{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"gsu_coles_13","title":"\"Defining Issues\"","collection_id":"gsu_coles","collection_title":"Donna Novak Coles Georgia Women's Movement Archives","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018"],"dcterms_creator":["Planned Parenthood Federation of America"],"dc_date":["2004-07"],"dcterms_description":["Newsletter, \"Defining Issues,\" July 2004"],"dc_format":["image/jp2"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia State University Library"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Women's Printed Collection: Periodicals","Donna Novak Coles Georgia Women's Movement Archives"],"dcterms_subject":["Reproductive rights","Family planning","Law","Planned Parenthood Federation of America"],"dcterms_title":["\"Defining Issues\""],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Georgia State University. 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For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s)."],"dcterms_medium":["newsletters"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"iiif_manifest_url_ss":"https://digitalcollections.library.gsu.edu/iiif/2/coles:13/manifest.json","dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"gsu_coles_2052","title":"Tibbetts talks about organizing in Tifton, GA. (2:39)","collection_id":"gsu_coles","collection_title":"Donna Novak Coles Georgia Women's Movement Archives","dcterms_contributor":["Duncanson, Mary Jo, 1947-"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Tift County, 31.45744, -83.52659","United States, Georgia, Tift County, Tifton, 31.45046, -83.5085"],"dcterms_creator":["Tibbetts, Christine, 1948-"],"dc_date":["2004-06-04"],"dcterms_description":["Christine Tibbetts was born in 1948 in Somerville, New Jersey where she spent the majority of her childhood. After high school, she enrolled at the University of Missouri where she received a degree in journalism. It was only after she moved to Atlanta that she parlayed her work in journalism into political activism and implemented her investigative journalism skills to research and write on social, political and cultural issues. While living in Tifton, Georgia, Tibbetts was asked to help organize the ERA campaign in South Georgia. From 1972-1978, Tibbetts worked for the Georgia Association of Educators, producing many publications, including statewide news releases, pamphlets and manuals, and training educators throughout the state. In 1978, she founded her own business, Tibbetts Communications, a marketing and public relations firm with an emphasis on community development, the arts, tourism and travel, and non-profit organizational development. Throughout her years in Georgia, she has chaired numerous community organizations and also helped to support the arts in Tifton County. In 2003, Tibbetts received the First Place Award in the Domestic Newspaper Category by the North American Travel Journalists Association for her travel feature on the Lewis and Clark Trail.","Tibbets begins by discussing her family, her education, and the events that led her to Atlanta. She explains that her degree in journalism helped to guide her into a life of political activism. When Tibbets accepted a position in the communications department of the Georgia Association of Educators, part of her job entailed writing and educating Georgia's teachers about legislators, lobbyists and political action. In 1978, Tibbets moved to Tifton, Georgia, and she recounts her experiences acclimatizing to the culture of the Bible Belt. She says that while she was trying to figure out what she was going to do in her new surroundings, she received a phone call asking her to help organize South Georgia for the Equal Rights Amendment, which she knew would be a \"controversial course of action.\" She started organizing by calling local teachers, planning speaking events at churches and other community outlets, and using the community of Tifton to organize support for the ERA. She explains how she was able to use the community as a public forum for interviewing political candidates and for providing access to the process, so that more women could get politically involved. Through the help of the Women's Political Caucus and the AAUW, organizers in South Georgia were not only able to educate other women on political candidates and legislators, but also on how to use the political system to help elect supporters of women's issues to local boards, such as the Board of Elections, the library board and others, in order to start making changes from the inside. Tibbets explains, \"We founded a literacy program and set out goals there for people with a fourth grade or lower reading level, what we did was got ourselves on boards to make changes then wrote grants and built non-profits to make changes and, of course, brought in more people too.\" She discusses how she was able to help diffuse some of the local resistance in the community against the ERA by aligning with Margaret Curtis and the People of Faith for the ERA organization. Tibbets provides an interesting depiction of the obstacles she faced in terms of organizing and bringing political awareness to the Women's Movement and other controversial issues in the heart of the Bible Belt. Ultimately, she asserts that women in South Georgia were able to accomplish a great deal in the midst of active local resistance.","Transcript of this excerpt: MJD: So how did you proceed then to get in touch with others? CT: Well, of course, I didn't know very many people because I was this sort of newcomer outsider. The school contacts were an easy place to start, because my husband worked for the Georgia Association of Educators. So he knew teachers in all those South Georgia counties. And I knew some of them because of my 7 years of work at GAE. I started by making phone calls there. I don't think too many of the teachers actually became time-wise involved, because they didn't have very much time. But [they] had the right attitude and then they knew people. I started off by getting speaking opportunities, occasionally at churches and certainly at civic groups, just to get some visibility. I knew how to do the media thing. And that's of course a lot easier when there's one weekly paper and maybe a radio station, than it is, you know, in the city. It's a different kind of thing. And so I did lots of the speeches but there were some others too. And got them covered. So then you get all the hate mail to the letters to the editors, so then you have a buzz going. MJD: Then one or two positive letters. CT: Sure. But then that's all it takes. Then, and -- Some calls would come in and say, \"Whoa! I'm interested!\" Or some combative ones would say, you know \"Come! We'll have a debate.\" As long as you're comfortable and -- with you and the others and the Movement and the Women's Political Caucus and conferencing and all the literature, you know, it was possible to get armed and be totally capable to stay in my own or someone else's zone. I think it was Moultrie, which is Colquitt County, I think it was. I believe it was a Lion's Club, but for sure an all men civic group in one of Southwest Georgia['s] towns. I suspect to this day it was just happenstance, but the obligatory -- you know, you come in and the head table and you go through the buffet line and there's lunch and then they get ready to introduce the speaker, that typical pattern. Right before the person got up who was to introduce me, someone locked the back door. I mean, it was [a] visual, obvious thing and I was scared to death! I was the only woman, I'm not worried physically necessarily what's going to happen, but I thought, \"I know they're not going to like a thing I have to say, but locking the door!\""],"dc_format":["audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia State University Library"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Georgia Women's Movement Project Collection","Donna Novak Coles Georgia Women's Movement Archives"],"dcterms_subject":["Feminism","Social movements","Women's studies"],"dcterms_title":["Tibbetts talks about organizing in Tifton, GA. (2:39)"],"dcterms_type":["Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["Georgia State University. Special Collections"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digitalcollections.library.gsu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/coles/id/2052"],"dcterms_temporal":["2000/2009"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright to this item is owned by Georgia State University Library. Georgia State University Library has made this item available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"],"dcterms_medium":["audiocassettes"],"dcterms_extent":["39 pages (two audio cassettes)"],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"iiif_manifest_url_ss":"https://digitalcollections.library.gsu.edu/iiif/2/coles:2052/manifest.json","dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"gsu_coles_2099","title":"Adams talks about being a Christian in favor of the Equal Rights Amendment (2:30)","collection_id":"gsu_coles","collection_title":"Donna Novak Coles Georgia Women's Movement Archives","dcterms_contributor":["De Catanzaro, Christine D."],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018"],"dcterms_creator":["Adams, Joanna Moseley, 1944-"],"dc_date":["2004-05-13"],"dcterms_description":["Born in Atlanta, Georgia in 1944, Adams spent much of her childhood in Meridian, Mississippi. She entered Emory University in 1962 and graduated with a degree in English in 1966. During her senior year at Emory she married her classmate Alfred B. Adams III. Her husband attended Emory Law School and the couple had two children (1968 and 1970). After a few years of teaching at Grady High School in Atlanta, Adams entered Columbia Theological Seminary, graduating with honors in 1979. In the same year, she became Associate Pastor and Minister at Central Presbyterian Church in downtown Atlanta. She held this position until 1986, when she took over as pastor of North Decatur Presbyterian Church in Decatur, GA. In 1991, Reverend Adams was appointed Senior Pastor of Trinity Presbyterian Church in northwest Atlanta, becoming the only women to hold this position in a parish of this size in the United States. She held the position for ten years. After serving as the Co-Pastor of the Fourth Presbyterian Church in Chicago, she returned to the Atlanta area in 2003. Author of numerous articles and sermons, Adams has served in leadership positions on several church and community boards, including Columbia Theological Seminary and Agnes Scott College.","The granddaughter and great granddaughter of ministers, Adams describes her love of God from a very early age, saying that one of her favorite childhood games was \"preaching.