW OTTOX BEETLE, made it ap.pearan 'e in nine plac in at I a t ix different ountie, in 'the p riod between Jun 20th and Jul. 5th. The countie in which it app ated wer tather widelJ- parated, thu rend ring th outbteak the more remarkable. The beetle .appeated in O'l'eat numb r. in all ca. , feeding on the leave, qual' bloom. and young b II of the otton plant . "Their favorite I lac for feeding wa in the opening bloom from whih t11 y would eat th entire enter and ometiJ?le the petal.. At niO'ht they would O'ather in olid ma e on the under. ide of th leave and in the quare. It wa not un oml11on to fin I a' many a one hundred on a inO'le leaf. 
-ntold damaO'e wn. rep l'ted, the letter received tating "that whole field .. of fifty a l' l' mol' would be devoUl' d in a f w week if the b etle were not hecked. The report . 'Qf cour wer adly exaO'O'erated, but the excitement au ed 'by th app arance of thi beetle wa. intense while it la ted "3nd lead u to im'e tiO'ate. ,Ye found it true that orne 
. ." plant were entir ly de tro,ed and ometime veral hun- 
dred in apt. badly injured. Ju t wh re the beetle a.ll1e from we ould not tel!. Pari green in dry and wet form wa. r commended a a remerly and wa u ed in a few places. It wa our intention to gh'e the poi on a thorough te t and a pecial trip to " ienna wa made for the purpo e of makInO' an experiment. pon arrival, however the beetle had so far di a1 pear d a to render poisoninO' unnece ary. Further inve tigation howed that the beetle di appeared in two or three week a udd nly a they had formerly -appeared. 
For want of any accepted common name we.have given thi. b etle the name. "THE .r EW OTTO BEETLE," for it i new to the otton grower of GeorO'ia, and for a time it ~ertainly looked a though the damaO'e cau d by them miO'ht be eriou~. The ultimate injury wa not great as 
169 
 
 the beetles did not 'll'ead fal' from where they fir t appe<1l"ed. 
Th RED rIDER, Tetranychtt glo'/;er(, appoored in e"era cotton field this }ear, som times covering two or threea r. in a field. Du:tincr with. ulphur and praying with Ii 1'0' n ernul 'ion wa aid to cri,e reli f in orne places. 
Am ng other cotton in, ect' colle ted in Georcria thislear, may be mentioned the H-\RP- MOOTER Oncon~etopta Jlndata, the COTTOr UJ.1F-BUG, Calocoris 1'apidtts, also 1 e a1'U' hilari and the o'rro~ LO - E, Aphis go ypii. ~Tone of thelast four in. ects mentioned have cau d riou damage, althoucrh the cotton lou e wa abundant a u ual. 
GR-\S ) GR~I AND GARDE IN ECT '. 
n July 24th a 1 tt I' came to the offi e from tate bol'o, tating that 'orne ',OR:\1 had Ie. tr }ed a 4-acre field of German millet. Thi in ect proved to be the FALL ARMYWOR:\1 a. d termined from one half-grown larva. nfortunal l} ,ve could not get pe im n to rear a the worlllilall di app ared within a few day after th report. Our c rre pon lent tatcd that the Engli. h parrow devoured thou. and of them, thOllO'h we b lie,e that they were then entel'in cr the ground to pupate. Thi arne worm wa ob. ITed in a I ar and plum orchard in AuQU ta feeding on the crab-gt-a . From larvae olle ted at thi point adults were reared eptember Dth. 
Tit HE' 'U~ FLY cidomyia d tl'll tor. i found in all the wheat field of Georgia. The prin cr brood appearing in many fi lIs ia t pring mu t have orne mainly from the volunte l' wheat, a n arly all the wheat in the fall of 1904 arne up 0 lat owin to dry weather-that it was 110t then inf 'ted. Wh at planted early thi fall ha been found infested to the extent of 96 per cent. )lany of vur wh at rower a1' bein cr brought to ee the value 9f late plantinO' and de tru tion of the volunteer wheat. 
'rombu po ell lllls GRA WEB-WOR:\! wa reared from on lar\'ae oIl ted from a corn field near .-\..tlanta. Appal' ntly the :ame . pe ie. of larvae were colI cted from eorn, 
170 
 
 at Ringgold and Summenille, though we were un ucce 3ful in rearing adult. This pecie, we under tand frvill Dr. 'bittend n, ha ne,-er b en reported a feeding on cum before. At first it was mistaken for the common OUTHl'lLtN COHX BUD-\YOR)l) Diabl'oticn l'2-punctatcL) whicb was 1l0ticed at ..e,-eral point in G orgia beside' the place mentioned above. 
The TRIPED CUCU~!BER BEETLE) DiaI)'/'ot1.ca 1/ittc((:,: was reporte'l from Richland on lIay 2nd, as eriou ly injuring a field of cantaloupe. It wa also reported from and colle ted at other point in Georgia. 
pecimens of the COMi\ION POTATO'BEJETLE) D01'yphora 10 lineata) came in the mail frequently dnring April and :M.a.y. 
The H.~RLEQ lIT C.\BBaGEB G JIttl'gantia histrionica, was very abundant on cabbage, collard and turnip dm-ing 1905. 
On July 1 th a crib of COHN containIng over two hnndred bu, !leIs of ear corn \ya found by Harper Dean, Jr., aL C~cloneta. infe ted with thonsands of WEEVILS) OnlLmdl'a ol'yza. The destruction of the corn was almost ompletli! when the weevils were di covered. The use of carbon biuJphide at tbe proper time would have saved many doll~lr' to the owner of this corn. ,fe mention this partly to hQw what little attention is giv n to many insects until the dama e become '0 aI parent tbat it annot be overlooked. 
e"eral garden and field crop in ects have been ml1re or Ie, omD1on in Georgia thi year, but pace will not be taken here to mention th m. 
 
FIX.\_' E . 
 
E:rp ndit lire of the rlppl'o]Jriatlon of '10,000.00 for 190'1. 
 
To Appropriation. 190- 
 
10 000.00 
 
By Salarie a follow : 
 
Salary of State Entomoloo-i t, January 1 t to 
 
December 31 t. at .,1.:-00.00 per annum...... 1,500.00 
 
 alary of .\S t. Entomologi t. January 1 t to 
 
February Hth. at .'1.200.00 per annum.... 
 
150.00 
 
alar:,' of A ,t, Entomoloo-ist. February 14th to 
 
D c mb l' 31:::t. at ,,1.000.00 per annum.,.. 
 
75.00 
 
171 
 
 'alary of tenographer January 1 t to Decem 
 
bel' . 1 t, at 600.00 per annum 
 
. 
 
By Expen e a follow : 
 
Field A.. i taut, 2 da work at 3.00 per 
 
di m 
 
. 
 
Wage paid Deputy Inspector 
 
. 
 
Tl'u,' ling Exp n tate Entomologist 
 
. 
 
Traxeling E]xpen e A t . Entomologist 
 
. 
 
Tl'a," linO' Expen e. Field A i tant 
 
. 
 
Tra,'eling Expen D puty In pector. . 
 
. 
 
PrintinO' and EnO'rayinO' 
 
. 
 
Po tuge 
 
. 
 
Telegran1 
 
, 
 
. 
 
Office uPI lie and Expen 
 
. 
 
Librnry in 'ludinO" Agricultural Paper and 
 
\. J urnul bindiuO", etc.) 
 
. 
 
Labol'atory 'xpene' and Equipment 
 
. 
 
Field '"York and Experiment 
 
. 
 
Expre. and Freight 
 
. 
 
Expen e Board Me tinO' 
 
. 
 
Farm r' In titute ,York 
 
. 
 
M nthl." Talk (Pai 1 for Dept. of gri.) 
 
. 
 
600.00 
714.00 556.50 431.-5 360.2 392.34 395.:'1-1 1012.9::l 56 .50 27.75 362.30 
24 .43 474.91 397.96 65.50 39.00 141. 70 1 2.00 
 
Balance unexpended December 31 t, 1905 .... 
10,000.000 - R ERY I PE TIO . 
ur ry in pection ha received greater attention tui year than e,'er befor. AtthouO'h the number of nul' erIe and th amount of tock contained i Ie than in 190,1 more tim ha b en pent on the in pection. The fruit grower. and nul' rym n de erve thi attention. In addition to in pecting tb tock grown by each nnr er~'mall, tile  \lrchard from whi h tbp.y secured bud were in peeted in roo ,t ca. as repotted under orchard inspection. ThL we feel i a wr@at protection to the nul' ery-man. It ha already 
liZ 
 
 eI'veJ to prevent e"eral nul' eri s from g tting infested. 
 
