United States, South Carolina, Charleston County, 32.74917, -79.94202Smith, Marion O., 1942-20221942/2022Photocopy of handwritten report titled "ASHLEY FERRY, SOUTH CAROLINA, NITER BEDS" provides historical research focused on niter beds used in the production of saltpeter for gunpowder in the Charleston area during the American Civil War era. Slave labor was used from 1862 to 1865. Enslaved individuals who worked on the site were Sarah Lowes, James Brown, and Mary Ann Brown. John T. R. B., Jr. was born at the site in 1886. Others identified as contributors or supervisors include E. P. Toney, William H. Toney, John A. Hall, Robert L. Hall, J. R. Middleton, N. R. Middleton, H. K. Toney, Thomas W. Mitchell, and J. W. Mitchell. St. Clement and John R. B. Clement were possibly involved in the site’s management.image/jp2enghttp://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/Explosives--AdditivesSaltpeterDiscovery and explorationSoldiersNamesVandalismIndependent scholarsUnited States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865--GraffitiCavingSignatures (Writing)|Tourism--Moral and ethical aspectsUnited States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Personal narrativesSaltpeter industry--HistoryGunpowder industryGuano industryNitratesCavesSpeleologyJournal of Spelean HistorySpeleologistsGeology, EconomicGraffitiGeotourismSustainable tourismUnited States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865Confederate States of AmericaConfederate States of America. Nitre and Mining BureauManufacturing industries--United States--History--19th centuryManufacturing industries--Confederate States of America--History--19th centuryMineral industries--United States--History--19th centuryMineral industries--Confederate States of America--History--19th centurySaltpeter industry--United StatesGunpowder--United StatesNitrogen industries--United StatesSaltpeter industry--Confederate States of AmericaGunpowder--Confederate States of AmericaNitrogen industries--Confederate States of AmericaBats--ManureGuanoLocal historyEnslaved personsAshley Ferry, South Carolina, Niter BedsText