\" She believed, however, \"that one had to choose either motherhood and marriage, or service to God. You had to go one way or the other.\" Adams did go on to be both a wife and mother and also was a minister. She discusses the history of women in the Presbyterian Church, and how that has affected her expectations. She also talks about the Equal Rights Amendment and how natural it was for her, as a Christian, to support it. Adams describes the pivotal role her church (Central Presbyterian) played in establishing homeless shelters in downtown Atlanta during the 1987 crisis in homelessness. She goes on to describe how, in 1991, she took over as Senior Pastor for Trinity Presbyterian Church, becoming the first woman in the United States to be in charge of a church of that size. Adams talks about her experiences there, and the importance of women leading in large parishes, stating that although women have come a long way in the Presbyterian Church, there is still in fact a \"stained glass ceiling.\" \"And when I think how much simpler my life would have been if I had just belonged to the book club, but I did know that I had a purpose.\"","Transcript of this excerpt: JA: In the midst of the struggle here in Georgia, I went with my husband, who is an attorney, to a meeting of attorneys who worked -- who did litigation work for railroads. The American Association of Railroad Lawyers, or something. And they had a beautiful, wonderful meeting in the Napa Valley. I believe this was in 1979. And I was -- Al invited me to go, and he was a young lawyer himself then, and we were going to connect with the Railroad Trial Council that referred cases to young lawyers like my husband. And so, the first morning we were at the meeting and we went to the dining room, and here was the guy, the guy who was this big railroad lawyer who we’d gone out to be nice to. He and his wife invited Al and me to join them for breakfast. Well it was just the happiest, sweetest thing, and we buttered our toast and sugared our coffee and we were just sitting there enjoying one another immensely, and the guy’s wife -- when there was a pause in the conversation -- leaned over to me and said, “I understand you are a Presbyterian minister.” And I said, “That’s right, I am.” She said, “Well let me ask you this. Have you ever met a Christian woman who is in favor of that horrible ERA?” It was one of those moments where, you know, your life sort of passes before your eyes. I said, “Well, yes. And you have too. You’re sitting across the table from someone who understands herself to be a Christian disciple. And because of my faith, I am committed quite deeply to the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment.” To this day, I do not understand why the Equal Rights Amendment didn’t pass. I don’t understand it. It’s so perplexing to me. Because it’s so obvious why there ought to be an Equal Rights Amendment."],"dc_format":["audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia State University Library"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Georgia Women's Movement Project Collection","Donna Novak Coles Georgia Women's Movement Archives"],"dcterms_subject":["Feminism","Social movements","Women's studies"],"dcterms_title":["Adams talks about being a Christian in favor of the Equal Rights Amendment (2:30)"],"dcterms_type":["Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["Georgia State University. Special Collections"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digitalcollections.library.gsu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/coles/id/2099"],"dcterms_temporal":["2000/2009"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: Rev. Joanna Moseley Adams oral history interview, Georgia Women's Movement Oral History Project, W008, Donna Novak Coles Georgia Women's Movement Archives, Special Collections and Archives, University Library, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Ga."],"dlg_local_right":["Copyright to this item is owned by Georgia State University Library. Georgia State University Library has made this item available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"],"dcterms_medium":["audiocassettes"],"dcterms_extent":["20 pages (two audio cassettes)"],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"iiif_manifest_url_ss":"https://digitalcollections.library.gsu.edu/iiif/2/coles:2099/manifest.json","dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"gsu_coles_2059","title":"Adams talks about her calling, and about women in the ministry (4:12)","collection_id":"gsu_coles","collection_title":"Donna Novak Coles Georgia Women's Movement Archives","dcterms_contributor":["De Catanzaro, Christine D."],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018"],"dcterms_creator":["Adams, Joanna Moseley, 1944-"],"dc_date":["2004-05-13"],"dcterms_description":["Born in Atlanta, Georgia in 1944, Adams spent much of her childhood in Meridian, Mississippi. She entered Emory University in 1962 and graduated with a degree in English in 1966. During her senior year at Emory she married her classmate Alfred B. Adams III. Her husband attended Emory Law School and the couple had two children (1968 and 1970). After a few years of teaching at Grady High School in Atlanta, Adams entered Columbia Theological Seminary, graduating with honors in 1979. In the same year, she became Associate Pastor and Minister at Central Presbyterian Church in downtown Atlanta. She held this position until 1986, when she took over as pastor of North Decatur Presbyterian Church in Decatur, GA. In 1991, Reverend Adams was appointed Senior Pastor of Trinity Presbyterian Church in northwest Atlanta, becoming the only women to hold this position in a parish of this size in the United States. She held the position for ten years. After serving as the Co-Pastor of the Fourth Presbyterian Church in Chicago, she returned to the Atlanta area in 2003. Author of numerous articles and sermons, Adams has served in leadership positions on several church and community boards, including Columbia Theological Seminary and Agnes Scott College.","The granddaughter and great granddaughter of ministers, Adams describes her love of God from a very early age, saying that one of her favorite childhood games was \"\"preaching.\"\" She believed, however, \"\"that one had to choose either motherhood and marriage, or service to God. You had to go one way or the other.\"\" Adams did go on to be both a wife and mother and also was a minister. She discusses the history of women in the Presbyterian Church, and how that has affected her expectations. She also talks about the Equal Rights Amendment and how natural it was for her, as a Christian, to support it. Adams describes the pivotal role her church (Central Presbyterian) played in establishing homeless shelters in downtown Atlanta during the 1987 crisis in homelessness. She goes on to describe how, in 1991, she took over as Senior Pastor for Trinity Presbyterian Church, becoming the first woman in the United States to be in charge of a church of that size. Adams talks about her experiences there, and the importance of women leading in large parishes, stating that although women have come a long way in the Presbyterian Church, there is still in fact a \"\"stained glass ceiling.\"\" \"And when I think how much simpler my life would have been if I had just belonged to the book club…but I did know that I had a purpose.