Inspe tion of nul' eri .. began _'lugu t 1st and tlJe main 
 
part of tIne men';' tim for four m ntb wa d ,-ot d to tbi 
 
work; or tb quin.llent of one y aI" work for one man 
 
In the large t nur erie. the time. pent wa equal to one 
 
man's time for from 7 to 12 day. 
 
160 nul''' ries 11a, been in pected. and rtificate' i' 'ued 
 
to 1H of tbem. So ertificate wa i su d until tbe nul' er - 
 
man wa' prepared to properly fumigate the lSto'k with 
 
hydro yanic acid ga . and in 'om plac where th tock 
 
wa. grown in wbat we con idered danO'erou territory, the 
 
fumigation wa ,p l' onally upenis d by a 111 in bel' of thi 
 
Department. 
 
Of th 16 nur tie.. in pected and not receivinO' c rtifi 
 
cate:" 5 weI' found infested witb the an Jo e cal,. 0 bad 
 
that it could not be 'leaned out, while the l' mainder have 
 
not complied with the fumiO'ation requirem nt. 
 
ertificate. w re i' u d to 2 nur rymen who tock 
 
wa found sliO'htly iufe 't d but only after th infested por- 
 
tion. were d . troyed and th I' mainder fumigated by a 
 
member of our Department. 
 
Total number of tree contained in the 1H nur erie. se 
 
curing certificate' are a follow : 
 
Pea h, 1 and 2 :rear old 
 
3,775,450 
 
Pea b. June-Buds 
 
' 
 
221 400 
 
Apples 
 
1.300.950 
 
Peal' 
 
36 100 
 
PJunl 
 
,................... 241,100 
 
herr}' 
 
, 
 
,...... 20.700 
 
Gral e' 
 
55.000 
 
Pe an to,' l' 1.000.000 are dl ing ) . . . . . . . . .. L 7 ,5:-0 
 
)li' ellaneous stock including bade tree, 1'0 
 
fig., ll1ulberrie and mall fruits. .. . . .. . . ... 994,000 
 
Total 
 
,'........................ 10 3-2 250 
 
In addition to th abo,'e list 16 mus rie not l' ceiving 
 
ertificate' ontaiued about 230,000 tree. e,eral nurse 
 
l'ie l' ported tock arl: in tb ason, but wh n ,-isited 
 
173 
 
 wete found out of bu. ine '1'3. Undoubtedly a con iderable number of nUl'. el'ymen in 190: and 100,1 hare gone out of business entirely, not finding it pro.fitable to grow a small lot of sto k. 'fhe tendenc)' now i to grow more stock or el 'e quit the busine" entir I,)". Y\"e do not b lieve that the in pection bas been the entire anse for a decrea in the' number of nur..erie.'. but rather that it has followed the' natUl'al law of . uppl~' and demand. 
:XUl'series ou 'ide of Georgia, befor lIing stock in this tate, are required to file a c rtificate of in pedion and' also a signed agreement to fumigate a ording to our recommendations, p to D cember 1st nul' 'el'ymen ontside' of Georgia haye recei"ed certificate.. for s lling in this tate., This is an inCl'ea. e of only 1 o,er la, t year at same dale_ For th past 1:\\'0 years an a,-erage of 11 nul' erymen outide of Georgia ha\'e receired certificates between January 1st and Apl'il 1st each ~'e3r whih number i. not included' in ont reports, a the number gi,'eu abo"e is for nurserymen. wLo 'hip during the season of Hl05-0G. It is a n table fact that the. ame number of out ide' nul' erymen are doing bu in ss in G oro'ia, while the total number of Georgia nul'S rymen has fallen off. 'fhi wLluld indicate that GeorfYia people buy from other tates. The' Georgia nul' erie.. a l' 11101' n arI} free hom, an J o. e cale than most nul' erie in ~Tol'i:hern or Eastern Stat 1'3, and some of the ,Yeo tern Stat s. It would seem therefore that the Georgia orchardi t would do well to purchase more home-o'rown tok to a"oid dan o' l' of gettin o' infe ted trees_ 
ORCHARD INSPE TIO~. 
Otchard in pection ba' been given more attention than in former :rears. Th total number of trees contained in tbe orchard in pected reah the urpri 'ing sum of 1,912,95~, of which all but l:3H were contained in 306 orchards, of C011ll1l rcial size. 43 orchards of Ie than 100 trees con1ain d l' H. 'Te ha"e therefor really inspected a total of 34!) orcbards of all 'izes, containing an average number of 5,1 7 tree. om indi,-idual orchards contained from 25 OO~ 
174 
 
 to 100,000 tr ~. A a matt l' f int rest to how the won 
 
derful p1' domin n e of I encb O\'er nil oth l' cIa se~ of 
 
'fruit the followino- tabl i' o-i\'en. 
 
01'chard tree in p -t d in 1905 nc l'dino- to 'Iav:" : 
 
Pea h tree. . 
 
. 1,.,30.963 
 
pple tt'e,' 
 
. 50.1or 
 
P ar tr es 
 
Plum tr 
 
, 
 
, 
 
. . 
 
-- 9.210 
,'.. ;) 
 
. hert',\' tr es 
 
. =-\.1100 
 
Mi. r Ilan OUR , 
 
', .. 10.6~5 
 
l,91 ~.():The ab \'e figtll'e. how an in T 3!:; of ahout 11J p'1' pnt 'in number of olthard .. ios]! ted in 1905. r0111p:1.l .1 with Dumbel' in"ll <:ted in ]904. and like\\'iRe an inCl:-eaRe of o\'er '_00 per cent o\'el' total number of tree. in I ted in 19040. ""itb thp increa~ed a ... istan 'e thiR year we ha,' b en 'abl to compl.' with 111an:,' l'('CJU~Rt fOl' Ot' 'hard in. pection whi h w uld forlllt>l'l:,- lIaye b en illlPOS ibl . bnt e\en. under llreRent condition. we are forced to refn. e l'eCJue. t for in'spection or at leaRt po tp ne the "i .. its indefinitel:,'. 
RI'EC'I.\L FE,\1TllE OF II rr.\lln I::\SI'E TIo.-. 
n feaime of or 'lIard in~p ttion inau<TllI'at d by my i emt>d wedece RO!'. iR to in"pect all orchard' fl' m which Dm,t>l.nl1ell expeet to take bud" :md graft.. B.' 0 doin lT 'we actolll]!1iRh j IH' doubl l)UrpOR of insl ectino- the orchard 'and protpding the nmRel'Ylllan againvt getting infe ted , tocl;: into hi .. mURt>l'y, Hlank .. :ne ,ent ut :1I'ly il~ "lIrinlT to all nurRe1':"l1Ien with a l'equt>.. t that they rep rt the or chard.. wllic-h tlle.\' d ~ir in..] <:ted. There i, only n obje'tion to thL plan. whith L that th l' hald. IUU. t in 1U0.. t in tanc lJ in .. pe ted before the middl of July. Tlli i of COl1l'Re 11101.' expen.j"e than l'eguhn 1'0utin orchard inspection. 
DlI\'ing ] 905 we l'ecei\'ed application for in. Ie tion of c6 orchmd.. f thi. 'la . of whih 5 were in'p t.ed. while ihe I'emaining 2" ould no be l' a h d throuo-h la k of time .< nd n.. ifltnnce. Of the or 'hm'd, inRpected:- \yell fund in 
175 
 