\"","Transcript of this excerpt: JA: What’s interesting to know about me is that I am the granddaughter of a minister and the great-granddaughter of a minister. And my mother was a particularly bright and compelling and loving person. She would have been, of her siblings -- she had one sister and four brothers, [and] another brother who had died young. My mother was by far the most -- she had the highest spiritual IQ and a very beautiful and compelling faith. A very brave and courageous person. She would have been the natural one to have been a minister. She was born in 1910. She adored her father, Papa, she called him, who died when she was but a girl. I really do think that my -- I always had a great heart for God. I always -- I had -- I went through a period as many people do, in my teens and in college, where I -- of deep questioning, sort of moving away from the faith of my childhood. But OH! I loved the idea of God. And I loved -- I mean this beautiful thought -- that if this story that is told in the Hebrew Scriptures and the Christian gospels -- if that story is true, it would make all the difference. I still to this day find it to be so compelling. It’s very moving to me. But I think that I am -- it was -- it fell to me to be the next minister in our family. Even though categorically, it seemed so strange that, you know, a southern woman – I’d -- when I went to seminary I had never heard a woman preach a sermon. When I was growing up most denominations didn’t ordain women. I had never heard of a woman in ministry. I knew that women could serve on the mission field and seriously thought about that when I was a girl. But it seemed to me that one had to choose either motherhood and marriage, or service to God. That you could not -- you had to go one way or the other. And I couldn’t imagine going through life not fulfilling my very deeply ingrained wishes to be in a partnership of marriage and to have children. So I think that – you’ll be interested in this Christine: my favorite game when I was a little girl was what I call preaching. Really! When I was 7, 6 and 7 years old, I would come home from school, I would line up my dolls on the bed and a couple of teddy bears and close the door. And I remember distinctly turning on the radio, so nobody would hear me outside the room. I had a little desk that, in my mind, resembled a pulpit and I would stand at my desk and I would preach to my dolls. It’s just so interesting to me that of all the make-believe games one could play, that was one of my favorites. CDC: Isn’t that funny? JA: Isn’t that funny? CDC: Did you have siblings that you could preach to, too? JA: I had one older brother, and boy, would he not like to be preached to by his little sister. CDC: I can imagine, I can imagine. Now just for the record, then you graduated from Emory in what year? JA: I graduated from Emory -- actually I graduated in December of '65, but I am officially a member of the class of 1966. I began at Columbia Seminary in 1974 CDC: So you began seminary in 1974 when your children were extremely young. JA: Correct. CDC: At that time in the Presbyterian Church, it’s my understanding that there weren’t many -- or there were some ordained women, but not many who served as pastors. Is that correct? JA: That’s a good question. Let me just fill you in a little bit of the history. This year, 2004, the former Southern Presbyterian Church, which was the name of the Presbyterian Denomination, the PCUS, Presbyterian Church United States -- that section of our church is celebrating the 40th anniversary of the ordination of women. So, it’s been 40 years since, in the Southeastern United States, women have been ordained as elders and pastors and deacons in the Presbyterian Church. This is the 40th anniversary of ordination. I was certainly not a first wave person, in terms of women in the ministry in the Presbyterian Church. I’m clearly second wave. Many of the women who went before me, you know, I think of them as true frontier women, who sort of slogged their way through a sometimes brutal wilderness. And many of them had, and have scars to prove it. They were genuine, genuine trailblazers. So, my path has always been easier than theirs and I don’t think there is a day that goes by in the ministry that I don’t thank God for the sisters who went before me and braved storms that I have not had to brave with the same intensity. So I’m a second wave person. I’m very interested in the fact that -- a number of years ago I was in a minister’s group with a younger woman who was a minister. And we were taking a walk, during a break in the meeting, and Chris asked me about my call to the ministry, my path to the ministry, and I told her all the -- I gave her a blow by blow. It took about 20 minutes. And then I said to her, “How about you?” And she said, “I always knew that I had a call to the ministry.” And I -- just this generational difference. I could have never have known because it literally was not a possibility when I was a girl. In seminary there were -- I would say when I was in seminary, a quarter to a third of the students were women. Now, half, I would guess, at least half of the students at Presbyterian seminaries are female. I was ordained in 1979. At that time, I was the only woman working full-time in a church parish in Atlanta Presbytery. Now there were women who were serving as associate pastors, but they were all, every single one of them at that time -- they were, you know, sort of part-time or they were doing specialized ministries: chaplaincy work, pastoral counseling, those kinds of things. So, I was the first woman to work full-time in a parish, you know, with a regular call. And that was only 25 years ago. So you see how dramatically things have changed and how far we’ve come. Though it’s not all a positive story."],"dc_format":["audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia State University Library"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Georgia Women's Movement Project Collection","Donna Novak Coles Georgia Women's Movement Archives"],"dcterms_subject":["Feminism","Social movements","Women's studies"],"dcterms_title":["Adams talks about her calling, and about women in the ministry (4:12)"],"dcterms_type":["Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["Georgia State University. Special Collections"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digitalcollections.library.gsu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/coles/id/2059"],"dcterms_temporal":["2000/2009"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: Rev. Joanna Moseley Adams oral history interview, Georgia Women's Movement Oral History Project, W008, Donna Novak Coles Georgia Women's Movement Archives, Special Collections and Archives, University Library, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Ga."],"dlg_local_right":["Copyright to this item is owned by Georgia State University Library. Georgia State University Library has made this item available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"],"dcterms_medium":["audiocassettes"],"dcterms_extent":["20 pages (two audio cassettes)"],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"iiif_manifest_url_ss":"https://digitalcollections.library.gsu.edu/iiif/2/coles:2059/manifest.json","dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"gsu_coles_2033","title":"Adams talks about becoming pastor for a large congregation (2:30)","collection_id":"gsu_coles","collection_title":"Donna Novak Coles Georgia Women's Movement Archives","dcterms_contributor":["De Catanzaro, Christine D."],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018"],"dcterms_creator":["Adams, Joanna Moseley, 1944-"],"dc_date":["2004-05-12"],"dcterms_description":["Born in Atlanta, Georgia in 1944, Adams spent much of her childhood in Meridian, Mississippi. She entered Emory University in 1962 and graduated with a degree in English in 1966. During her senior year at Emory she married her classmate Alfred B. Adams III. Her husband attended Emory Law School and the couple had two children (1968 and 1970). After a few years of teaching at Grady High School in Atlanta, Adams entered Columbia Theological Seminary, graduating with honors in 1979. In the same year, she became Associate Pastor and Minister at Central Presbyterian Church in downtown Atlanta. She held this position until 1986, when she took over as pastor of North Decatur Presbyterian Church in Decatur, GA. In 1991, Reverend Adams was appointed Senior Pastor of Trinity Presbyterian Church in northwest Atlanta, becoming the only women to hold this position in a parish of this size in the United States. She held the position for ten years. After serving as the Co-Pastor of the Fourth Presbyterian Church in Chicago, she returned to the Atlanta area in 2003. Author of numerous articles and sermons, Adams has served in leadership positions on several church and community boards, including Columbia Theological Seminary and Agnes Scott College.","The granddaughter and great granddaughter of ministers, Adams describes her love of God from a very early age, saying that one of her favorite childhood games was \"preaching.\" She believed, however, \"that one had to choose either motherhood and marriage, or service to God. You had to go one way or the other.\" Adams did go on to be both a wife and mother and also was a minister. She discusses the history of women in the Presbyterian Church, and how that has affected her expectations. She also talks about the Equal Rights Amendment and how natural it was for her, as a Christian, to support it. Adams describes the pivotal role her church (Central Presbyterian) played in establishing homeless shelters in downtown Atlanta during the 1987 crisis in homelessness. She goes on to describe how, in 1991, she took over as Senior Pastor for Trinity Presbyterian Church, becoming the first woman in the United States to be in charge of a church of that size. Adams talks about her experiences there, and the importance of women leading in large parishes, stating that although women have come a long way in the Presbyterian Church, there is still in fact a \"stained glass ceiling.\" \"And when I think how much simpler my life would have been if I had just belonged to the book club, but I did know that I had a purpose.