 fe. ted and the nul' er~'men autioned aO'ain t g tting bud th L'efrom. 
1111C-h more or hard inspe tion would be of value as many Rec-tions have not y t b en l' a bed. 
EXPERIMEXT . .' a n J o. e sea Ie wasbes ha \'e been te t d and th genera I rec-onimelldations for tr atm nt gh'en in Bulletin Xo. 17. Lillle-.'ulpltur wa .. h still holds tbe first pIa as a l' medy tbnt an be af ly applied. 'l'he experiment. were condu ted mainl~' at Thom on. ,a., in spring, ummel' and late fall. 1'e..1c-h L af 'uJ"1 ])jRea e is generally controlled with BOL'd aux and Lime-. ulphur wa. h. Experim nt with dif ferent mixture' again ..t leaf ul'l weI' mad at Adair 'dUe in the spring of ]905. The l'  ult ha b en report d in the l'l'oteetliogs.of the. tate H lti ultural oi ty for 190-. TI.t \1' II~' Aphi of appl i~ one of our mo t d tructh'e apple p 'ts. Extcn~i\' exp rim ots with in cticide against tl.te undergron ntl form weI' c<1l'l'i d ut at )Ifln'ow and l'ittmnn. Ga, The l' Rult of the fir t year'. wOl'k i given in the Hotticultlll'nl  oei ty R P rt. This work will be t.1kell up again in ]!}OG. < nd be uppl III nted by hI' d ioO' eXlJ riment in th lab I'at l'y. Harp l' Dean. Jr.," will h,we di1'ett charge of thiR inY . tigation. The "tottoo ,,'ilC di .. ase ha 'laimed a O'reat part f the time of ".'lIt. A. . Lewi ...\.... 't. EntomoloO'i. t. tbi. WOrk bein o' ,tillted in a pl'elim:nar)' manner by ,Yilmon Xewell in ] n04, Fertilizer te tR weI' made to d termin their effect on the wilt disease. but th . we )J)U ,t . ny. 3r not n('o\ll'a~ing. The principal [ort hould b directed tow31d getting a I' ,i taut nll'iety of otton. and thi )Ir. Lew'I:; i attelllvting t do b~' 'hybridizinG'. H ha now many \arie ties an I hybrid. of cotton whi h will be te -ted again in 1906. \Ye are p1' pm'ed to . end out a limit d number of ample lois of 'olton s d f the .Ja kson-limble. yari t~'. Thi" wa;: gl'own in the eXJleriment<11 fi Id at Z 1I0bee, Ga. In eo-operiltion with the -. K. l>ept. of  gl'itultm d Ill, 
'\\', v, Reed has taken the plac" of Harper Dean, Jr. 
17( 
 
 Qn tration work in pruning I ear tree to control pear bliO'ht. was ..tarted in SO\'emb r. 190:-. and will be ontinu 
-ed for at last 3 year.. -n" rk ha been commen ed on an 
orchard at Thorn on. and e,eral at mith'ille. and will be taken np at otber plac " Bull tin Ko. 1 . i ued in De ember. 1!)0- O'iYe_ an a 'count of tbe plan. for tbi work. 
on iderable time ha been d ,oted to experiment to deterrnin tbe proper clat to. ow wheat to a\'oid clamag from the H '. ian Fly. By ha\'inO' pe 'ial plat.. f wheat own at our direction, on certain date' we l;:.a\' larned from an examination of the e fi lc1. tbat th proI er date varies con iderably betwe n )Jiddl and.J: ortb G orgia. I'll re llit of tbis iDle tigation i not )-et I acly to be made . known, but when ompl ted it will b of inestimable value to tb G orgia wheat grower. 
A new otton Beetl laim] n id rabl attention durinO'tb latter part of Jun and earl)- in July. Pari gJ'een -a a poi. on wa.. u. ed with 8n ce... [lrrain. t thL pe t. 
Bulletin pertaininO' to the . ntr I of in ect ha, been ued durin.,. 1905 af; follo\\": Bull tin So. l:--'_\.n Inquir." int the yanide )1 thod of 
FUl1liO'atin~ ~-ursery tock." ll' bruary 1200 cOlJi s. Bull tin ~-o. 16-'1'h otton B 11 'Yorm"-'In.e t. lnjuriou>; t 'oro [l nel 'r1'uck e p~:' -'\.1 til. 7000 copie.. Bull tin _" . 17.-'Penth In. e t..: 0 tober, 7000 c 1 i Bulletin ~-o. 1,-"P a1' Blight Dif;ea aud Pear Leaf Blight:' ~ ember. 000 copie. In addition to the rerrular bulletin circular. hay b en di tributed to nul'. 1'ymen :111d ther. a follow : Fehrunl'y 1- '1'11 He... ian PI)-.' .\. timely artie! telling Itow tIle ~. rth ,eorgia wheat geower might deal a . ey re bl w to tlli. d truc tiYe in. ect.  ent to all new I aI er. in )Iiddle and _-orth eorO'ia. 
Hi 
 
 February 1:-- ir 'ular to nul', rymen recrardinO' in~pection 
 
of 01' 'bards from wbi 'h bud. ,,"ould b e- 
 
ured. 
 
July :.0- 'Regulation of the Board Relati\" to FumiO'a- 
 
tion. ent to all nur. r~'men in eorgia. 
 
Jul.)' 24-' Important Information for Xurserymen.' i,- 
 
jng a ummarJ" f law of ,arj us tate. 
 
':ent to all nul' erymen. 
 
July 31- ircular to Out-of-State ~ur. erymen. o'h'inO' ReO'- 
 
ulation Relath' to HinO' t ck in Geor- 
 
gia.  nt to 1:-0 nur erym 
 
other 
 
ta e..;. 
 
Other circular lett r of minor intet . t wer nt to fruit 
 
grow r and other at ,ariou ime. lIan~- arti Ie of 
 
timely infol'miltion ollcetning in. ect.. suIL a an Jo e 
 
seal, bot-hole borer. X \Y Cotton B tl, otton aterpil- 
 
lar Apple odling )Ioth. and others hay been fUl'Ui hed 
 
the GeotO'ia n w pap 1'.. )Iany time tb reque t for. u h 
 
arti'le require con .. iderable tim for preparation. All 
 
such. howe\er. are fr Iy i\eu. when \- l' lo,sible. a they 
 
are of patticular ,alue to the G orgia ft-uit O'l'OW r. and 
 
farmet.. 
 
B LL \YEEYIL Q ~. R.L~TIXE. 
 
The matter of Boll 'lYe ,oil qu:nan in 'hould not be forgotten a the danger to eorcria thtouO'h in\'a 'ion by the Boll \Y dl b com . ~- arly mol' immin nt. 'l'he Boll \\~ee\"il in Louisiana has made an ad\"an 'e of about -0 mileR thi year. and ha." gain d it way fully half way aero that tate. Xext year it wi 11 be liable to rea 'Il-if not no. -the )Ii ,i . ippi riyer, \\'e mu t 'ontinue to enforce the Boll \Yre,il quarantine measur to avoid the danger of brinO'ing the B 11 \\ee,il into e rO'ia in bipmente of cotton in it.. ,ariou form. The Gen tal A., 111bly of 1. 0- \"el'y ",i ..ely taiRed tit quarantine on thr sh d wheat and oat.. a it i, quite fully d monRhated that then> i. no daue-er through that our . \Yith the preRent qmll'antin law, ther i. tea on to belie, that the Bell 
 
178 
 
 ,,- ,'il will not reah G orgia except by natural pread. The. tate Department of Entomology will, however be onthe lookout for it fir t appearance and in the ,'ent it hould app ar ahead of the natural pread e,ery known method will b tried to effet it eradi ation. 
During th year a number of cotton field have be n inpected in ection where we ba "e learn d through correponden 'e and otherwi e that otton Iroduct have been hipped in from Texa: witbin the year of 1903-04, before tbe Boll 'Teedl Quarantin law wa pa s d by the G neral A mbly of 1904. In th field in 1ected ,ye have found no indi 'ution of tbe Bool Wee,il. 
OFFI 'E AXD 'ORRESPO... DE~ E. 
'l.'he offic orre. pondence i getting to be very heavy. A O'eneral idea of the tim l' l]uired for tbi one feature is hown by th I t r book, our I tt rs for the year overing 40 P[\O' or au ayel'age f l' page for ev n da~' except 
un days, Thef; letters ar oft n of uch a nature that con. id rabl tudy i. required before they an b properly an 'wer d. Farm l'S and ft-uit grower of other tate frequently "Tit to our offi e for advice. 
Om mailing Ii t ha: been in rea ed by nearly ~OOO names, numbering now oyer 5-00. which nece itate our ending out IUI'O' edition of each bull tin, and al. 0 greatly in -reasing the corre. pondence, Two year aO'o bulletins were isued in dition of only 23 00 while now it i. n c s ary to ha,' from (. 000 to uppl;y th growinO' demand. Several time during the y ar it ha. becom nee s ary to hire extra clerical belp and a"oid ke ping our men from the reo-ular field work ",hi h . hould not be ueglect d. 
Tbe n ce i~' of a O'ood refer n' library wilJ be understood by all and thi at pI' :ent is laro-ely upplied by the Bull tins from ,ariou . tate eXl eriment tation. The work of ke ping the e bulletin prop rly filed for reference, i no. mall f atm- in th work conne -ted with our office, And aside from other dutie the entomologit mu t often pend time o'iving information to fruit grower. and others. 
179 
 
 who come to the office for advice. In fact, it require more 
 
than all the time of one man to properly attend to the 
 
dutie of the office. 
 
Re pectfully ubmitted, 
 
R. 1. MITH, 
 
tate Entomologi t. 
 
10 
 
 PAR.T II. 
THE ROP PE T LAW OF GEORGIA. 
The following page contain a correct c PJ of the crop pe t law of Georgia, which i found in the tatute of Georgia under the caption, 'Horticulture and Pomology, 'though in reality the department i know official! a the tate Board of Entomology. The Department of Horticulture and Pornology wa fir t e tabli hed, a a branch of the Department of Agriculture, by an Act of the Legi lature -of Georgia appro,ed December 21, 1 97, (General Laws 1 97, .J: o. 346 page 1 0-1 3.) nder thi ct of 1 97 the Commi ioner of Agriculture was authorized to e tablish a special department of Horticulture and Pomology, and employ an Entomologi t to a t a in pect r who e alary and expen e were to be paid out of the appropriation of the Department of Agriculture, aid alar and expen e not to exceed Twenty-Fi,e ;Hundred Dollar (2500.00) p rannum. 
In 1 9 the Legi lature pa ed an et Cleating a State Board of EntomologJ with a pecial appropriation of Twenty-Five Hundred Dollar (2-00.00) thereby makino- the Board of EntomoloO'y entirely di tinct from the Department of AO'riculture. (General Law 1 9 Jo. 7 pages 269-273. . By thi Act of 1 9 ,th Commi ioner of Agriculture, the Pre ident of the GeorO'ia tate Horticultural Society, and the Pre ident oi. the GeorO'ia tate gricultural 0 iety, were made, ex-offia.io, m mber of the tate Board of EntomoloO'y, with the Commi ioner of Agriculture a Chairman of the Board. 0 change ha been made in this ection of the law ince 1 9. (ee ection 1, of followinO' law.) 
By an Act of the LeO'i lature of 1900 approved Dec. 21, 
11 
 
 1900 the appropriati n for the tate Board of Entomology wa incl'ea ed from Twenty-fixe Hundred ( 2500.00) t() Fh'e Thou and Dollar -00 .00 per annum and the Board wa authorized to mploy nch a i tant and deputies as were d emed ne e' ar for the proper execution of the provi ion of thi Act. nder this appropriation of Five Thouand Dollar (5000.00) per annum the State Board of EntomoloO'y work d until ID04 when its increa d dutie , and th danO' I' to the tate of an im-a ion by the llexican 'otion Boll \1'e viI required a larO' I' appropriation by the 
tate for the proper protection of her Horticultural and ..\O'ricultural interet . 
The Legi lature of 190J amended the law of 1900 by giving to the State Board of Entomology the um of Ten Thou and Dollar (10000.00) per annum for two years- 
190;:; and 1(06). (ee ection 3 of following law) and further amended the A t by pre cribing additional duties, u h a the e. tabli hment of a quarantine aO'ain t any arti I from Texa and Loui iana liable to introduce the llexican boll weedl, an inye tiO'ation of the black rootlt di ea. e of otton, and other cotton di ea e and attendance when " l' po ible at Farmers In titute. (ee General Law, ID04 :Xo. 620, page ID-2.... ) 
In 1!)Q- by an \.ct of the General A embly approved _ uO'u t 22 IDO- e tion 17 of the ct of 1904 (Act 1904, paO'e 20 was amended by trikinO' out all of the -arne and ~ub tituting tber for the ection appearinO' iri the following paO'e a ,_ tion 17. Thi hange was mad in ord I' to al10\' th :hipment of oat and titre. hed grain from points in Texa and Loui iana a . uch arti Ie arp. not con idered liable to introdu e the )Iexican boll weevil. 
Th followinO' law comp'ri therefore all amendments to th original Act of 1 9 e tabli hinO' the tate :Board of Entomology. and repre ent Act of th G neral A eIDbly of G orgia relath'e to thi Board, appr yed Dec. 20, 1 9 ; D . 21. IDOO' AuO'. 13, 1904; and _ ug. 22. 1905. 
12 
 
 AN ACT 
 
Be it enact d by the General A sembly of Georgia: 
 
( ection 1 and 2, approved December 20, 1 i\l .) 
 
Secti n 1. That from and after the passage of this Act, the 
 
Comml ioner of Agriculture of the tate of Georgia, the Presl- Organiza- 
 
d nt of the G rgia tate Horticultural Society and the Pres- tlon of 
 
id nt of the Georgia tate Agricultural ociety shall, ex-om- State Boaret 
 
cio, constitute a Board to be known as the State Board or of Entomo~ 
 
Entom 10 y, of which the ommlssioner of Agriculture shall 
 
be chaim"m, which Board shall have full power to enact ogy 
 
such rule and I' gulations go\'erning the inspection, certifica- 
 
tion, sale, transportation and introduction of trees, shrubs. 
 
cuttings, buds, vines, bulbs and roots, that they may deem 
 
n c s ary to pI' v nt the further introduction, Increase and 
 
dl mination of insect pe ts and plant diseases. 
 
ec. 2. That the State Entomologist appointed by the Com- 
 
missloRer of Agriculture, under the provisions of the Act cited 
 
above, approved December 21, 1897, shall act as an inspector 
 
under the pro,-isions of this Act, and it shall be the duty or Offices of' 
 
. the said Board to promulgate rules and regulations In accord- the Boar~ 
 
ance with this Act for the government of the saia Entomolo- 
 
gi t in the duties devolving upon him In the execution of the 
 
proyi ions of this Act. 
 
(Section 3, approved August 13, 1904.) 
 
ec. 3. There is hereby appropriated out of any funds In 
 
the State Treasury not otherwise appropriated, or so mUCh Appropria- 
 
ther of as may be necessary, the sum of ten tl10usand dollars tion-how 
 
p r annum for two years, said urn to be used as follows: 1n expended 
 
the employment of an entomologist, whose salary shall not 
 
exceed the sum of one thousand five hundred dollars per an- 
 
num; in the employment of assistant entomologist, whose 
 
compensation shall be fixed by the State Board of Entomology; 
 
in the pa)-m nt of tra\'eling expense, equipment and maln- 
 
t nance of a laboratory, publication of bulletins, and other 
 
reports and for defraying all other expenses of the execution 
 
of the provisions of this Act. 
 
(S ctions 4 to 14 inClusive, approved December 20, 1898.) 
 
ec. 4. The Entomologist shall have power under the regu- 
 
lation of the Board of ontrol, to visit any section of the 
 
tate where such pests are suppo ed to exist, and shall de- A 
 
If 
 
terminI! whether /lny infested trees or plants are worthy or ppea 1'0 
 
r medial treatment or shall be destroyed. And he shall Imme- decision of 
 
diately report his findings in writing, gl\-ing reasons therefo E!'ltomolo- 
 
to til own r of the infested plantation, his agents or tena,"l~, gist-etay 
 
and a copy of ach report shall al 0 be s,:,bmitted to the said of rocee~ Board. In ca of objections to the findings of the Inspector, p 
 
an app al ball be nUlde to the said Board, who shall hdve I(\gs 
 
the power to ummon witne ses and hear testimony on oath, 
 
and whose decision shall be final. An appeal must be taken 
 
within three da~'s and shall act as a stay of proceedings until 
 
it i heard and decided. 
 
3 
 
 ection 5. Upon the findings of the Inspector in any cas~ OL T t t infested trees or plants. the treatment pre cribed by him shall 
rea men be executed at once (unless an appeal is tal,en) under his 
 
and destruc- supervision; cost of material and labor shall be bornE; hv the 
 
tion of in- own 1'; Provided, however. that in case tbo trees or plants 
 
fested trees shall be condemned, they shall be destroyed by the I;I!,pector, 
 
or plants and the expense of such action shall bc !)"rne oy the owner. No compensation shall be allowed for any plants that shall 
 
be destroyed. 
 
Sec. 6. In case any p rson or persons refuse to execute the 
 
directions of the Inspector or of the said Board after an appeal, 
 
the County Judge, or Ordinary shall. upon complaint filed by 
 
H . b the Inspector or any freeholder, cite tho person or persons to 
 
earlng e- appear before him within three days notice after being served, 
 
fore Judge and that the said Judge or Ordinary may hear and determine 
 
or Ordinary all these cases In vacation; and upon satisfactory evidence, 
 
shall cause the prescrib d treatment to be executed, and the 
 
Unlawful to o~ne;rS:rtl~~:~~sa:: t~~s~:f~~t;~u:l~~:s~JI be cellected from the 
 
sell, or transport 
In'fested 
 
Sec. 7. It shall be unlawful to offer for sale. sell, give away or transport plants. scions, buds, trees, Shrubs, vines or other plants, tubers. roots, cuttings, bulbs, known to be infested 
 
stock 
 
with dangerously injurious Insects or plant diseases. Any 
 
person or persons violating this section shall upon conviction 
 
thereto be guilty of a misdemeanor. 
 