\"","Transcript of this excerpt: JA: Women were not, and still are not in any significant number, leading large congregations. They just aren’t. There are many women, of course, who are pastors in churches, and size and quality do not necessarily equate. So I’m not using -- that only criteria of size to whether or not a church is important. But the truth is, there is a stained glass ceiling and it’s quite real, and very few women have the opportunity to lead churches of significant size. I really -- and I have kind of a – I’m kind of a change agent kind of person. I have a good bit of energy and a good bit of passion. I began to feel a genuine sense of call. It seemed to me that if anybody could pull off succeeding this long-founding pastor’s tenure, that the fact that I was a woman really might be an advantage. I’ve always found it an advantage to be a woman, just because it’s good to be a woman. But that you wouldn’t really be able to compare the two of us, because we would just -- you have an apple and you have an orange. Actually, that turned out to be true. I’m quite different from my predecessor. But that congregation – it’s very interesting that a southern church would break through this stained glass ceiling. There’s one other woman, on the west coast, who had served at -- I think Trinity was 12 or 13 hundred members when I went. And so, it was -- there might have been one church for about a year, the one with the woman who was there, at that church on the west coast -- left. So for virtually the whole time I was at Trinity, it was the largest church with a woman as its leader in North America. A southern church! That is a wonderful combination of the best of traditionalism, but a real openness to the new things that God is doing. Those are – that’s a marvelous combination. While I was at Trinity, that congregation doubled in size, tripled its budget and built 25 million dollars worth of new building. So I think that I’ve, in terms of those quantifiable aspects -- I think that it has been demonstrated that a woman can be effective in leading a large parish. And you know, I -- That is how I have lived out my own sense of commitment to women in the church, women in the world. My particular role has been to try to be as effective as I could be, as a Christian minister, administrator, pastor, and preacher. That’s my contribution, rather than becoming a spokesperson for feminist theology, although I am very influenced by it. I’ve been into serving. Sandra Day O’Connor doesn’t get up every day thinking about, “Now, here I am, a woman on the Supreme Court.” You know, she’s there to be an effective justice. That’s how I approach my work. CDC: I see."],"dc_format":["audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia State University Library"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Georgia Women's Movement Project Collection","Donna Novak Coles Georgia Women's Movement Archives"],"dcterms_subject":["Feminism","Social movements","Women's studies"],"dcterms_title":["Adams talks about becoming pastor for a large congregation (2:30)"],"dcterms_type":["Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["Georgia State University. Special Collections"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digitalcollections.library.gsu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/coles/id/2033"],"dcterms_temporal":["2000/2009"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: Rev. Joanna Moseley Adams oral history interview, Georgia Women's Movement Oral History Project, W008, Donna Novak Coles Georgia Women's Movement Archives, Special Collections and Archives, University Library, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Ga."],"dlg_local_right":["Copyright to this item is owned by Georgia State University Library. Georgia State University Library has made this item available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"],"dcterms_medium":["audiocassettes"],"dcterms_extent":["20 pages (two audio cassettes)"],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"iiif_manifest_url_ss":"https://digitalcollections.library.gsu.edu/iiif/2/coles:2033/manifest.json","dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"gsu_coles_2103","title":"Cukor talks about her early political involvement (3:25)","collection_id":"gsu_coles","collection_title":"Donna Novak Coles Georgia Women's Movement Archives","dcterms_contributor":["Paulk, Janet, 1932-"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798","United States, Michigan, Wayne County, Detroit, 42.33143, -83.04575"],"dcterms_creator":["Cukor, Janet, 1924-"],"dc_date":["2004-05-03"],"dcterms_description":["Born to Yugoslavian immigrants in Detroit in 1924, Jeanette (Janet) Glavac grew up in a working class, ethnic neighborhood. She graduated from Wayne State University with a B.A. from the Woodrow Wilson College of Law, cum laude. While ethnic discrimination was something Cukor had endured in Detroit, racial and gender discrimination were foreign to her until she visited the South in the late 1950s. By the time she and her family moved to DeKalb County, Georgia in 1965, the worst signs of Jim Crow had been removed, but the signs of gender discrimination remained. While progress was being made in civil rights, Cukor believed that the credence that racial issues demanded caused women's rights to be overlooked. She took an active role in the women's movement as a member of the Legislative and Executive Committees of the American Association of University Women, and as a prominent member of the League of Women's Voters. Cukor was involved in county government, working as special projects coordinator on the executive staff of DeKalb County's CEO. Since the late 1980s, she has been active in the Atlanta Regional Commission, a group that works to aid the elderly. Cukor is married with two daughters.","Cukor describes her childhood, and recounts that before her marriage and subsequent move to Canada, her earliest political experiences were working on Martha Griffiths' political campaigns. Moving to Atlanta in 1965, she recalls that she took an interest in political and governmental issues, and in 1975 was appointed to the Board of Directors for DeKalb County's Equal Opportunity Authority. Cukor says that she met Eleanor Richardson through her daughter, who was petitioning to have a student serve on the DeKalb Board of Education as a non-voting member. She and Richardson became friends and went on to work on Richardson's campaign for a place on the state senate. She describes Richardson's fundraising efforts: \"She took out her Christmas card list and her list of organizations -- members of organizations that she belonged to [and her church] and she won.\" Cukor describes the development of the ERA coalition in Georgia. She goes on to talk about the National Women's Conference in Houston, and the anti-ERA contingent at that meeting, as well as the problems within ERA Georgia. Throughout the interview Cukor discusses issues that concern her, including Social Security for homemakers and reproductive rights.","Transcript of this excerpt: JC: I mean, I was always interested in government and I followed local politics and state politics and national politics and one time I called my local county commissioners complaining about something or other, I don't remember what it was anymore. And I also commented to them about the fact that they seemed to appoint so few women to committees and he says, \"Well I've got an opening for you. Right now, I need to make an appointment\" to what was then called DeKalb EOA. So I said, \"Well, I'll let you know.\" So I talked to a few people about it and I called him back and I said, \"All right, I'll accept the appointment.\" And I got appointed to the Board of Directors of DeKalb EOA. JP: What was, Equal Opportunities Authority? JC: Yeah. [coughs] EOA stands for Equal Opportunities Authority. That was about 1975 and I stayed on the board until just about 2 months ago. I resigned. JP: Also along with all that -- JC: And then I got involved with local politics. I got involved with the Democratic Party, and with Eleanor Richardson, which was interesting. I met Eleanor Richardson really through my daughter. My daughter got involved with something at school, trying to get a student -- well, they found out that the rules and regulations among the various high schools seemed to differ, depending on which high school you were in. And they wondered why this couldn't be the same in each high school. And they were also trying to get a student on the Board of Education, not as a voting member, but just [coughs] to offer opinions. The interesting thing is they didn't get it then, but right now there is a student. Some years later they did start that and a student does serve on the DeKalb County Board of Education, as a non-voting member. And something -- oh, at some meeting that she was at she made some remarks that some principle didn't like and was going to sue her, and -- JP: So she was an adult at this time? JC: High school. JP: She was in high school? JC: Yeah, this was in high school. She was probably a sophomore or junior in high school. Something happened. I don't know whether Eleanor heard her or what. Anyway, we were told to call Eleanor maybe -- whatever it was. And that's how I met Eleanor, who had met my daughter through one of these things. Eleanor at that time, I think, was on the Community Relations Committee. And I think -- she may have been chair. I think that's what the kids did. They went to that committee, and that's how she met Eleanor and then through her I met Eleanor. Because of the principle that didn't like what my daughter said."],"dc_format":["audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia State University Library"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Georgia Women's Movement Project Collection","Donna Novak Coles Georgia Women's Movement Archives"],"dcterms_subject":["Feminism","Social movements","Women's studies"],"dcterms_title":["Cukor talks about her early political involvement (3:25)"],"dcterms_type":["Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["Georgia State University. Special Collections"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digitalcollections.library.gsu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/coles/id/2103"],"dcterms_temporal":["2000/2009"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright to this item is owned by Georgia State University Library. Georgia State University Library has made this item available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"],"dcterms_medium":["audiocassettes"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"iiif_manifest_url_ss":"https://digitalcollections.library.gsu.edu/iiif/2/coles:2103/manifest.json","dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"gsu_coles_2073","title":"Rooks talks about her abortion rights activities (7:05)","collection_id":"gsu_coles","collection_title":"Donna Novak Coles Georgia Women's Movement Archives","dcterms_contributor":["Paulk, Janet, 1932-"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018"],"dcterms_creator":["Rooks, Judith"],"dc_date":["2004-04-27"],"dcterms_description":["Judith Rooks was born in Spokane, Washington in 1941. Her father was a surgeon in the army reserves during WWII, and her mother was a nurse. She attended the University of Washington where she received a B.S. in nursing in 1963. Rooks married after graduation and then moved to Washington, D.C. where, in 1964, she began working as a nurse at the Clinical Center (part of the National Institute of Health). While in D.C. her husband was sent to Vietnam and during his absence Rooks pursued her graduate degree in nursing at the Catholic University of America. During the late 1960s, after moving back to the west coast, Rooks worked on the weekends at San Francisco's Haight Ashbury Free Medical Center. The couple moved to Atlanta when Rook's husband took a job at Emory University Hospital. Once in Atlanta, Rooks became head of a Georgia Citizens for Hospital abortions, an organization which fought to get the Georgia abortion laws changed. In addition to her activism, Rooks also worked for the CDC (Center for Disease Control) as an epidemiologist in the Family Planning Evaluation Division where she uncovered revealing statistics regarding the disparity between black and white women who were allowed to have \"legal abortions\" prior to the change in the state laws. This research was used in the Doe v Bolton case which challenged Georgia's abortion laws. She has continued to work as an epidemiologist for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and as the Principal Investigator for the National Birth Center Study at Columbia University. Rooks authored numerous publications about family planning, and women's health, as well as being an expert in the field of midwifery. She has also been the recipient of numerous honorary awards including the Martha May Eliot Award for exceptional service to mothers and children, in 1993; the Hattie Hemschemeyer Award for continuous contributions to nurse-midwifery and maternal and child healthcare, in 1998; and the National Perinatal Associations' National Award for Outstanding Contribution to Maternal and Child Health in 1999.","ooks describes her childhood during WWII. The daughter of a doctor and a nurse, she believed that aside from teaching, nursing was the only occupation a woman could pursue. Graduating from the University of Washington in 1963, Rooks married in 1964, and went on to earn a graduate degree in nursing at Catholic University of America. She describes her early professional experiences, and says that her interest in reproductive rights began when, teaching at San Jose State University, she assigned students to research the effects of illegal abortions on Mexican agricultural workers. Rooks says that she became politically involved with reproductive rights through the Georgia Citizens for Hospital Abortion. She discusses the abortion laws and their realities in Georgia, especially for poor women, who made up the majority of those seeking illegal abortions, and goes on to describe her experiences in getting support for legislation that would change the existing laws. She describes her committee's failed attempts to get the new legislation passed, after which, she says, she held a press conference on the steps of the Capitol and declared, “because the Georgia legislature has turned its back on the health needs of Georgia women, my committee will establish a counseling center to provide information and arrange legal abortions in Washington, D.C. or New York for Georgia women who could not access necessary health services in Georgia.†Rooks goes on to describe the committee's efforts to assist women in getting safe abortions. She believes that it was her pro-choice activism that resulted in her being turned down for a job in the school of nursing at Georgia State University, and she recounts her aborted contract signing to illustrate this. Rooks went on to work at the CDC where, in her research into the epidemiology of family planning, she began gathering statistics on legal and illegal abortions. She talks about the Georgia Citizens for Hospital Abortion committee's decision to bring a suit to challenge the abortion law on the books as unconstitutional, and describes in detail the work that went in to the Doe v Bolton case, and the people involved, including Margie Pitts Hames who argued the case in the Supreme Court. Rooks talks about her book, Midwifery and Childbirth in America, and goes on to discuss the history of midwifery in the United States. She talks about her move to the Pacific Northwest with her second husband, and about the work she has undertaken since then, both nationally and internationally. She finishes by describing what she considers the most important accomplishments of the Women's Movement: \"My life would be totally different without it. The freedom of contraception, the freedom of abortion, the ability to have informed education and consent for your health care. The whole world is changing because of the strengths of women.\"","Transcript of this excerpt: JR: And so, I had a press conference on the steps of the legislature and at that time, you know, New York had abortion available because of this very liberal law that had been passed by the Women's Rights Movement in New York. And in New York City, there were clinics doing abortions and people could fly there from all over the country. And in Washington, D.C., because of a federal district court decision, it was also a place. So there were these two places where abortions were available, and people from other states could fly into those states and get abortions. So, in my press conference, I said that because the Georgia legislature had turned its back on the health needs of Georgia women that my committee would establish a counseling service to provide information and arrange legal abortions in Washington, D.C. or New York for Georgia women who could not access necessary health services here in Georgia. And there were television cameras and radio things and the newspaper and it was, you know, on the front page of the Atlanta Constitution the next day. And it was on radio and TV. And I gave my home address because we hadn't established these services yet and I guess one of the reporters said, \"Well, where are people supposed to call?\" So I said, \"Well, we've got to set it up but for now I'll give you my home number.\" And my husband wasn't home and by the time I got home, we were beginning to get phone calls. So by the time I got home -- and it was carried by the UP and the Associated Press, all over the South. And, you know, it was on TV and so it was just all over the South. I was getting phone calls -- hundreds and hundreds of phone calls -- and I had to quickly establish -- And Imin Herndon (sp?), the Rev. Imin Herndon who was a Presbyterian minister at, a campus minister at Emory, and a number of social workers and counselors and other ministers. There was an ecumenical ministry group that supported abortion law change and some social workers and counselors. And we quickly got people from our committee who were available to be counselors to be available to talk to women. And I flew, with one of the doctors who was a member, an obstetrician who was a member of our committee, flew up to New York and examined some of the clinics to make sure we weren't going to be sending women to an unsafe place, and went to Washington, D.C. and examined those clinics, and made a list of abortion services in those two places that we thought were safe. At first, we had very high standards for counseling, and we insisted, you know, on doing real counseling to make sure that people were sure of their decision. But the demand was so great that we really couldn't do that. We just didn't have enough personnel and enough time with the hundreds of people who were calling us from all over the South. JP: And you moved from your home phone to an established -- JR: We quickly set up a service, and so when people called me at home, it was just people working out of whatever phone number they had. And we had these numbers. And of course, phone communications was not good like it is now; so it was just a list of people that could be, you know -- JP: To be referred. JR: -- to be referred. And we made paper lists and Xeroxed them and gave them -- made it available, published it in The Great Speckled Bird and published it through, made it available at -- Oh, and we made a brochure. We had already made a brochure to inform women of their rights under the old law, and we had put these brochures out in obstetricians' offices around the state and health clinics around the state to say, \"Abortion is legal in Georgia -- IS!