S c. . The said Board of Control. its agent,; o~ employe,,!!, Authority of are herehy empowered with authority to ent I' uJlon any prem- 
 
Entomolo- ises in discharge of the duties herein prescribed. Any person 
 
gist to enter or persons who shaJI obstruct or hinder them or their agents 
 
in the discharge of these duties shall be deemed gutlly of a upon premo misdemeanor, and, upon conviction therof, shall be guilty Of 
 
Ises 
 
a misd meanor. 
 
Power of 
 
Sec. 9. Th Board shall have the power to also adopt rules and regulations, not inconsistent with the laws and Constitu- 
 
Board to ticln of this State and the United Stales, for preventing the In- 
 
adopt Rules troduction of dangerously Injurious crop pests from without 
 
and Regula- the State, and for the governing of COm;JlO,l c'lrril'rs in tr,uls- 
 
1ions 
 
porting plants liable to harbor s'JGh pcsts to and fron, the 
 
State. and such regulations shall h'l,e the force of laws. 
 
Sec. 10. 1l shall be unlawful for any g~nwer. n11rseryman or Unlawful to wrporalion to ship with) l.n"1J St.ale of. U~)r!\,l;t any trees. 
 
ship trees shrubs. cuttings. vines, bulbs, roots, without having been pre- 
 
without 
 
viously Inspected by either a State or Experimental Station 
 
-eertificate- Entomologist or. government officer, witbin twelve months of 
 
. 
 
the date of said slupment, and certificate of Inspection to 
 
punishment accompany each box or package. ViOlation of this clause will 
 
be considered as a misdemeanor rota punishable as such. 
 
Soard to 
 
S c. 11. Be it further enacted. that the members of tbe said 
 
~esignate Board, any two of whom shall constitute a quorum In the absence of the third, shall. within 30 days from the passage o[ 
Insects and this act, draw up and promulgate through the press of Lnb 
 
diseases State the rules and regulations necessary to carry into full 
 
that consti- and complete effect the provisions of this Act, carefully de 
 
tute infesta. fining what diseases or maladJes, Doth insect and fungus, 
 
1ion 
 
shall constitute infestation in trees or plants within the 
 
meaning and purview hereof. 
 
14 
 
 Sec. 12. Be It further enacted, that any person or persons 
 
residing in the tate of Georgia, dealing in" or handling trees, N 
 
. 
 
etc., shall be compelled to have his or their stock InspecteCi urserles 
 
annually on or before the 1st of Novemb l' of each year. H. to be !n- 
 
upon uch Inspection such stock Is found to conform to mE: spected 
 
requirements of the Board of ontrol, the Inspector shall fur- prior to 
 
ni h a certificate to that effect. And any such person or per- Nov. 1st. of 
 
sons malting a hipment before the filing of such certificate h 
 
with the chairman of the Board of ontrol, shall be guilty eac year 
 
of a misdemeanor. 
 
S c. 13. Each and e\"ery person residing In States or Coun- 
 
trie outside of the State of Georgia dealing In or hanCillng Shipment 
 
trees, plants, cuttings, vines, shrubs, bulbs and roots In ...." f 
 
State, shall register his name or firm and file a copy of nls 0 nursery 
 
or its certificate of inspection furnished by the Entomologist, stock from 
Fruit Inspector or duly authorized government official or his without the 
 
State or Country, with the Chairman of the Board of Control. State 
 
Upon failure so to do, said stock shall be liable to confiscation 
 
under ord l' of the Inspector. 
 
c. 14. When two reputable citizens of any county In Geor- 
 
gia shall notify the Board, from b lief, that noxious Insects Services of 
 
or plant di ell. es exi~t in their county, the said Inspector shall Inspector- 
 
be dlr cted to ascertain as speedily as possible by personal how secur- 
 
inveetigatlon. and in such oth l' manner as he may deem ex- ed 
 
pedient, the extent of the infection, 'and shall act with all due 
 
diligence to suppress and eradicate the said pests and give 
 
notice to the owner, tenant or agent of such premises to tl"aL 
 
such infested plants according to the methods he may pre- 
 
scribe, or destroy them within ten days of such notice, and If Cost of 
 
aft l' the expiration of such period of ten days the Infested t 
 
plants have not been treated or the tre.'l.tment has not been trea ment- 
 
properly applied or is not effectual In ridding plants of the how collect- 
 
pests. the Inspector sball cause such plants to be properlyed 
 
tr ated or destroyed as in his judgment warrants. The cost 
 
of the work shall be covered by execution from the owner or 
 
the Pl' mises. 
 
( ections 15 and 16, approved August 13, 1904.) 
 
c. 15. It hall be unlawful for any person to knowingly Unlawful to 
 
bring Into the State of Georgia any living Mexican boll weE:\TlI. bring living 
 
or any cotton bolls, plants, squares, or seeds containing the Mexican 
 
adult. pupal. larv-al. or egg state of said Mexican boll weevil, 
 
unless the person shall Imm diately upon Its discovery at once Boll Weevil 
 
destroy the same or tur;, over the same to the State Ento- Into State 
 
mologl t. Violation of this section shall be punished as pro- 
 
vided by section 1039 of the Penal Code of Georgia of 1895. 
 
S c. 16. No cotton-s ed. seed cotton, cotton-seed hulls or Quarantine 
 
cotton lint., In bales or loose, shall be brought Into this State on cotton 
 
from any points In the States of Texas and Louisiana, or from products 
 
any point In any other State or country wherein the Mexican from locali- 
 
boll weevil Is known to exist, without having attached thereto ties where 
 
in a prominent !lnd conspicuous manner a certificate slglled 
 
. 
 
by a duly authoriz d State or government entomologist, stating M&xlcan 
 
that such cotton-seea. seed cotton, cotton-seed hulls or cotton boll weevil 
 
lint was grown In, and that the shipment of the same orlgi- exists 
 
1- 
 
 nat d in a localit~' wh I' , by actual inspection by saId official 
 
or his ag nt, th l\Iexican b II we \'il was not found to exist. 
 
Any t am hip, railroad or expr company, or any other 
 
common carrier, or any firm, person or C rporati I1S bringing 
 
into this Stat any of the articl abo\"e mentioned without 
 
Certificate -how ob-tained 
 
the sp cified c rtificate attached, hall b deemed gUilt~ of a rnisd meanor. In case any common calTier enumerated violales this cti n. th n the g neral manager of such common carrier or th captain of uch offending \" s el shall be d emed 
 
guilty, and upon com'iction shall be punished as pro\'ided by 
 
.~ ction 1039 o[ the Penal Cod or G orgia of 1 95. 
 
(S tion 17, appro\' d Augu. t 22, 1905.) 
 
See. 17. '0 corn in the shuck, of stltpments or hou ehold 
 
Quarantine goods. furniture, machinelT, gla ware or suppli of any de- 
 
.against 
 
scription which are packed or partially packed in or with 
 
other art- cotton lint. collton-sc d, s cd cotton and cotton spcd 
 
'leles Iiable sacks. 01' corn in the shuck, shall be shipped Into 
 
to introduce this State [rom points in Texas or Louisiana, or any other 
 
"011 weevil Stat or country in which the MeXIcan cotton boll wee\"ll Is 
 
known to xist, without having attached th reto in a prominent 
 
:lnd conspicuous manner the certificate pro\"ided [or in section 
 
16. 
 
( ctions 1 to 23 inclush'e, approved August 13, 1904.) 
 