\" This reason, that reason, that reason, and what you do and how important it is to, you know, do it quickly and how to go about it. So we'd done that, and we set up this abortion counseling service. But it was an amazing time. And now that abortion isn't -- is under attack, and we have -- women who are of reproductive age now don't know what it was like when abortion wasn't available. What we found -- I just remember getting phone calls from people calling from Mississippi or Alabama or, you know, poor people in Atlanta, and they would call and they couldn't say the word because \"abortion\" was like using the most awful cuss word, the most unacceptable word. And they just couldn't say it. In fact, I would tell people in my committee, \"Use the word \"abortion,\"\" you know. \"While you're standing in line at the grocery counter, ask the woman behind you or the woman in front of you, \"Well, what do you think of legal abortion?\" And they would go, [gasps], you know, but to undo the taboo about even talking about abortion -- So people would call and you would hear this deep Southern accent saying, \"Is this [hesitating sounds], is this [hesitating sounds], are you -- I want to talk to someone.\" And I would have to say it for them, you know. \"Are you calling about information on a legal abortion?\" [gasps] \"Yes,\" you know. And, then, they would have to tell me how -- what the situation was, and they were really a good person. You know, \"My 13-year old son has made a 13-year old girl pregnant and he's really a good boy and she's a good girl. But you know this is gonna ruin their lives. And we're good people, we're against abortion, but this is just the necessary thing.\" And, you know, they had to convince me that it was OK, and so I would give them the information and they'd be so relieved. And, later, when I went to work at the Centers for Disease Control, people would come to my office -- the janitors, the secretaries and the doctors -- and kind of sidle into my office when nobody was looking to say, \"You know, I need information on where to go to get a legal abortion.\""],"dc_format":["audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia State University Library"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Georgia Women's Movement Project Collection","Donna Novak Coles Georgia Women's Movement Archives"],"dcterms_subject":["Feminism","Social movements","Women's studies"],"dcterms_title":["Rooks talks about her abortion rights activities (7:05)"],"dcterms_type":["Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["Georgia State University. Special Collections"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digitalcollections.library.gsu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/coles/id/2073"],"dcterms_temporal":["2000/2009"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright to this item is owned by Georgia State University Library. Georgia State University Library has made this item available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"],"dcterms_medium":["audiocassettes"],"dcterms_extent":["79 pages (three audio cassettes)"],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"iiif_manifest_url_ss":"https://digitalcollections.library.gsu.edu/iiif/2/coles:2073/manifest.json","dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"gsu_coles_2077","title":"Rooks talks about Doe v Bolton (5:47)","collection_id":"gsu_coles","collection_title":"Donna Novak Coles Georgia Women's Movement Archives","dcterms_contributor":["Paulk, Janet, 1932-"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018"],"dcterms_creator":["Rooks, Judith"],"dc_date":["2004-04-26"],"dcterms_description":["Judith Rooks was born in Spokane, Washington in 1941. Her father was a surgeon in the army reserves during WWII, and her mother was a nurse. She attended the University of Washington where she received a B.S. in nursing in 1963. Rooks married after graduation and then moved to Washington, D.C. where, in 1964, she began working as a nurse at the Clinical Center (part of the National Institute of Health). While in D.C. her husband was sent to Vietnam and during his absence Rooks pursued her graduate degree in nursing at the Catholic University of America. During the late 1960s, after moving back to the west coast, Rooks worked on the weekends at San Francisco's Haight Ashbury Free Medical Center. The couple moved to Atlanta when Rook's husband took a job at Emory University Hospital. Once in Atlanta, Rooks became head of a Georgia Citizens for Hospital abortions, an organization which fought to get the Georgia abortion laws changed. In addition to her activism, Rooks also worked for the CDC (Center for Disease Control) as an epidemiologist in the Family Planning Evaluation Division where she uncovered revealing statistics regarding the disparity between black and white women who were allowed to have \"legal abortions\" prior to the change in the state laws. This research was used in the Doe v Bolton case which challenged Georgia's abortion laws. She has continued to work as an epidemiologist for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and as the Principal Investigator for the National Birth Center Study at Columbia University. Rooks authored numerous publications about family planning, and women's health, as well as being an expert in the field of midwifery. She has also been the recipient of numerous honorary awards including the Martha May Eliot Award for exceptional service to mothers and children, in 1993; the Hattie Hemschemeyer Award for continuous contributions to nurse-midwifery and maternal and child healthcare, in 1998; and the National Perinatal Associations' National Award for Outstanding Contribution to Maternal and Child Health in 1999.","Rooks says that she became politically involved with reproductive rights through the Georgia Citizens for Hospital Abortion. She discusses the abortion laws and their realities in Georgia, especially for poor women, who made up the majority of those seeking illegal abortions, and goes on to describe her experiences in getting support for legislation that would change the existing laws. She describes her committee�s failed attempts to get the new legislation passed, after which, she says, she held a press conference on the steps of the Capitol and declared, �because the Georgia legislature has turned its back on the health needs of Georgia women, my committee will establish a counseling center to provide information and arrange legal abortions in Washington, D.C. or New York for Georgia women who could not access necessary health services in Georgia.� Rooks goes on to describe the committee�s efforts to assist women in getting safe abortions. She believes that it was her pro-choice activism that resulted in her being turned down for a job in the school of nursing at Georgia State University, and she recounts her aborted contract signing to illustrate this.","Transcript of this excerpt: JR: Margie [Pitts Hames] was putting together the legal arguments. And one of the arguments was that it is safer to have a legal abortion than to have an illegal abortion or to have a pregnancy. And in fact, that's true; that a pregnancy, the risk of maternal death or maternal morbidity from a full-term pregnancy is greater, and was certainly greater at that point in time, from, you know, maternal hemorrhage, seizures, toxemia, different problems that can affect a pregnant woman's health and cause maternal death than -- or infection -- than having a legal abortion of a -- of an early abortion. So she also made that argument in the brief, that in fact, it is safer for a woman and since it is safer, that supports the right of a woman to make a decision to do something if she doesn't want the baby -- to do something that is safer for her. So we had all of this public health information that was fed into the Georgia case and that wasn't fed into the Doe case. Ultimately, we won our case at the district court level but we didn't lose -- we didn't win every single issue. We won the issue that the state could not limit the reasons a woman had abortions to -- could legally have an abortion, to just three reasons. But we didn't win on, it had to be in a hospital accredited by the Joint Commission for Hospital Accreditation. It had to be just a legal resident of Georgia, and the silly reason about three doctors approving and a committee because if it could be any reason, then why would you need the three doctors? But we didn't win on the three doctors or the committee or the hospital or the residents. But we did win on limiting the reasons, that it was a decision that the woman could make herself, with her family, and with her physician. And if three physicians agreed and this committee agreed, it didn't have to be rape or incest, maternal health reasons. It just could be the woman's own reasons. So that was a basic issue that we had won on but we appealed on all of the other reasons. JP: OK. But the person you were using or who was (inaudible) -- JR: Mary Doe. JP: -- had gone on to have her baby? JR: She went on to have her baby, and the baby was adopted out. JP: OK. But you were still able to use that as -- JR: Yes. JP: -- a case. JR: Because we said to the court that because pregnancies move so fast and legal cases move so slow, that any woman who would be a bona fide person with standing in the court, by the time it would actually get to the court and go through that whole process, would have had her baby or an abortion and would no longer be president -- be, have standing. So -- JP: And, in fact, did she have the baby before you all went to -- JR: No! JP: -- federal court? JR: No! JP: How fast was (inaudible) court? JR: It was between 16 weeks and 40 weeks. I don't know exactly where, but she was very pregnant. And she had to be present at the court. And so, we knew -- I mean, we called her \"Mary Doe\" because she needed anonymity and so we invited, and specifically went out and looked for all the pregnant women we could find, and had them come to the court hearing. So the room -- 'Cause we knew there would be a lot of press there who would want to come up and interview Mary Doe. So we packed the room with pregnant women so that Mary Doe would not be identifiable. JP: And later did her name become identifiable? Or is it something you can tell us? JR: I would just as soon not. It has been identified. Later, we actually -- Margie Pitts Hames helped her with her divorce -- she wanted to be divorced -- did the divorce for free and helped -- She wanted to adopt the baby out -- and helped her with the adoption process, and helped to get her a job. And she got a job in a donut place. And so we really tried to do everything we could for Mary Doe. But Mary Doe then became a born-again Christian and was found by the Right-to-Life group who convinced her that she had done a terrible sin, and she recanted her -- and said that she wished she had never done it. So she, you know, did a public disavowal and basically said, oh, she'd been forced into it, but of course that was not true."],"dc_format":["audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia State University Library"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Georgia Women's Movement Project Collection","Donna Novak Coles Georgia Women's Movement Archives"],"dcterms_subject":["Feminism","Social movements","Women's studies"],"dcterms_title":["Rooks talks about Doe v Bolton (5:47)"],"dcterms_type":["Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["Georgia State University. Special Collections"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digitalcollections.library.gsu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/coles/id/2077"],"dcterms_temporal":["2000/2009"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright to this item is owned by Georgia State University Library. Georgia State University Library has made this item available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"],"dcterms_medium":["audiocassettes"],"dcterms_extent":["79 pages (three audio cassettes)"],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"iiif_manifest_url_ss":"https://digitalcollections.library.gsu.edu/iiif/2/coles:2077/manifest.json","dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"gsu_coles_2036","title":"Rooks talks about the effect her pro-choice activism had on her professional life (5:09)","collection_id":"gsu_coles","collection_title":"Donna Novak Coles Georgia Women's Movement Archives","dcterms_contributor":["Paulk, Janet, 1932-"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["Rooks, Judith"],"dc_date":["2004-04-26"],"dcterms_description":["Judith Rooks was born in Spokane, Washington in 1941. Her father was a surgeon in the army reserves during WWII, and her mother was a nurse. She attended the University of Washington where she received a B.S. in nursing in 1963. Rooks married after graduation and then moved to Washington, D.C. where, in 1964, she began working as a nurse at the Clinical Center (part of the National Institute of Health). While in D.C. her husband was sent to Vietnam and during his absence Rooks pursued her graduate degree in nursing at the Catholic University of America. During the late 1960s, after moving back to the west coast, Rooks worked on the weekends at San Francisco's Haight Ashbury Free Medical Center. The couple moved to Atlanta when Rook's husband took a job at Emory University Hospital. Once in Atlanta, Rooks became head of a Georgia Citizens for Hospital abortions, an organization which fought to get the Georgia abortion laws changed. In addition to her activism, Rooks also worked for the CDC (Center for Disease Control) as an epidemiologist in the Family Planning Evaluation Division where she uncovered revealing statistics regarding the disparity between black and white women who were allowed to have \"legal abortions\" prior to the change in the state laws. This research was used in the Doe v Bolton case which challenged Georgia's abortion laws. She has continued to work as an epidemiologist for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and as the Principal Investigator for the National Birth Center Study at Columbia University. Rooks authored numerous publications about family planning, and women's health, as well as being an expert in the field of midwifery. She has also been the recipient of numerous honorary awards including the Martha May Eliot Award for exceptional service to mothers and children, in 1993; the Hattie Hemschemeyer Award for continuous contributions to nurse-midwifery and maternal and child healthcare, in 1998; and the National Perinatal Associations' National Award for Outstanding Contribution to Maternal and Child Health in 1999.","Rooks describes her childhood during WWII. The daughter of a doctor and a nurse, she believed that aside from teaching, nursing was the only occupation a woman could pursue. Graduating from the University of Washington in 1963, Rooks married in 1964, and went on to earn a graduate degree in nursing at Catholic University of America. She describes her early professional experiences, and says that her interest in reproductive rights began when, teaching at San Jose State University, she assigned students to research the effects of illegal abortions on Mexican agricultural workers. Rooks says that she became politically involved with reproductive rights through the Georgia Citizens for Hospital Abortion. She discusses the abortion laws and their realities in Georgia, especially for poor women, who made up the majority of those seeking illegal abortions, and goes on to describe her experiences in getting support for legislation that would change the existing laws. She describes her committee's failed attempts to get the new legislation passed, after which, she says, she held a press conference on the steps of the Capitol and declared, because the Georgia legislature has turned its back on the health needs of Georgia women, my committee will establish a counseling center to provide information and arrange legal abortions in Washington, D.C. or New York for Georgia women who could not access necessary health services in Georgia. Rooks goes on to describe the committee's efforts to assist women in getting safe abortions. She believes that it was her pro-choice activism that resulted in her being turned down for a job in the school of nursing at Georgia State University, and she recounts her aborted contract signing to illustrate this. Rooks went on to work at the CDC where, in her research into the epidemiology of family planning, she began gathering statistics on legal and illegal abortions. She talks about the Georgia Citizens for Hospital Abortion committee's decision to bring a suit to challenge the abortion law on the books as unconstitutional, and describes in detail the work that went in to the Doe v Bolton case, and the people involved, including Margie Pitts Hames who argued the case in the Supreme Court. Rooks talks about her book, Midwifery and Childbirth in America, and goes on to discuss the history of midwifery in the United States. She talks about her move to the Pacific Northwest with her second husband, and about the work she has undertaken since then, both nationally and internationally. She finishes by describing what she considers the most important accomplishments of the Women's Movement: \"My life would be totally different without it. The freedom of contraception, the freedom of abortion, the ability to have informed education and consent for your health care. The whole world is changing because of the strengths of women.