S c. 1. Trnnsportation companies shall immediately notify 
 
Transporta- ti1e State Enlomol gi t (Atlanta. Ga,) when, by fiversight, 
 
tion compa- n gli enc or otherwis , any shipment of the nature de ignated 
 
flies forbid- in s ctions 16 and 17. without a proper certificate attached, 
 
<len to ac- shall arri \e at any station or wharf in this State, and It shall 
 
t 
 
be hi duty to proceed as speedily as possible, by himself or 
 
e>ep uncer a sistant, to in\"estigate such shipment. If, upon inve tigation, 
 
tified ship- he finds the shipm nt to be o[ the natur her in d signaled, 
 
ments 
 
he shall order same remo\" d from this State,' Upon fallure 
 
o[ th own I' or shipp I' to remove sam wltl11n rorty- ight 
 
hours aft I' n tice has been sent him by "'ire, said shipment 
 
shall be . ized and burned. 
 
c. 19. The "tale Entomologist and his assistants shall 
 
h'1\'e authority to enter. during reasonable busines hours, 
 
fin,' d pot. warehou e, freight, wharf. tran-[ 1', steamship or 
 
express office in thl State, and hall b all w d full acce s 
 
Entomolo- t all way-bills, books, invoice and bills of lading thereIn 
 
gist empowered to inspect all shipments 
 
wh n h or th y may d m it neces nry to d t rmine the ple.enc I' I' cord of any  hlpin nts of the nature designaieu in s ctions 16 and 17 f this Act. Th tat Entomologists and hi as istants . hall ha\"e authority to' enter at any time, r I' th purpo e' of in. pecting shiprr:ent therein, or for de- 
 
"from locali- termining the natur of shipment ther In, any expr scar 
 
-ties where "011 weevil exists 
 
I' steamship wh n same I in transit or lying at dock or d pot in charge of any mployee or official of the company owning or op rating sam. aents and emplo,' s of rallroadS shall be required to open for inspection any car, eal d or un- 
seal a, at an, siding. freight-yal'd or d pot in this State when 
 
o ord I'ed by the State Entomologist or his assistants. ,.nY 
 
p r~on who shall refuse to compl,- with the instruction~ Vl 
 
the State Entom logi t or his assi tants, as herein specified, 
 
or who shall offer any hindrance, or shall obstruct the tate 
 
16 
 
 Entomologist or his assistants in the discharge or their duties 
 
.as herein p cified, shall be deemed guilty or a misdemeahor, 
 
and upon cOlwiction shall be punished as provided by section 
 
1039 or the Penal Code or Georgia or 1895. 
 
Sec. 20. The Stale Entomologist, himself or asslstantp, shall 
 
.have power to enter during ordinary business rours any prum- 
 
ises, d pot, warehouse, cotton-mill. oil-mill 01 other b<1ilding Procedure 
 
-or place in lhis tate where agricultural products are, or are if boll wee- 
 
.suppo ed to be, for the purpose of inspecting and determinIng vii is dis-.~ 
 
whether any boll weevils are there present. In case or finding c(/vered in 
 
.any material therein infested with the boll weevil he shall at any shi . 
 
once give instructions to the owner, agent or tenant thereor 
 
p 
 
~o destroY,fumigate or treat such infested materia.l in such ments 
 
manner as in his judgment he may deem best. But In .ne 
 
-event said malerial shall be ordered destroyed the owner shall 
 
be compensated as now provided by law in ca.ses where 
 
property is conuemned for public use. Failure or the agent, 
 
owner or tenant to comply with said directions (unless an 
 
appeal be taken as provided for in section 4 of this Act), or 
 
the I' moyal of said infested material, or any part therlOor, 
 
from the premises, shall be deemed a misdemeanor, and shall 
 
be punish d as provided by section 1039 of the Penal Code or 
 
-Georgia of 195. 
 
Sec. 21. The State Entomologist, or one of his assistant", "" E 
 
I 
 
hereby required t attend the Farmers' Institutes, and other ntomo 0- 
 
State agricultural societies held in this State for the purpose gist to at- 
 
or delivering lE:ctures on injurious insects and plant diseases, tend Farm- 
 
for the purpose of disseminll.ting more fully the information ers Instl- 
 
'obtain d by his department among the agricultural classes tutes and 
 
of the tat, wh n yer it is pos ible for the State Entomolo- .' It I 
 
.gist or his as istants to attend such meetings. 
 
agrlcu ura 
 
Sec. 22. As the cotton interests of this State are menaced by societies 
 
the possible Introduction of the boll weevil at any time, and 
 
as the boll weevil may at present ficcur within the Stale, and S . I 'that immediate steps may be taken for its detection and ex- pecla ap- 
 
terminafion, if present. it is considered that an emergency propriation 
 
-exists. and the urn of two thousand dollars is hereby appro- for 1904 
 
priated out of any funds in the treasury not otherwise ap11ro- 
 
prlated, to b come immediately available for executing .the 
 
provi ions of this Act for the period I)etween the date or 
 
passage thereof and January 1, 1905. 
 
Sec. 23. It shall be the special duty of the tate Entomologist 
 
to thoroughly imestigate. the cause or the diseases of the "Wilt" or 
 
..otton plant know as "WIlt" or "black root," and other similar dis a es, and make such experiments as In his judgment "black-root' 
 
and di cretion may be necessary to find a remedy theretol to of cotton. 
 
be furnished to the farmers of the State, and for other l>..tr- 
 
poses.. The money appropriated by this Act Is hereby made 
 
'immediately available. This Act shall take effect rrom ana 
 
after its passage, and all laws and parts of laws In conflict 
 
-with this Act are hereby repealed. (Section 24, approved December 20, 189 '.) 
 
Monthly 
 
Sec. 24. It shall be the duty or UTe Inspector to make a and Annual 
 
'Ql'\onthly report of his work, both as Entomolog!l.t and Inspec- Reports 
 
1i 
 
 tor, to the Board of Control as well as Ufe expenditure under this Act. and said Board shall report annually to the Goyernor of the State. This Act shall take etrect from and after Its passage, and all laws and parts of laws In conftlct with thIsAct are hereby repealed. 
1 
 
 R.ules and R.egulations 
of the 
<Georgia State Board of Entomology 
At the Annual Meeting of the Board held at Macon, Ga., Jan 26th, 1906 the Rule and Reg-ulation of the Board wert amended to read a follow : 
Ruhs and ReAulatious for the Government of the State EntomoloAist in the Enforcement of the Act of the Genp.ral Assembly of the State of GeorAia Providing for the Cont.oJ and Eradice..tion of the insect Pelts and Fungous Diseases which Threaten the Fruit and other AAriculturaJ Industries -of the State, and for the Prevention of the furth er IntroducCion of Dangerously Injurious Crop Pests from WIthout the State. 
 
In pursuance of ap. Act of the General Assembly of the 
 
State of Georgia, approved December 21, 1897, arid amended 
 
December 20, 1898 and December 21, 1900, and further amended 
 
Augu t 13, 1904, and August 2'l. 1905, creating a Board of Ento- 
 
mology and authorizing and directing the same to take action 
 
1:or the suppression of certain hereinafter defined Injurious 
 
insects and fungous diseases, and for the prevention of cnll 
 
further introduction, increase and dissemination of the same, 
 
the following rules and regllllations are hereby enacted and 
 
promulgated: 
 
1. In accordance with section 11 of said Act, the following 
 
insects and fungous diseases are hereby declared, Individually 
 
and severally, to constitute infestation In trees and plants; 
 
this list to be revised at the will of t~ Board of Entomology: 
 
The an Jose Scale (Aspidiotus pernlcious.) 
 
The 1ew Peach Scale (Diaspis pentagona.) 
 
The Woolly Aphis of Apple (Schlzoneura lanlgera.) Blacl, Knot of Plum and Cherry '(PIOwrlgJ'il:la morbosa.) The Crown Gall (Dendrophagus globosus.) The Mexican Cotton Boll Weevil (Anthonomus grandis.) Rosette of Peach and Plum. 
 
Pests and diseases constituting infestation 
 
Yellows of Peach. 
 
2. The State Entomologist Is hereby charged with the en- 
 
 foreement of said Act, and as inspector Is directed to locate- 
 
Location of by per onal Investigation, correspondence and In such other 
 
pests-di- mannel' a he may deem best, the above-na.med pests so far 
 
rection for a they may exist in this State, and give proper directl"ns 
 
treating 
 
and take Ruch teps in accordan e with the ab ve-clted Act 
 
as h rna)' deem n ces al'y LO contr"l or eraulcat the s me. 
 
same 
 
3. In accordance with Section 5 of the above-cited Act, the 
 
Stat Entomologi t is hereby endued with power to condemn 
 
and de troy any infe ted trees, shrubs or oth l' plants that 
 
Power of in hi judgm'mt are not worthy of remedial treatment, wnen 
 
such infestation i , or is likely to become, a menace to the 
 
Entomolo- agriCUltural interests of any section of the State, or when ene- 
 
gist to de- owner or owners of infested premises shall refuse or npglect 
 
c;troy infest- to properly execute the treatment prescribed for him or th"m. 
 
ed plants 
 
4. An)' trees, shrubs or other plnnts commonlY known as 
 
t 
 
' nul' ry tock, shipped within the State of GeorgIa, without 
 
e c. 
 
each box, bundle or package (in each car-load, or Ie s than 
 
car-load lot) being plainly labeled with the official Entomolo- 
 
gist's certificate to the effect that the contents of same have- 
 
Stock liable been insp cted and found to meet with the requlrements of the 
 
to confisca Board of Entomology In accordance with Section 10 of the- 
 
t!on 
 
Act cited above, shall be liable to confiscation upon the order ')f the In pector. 
 