\"","Transcript of this excerpt: JR: I had, however, interviewed with people in the school of nursing at Emory [University] and people in the school of nursing at Georgia State [University]. And I had been offered jobs at both places because I had this master's degree and I had two years of very successful experience as a nursing teacher at a university in California. So, but, I thought I would -- You know, my husband was working for OEO and we were in this city with so many poor people, and I thought it would be more interesting to work at Georgia State than at Emory because Emory had this sort of elite group of students. And I thought it would be more important to work with a more middle-class group of people. So I had accepted a position at Georgia State and I had already been told what course I was going to teach and, you know, had met the person who was going to be my office mate, and had seen the room, and had done that. But I needed to come back and sign the papers, and so I had an appointment to come back on a certain day that happened to be the week after this press conference on the steps of the Georgia legislature. JP: And that was the spring of '70? JR: Yeah. And so the chairman of the Nursing Department was going to take me to the vice president's office to have an interview, and then we were going to go out to lunch and then we were going to come back to the president and sign my contract. And so, we went to the vice president's office, and I don't remember his name but I believe that he was -- had been a coach. And he was extremely conservative and, of course, I had been in the newspaper that week as chairman of Georgia Citizens for Hospital Abortion. JR: I knew that there was a good chance that he knew that I was active in the anti-abortion [sic] movement and this was, you know, early 1970 which was the height of the sort of cultural revolution that we think of as \"The Sixties\" -- most of which actually happened in the '70s -- and he was a very conservative man. So, we talked about my experiences in nursing and my education and my experiences teaching nursing in California and he asked me what I had done in Georgia since we moved here. And I told him that I was chairman of Georgia Citizens for Hospital Abortion, and he asked me about that. And, you know, I said, \"Well, that this was a -- I was interested in it, in particular, because of health problems and that as a nursing teacher in California, I had encountered the health problems of poor women who were hurt or killed by illegal abortions and put it in the context of a citizen doing what citizens in this country are supposed to do, which is to improve the laws through the legal means of the legislature. And so, when the head of the -- the chairman of the Nursing Department and I left, and she said, \"Well, we're going to go back to my office and get my purse and, then, we're going to lunch and then we have this appointment with the president.\" When we got back to her office to get her purse, the phone was ringing and it was the vice president's office calling to tell her that he wanted to see her. And so she said, would I stay there and she would be right back. Well, she never came back. I stayed sitting in her office for 45 minutes, and finally the phone rang and she told her secretary, without talking to me, that the afternoon appointment was cancelled and she would call me. So I knew that I was not going to have a job at Georgia State, and I was unhappily married and I wanted -- I needed to have a job. I felt like I was a professional woman and I needed to have this job that would pay a decent salary. And so I was extremely distraught by the -- I had already said \"no\" to Emory; it was already late in the season. I knew that I couldn't leave my husband until I had a job. I didn't want to go back to nursing practice. I wanted to teach. And I could see that I wasn't going to have this job. There were only two university nursing programs in Atlanta. JP: Georgia State did not say that was the reason? JR: They didn't say anything. JP: OK. JR: Just the appointment was cancelled and she would call me. But I knew."],"dc_format":["audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia State University Library"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Georgia Women's Movement Project Collection","Donna Novak Coles Georgia Women's Movement Archives"],"dcterms_subject":["Feminism","Social movements","Women's studies"],"dcterms_title":["Rooks talks about the effect her pro-choice activism had on her professional life (5:09)"],"dcterms_type":["Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["Georgia State University. Special Collections"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digitalcollections.library.gsu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/coles/id/2036"],"dcterms_temporal":["2000/2009"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright to this item is owned by Georgia State University Library. Georgia State University Library has made this item available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"],"dcterms_medium":["audiocassettes"],"dcterms_extent":["79 pages (three audio cassettes)"],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"iiif_manifest_url_ss":"https://digitalcollections.library.gsu.edu/iiif/2/coles:2036/manifest.json","dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"gsu_coles_2102","title":"Rooks talks about the midwifery movement (2:48)","collection_id":"gsu_coles","collection_title":"Donna Novak Coles Georgia Women's Movement Archives","dcterms_contributor":["Paulk, Janet, 1932-"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["Rooks, Judith"],"dc_date":["2004-04-26"],"dcterms_description":["Judith Rooks was born in Spokane, Washington in 1941. Her father was a surgeon in the army reserves during WWII, and her mother was a nurse. She attended the University of Washington where she received a B.S. in nursing in 1963. Rooks married after graduation and then moved to Washington, D.C. where, in 1964, she began working as a nurse at the Clinical Center (part of the National Institute of Health). While in D.C. her husband was sent to Vietnam and during his absence Rooks pursued her graduate degree in nursing at the Catholic University of America. During the late 1960s, after moving back to the west coast, Rooks worked on the weekends at San Francisco's Haight Ashbury Free Medical Center. The couple moved to Atlanta when Rook's husband took a job at Emory University Hospital. Once in Atlanta, Rooks became head of a Georgia Citizens for Hospital abortions, an organization which fought to get the Georgia abortion laws changed. In addition to her activism, Rooks also worked for the CDC (Center for Disease Control) as an epidemiologist in the Family Planning Evaluation Division where she uncovered revealing statistics regarding the disparity between black and white women who were allowed to have \"legal abortions\" prior to the change in the state laws. This research was used in the Doe v Bolton case which challenged Georgia's abortion laws. She has continued to work as an epidemiologist for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and as the Principal Investigator for the National Birth Center Study at Columbia University. Rooks authored numerous publications about family planning, and women's health, as well as being an expert in the field of midwifery. She has also been the recipient of numerous honorary awards including the Martha May Eliot Award for exceptional service to mothers and children, in 1993; the Hattie Hemschemeyer Award for continuous contributions to nurse-midwifery and maternal and child healthcare, in 1998; and the National Perinatal Associations' National Award for Outstanding Contribution to Maternal and Child Health in 1999.","Rooks describes her childhood during WWII. The daughter of a doctor and a nurse, she believed that aside from teaching, nursing was the only occupation a woman could pursue. Graduating from the University of Washington in 1963, Rooks married in 1964, and went on to earn a graduate degree in nursing at Catholic University of America. She describes her early professional experiences, and says that her interest in reproductive rights began when, teaching at San Jose State University, she assigned students to research the effects of illegal abortions on Mexican agricultural workers.","Transcript of this excerpt: JR: So, at that point, you know, I felt like we'd won the abortion issue, and I was moving on to my life which was to be an epidemiologist and a nurse midwife and be active in that area, which is a whole, another area of concern about women having control of their bodies. Contraception is part of that. Abortion is part of that. And, actually, in the '70s and '80s, the Midwifery Movement was also part of that because obstetricians were really treating women as children. You know, \"You just come and let me take care of you and I'll do what I think is best,\" and they were doing a lot of invasive things that women, if they'd known better, would have refused, that are not -- We know now, that so many of the things that are used routinely, and we were -- Then, routinely women were having enemas before labor. We know now that that's a very bad idea. They were being shaved; they hated being shaved and it itched. And we know now that's a very bad idea, but they insisted on it because they were treating it like a form of surgery. And women were lying on their backs with their feet in stirrups, and half the time they were knocked out. All of these things are dangerous for the woman, dangerous for the baby. And midwives, lay midwives in some cases, and nurse midwives -- so the professional midwives in America were, knew better how to deliver, how to assist women to deliver their babies. You know, midwives don't say, \"I delivered your baby.\" I would say, \"I assisted you while you delivered your baby\" because we don't call it \"labor\" for nothing. And so, as I got into midwifery, I really understood the Women's Movement more because this whole thing of having male doctors making bad decisions for women, and female midwives understanding the normal physiology of labor and the importance of pregnancy as a transitional time for women -- becoming mothers, getting strength from the process of their pregnancy, understanding that they can -- that their bodies can give birth. The whole thing was a sort of radicalizing experience for me, even though I had been involved in the cultural movement in other ways."],"dc_format":["audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia State University Library"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Georgia Women's Movement Project Collection","Donna Novak Coles Georgia Women's Movement Archives"],"dcterms_subject":["Feminism","Social movements","Women's studies"],"dcterms_title":["Rooks talks about the midwifery movement (2:48)"],"dcterms_type":["Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["Georgia State University. 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