Xo tr es, shrubs or other plants commonly Imown as 
 
Certificates nul' ry stock shall be sold, d livered or given away within 
 
-when 
 
the tate of Georgia without being plainly lat,eled ,ith Lhe- 
 
required 
 
certificate of the State Entomologist. 6. Per ons or firms within the State of Georgia growing !Ot 
 
ale tr es, cutting, shrubs, vines or other plants commonly 
 
known as nursery stock shall make application .to the State 
 
Nursery- Entomologi t (Atlanta, Ga.) for inspection aad certificate un 
 
men to ap- or b fore July 1st of each year. Any person, corporation vr 
 
I f I firm failing to make application to ha"e his or their stock. p y or n inspected a aforesaid, after receipt of notice of this rule. 
 
apection be shall not be permitted to offer for sale In this State any of 
 
fore July said stock not Inspected; provided that such person, corpe-m- 
 
1st 
 
tion or firll1 may make written application to the State Boarc1 
 
of Entomology to be relieved of his or their default ft.nd con- 
 
equences. and offering to pay any additional e":pense Incur- 
 
l' d by the State and its officers by reason of such failure. 
 
'I'h Board may upon a proper showing order an Inspection 
 
of said nursery. 
 
7. In case some part of a nursery shall be fOl:lnd infestec1 
 
with an Jose scale no certificate shall then be granted; pro- 
 
Nurseries "1 dOO , however, that Isolated blocl{s of nursery stocl;: nilt In- 
 
partially in- fest may be con idered as separate nurs"rics 'tn,l a c>!rtlU- 
 
fested-p.'o, cate may be granted cO\'ering ~,,'~h nul' ery stock aft~ aU 
 
cedure 
 
stock in the infested blocks has heen de"twyed. 
 
Each and every box, bundle or pacli age of tr~s. shrubs 
 
and other plants commonly known as nursery stock, ~Iilippe<l 
 
In car-Ioaa lots )r less titan c:u -I":HI lot., int" tl,., ,'tate or 
 
Georgia from any other state or country shall be plainly label- 
 
ed ,,'ith a certificate of inspection furnished by th entomolO- 
 
gist, frult inspector or other duly authorized official In the 
 
190 
 
 state or c untJy in which said stock waz grown, and also with the official tag of the Georgia Stat~ Board of Entomology 
 
hereinafter proyided for; said tag to be Yalid only until July 
 
1. t following the date of certificate upon which It Is based (See 
 
S ctions 9 and 13 f the Act cit d above.) Such shipments not 
 
so lab led 'hall be liable to confiscation upon the order of the 
 
in pector. 
 
9. Any per on ~r p l' ons residing in tates or countries out- 
 
side of the State of Georgia, dealing iFt or handling trees, 
 
shrubs or other plant in this State or shipping trees shrubs 
 
or other plants th rein, shall file with the State Entomologist 
 
(Allanta, Ga.) a c rtified copy (or signed duplicate of original) Official tag 
 
f the certificat i u d by the entomologi t, fruit inspector, of Board 
 
or othl'r duly uuthoriz d official of the State or Country In d 
 
' 
 
which said st k was grown. uch certificate for nurseries an certlfi 
 
sou,h of th n rth rn boundry line of North CarOlina, Tennes- cate must 
 
se , and Arkansas must be based upon an Inspection made be attachell 
 
not earli I' than July 1st, and for narseries north of said line to all ship- 
 
upon an Inspection maGe not ear.1i l' than June 1st. Said per- ments from 
 
SOl. or per ons hall also file WIth the State Entomologist a 'th 
 
sign d statem nt in which said person or p rsons agre to fuml- WI out the- 
 
gate with hydr cyanic acid gas all stock shipped Into the State 
 
State of Georgia. Such f\lmigation shall be In a manner ap- 
 
pro\'ed by the tate Entomologist. Upon I' ceipt and approyal 
 
of the certificate and statement aboye-mentioned, the certifl- 
 
cate of the Georgia State Board of Entomology will be Issued 
 
to the applicant without charge, and otllcial tags bearing a 
 
fac simile COP)' of such certificate and the seal of the Stll.te 
 
Board, will be furnished the applicant at cost of printing viz., Official tags 
 
One hundred tag 
 
60 cents postpaid. -how se- 
 
::wo hunared tag 
 
, 
 
ll5 cent postPa~d ctlred 
 
Three hundred tags 
 
$1.10 pos paId 
 
Fiye hundr d tags 
 
.' .. $1.35 nt by express collect 
 
One thou and tags 
 
$~.OO n t by express collect 
 
]0. Xo tran portation company or common carrillr shall de- 
 
lh'er any box, bunole or package of trees, shrubs Or other 
 
plants commonly known a nul'S ry stOCk, shipped from any 
 
other State or country to any con ignee at any station In the Common 
 
State of Georgia, un-I s each box, bundle or pacl,age Is plainly carriers 
 
labeled with a certificate of inspection fu~nlshed by the ottlclal forbidde 
 
Entomologist of the State or country In which said stock 
 
.n 
 
was grown, and also with the official ta~ ot the Georgia State to deliver 
 
Board ot Entomolog)' h l' inabo\'e provided for. Such shlp- uncertified 
 
m nts of tke nature designated aboYe ol'iglnating in the State stock 
 
of Georgia, n I'd only have the certiflcate of the &tate Ento- 
 
mol gi t; and unless his c rtiflcate is attached to ch and 
 
eYer~' box, bundle or package of trees, etc., they shall not be 
 
acc pted for traneportation. 
 
11. Transportation companies shall immediately notify the 
 
State Entomologist (Atlanta, Ga.) when by oversight, negli- 
 
g nce or otherwise, any shipm nt of uncertIfied tock is receiv- 
 
ed at any tatlon or wharf in the tate, and it shall be his Duty of 
 
duty to proce d as speedily as possible to Investigate and dls- Transparta- 
 
pose of uch stock, as provid d for in the Act cited above. 
 
tion Cos, 
 
1~. All trees, shrubs or other plants commonly known a~ 
 
191 
 
 All nllrsery nurser stock (with the exception of conifers and strawberry 
 
stock must plant) offcred for ale, sold, or giYen away in this tate shall b fumigat with. hydrocyanic acid gas by the o",ner under 
be fumigat- the dircction of the State Entomologist. Each and c\'ery 
 
ed 
 
nul's ryman within this State, gr wing nul' ry stock for sale, 
 
hall construct and maintain upon his premises an air-tight 
 
fumigating house or b x and shall maintain such fumigator- 
 
ium in fir t-class condition for fumigating nursel"y stock, be- 
 
Nursery- tween the 1st of Augu t of each year and the 1 t cia)' of May 
 
men requir. f 1I0wing. aid fumigating house or box shall be regularly 
 
ed to con- inspected by the State Entomologist or his assistant in con 
 
struct and n ctlon with the inspection of nul' erie, and the owner or 
 
maintain 
 
ach nursc,')' shall be required to demon trate to th Inspec- 
 
fumigating tor that he has a practical working knowl dge of fumigating 
 
m thods, Upon failure of the fumigating house or box to pass 
 
house 
 
a sati factory Inspection at the time the nul' ery is Inspected 
 
each year, no certificate shall be granted until such fumlgator- 
 
ium has b en placed in condition for properly fumigating nur- 
 
ry tock. The expenses of the in pector when maklng an 
 
Inspection inspection of such fumigating 'house after its repair or al."'' 
 
of fumigat- ation, shall in all cases be paid by the nurseryman. Upon fall 
 
Ing houses ur of any nurseryman or d-aTer i'l nul' ry stock to comply 
 
with these I' quiremcnts certificate shall be withheld or can- 
 
c lied. 
 
13. Cerlifi"ate taas of a standard size shall be secured 
 
Offi . I h' through the Stat Entomoloaist, fOr attaehing to all shlp- 
 
ICla s Ip- m nts and dcllveri s of nursery stock within thIs State. SUCh 
 
ping tags tags shall bear the printed seal of the ",tate Board of b._LV 
 
mology and the fac-similie signature of the Entomologist, and 
 
shall be !'urni hed to nurserym n holdlng proper certificates 
 
at the schedule of prices given in Regulation 9. 
 
14. On and aft I' January 1st, 190-, all nurserymen or deal- 
 
Fumigation er in nursery stock. elling nul'S ry tock within this State, 
 
of stock 
 
shall be required to thoroughly fumigate, in accordance wltl1 
 
from other the directions furnished t11em by the State Entomologist. <:til 
 
States 
 
nursery stock which they may I' cch'e from points without the tate, before s lling or delivering such stock within this 
 
tate. 
 
15. pon the inspection of any nul' ery, the owner of said 
 
Guarantee that all 
 
nursen'. when order d to do so by the State Entomologist or by the inspector, shall file with the State Board of Entomology an affidavit to. the effect that all ntir ery stock grown 
 
stock is in- by him, or for him und I' contract, has been Inspected and 
 
spected 
 
that the inspectors haye b n advi ed of the location of all nursery stock owned, controlled or contracted fur by him. CE'r 
 
tificate shall be withheld until such affidavit Is placed on file. 
 
16. The tate Entomologist is hereby authorl-zed to publish 
 
Publication in the form of bulletins, reports, or through the press ot the 
 
of bunetins, tate any matter pertaining to the di tribution, IIfc history, 
 
etc. 
 
habits and treatment of Insect pests and fungous diseases, 
 
or other matter that may be rnstructlve or aid in the suppres- 
 
ion of such pests. 
 
17. The Board of Entomology may appoint temporary deputy 
 
in pedors when It appears to be necessary, to slst the Er.to- 
 
192 
 
 mologist in the enforcement of the Act cited above, an'l 511CJl Deputy In- 
 
d ruty inspectors shall haye fui! power to enter on premls",~ spectors- 
 
and inspect and report to lhe Stale Entomologist. 
 
. 
 
18. Appeals from the decision of [he Entomologist .;hO'lld thel r power 
 
be addr s d to the Commissioner of Agriculture, (Atlanta, Appear_ 
 
Ga.) who will notify the a'9pellent of the time and place ot 
 
.f 
 
he.1.ring such appeal. 
 
hearing 0 
 
19. The St~te Entom.o]ogist shall be. ~ecretary of the Boara Secretary of and all mqulrIeS l' lll.tIVe lo the provIsIOns of the above-cIted 
Act and lhe subj ct matter of the ame should be addressed Board 
 
to him at C!l.pilol Building, (Atlanta, Ga.) 
 
In addition to the above rules, and as further defining the 
 
duties of the Entomologist with reference to inspection of 
 
nur 'erie ,the tate Board of Entomology pre cribe the 
 
following: 
 
'1'h San Jo e Scal shall be considered the paramount pest San Jose and insp ctions hall be made witt! SpeCIal reference to this Scale-par- 
 
ins ct. 
 
amount 
 
1\urs ry stock infested with the New Peach Scale shall be t 
 
treated in all resp cts as is stock infested wIth San Jose scale. pes 
 
1\l1r ry plants found baring Crown Gall shall be destroyea 
 
und l' the directions of the tate EntomologIst and a certlti- Crown Gall 
 
cate is ued to the owner only after he has given reasonable 
 
a sUl'ance that such infected plants ha,e been or will be 
 
d troyed. The same requirement sllall apply to nursery treQ~ Woolly 
 
so badly infested with 'Yoolly Aphis as to nave gall forma- Aphis 
 
tions upon the roots. Plants or trees infestea to a tesser 
 
degree with this pe t !3hall be treated and allowed to Iass In- 
 
spection. 
 
Should cases of ~osette or Y llows be found in the vicinIty Rosette and of n. nursery all diseased tree must be destroyed before a cer- Yellows tiflcate is giv n the owner of the nursery. 
In ca e of Black Knot occurring in or adjacent to a nursery, certificate will be withheld until all visibly diseased' wood Black Knot shall have been destr65'eu. 
Xotic Additional Regulation. relati\'e to the quaran- 
 
tine againt all article' liable to introdu'e the )lexican cot- 
 
ton boll ,,'eedl, ba\'e been adopt d and read as follow : 
 
At the regular annual meeting of the Board of EntoUlology 
 
held in Ma 'on, January 26 IDOG, the Regulations relative 
 
to the quarantine againt the Mexican boll weeyil were 
 
amended to read as follo\\'f'\: 
 
OOTTO~ BOLL WEEVIL REGULATIONS. 
 
Regulation 20. The hipment into the tate of Georgia. of cotton lint, (loo e, baled, flat or com- 
 
193 
 
 Cotton pro- pl'e!3sed) cotton'" ed, eed cotton, hull. eed-cotton 
 
ducts from and cotton. eed ..a k whi h ha\'e been u. d) anll 
 
sbeoclltiownesevniol t corn I'ItI he hu .k- fl' m pom' ts I'II the st ate 0 f 'I exn. 
 
allowed to lind Louisiana i h l' by forbidden un Ie ueh 
 
enter State hipment hall b a 'ompani d b~' the cel'tificat of 
 
a tate or GO\'erD;ll ntal Entoll1oloo-i ..t to the effect 
 
that uch. hipmeut originated in a locality where 
 
b~' actual in p tion the )Iexi an cotton boll w edl 
 
wa not found to exist. 
 
Reg. 21. hipment of hou ehold o-ood.. furni- 
 
ture. ma 'hin ry. O'las ware OF supplie of any de- 
Household 
goods, fur- s ription. from th tates of Texa aud Loui. iana niture, etc. shall be admitted into the tate of Georgia only 
 
when accompanied by a certificate ( uch certificate 
 
to be attached to way-bill) as mention d in Regu- 
 
lation ~O, and prodded for by an Act of th Legis- 
 
lature of th  tate of Georgia. approved Augu. t 15, 
 
1904, provided any of th articles Ii. ted in Regula- 
 
tion 20 are in.cluded in uch hipment or u d a 
 
packing for an.. part or all of same. 
 
Reg. 22. TJ'an portation companies shall imme- 
 
diately notify the tat Entomologi t (Atlanta. 
 
Ga.) when. by o\'er io-ht, n o-ligence or othenl'lse, 
 
T ransporta- 
 
" 
 
.. 
 
tion compa- an:- shJpm nt of the nature de Ignated III Regula- 
 
nies must tion ~O and ::n Rhall al'ri\'e at any ation or wharf 
 
give notice in this tate without a proper certifi ate or affidav- 
 
of receipt of it attached and it hall be the duty of th Ento- 
 
shipments f rom weevi'I 
 
mologl.t t' o 
 
pro 
 
eed 
 
a 
 
speedi. lY" a 
 
' 10 
 
,Ible. by hi.m- 
 
infested .elf or his a . iRtants. to ill\'eRtigate RU h shipment _ 
 
sections. If. ulon ill\'ei-1tigation. It finds such Rhipment. to 
 
be in violation of R gulation 20 or ~1. he shall at 
 
once ord l' ame removed from th iR  tate. 'Gpon 
 
failure of the owner or shipper to remo\' aid hip- 
 
ment within fOl't~'-eight hour after notic haR b n 
 
sent him by wire.. aid shipment shall be . ier.ed fllld 
 
burned. 
 
Reg. 2:. Shipment of the luti Ie' qual'antin d 
 
against by Reo-ulation. 20 and 21. anQ by the. ct. 
 
19~ 
 
 -()f the Legislature of the State of Georgia, approved Quarantin 
 
Augn t 1-, 190,1 and Augu t 22, 1905, hall be made ed articles 
 
ihrouo-h thi tate to point in other . tate only may pass 
 
when in tigllt closed car. uch car hall not be through 
 
()pened at any point while in tran'it through the State in 
 
State of Georo-ia. 
 
closed cars. 
 
R~. 2,1. hipment of nul' ery tock, fruit and 
 
truck into thi tate from point in the tate of 
 
'Texa and Loui iana shall be admitted only when 
 
none of the articles mentioned in Regulatio;' 20 are Nursery 
stock, fruit~ 
used in packing arne, unle such shipment be ac- etc., how 
 
companied by a certificate a mentioned in R !!U- restricted. 
 
lotion 20. 
 
R g. _-. hipment of liYe-. to'k from point in 
 
ihe tate of Texas and Loui iana, into the tate 
 
of Georgia are hereby ab olutely prohibited when 
 
any of the article quarantined again tare u ed a beddino- or feed for uch live- tock, unle accompa- Llbved-sd~ock 
- e ,n9 
nied by the certificate of a tate or Governmental used. 
 
Entomologist to the effect that the bedding or feed 
 
originat d in a locality where by actual in. pection, 
 
the Mexican cotton boll weevil wa not found to 
 
exi t. 
 
195